# Document

title: Engaging Youth in Environmental Sustainability: Impact of the Camp 2 Grow Program
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 3
beginPage: 70
endPage: 85
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442884300006
year: 2011
authors: Browne, LP, Garst, BA, Bialeschki, MD
docAbstract:
Engaging youth in organized efforts to promote environmental sustainability has important implications for young people as well as for the communities in which they live. Youth engagement in general is critical to positive youth development (Gambone et al., 2004) and summer camps are uniquely situated to engage youth in the issues related to environmental sustainability. Training youth to become environmental stewards, defined here as environmentally conscious leaders who promote environmental sustainability in others, is a promising approach to engaging youth in this critical issue. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Camp 2 Grow, a program designed to foster environmental stewardship among summer camp participants. Results of this study indicated that time spent at a nature-based camp that includes the Camp 2 Grow program effectively fosters many of the facets that contribute to environmental stewardship. Specifically, Camp 2 Grow participants demonstrated gains in independence, problem solving, affinity for nature, and empowerment. Professionals seeking to design effective developmental experiences for youth, especially experiences that promote environmental stewardship, will gain insight into incorporating curricula such as Camp 2 Grow in youth programs. These findings depict one way program managers might promote the skills necessary for youth to engage in environmental sustainability efforts in their home communities.


type: J
volume: 36
issue: 3
beginPage: 281
endPage: 291
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2011.11081673
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453385600008
year: 2011
authors: Akama, JS, Maingi, S, Camargo, BA
title:
Wildlife Conservation, Safari Tourism and the Role of Tourism Certification in Kenya: A Postcolonial Critique

docAbstract:
Kenya's national parks and game reserves form the pillar of the country's tourism industry, and wildlife viewing and safari tourism are significant generators of income and foreign exchange. The promulgation of pioneer national parks in Kenya in the mid-20th century followed colonial practices of "exclusion" and "divide and rule" which marginalized local communities in decision-making processes and initiation of tourism programmes and wildlife conservation initiatives. Government supported policies and programmes that focused on wildlife protection and promotion of safari tourism also accentuated human-wildlife conflicts and contributed to species loss and habitat fragmentation. This study examines the evolution of Kenya's wildlife conservation policies and safari tourism programmes, and argues that safari tourism in Kenya has privileged Western models of tourism development and wildlife conservation, with historic exclusion of indigenous communities still ongoing today, though some improvements are evident. Postcolonial legacies influence the political economy of tourism in regard to the Maasai in Kenya; inequitable power relations are illustrated with the help of a literature review as well as a case example. The study offers suggestions to guide the development of future tourism certification programmes and indicators related to protected areas and safari tourism. Such programmes should be cognizant of Kenya's postcolonial context and attend to social and cultural sustainability, including issues of inclusion, exclusion and empowering local communities to participate directly in the management and ownership of environmental and tourism resources.


title: Can ecotourism contribute to tackling poverty? The importance of 'symbiosis'
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 3
beginPage: 295
endPage: 307
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.555526
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000288270000007
year: 2011
authors: Butcher, J
docAbstract:
The establishment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), as the principle focus for debate on development, has shaped the discussion of rural development in recent years. Rural development has tended to be discussed in terms of linking the dual goals of conservation and development, with this in turn often regarded as 'sustainable development'. Ecotourism has often been associated with sustainable rural development, especially in the developing world. This is the case in both the academic literature and in the practice of rural development and conservation non-governmental organisations. The principal argument behind this association is the potential for ecotourism to establish, to a greater or lesser degree, a 'symbiosis' between conservation and development. This is well rehearsed in the literature. Put simply, ecotourism can generate revenue, and development, based upon the conservation of the environment, rather than through its transformation. However, this formulation, and its association with sustainable development (with all this implies vis-a-vis the development debate), resides on certain assumptions and premises. This paper uses case studies to examine this argument. It seeks to establish and question the assumptions implicit in this view, and through this assesses the potential for ecotourism development projects to contribute to achieving the MDGs.


title: Stakeholder Consensus Regarding Trail Conditions and Management Responses: A Norwegian Case Study
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 3
beginPage: 358
endPage: 374
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2010.495486
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000281608300011
year: 2010
authors: Denstadli, JM, Lindberg, K, Vistad, OI
docAbstract:
Trail damage and vegetation loss due to recreation activities is an increasing problem in many natural areas. Managing ecological impacts through the selection of indicators and standards is a key component of developing a sustainable tourism industry, a process that appropriately is based on the judgment of different stakeholder groups. This study investigates stakeholder consensus regarding trail impacts and management preferences in the Norwegian community of Lom and the surrounding region. Evaluations are compared across three groups; tourists, residents with tourism-related income, and other residents. Results show a fairly high tolerance for trail impacts across stakeholder groups. Differences are more noticeable with respect to management actions that might be used to reduce ecological impacts, with tourists generally being more supportive of actions. Results suggest that consensus on relevant indicators and standards may be achieved relatively easily, but agreement on management actions may be more difficult.


title: Emic perspectives on quality of life: The case of the Danish Wadden Sea Festival
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 2
beginPage: 132
endPage: 146
doi: 10.1057/thr.2009.3
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212209100004
year: 2009
authors: Liburd, JJ, Derkzen, P
docAbstract:
This paper sets out to probe how a cultural festival can enhance quality of life (QoL) and identifi es possible drivers in the process. The Wadden Sea Festival in Denmark is based on the idea of integrating the coastal environment in the presentation of contemporary art. Specifi cally, unique tidal differences are utilised to stage a range of performances. The Wadden Sea Festival was designed to create regional, national and international liaisons between artists and cultural institutions and to enhance local residents' sense of place and collective identity while also attracting visitors to the region. Recognising the articulated aims of the festival, we explore how a cultural festival, and more specifi cally contemporary art, may positively influence the QoL of participants, residents and visitors alike. Participant-observation and in-depth interviews formed the basis for this exploratory research. We elicit and illustrate how the festival generated feelings of positive energy and integrity among individual artists and discuss these elements in relation to theoretical conceptualisations of QoL. Adopting a highly contextualised and qualitative approach, we argue that emic perspectives are needed to understand the immaterial elements of QoL. Further, an emic approach allows for deep narratives and opens up for multidimensional perspectives that could be applied in different cultural settings.


