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The cortisol awakening response (CAR) of elite athletes is elevated before a competition, but no interaction with sport type(Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2026) Jiménez López, Manuel; Lopez-Lluch, G.; Barón-López, F. J.; Benítez-Porres, J.; Gallardo-Pérez, J.; Rivilla-Arias, I.; Crewther, B. T.; Mehta, P.The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is thought to represent an anticipatory mechanism to prepare for upcoming demands. In sport, competition increases in the CAR have been reported, although findings remain inconsistent. A study on amateur athletes identified a divergent CAR between individual-sport (IS) and team-sport (TS) athletes, thereby highlighting sport type as a confounding factor. Our aim was to determine whether competition-related changes in the CAR are robust in elite athletes and whether sport type moderates this response. Using a within-subject crossover design, 190 elite athletes (58 women) from seven sports (soccer, field hockey, handball, badminton, athletics, swimming, and judo) provided saliva samples upon awakening (T0) and 30 min after awakening (T30) on both a competition day and a rest day. The CAR was quantified as a change score (T30 − T0) based on log-transformed and raw values. Both sets of analyses revealed a significant trial effect (p < 0.001). The CAR was greater on competition days (back-transformed mean = 82.1%, 4.81 ng/mL raw units) than on resting days (mean = 24.7%, 0.99 ng/mL), representing large effect size differences. No significant effect of sport type, nor a trial × sport type interaction, was detected. In conclusion, we observed a robust elevation in CAR on competition mornings in elite athletes, compatible with anticipatory processes and potential training-related influences. In contrast to findings in amateur athletes, the CAR did not differ between IS and TS athletes, suggesting a relatively consistent CAR pattern across sports played at the elite level.- Restringido
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Testing Zipf’s and Gibrat’s laws in the Spanish university system: evidence from a decade of institutional transformation(Studies in Higher Education, 2026) Esteban-Rojo, Francisco; Galiano, Aida; Martín-Álvarez, Juan Manuel; Vázquez-La Hoz, BrendaThis paper examines the empirical validity of Zipf’s and Gibrat’s Laws in the Spanish higher education system using disaggregated program-level data across institutional types, study modalities, and academic fields over the period 2015–2024. The study contributes by using these laws as diagnostic benchmarks to identify structured deviations and to characterize heterogeneity in growth dynamics and size distributions within higher education systems. Results show consistent rejection of both laws. Growth patterns are statistically associated with initial size, and program size distributions do not follow Zipfian expectations. These patterns are persistent over time and display substantial heterogeneity across institutional types, modalities, and academic fields, with more pronounced departures observed in private and online universities and in fields such as Engineering and Health Sciences. Importantly, the analysis is descriptive in nature and does not identify the causal mechanisms underlying these patterns. Instead, the results are interpreted as empirical regularities that constrain the range of plausible explanations of system dynamics. While the observed patterns are discussed in relation to recent regulatory developments, including Royal Decree 905/2025, no causal claims are made regarding their effects. Several regulatory elements—such as transparency, research standards, and faculty qualifications—are broadly consistent with the observed patterns, others, such as annual limits on new degree offerings, may reduce the system’s responsiveness to emerging academic and societal needs. Overall, the paper provides a structured empirical characterization of growth and concentration patterns in higher education and highlights the relevance of benchmark-based approaches for analyzing system-level heterogeneity. 
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Plan de Marketing Digital para Vintae(2025-07-23) Morel-Delgado, Amaranta; Sancha-Miguel, MartaEste Trabajo Fin de Máster desarrolla un plan de marketing digital estratégico para optimizar el canal de venta directa de la empresa vitivinícola Vintae, centrado en su eCommerce devinosconvintae.com, y aumentar su rentabilidad en un entorno competitivo y en transformación. La metodología empleada parte de un análisis del contexto interno y externo de la empresa, complementado por una auditoría digital integral que aborda aspectos como el SEO, la experiencia de usuario, la arquitectura web y el contenido. A partir de este diagnóstico, se han definido objetivos SMART y una planificación estratégica dividida en tres ejes: incremento del tráfico orgánico y de pago, mejora de la tasa de conversión y fidelización de clientes. El plan propone tácticas accionables y medibles dentro de un presupuesto limitado, alineadas con el perfil clave de consumidor identificado (“Wine Lover”) y apoyadas en herramientas como GA4, CRM y plataformas de automatización. Los resultados esperados apuntan a una mejora significativa en los indicadores de conversión, tique medio y recurrencia, así como a una mayor coherencia entre el storytelling de marca y la experiencia digital. El proyecto concluye con una propuesta viable y escalable, susceptible de replicarse en otras bodegas del sector.
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