HDV is a unique defective agent that only infects humans and requires the presence of hepatitis B to complete its life replication cycle within hepatocytes.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) was isolated in AIDS patients in 1986. Around 1-2 million people are infected worldwide. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, being sexual contacts the most frequent route ...

The CDC reported 70,237 drug overdose deaths in the United States in 2017 (Scholl et al., MMWR 2018; 67: 1419-27). Sadly, this yearly rate has been increasing significantly during the past two decades. Opioids, mostly ...

The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has risen a number of clinical situations where the principles of the medical act, the singularity of the patient-physician relationship and the need for revitalizing the medical vocation ...

Nearly 1 million people become infected every day with any of the four major curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs), namely trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Despite huge global incidence, STIs ...

Following the advent of penicillin as first widely used antibiotic during World War II, viruses have steadily replaced bacteria as major agents of infections, particularly for microorganisms that can spread globally. Good ...

Background. Although only 8%-10% of persons infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) may develop virus-associated diseases lifelong, misdiagnosis of asymptomatic infected carriers frequently leads to late ...

Background: Human retroviruses HIV and HTLV share transmission routes. HIV widely spread in Spain during the 80 s through injection drug use and sex, and nowadays HIV rates in Spain account for one of the largest in Europe. ...

Background: HIV-2 is a neglected virus despite estimates of 1-2 million people being infected worldwide. The virus is naturally resistant to some antiretrovirals used to treat HIV-1 and therapeutic options are limited for ...

Classical sexually transmitted infections (STI), namely, syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomonas, and chlamydia, are on the rise worldwide.