title: Tourism Destination Development: Cycles and Forces, Myths and Realities
type: J
volume: 34
issue: 3
beginPage: 247
endPage: 254
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2009.11081600
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453376700003
year: 2009
authors: Butler, RW
docAbstract:
The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) has had a relatively long life and has been applied in many situations but also has been criticized for not being capable of explaining the reasons behind the process of development being discussed. One form of analysis which has particular relevance to the TALC in this context is Force Field Analysis (FFA), an approach, like the original Product Life Cycle model, adopted from the business literature. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the TALC model and its continued relevance, and then examines the potential application of FFA. It is argued in the conclusion that the combination of the two models may provide researchers with a better means of explaining the development process of destinations in a non-statistical manner and aiding a movement towards sustainability.


title: MADEIRA ISLAND - DESTINATION IMAGE AND TOURISTS LOYALTY
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 1
beginPage: 70
endPage: 90
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214986100005
year: 2009
authors: Machado, LP, Santos, CM, Sarmento, M
docAbstract:
This study uses a Logit model to examine the probability of the image of the tourism destination Madeira, a Portuguese autonomous insular region, being strengthened after the tourists's visit to the destination. The results of the empirical study are based on a survey carried out to tourists during their visit to the island of Madeira, between March and July 2008. The model confirms that the probability of enhancing Madeira's tourism destination image after the visit is explained by several independent variables, gathered from the literature review. The findings of the study intend to call local authorities's attention to the importance of repeated tourists due to the impact that their enhanced image of Madeira may have on the economic sustainability of the destination and on the potential savings in promotion investment. This happens because the client's loyalty brings a high return of the destination's marketing investment. The conclusions can also help the decision makers of the tourism sector of the island of Madeira to better plan their destination marketing activities.


title: Destination development dilemma-Case of Manali in Himachal Himalaya
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 6
beginPage: 1152
endPage: 1156
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.018
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000260645200010
year: 2008
authors: Singh, S
docAbstract:
There is a substantial documentation to indicate that tourism threatens its own existence. However, a closer view at tourism development practices affords the understanding that (un) related develop mental activities, which invariably accompany tourism growth, tend to betray the very purpose of tourism. This study is an attempt to exemplify this claim. The case study presented herein testifies to the fact that planning and development agencies rationalize the violation of thresholds on the basis of tourism growth. The article commences with the argument that the discernment of the purpose and limits of destination development are crucial for its sustainability. Consequently, it is recommended that interest groups focus their attention on the long-term viability of the core product, primarily, to avoid unacceptable product innovation. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 4
issue: 2
beginPage: 205
endPage: 218
doi: 10.1080/19388160802313837
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435271200005
year: 2008
authors: Wang, Y, Xia, ZC, Chen, W
title:
Aesthetic Values in Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study in Zhangjiajie National Park of Wuling Yuan, China

docAbstract:
Sustainability requires the tourism industry to consider development and protection simultaneously. It provides a healthy and balanced lifestyle for the population and, therefore, has received increased attention in the selected research area. Tourism is one of the industries that needs to put much focus on sustainable development because tourism can bring both positive and negative impacts on the environment and the people. This study looks into sustainable tourism development from a different perspective: protecting and improving aesthetic values. Aesthetic value can influence tourists' perceptions of the tourism destinations, and their excursion experiences. When the negative aesthetic perceptions of the landscape have influenced the tourists, they will transfer these perceptions onto the other parts of the trip, then to the whole destination. The aesthetic value can also influence ethical and economic value. When tourists feel any part of the landscape is ugly, the feeling will cause discomfort and even hatred of the trip. Negative feelings will affect the tourist buying and consuming habits thereby weakening economic value. This study explains the importance of protecting aesthetic value, using an example of the Zhangjiajie National Park in China. The study also gives some clarifications on how to protect and improve aesthetic values for the Zhangjiajie area.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 104
endPage: 119
doi: 10.1080/15022250701300801
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000254000300002
year: 2007
authors: Jacobsen, JKS
title:
Monitoring motoring: A study of tourists' viewpoints of environmental performance and protection practices

docAbstract:
This paper contributes to research on sustainable tourism development by utilizing an empirical approach to clarify visitors' subjective perceptions and assessments of tourism supplies and tourism-related amenities and infrastructure with respect to environmental performance and protection practices. These aspects are analysed mainly with regard to tourists' self-reported environmental concerns and their country of residence. Disclosing such tourist perspectives and opinions is not only interesting in its own right but might also act as a supplement and a corrective to local viewpoints. This study of international motor tourists should additionally be regarded as a basis for further monitoring and as a building block for a knowledge-based platform serving aspirations towards more sustainable tourism and improved environmental performance.


title: Sustainable Tourism in Practice: Trails and Tourism. Critical Management Issues of Multi-Use Trails
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 1
beginPage: 47
endPage: 64
doi: 10.1080/4790530600727227
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212808500004
year: 2006
authors: Beeton, S
docAbstract:
This paper considers the management practices and implications of running multiple activities on tracks and trails on public land, particularly in terms of social sustainability. This is more than simply managing the environment, as it relates to attitudinal understanding, management and influence in a social context. Based on research in North America and Australia, the case of horseback riders and walkers is examined. It is proposed that multi- use trails can be successfully managed by integrating trail management strategies, persuasive communication theories and marketing as tools in relation to the social elements of these two, often conflicting, activities.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 2-3
beginPage: 153
endPage: 166
doi: 10.1080/11745398.2005.10600968
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211518300007
year: 2005
authors: Stolk, P, Markwell, K, Jenkins, J
title:
Perceptions of Artificial Reefs as Scuba Diving Resources: A Study of Australian Recreational Scuba Divers

docAbstract:
Marine-based recreation and tourism activities have experienced substantial growth over the past few decades and concerns about the ecological sustainability of many of these activities have been recognised by researchers, policy-makers and the recreation and tourism industries. One strategy to deal with diver-induced impacts is the creation of new or artificial reefs which, when established, can become substitute dive sites for more naturally occurring reefs. However, there have been very few studies into the acceptability of these substitute reef environments to divers and the social aspects of diving on artificial reefs. This paper explores the perceptions of diving on artificial reefs through a questionnaire survey of a sample of 337 Australian scuba divers. The awareness of artificial reefs as dive sites among respondents was very high, as were the levels of satisfaction with diving on such sites. Many divers recognised the value of these reefs in reducing diver impacts on natural reefs, and the study shows that artificial reefs do hold considerable attraction to divers. It is concluded that artificial reefs have significant potential for broadening the scuba diving resource base and the range of experiences available, and for simultaneously reducing visitor impacts and pressures on natural reefs.


