Family Perspectives on Disappearance: Perceived Contributing Factors and Coping Strategies for Ambiguous Loss

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to examine how families interpret disappearances, to assess their psychological and emotional impact, and to explore perceived support and coping strategies. Background: Disappearances are a widespread yet understudied phenomenon with severe psychological consequences for affected families. The uncertainty surrounding the fate of the missing person constitutes an ambiguous loss, often leading to prolonged grief, trauma, and unmet emotional needs. Method: Thirty-six relatives of missing persons completed an ad hoc online survey that combined closed- and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative responses underwent content analysis to identify recurring themes. Results: Most families attributed the disappearance to involuntary circumstances, often involving interpersonal conflicts, health-related vulnerabilities, or possible criminal involvement. Participants reported intense emotional distress, including fear, guilt, and sadness, with many receiving psychological diagnoses post-disappearance. Social isolation, interpersonal conflict, and loss of meaning in life were also prevalent. Families primarily relied on informal support networks and expressed dissatisfaction with institutional support. Most participants highlighted a lack of access to specialized psychological care and proposed improvements to police, legal, and psychosocial services. Conclusion: The disappearance of a loved one leads to profound and enduring emotional distress. Families experience ambiguous loss without adequate institutional support, resulting in persistent suffering and frustration. Implications: Greater institutional sensitivity and investment are needed to support families of missing persons. Recommendations include accessible mental health care, improved investigative protocols, and public awareness campaigns to reduce stigma and isolation.