Knowledge of Laboratory and Archaeometric Techniques in Archaeology: Survey Results and Evidence-Based Recommendations from Andalusia, Spain

Abstract

We have assessed the knowledge and perceived applicability of 13 archaeometric and laboratory techniques among 159 professional archaeologists in Andalusia (southern Spain), who constitute 26.5% of the region’s registered archaeologists. Our survey reveals substantial knowledge gaps: whereas 54.1% of respondents demonstrate advanced understanding of radiocarbon dating (1⁴C), over 70% display a lack of familiarity with most other analytical methods, including proteomics (completely unfamiliar for 50.9% of respondents), trace element analysis (42.8%), and phytolith studies (40.3%). Critically, we have identified training deficiencies rather than funding constraints as the main limitation to technique implementation, with about 50% of respondents referring to insufficient knowledge as the main reason for their nonapplication. Self-employed archaeologists, who conduct the majority of archaeological work, display the lowest expertise levels across all techniques. However, we have observed a promising generational shift, given that current archaeology degree students show a significantly improved baseline knowledge compared to professionals trained under earlier history degree programs. Consequently, in this article, we provide evidence-based recommendations, especially for current professional development programs, curricula, and standardized analytical protocols that are considered essential by 95%–98% of respondents. Our findings have transferable implications for archaeological practice beyond Andalusia, particularly regarding the integration of scientific methods into archaeology.