title: Quality assessment of airline baggage handling systems using SERVQUAL and BWM
type: J
volume: 66
beginPage: 85
endPage: 93
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000426231600009
year: 2018
authors: Kroesen, M, Rezaei, J, Kothadiya, O, Tavasszy, L
docAbstract:
The baggage handling system is a crucial part of ground handling operations, which significantly contributes to the overall satisfaction of passengers. Although several studies have investigated airline service quality, little attention has been paid to this crucial part of the system. This study proposes the SERVQUAL model to assess the perceived quality of service for the baggage handling system. A literature review provides a list of criteria per dimension of the SERVQUAL model. The best worst method (BWM) is used to calculate the weights of the criteria. The data for the BWM are collected via a sample of passengers from different nationalities. It is found that 'reliability' is perceived as the most important dimension followed by 'responsiveness'. The 'assurance' criterion is third closely followed by 'tangibles' and lastly 'empathy'. A cluster analysis further sheds light on how passengers might have different service quality priorities. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Identifying core indicators of sustainable tourism: A path forward?
type: J
volume: 24
beginPage: 26
endPage: 33
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000417279300004
year: 2017
authors: Suntikul, W, Agyeiwaah, E, McKercher, B
docAbstract:
Progress towards a more sustainable tourism sector at an enterprise level has been slow, even though a number of studies have developed a variety of indicators. Indeed, so many indicators have been developed that industry seems to be overwhelmed by choice, leading to inaction, poor decision-making or adoption of the easiest option. Perhaps, simplicity is theway forward. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a number of studies that have proposed a variety of indicator themes to identify commonalities among them that may serve as a starting point for enterprises to move towards a more sustainable path. Seven key indicator themes emerged, including job creation, business viability, quality of life, water quality, wastemanagement, energy conservation andmaintenance of community integrity. The term 'indicator theme' is used for it identifies what needs to be assessed to monitor progress towards sustainable tourism, while simultaneously recognizing that specific measurement metrics may vary depending as they are site, context and enterprise specific. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Exploring urban tourism crowding in Shanghai via crowdsourcing geospatial data
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 11
beginPage: 1186
endPage: 1209
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1224820
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000405405000005
year: 2017
authors: Shi, BQ, Zhao, JL, Chen, PJ
docAbstract:
Urban tourism is booming and, as a result, crowding is now recognized as a social constraint in many tourist cities. When related to sustainability, tourism crowding must be considered. However, the way tourists experience crowding is still a neglected topic in urban tourism research. In this study, we proposed a new approach to exploit tourism crowding from crowdsourcing geospatial data which goes beyond the scale, timeliness, and cost of traditional on-site questionnaire surveys. The new approach is based on analysis of 446,273 check-in' geotagged data from Weibo in Shanghai. The data provided a hotspot distribution of popular urban tourist attractions and a range of factors related to tourism crowding. These data provided deep insights into the relationship between crowdedness and popularity of tourist attractions. This empirical work can be extended to urban tourism crowding management environments for sustainable development of tourist attractions.


type: J
volume: 59
beginPage: 510
endPage: 527
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390739400045
year: 2017
authors: Huang, YT, Coelho, VR
title:
Sustainability performance assessment focusing on coral reef protection by the tourism industry in the Coral Triangle region

docAbstract:
Coral reef based tourism in the Coral Triangle region is responsible for economic benefits but also for negative social and environmental impacts, thus an approach to evaluate this industry's sustainability performance would be valuable. We selected 10 key indicators, out of 681, that were directly relevant to the impacts of tourist activities on coral reefs in economic, social, environmental, and wildlife aspects of sustainability. Efficiency, inefficiency and overall models were developed to measure relative sustain ability performance focusing on coral reef protection by the tourism industry for all six countries in the Coral Triangle, from 2008 to 2012. Our results showed that Indonesia had the best relative performance among countries in the region, followed in descending order by; Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, and Solomon Islands. Future plans to achieve higher performance by the tourism industry in each country can be made if a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is carried out. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 1
beginPage: 148
endPage: 162
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1189922
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390123600010
year: 2017
authors: Collins, A, Cooper, C
title:
Measuring and managing the environmental impact of festivals: the contribution of the Ecological Footprint

docAbstract:
This paper assesses the contribution of the Ecological Footprint as a method for estimating the environmental impact of festivals. It responds to calls for more rigorous methods to assess the environmental impacts of festivals, and contributes towards providing festival organisers and policy-makers with a more balanced evaluation of their outcomes. This paper focuses on the 2012 Hay Festival of Literature and Arts (Wales, United Kingdom), and describes how the Ecological Footprint was used to calculate the environmental impact of its visitors. It also considers the potential value of the Ecological Footprint as a method for evaluating alternative strategies designed to improve the environmental sustainability of festivals. The paper demonstrates that Ecological Footprint analysis can provide valuable information for festival organisers and policy-makers on factors influencing the scale of a festivals' environmental impact, and the types of strategies needed to reduce the effect of visitor travel.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 1
beginPage: 26
endPage: 42
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1165235
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390123600003
year: 2017
authors: Font, X, Hindley, A
title:
Understanding tourists' reactance to the threat of a loss of freedom to travel due to climate change: a new alternative approach to encouraging nuanced behavioural change

docAbstract:
This article proposes that reactance theory can be used to better understand how tourists' perceptions of climate change affect their travel decisions. Reactance theory explains how individuals value their perceived freedom to make choices, and why they react negatively to any threats to their freedom. We study the psychological consequences of threatening tourist's freedoms, using a range of projective techniques: directly, using photo-expression, and indirectly, through collage, photo-interviewing and scenarios. We find that reactance theory helps to explain the extent of travel to two destinations: Svalbard and Venice, providing a nuanced understanding of how travellers restore their freedom to travel through three incremental stages: denying the climate change threat, reducing tensions arising from travel and heightening demand particularly for the most visibly threatened destinations. The theory suggests a fourth stage, helplessness, reached when consumers dismiss the value of destinations once they can no longer be enjoyed, but for which we, as yet, have no data. Reactance theory questions the validity of awareness-raising campaigns as behavioural change vehicles, provides alternative explanations of why the most self-proclaimed, environmentally aware individuals travel frequently, and helps identify nuanced, socially acceptable forms of sustainability marketing, capable of reducing resistance to change.


title: Serious tourists: a proposition for sustainable indigenous tourism
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 13
beginPage: 1355
endPage: 1374
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.970143
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000417423700004
year: 2017
authors: Wall, G, Wu, TC, Tsou, LY
docAbstract:
This article proposes serious tourist as an approach that has the potential to assist in the development of sustainable indigenous tourism. Many indigenous places have reformed their economies by introducing tourism with ethnic culture as the core attraction. However, many have experienced adverse consequences, resulting in threats to the sustainability of indigenous communities. The main debates over sustainable indigenous tourism involve tensions and disputes regarding culturally appropriate development and economic gains. A serious tourist approach can contribute to the achievement of these dual goals of sustainable development. Visitors with a serious approach towards indigenous tourism will more likely express economic support for indigenous culture by spending on culture-related products and services. Likewise, serious travellers will reveal their respect and support for indigenous culture by seeking authentic experiences and donating to cultural conservation. These propositions regarding serious travellers are assessed and confirmed in the context of an indigenous destination in Taiwan.


title: Five dimensions of brand personality traits in sport
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4
beginPage: 441
endPage: 453
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383307800007
year: 2016
authors: Peachey, JW, Kang, CH, Bennett, G
docAbstract:
The first purpose of this study was to elaborate upon existing critiques and return to the fundamental brand personality concept by reexamining personality trait theory (i.e., lexical approach) and the sport brand personality literature. Based on a conceptualisation of sport brand personality, the second purpose was to develop an instrument for measuring brand personality in sport based on the restricted definition that excludes non-human personality traits. We adopted the lexical approach in an effort to explore the application of the HEXACO model for obtaining a set of representative personality traits (N = 36) both applicable and relevant to sport brands. For the purpose of this study, a sport brand x subject structure was utilised to find major sport brand personality dimensions. As a representative brand in sport, the National Football League was selected. Two data sets were collected from college students. The 36 sport brand personality traits were submitted to a principal axis factor analysis on the first data set (N = 196). The analysis identified five factors (i.e., Agreeableness, Extraversion/Emotionality, Openness, Conscientiousness, and Honesty) that closely resemble the structure of human personality models. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed that the newly developed five-factor model has an acceptable fit to the second data set (N = 155). This study identified that the lexical approach can provide a conceptual and methodological foundation when developing brand personality instruments. (C) 2016 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: An unexceptional exception: Golf, pesticides, and environmental regulation in Canada
type: J
volume: 51
issue: 4
beginPage: 446
endPage: 467
doi: 10.1177/1012690214526878
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379177500005
year: 2016
authors: Millington, B, Wilson, B
docAbstract:
This paper features a critical examination of recent legislation banning cosmetic pesticide applications in the province of Ontario, Canada. It focuses in particular on the exemption of golf courses from the province's Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act of 2009. Drawing from a wide range of materials, the authors first contextualize Ontario's recent law through an overview of the historical development of pre- and post-market pesticide regulation in Canada. This includes a review of the fierce debates that have at times arisen between pro- and anti-chemical factions. From there, the authors evaluate the Cosmetic Pesticides Ban Act. In one sense, the law - and especially golf's exemption from the law - is said to exemplify environmental managerialist decision-making, whereby governments must satisfy a dual mandate of promoting economic growth and environmental sustainability simultaneously. In another, related way, it is seen as demonstrative of an ecological modernist approach to environmental problems in which industry-led, technologically-advanced solutions are privileged above others. Taken together, golf's special status in Ontario's new pesticide legislation is deemed reflective of a wider trend towards neoliberal environmental policy making in Canada. It is also regarded in closing as a reason for future research into sport and environmental policy.


title: Would an Energy Conservation Nudge in Hotels Encourage Hotel Guests to Conserve?
type: J
volume: 57
issue: 2
beginPage: 172
endPage: 183
doi: 10.1177/1938965515588132
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376188400006
year: 2016
authors: Huh, C, Chang, H, Lee, MJ
docAbstract:
Utility companies achieved an average reduction of 2.5 percent in home energy use through an energy conservation nudge that provides feedback on energy consumption as compared with neighbors. This study investigated whether hotels can replicate this effect with their guests. A 2 (valence of electricity consumption) x 2 (comparison subject) experimental design with a control group was used with 1,000 respondents reporting their behavioral intentions in response to the energy conservation nudge in a scenario-based experiment. The results of a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that behavioral intentions toward electricity conservation were pronounced when the nudge was provided (regardless of the valence of electricity consumption and the comparison subject). The results of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with an energy conscious level as a covariate confirmed the effectiveness of the nudge on electricity conservation. The results indicate that hotels can achieve guest-driven electricity efficiency when an appropriately designed nudge is supplied to guests. The implications of the study are also discussed.


type: J
volume: 55
beginPage: 96
endPage: 106
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000377326100012
year: 2016
authors: Ham, S, Kim, E
title:
Restaurants' disclosure of nutritional information as a corporate social responsibility initiative: Customers' attitudinal and behavioral responses

docAbstract:
This study aims to understand the relationship between menu labeling as a corporate social responsibility initiative of restaurants and customers' attitudinal and behavioral responses toward restaurants. A conceptual model was developed, including five hypotheses that relate the perception of the disclosure of nutritional information as corporate social responsibility (CSR) to brand trust, brand image, and loyalty toward the restaurant. Data were collected from 636 customers of casual dining restaurants in Korea. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test the proposed theoretical relationships. Customers' perceptions of restaurants' CSR initiatives in the form of the disclosure of nutritional information affect their loyalty, while brand image and brand trust are affected by such CSR disclosure by restaurants. This study is one of the few to empirically research the concept of menu labeling from a CSR perspective as a basis for providing a healthy eating environment in restaurants. Specifically, from a social responsibility perspective, this study contributes to the existing knowledge by examining the impact of restaurants' labeling of menus on customers' cognitive and behavioral responses. The results provide practitioners with effective strategies to eventually enhance customer loyalty to restaurants through enhanced brand images and brand trust, and to sustain CSR initiatives as effective marketing strategies. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Post-Conflict tourism development in Sri Lanka: implications for building resilience
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4
beginPage: 355
endPage: 372
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.1002760
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000370651500004
year: 2016
authors: Buultjens, JW, Ratnayake, I, Gnanapala, WKAC
docAbstract:
The 30 year war between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) had a considerable impact on the country's tourism industry. Yet, despite the war, the industry continued to exhibit a high level of resilience and since the end of the war international visitation has increased rapidly. This study, using a comprehensive review of literature and a series of interviews, examines the impact of the war on the industry as well as the government's post-conflict responses. Despite the rapid increase in international tourism numbers various concerns have been raised that government policies are likely to advantage large tourism operators and developers at the expense of small businesses in the informal sector. The development of the industry may also be at the expense of livelihoods of poorer members of society in other industries. A concentration on large-scale developments may reduce the resilience and therefore sustainability of the industry.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 463
endPage: 483
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1136634
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372414300009
year: 2016
authors: Pechlaner, H, Volgger, M, Scuttari, A
title:
Transition management towards sustainable mobility in Alpine destinations: realities and realpolitik in Italy's South Tyrol region

docAbstract:
Sustainable mobility, including public transport and human-powered slow mobility is a priority for the sustainable development of tourism destinations, but it is a complex challenge to devise, implement and manage. This paper explores the mechanisms and conditions governing transition towards sustainable mobility in destinations, using a complexity-based approach. Destinations are understood as complex adaptive systems where social-ecological, socio-technical and socio-political subsystems interact dynamically with the tourism subsystem. These subsystems are interwoven and undergo significant, and inter-related, changes during transition towards more sustainable mobility. Three examples from the tourism intensive Alpine destination of South Tyrol (Italy) illustrate subsystem interactions during the transition process. Key player interview-based qualitative research indicates that the complexity of transition management is rooted particularly in the paired presence of risk aversion among local stakeholders and the unpredictability of visitor flows. Mitigating risk aversion through collective knowledge creation and offering answers to unpredictability by developing a strong adaptive and (re)organisation capacity seem to be required to adjust sustainable mobility solutions to continuous market changes, to convince stakeholders and to guarantee incremental and durable success. The public sector's special role is noted, as are the time demands of transition management, and the value of both formal and informal partnerships.


title: Local festivals, social capital and sustainable destination development: experiences in East London
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 7
beginPage: 990
endPage: 1006
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1128943
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000382391000004
year: 2016
authors: Stevenson, N
docAbstract:
This paper explores the nature of social capital arising from engagement in local festivals and the implications of this for the social sustainability of an emerging destination. Two case studies are developed from a longitudinal research project which investigates local festivals staged in the Hackney Wick and Fish Island area adjacent to Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in East London, UK between 2008 and 2014. This area has been directly affected by extensive development and regeneration efforts associated with the staging of the London 2012 Olympic Games. The two festivals considered here respond to the challenges and opportunities arising for local people as the area changes. One festival aims to foster a sense of community by creating shared experiences and improving communication across diverse groups. The other draws together the cultural community, links them to the opportunities arising as the area emerges as a destination, and attracts visitors. These festivals increase social capital in the area, but its distribution is very uneven. The accrual of social capital exacerbates existing inequalities within the host community, favouring the "haves" at the expense of the "have nots". There are tensions between the development of social capital and social sustainability in this emerging destination.


title: Chinese Customers' Evaluation of Travel Website Quality: A Decision-Tree Analysis
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 4
beginPage: 476
endPage: 497
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2015.1037977
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000374888300004
year: 2016
authors: Harrill, R, Sun, P, Cardenas, DA
docAbstract:
Web design in tourism organizations has become one of the key factors in maintaining a successful travel business. With questions of sustainability plaguing travel agencies, questions on how they should allocate their limited resources for website development to meet changing consumer needs while producing an effective and efficient website linger. This study provides a new technique and tool, decision trees and Weka, that identifies critical attributes that influence quality levels of a customer's experience when visiting a travel agency's website. The exploratory study derived eight evaluation attributes based on the attention, interest, desire, and action model. The study generated decision trees via Weka, a data-mining open-source software platform, to analyze the datasets from a web-based experiment. Results indicate that information quality is the most important attribute in designing the website of a travel agency. Then, attributes that enhance the simplicity of websites, such as ease of use, personalization, and flexible reservations, are considered by the customer when evaluating the website quality. Attractiveness can only contribute to evaluations of a website's quality after usefulness and website simplicity have been determined. Keeping the website useful, simple, and attractivein that orderwill give managers of travel agencies the guidance to design their websites and improve company performance. This study confirms prior research and indicates that decision trees and Weka are viable techniques in evaluating travel agency websites and promotional materials.


title: A comprehensive framework for comparing water use intensity across different tourist types
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 10
beginPage: 1445
endPage: 1467
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1044753
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362782200003
year: 2015
authors: Hadjikakou, M, Chenoweth, J, Miller, G, Druckman, A, Zoumides, C
docAbstract:
Tourism products vary in their direct and indirect (supply chain) water use, as well as in their economic contribution. Hence, water-scarce destinations require a method to estimate and compare water use intensity (water use in relation to economic output) for different kinds of tourist products in order to optimise their tourism offering. The present study develops an original framework that integrates segmentation with an environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) framework based on detailed tourism expenditure data and tourism satellite accounts (TSAs) in order to quantify the total (direct and indirect) economic impact and water use for multiple tourism segments. To demonstrate the rigour of the methodology, it is applied to the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The results show that cheaper forms of tourism tend to have a significantly lower total water use and, depending on the economic impact indicator of interest, may have above-average economic contribution per unit of expenditure. The proposed framework provides a significant step towards achieving sustainable water use through destination-specific estimates of water use intensity which take into consideration segment-specific attributes. It is envisaged that this could eventually lead to customised interventions for diverse tourism market segments.


title: Attitudes, efficacy beliefs, and willingness to pay for environmental protection when travelling
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 4
beginPage: 281
endPage: 292
doi: 10.1177/1467358415580360
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000361590900005
year: 2015
authors: Doran, R, Larsen, S, Hanss, D
docAbstract:
Environmental sustainability may be seen as a collective challenge that can only be met if a sufficient number of individuals cooperate. Whether or not individual tourists are willing to contribute their share may thus depend not only on the degree to which they think that environmental sustainability is important (attitudes), but also on the degree to which they think that other tourists hold similar attitudes (social comparison). Other possible influences are beliefs that one's own behaviour can make a difference (self-efficacy beliefs) and that tourists as a group together can make a difference (collective efficacy beliefs). This paper reports on findings from a study (N=358) that investigated the role of these factors in explaining people's willingness to pay for environmental protection when travelling. Attitudes, self-efficacy and collective efficacy accounted for 30% of the variance in willingness to pay for environmental protection; social comparison did not explain additional variance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


title: Sustainable Drive Tourism: A Catalyst for Change
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 5
beginPage: 460
endPage: 470
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000360735000005
year: 2015
authors: Fyall, A, Fjelstul, J
docAbstract:
Drive tourism remains an under-researched component of the wider tourism industry. As such, this study reviews the drive tourism phenomenon with attention focused on the anticipated impact of the implementation and adoption of new clean energy technologies. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications for the drive tourist, the drive tourism experience and the drive tourism sector. If new and more sustainable forms of drive tourism can retain their sense of fun, flexibility, and freedom there is every chance that the current initiatives being implemented in the US may become the norm rather than the exception. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Sustainability indicators of rural tourism from the perspective of the residents
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 586
endPage: 602
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2015.1062909
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000360457500006
year: 2015
authors: Marzo-Navarro, M, Pedraja-Iglesias, M, Vinzon, L
docAbstract:
In tourism, sustainable development represents a way to exercise a business activity such that the needs of both the tourists and the receiving regions are satisfied, while at the same time protecting and fostering future opportunities by preserving essential ecological processes, biological diversity and cultural integrity. There is broad scientific consensus about the need to consolidate an ethical paradigm that combines economic objectives with the principles of ecology, sustainable development and citizen participation. In view of this situation, it has become necessary to identify how to measure compliance with these principles, identify what indicators must be used and determine what perspective must be adopted. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop measurement models of the sustainability concepts associated with rural tourism from the residents' perspective. Using data from a survey, the results obtained have led to the development and validation of instruments that reliably measure the sustainability dimensions from the residents' perspective. As a result, tourism managers have access to an instrument that allows them to analyse the opinions of the residents of an area regarding the tourism development that takes place there.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 6
beginPage: 819
endPage: 837
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1019512
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000353924300001
year: 2015
authors: Picard, D
title:
Making ecotourism sustainable: refocusing on economic viability. Lessons learnt from the "Regional strategic action plan for coastal ecotourism development in the South Western Indian Ocean"

docAbstract:
Ecotourism has become the focal point of a wide range of private and public sector development initiatives in the countries of the Western Indian Ocean. The 2008 Regional Strategic Action Plan for Coastal Ecotourism Development in the South Western Indian Ocean aimed at both a strategic assessment of current achievements and the development of recommendations for policy action. Drawing on the research data initially gathered for this report, the article demonstrates the importance of fostering criteria for ensuring medium and long-term economic viability in the assessment of sustainable ecotourism development performance, both at micro- and macro-economic levels. The arguments are presented in the form of eight lessons learnt, and the article approaches the question of economic viability at the different levels of enterprises, projects and products, and in terms of public policy and planning.


title: Developing nature-based tourism products with customers by utilising the Delphi method
type: J
volume: 14
beginPage: 42
endPage: 54
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.03.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217979200006
year: 2015
authors: Konu, H
docAbstract:
The aim of this study is to assess the suitability and opportunities for utilising the Delphi method in the tourism sector by examining the applicability of the method in data collection and customer involvement for different purposes in newservice development (NSD). This is done by introducing an NSD case aiming to find and evaluate ideas for nature tourism products. Data was collected by using two Delphi rounds and the suitability of the method was evaluated for selected criteria and describing the type of information that was gained during the process. The results show that the Delphi method suites customer involvement in the front-end stages of NSD well and the data collected provides rich information especially for service concept and service system development. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Drivers of Sustainability Strategies in Spain's Wine Tourism Industry
type: J
volume: 56
issue: 1
beginPage: 106
endPage: 117
doi: 10.1177/1938965514549657
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000347154500010
year: 2015
authors: Gazquez-Abad, JC, Huertas-Garcia, R, Vazquez-Gomez, MD, Romeo, AC
docAbstract:
Confusion about what constitutes sustainability and the lack of incentives are two major factors interfering with the expansion of sustainability efforts in Spain's wine tourism industry, according to a survey of forty-nine wine practitioners at forty-six small- and medium-size Spanish wineries. The study identified the following four overall strategies: (1) reducing waste and toxicity, (2) highlighting sustainability in products and regulations, (3) sustainability in energy consumption, and (4) developing new sustainability-related business opportunities. The fact that these strategies are heavily weighted toward production may be a function of the nascent state of Spain's wine tourism but also because the structured interviews were more heavily weighted toward production issues. On balance, the study indicates that more education about sustainability, both for producers and tourists, should be paired with economic incentives to encourage greater sustainability in Spain's wine tourism industry.


title: Regulating "Nirvana": Sustainable surf tourism in a climate of increasing regulation
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 99
endPage: 110
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000349732200009
year: 2015
authors: O'Brien, D, Ponting, J
docAbstract:
Indonesia's Mentawai Islands are widely regarded as a surfer's "Nirvana." This paper uses qualitative interviews and participant observation to explore the politics of surf tourism recreational capacity management in the Mentawais, and the wider implications for Mentawaian host communities' involvement in the surf tourism economy. While much of the Mentawaian surf tourism industry was vehemently opposed to a recently introduced capacity management model, the market responded favourably. There appear to be immediate advantages for government and local communities in incentivising low-volume, high-yield land-based surf tourism development, and social carrying capacity measures such as vocational training and cultural interchange emerge as viable adjuncts to purely physical carrying capacity regulation. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Company on behalf of Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 7
beginPage: 1049
endPage: 1062
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1042481
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000359445700005
year: 2015
authors: Khazaei, A, Elliot, S, Joppe, M
title:
An application of stakeholder theory to advance community participation in tourism planning: the case for engaging immigrants as fringe stakeholders

docAbstract:
Community participation has long been viewed as an important tenet of tourism planning, and there is general consensus among researchers that engaging all stakeholder groups contributes to tourism sustainability. However, there are gaps in the literature, and challenges in practice, that call for further research. Among these are the dynamics of heterogeneous community groups and that not all community subgroups have equal opportunity to participate in tourism planning. This paper attempts to advance community participation by drawing on progressive approaches to stakeholder theory in the management field and by exploring, for the first time, the engagement of immigrants in tourism planning as fringe stakeholders, representative of present and future community dynamics. Bringing first generation immigrants as an important but less studied segment within the broader host community into focus moves tourism planning toward a more inclusive approach to community engagement, reflecting increased diversity and change in host communities.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1
beginPage: 48
endPage: 61
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2014.933228
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214523400004
year: 2015
authors: Persson, I
title:
Second homes, legal framework and planning practice according to environmental sustainability in coastal areas: the Swedish

docAbstract:
The aim of this article is to discuss second homes according to legislation, planning practice and effects on environmental sustainability in a Swedish context. The legislation contains special provisions concerning land and water management in certain areas of national interest in their entirety in view of the natural and cultural assets that exist there. Subject to resource conservation regulations, new vacation housing will be limited to infill, with no new land development. There is no such restriction for permanent housing. Spatial theory according to Lefebvre is used to discuss ideas in legislation and spatial planning versus actual development of vacation housing in coastal areas over time. Documents have been analyzed from a discourse analytic perspective inspired by Laclau and Mouffe. The legal ambition to separate dwelling forms seems to be unstable and ambiguous. An alternative pragmatic attitude within planning practice has developed and seems to increase according to the study.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 162
endPage: 172
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.10.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000349567200005
year: 2014
authors: Currie, C, Falconer, P
title:
Maintaining sustainable island destinations in Scotland: The role of the transport-tourism relationship

docAbstract:
The reliance on tourism as an economic generator has become increasingly important in island communities following a decline in traditional industries. The flow of visitors to these areas impacts upon a variety of sectors and service provisions, adds to job creation, and evokes vibrancy in areas with low and dispersed populations. The mercurial and interdependent nature of tourism is both supported and challenged by the input of numerous stakeholders with a heavy private sector advocacy. In comparison, whilst some entrepreneurial transport provision is evident, geographical distance and low population density contributes to subsidisation and public sector governance of transport systems to curb service irregularity and ensure infrastructure investment. This article investigates the feasibility of cross-sectoral interaction between transport and tourism stakeholders and their perceptions and experiences of working together to manage destinations. Exploratory research involving in-depth interviews with multiple stakeholders identified a growing awareness of the benefits and necessity of collaboration between sectors to increase the attractiveness, accessibility and in turn sustainability of island destinations. Analysis suggests that the extent to which joint working occurs is dependent upon collaborative capacity; leadership; and the cohesion, strength and scope of local governance. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Belief, Doubt, and Legitimacy in a Performance System: National Sport Organization Perspectives
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 5
beginPage: 529
endPage: 550
doi: 10.1123/jsm.2012-0290
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341284200004
year: 2014
authors: Macris, LI, Sam, MP
docAbstract:
With growing governmental involvement in sport, there has been a corresponding demand on national sport organizations (NSOs) to operate within performance measurement systems. In this study, we analyze data from New Zealand to determine NSO officials' perceptions of (a) their reporting relationship with the central agency (Sport and Recreation New Zealand), and (b) the system of performance contracts (or "investment schedules"). Following Norman (2002), we found differing perceptions regarding the legitimacy of performance systems and three tensions emerged. First, the clarity of focus enabled by performance measurement was tempered by the perception of an ever-changing political environment. Second, NSO officials acted strategically and opportunistically at times, marshalling arguments around performance measures to "capture" their principal. Third, neither trust nor distrust in the system necessarily translated into compliance; some NSOs sought independence from the system. This research speaks to the legitimacy of performance systems, a significant but tenuous element to their sustainability.


title: Hospitality students' perceptions of digital tools for learning and sustainable development
type: J
volume: 15
beginPage: 1
endPage: 10
doi: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2014.02.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345232000001
year: 2014
authors: Ali, A, Murphy, HC, Nadkarni, S
docAbstract:
This paper interprets students' perceptions of how they utilise technology for their learning and the link to sustainability and employability. A focus group approach is adopted with final year undergraduate hospitality students at three academic institutions in the UK, Switzerland and UAE. Diverse perceptions (Lithe relationship between learning activities, eLearning tools, sustainability and employability are revealed. Comparisons are examined to better understand students' perceptions of eLeaming tools for sustainability. This paper highlights students' awareness of the role of technology in sustainability and employability and calls on educators to promote a more integrated and multi disciplinary approach to curriculum design. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: (Un) conditional hospitality: The host experience of the Polynesian community in Auckland
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 2
beginPage: 135
endPage: 154
doi: 10.1386/hosp.4.2.135_1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219805800003
year: 2014
authors: Schanzel, HA, Brocx, M, Sadaraka, L
docAbstract:
There is an increased attention to the visiting friends and relatives phenomenon for destinations, yet the hosting experience is still neglected. One group of prolific hosts comprises the Polynesian families in Auckland, New Zealand, who are the focus of this study. In-depth interviews were conducted with eleven Pacifica people in Auckland to understand the experiences associated with hosting family from the Islands. Hosting relatives from the Pacific Islands is embedded in the cultural responsibilities of belonging to the Polynesian community and diaspora. The findings highlight the more unconditional nature of Polynesian hospitality with its emphasis on cultural connectedness, generativity and reciprocity as part of social capital formation. The contribution of providing hospitality through hosting deserves more attention for its integral role in social life. There are also obligatory aspects of reciprocity, inconveniences and responsibilities within Polynesian hospitality adding strain to an already vulnerable and marginalized population in New Zealand. More debate is needed about the sustainability of this notion of unconditional or obligated hospitality within modern society.


title: Emergent learning focused teachers and their ecological complexity worldview
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4
beginPage: 451
endPage: 471
doi: 10.1080/13573322.2012.680435
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000335089100006
year: 2014
authors: Butler, JI, Storey, B, Robson, C
docAbstract:
Although Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) has gained ground, pedagogical models are sustainable only when situated in a comprehensive worldview and consistent epistemology. After considering the five values orientations offered by Jewett, Bain, and Ennis, the authors conclude that ecological integration offers a useful starting point in this regard, but taking this a step further, they offer a worldview that they call ecological complexity, woven together from social constructivism, complexity, and ecological thinking. Since the authors argue that teachers who espouse this worldview focus on emergent learning, they have coined the term emergent learning focused (ELF) teacher to describe the pedagogical approaches that might result. These encourage the spontaneous play seen in the schoolyard, playground, or village green as opposed to work in the factory. ELF teachers encourage learners to develop holistically as they construct meaning, positioning themselves in the ecosphere of which they form an integral part. The authors apply ecological complexity to Inventing Games, in which learners invent and refine games within the TGfU classifications. They argue that as learners work together to invent and develop ownership of their games, they engage in a cognitive apprenticeship that prepares them for life in the wider community. Specifically, learners develop core social and emotional learning skills in a process that the authors have termed situated ethics. As game play structures and constraints work in balance to produce disturbances, learners adapt and game play evolves. Learners learn to navigate these adaptations and evolutions by creating sustainable democratic processes. Teachers who operate from an ecological complexity worldview see all educational agents-learners, teachers, administrators, curriculum, school, community, and culture-as parts of a sustainable learning system. The authors conclude by offering the building blocks they believe might move this system closer to sustainability in games education.


title: US consumer attitudes towards "green" restaurants
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 2
beginPage: 171
endPage: 180
doi: 10.1080/13032917.2013.839457
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212451700001
year: 2014
authors: Dewald, B, Bruin, BJ, Jang, YJ
docAbstract:
This study explores what consumers across the USA perceive as "green" restaurants, how they search for them, and if they are willing to pay more for the "green" restaurant experience. A review of the data revealed that almost 90% of the participants have eaten in a "green" restaurant, but many had a difficult time defining the term. Word of mouth was prevalent as to how consumers searched for "green" restaurants. As in previous studies, our findings showed that more than half of consumers were willing to pay more for the "green" restaurant experience. The participants graded their decision to dine at a "green" restaurant in the following order of importance: fresh ingredients, healthy aspects, good value, easy access, and good for the environment.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 4
beginPage: 362
endPage: 380
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-01-2014-0003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214504400006
year: 2014
authors: Jenkins, NR, Karanikola, I
title:
Do hotel companies communicate their environmental policies and practices more than independent hotels in Dubai, UAE?

docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to ascertain how hotels in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), engage in environmental sustainability and what benefits and negativities can be incurred from such activity, and to determine the extent to which hotels use their own corporate websites to disseminate information pertaining to their environmental sustainability. Design/methodology/approach - The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in business has infiltrated since the latter half of the twentieth century. The hotel industry claims to engage in environmental sustainability due to the impact hotels have on the environment and considering the benefits that can arise from being environmentally friendly, such as positive corporate image and awareness of company's stakeholders regarding company's policies, practices and initiatives. A literature review regarding the current, most commonly used environmental practices and policies of hotels was conducted and content analysis was carried out in websites of companies and independent hotels in Dubai, UAE. Findings - Key findings showed that the environmental practices and policies which were the cheapest and easiest to implement were the most commonly used among hotels, and that hotel companies provided more corporate online environmental information than independent hotels. Overall, currently, hotels in Dubai do not effectively use online environmental reporting to their stakeholders, which should be an area of improvement by 2020. Research limitations/implications - Further research should be conducted in small and medium enterprises to identify benefits and challenges of and create awareness of the importance of online environmental reporting preparing for Expo2020. Originality/value - The analysis presented aims to highlight the importance of online environmental reporting by hotels and to compare and contrast ways of communicating CSR activities between hotel companies and independent hotels in Dubai, UAE.


title: Toward sustainable educational travel
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 3
beginPage: 421
endPage: 439
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.819877
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000331655200005
year: 2014
authors: Long, J, Vogelaar, A, Hale, BW
docAbstract:
In the past decade, sustainability and global citizenship have emerged as two of the most prominent themes in contemporary higher education. Literature that specifically merges the two themes has, however, lagged behind. This paper integrates the literature from the fields of sustainable tourism and educational travel in order to articulate relevant concepts and to summarize theoretical and empirical approaches for improving the sustainability of educational travel programs. While most of the literature focuses upon carbon-related issues, a more comprehensive assessment and implementation would focus on the three dimensions of sustainability: economic, environmental, and socio-cultural. This paper advocates several practical measures, such as the incorporation of sustainability into program mission statements, the training of travel leaders in all three dimensions of sustainability, and the implementation of sustainability-related assessment measures for educational travel programs. Further, we argue that maintaining critical scholarly engagement with broader theoretical frameworks is necessary to contextualize these practical and empirical approaches, and to reassess the potential benefits and negative impacts associated with educational travel.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 6
beginPage: 898
endPage: 921
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.879310
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334950600004
year: 2014
authors: Morse, WC, Bailey, C, Schelhas, J, Lupoli, CA
title:
Assessing the impacts of international volunteer tourism in host communities: a new approach to organizing and prioritizing indicators

docAbstract:
This paper explores the use of indicators to evaluate the impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities, based on an online questionnaire sent to 183 volunteer tourism organizations. Little research exists demonstrating how volunteer tourism programs impact host communities or how impacts can be assessed, but the literature suggests the use of indicators to do so. Social indicator research and systems thinking assert that impact evaluation must be comprehensive and that indicators must consider interconnectivities present in the tourist system; we propose a framework of indicator development that addresses this. Data analysis focuses on volunteer tourist activities and how organizations prioritize indicators to assess diverse impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities. Comparisons are drawn between organizations in Latin America and international organizations (based in the USA, Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand) that send volunteers abroad. Differing volunteer activities suggest unique approaches between in-country and international organizations. The usefulness and degree of assessment of diverse indicators of the local impacts of volunteer tourism are quantified, while discrepancies between indicator usefulness and assessment raise questions. Comparisons between international and in-country organizations, large and small organizations, and organizations focusing on long-term vs. short-term trips suggest differing organizational priorities and impacts of volunteer tourism.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 2
beginPage: 144
endPage: 161
doi: 10.1080/13032917.2012.741049
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212446200002
year: 2013
authors: Fotiadis, AK, Vassiliadis, CA, Rekleitis, PD
title:
Constraints and benefits of sustainable development: a case study based on the perceptions of small-hotel entrepreneurs in Greece

docAbstract:
This study examined the perceptions of small- and middle-size hotel entrepreneurs of the benefits and constraints of sustainability and business development. Results indicated that the hotel owners' interest in sustainable tourism development is related to how it can enable them to achieve environmental and social benefits for their enterprises. The basic reasons which inhibit them from adopting sustainable development practices are the high cost of investment and the uncertain payment of this cost. The major academic contribution of this study is the application of a model that integrates microperspectives to explore constraints and benefits related to sustainable development in the context of the hotel industry in Greece.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 3
beginPage: 396
endPage: 416
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.708038
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000316116000003
year: 2013
authors: Garcia-Rosell, JC, Makinen, J
title:
An integrative framework for sustainability evaluation in tourism: applying the framework to tourism product development in Finnish Lapland

docAbstract:
The adoption of sustainable practices has become widespread in tourism and has led to the proliferation of sustainability evaluation tools. They focus mainly on measuring outcomes, making scientific expertise an essential part of evaluations. This study argues that involving stakeholders throughout the evaluation process is essential if evaluation is to play a role in promoting the necessary understanding of sustainability to address the ecological and social concerns within a tourism setting. Drawing upon multi-stakeholder thinking, ethics, the Bellagio Principles and action research, this paper introduces a theoretical and methodological framework for engaging tourism organisations in collaboration with stakeholders in planning and implementing sustainability evaluations. The application of the framework is illustrated using a study of tourism product development, involving a group of eight craft-based entrepreneurs and their stakeholders in Finnish Lapland. A focus is placed on using ethical theories to promote dialogue and critical reflection and to expose the plurality of moral orientations behind the multiple views of sustainable tourism. Through discourse analysis, four moral discourses, ethical egoism, utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics, are constructed and examined. The paper shows how each influences the various ways in which stakeholders perceive sustainable tourism and the practical outcomes of the process.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 3
beginPage: 458
endPage: 472
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.708039
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000316116000006
year: 2013
authors: Jones, C
title:
Scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions reduction from tourism: an extended tourism satellite account approach in a regional setting

docAbstract:
Tourism results in the emission of climate-changing greenhouse gases. There has been limited destination-focused quantitative analysis of how tourism might be reshaped to reduce these emissions. This paper uses an extended tourism environmental satellite account methodology to examine the case of tourism in Wales, a United Kingdom region. It shows how an estimate of the emissions associated with trips to, and in, the region - internally, from the rest of the UK and from abroad - can contribute to regional aspirations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The analysis suggests that substantial emissions cuts are dependent upon technical developments outside of tourism itself. Four potential scenarios are devised and analysed. Scenario 1 shows the value of low carbon electricity production in cutting tourism-related emissions. Scenario 2 analyses a possible 50% fall in international arrivals and 10% increase in UK domestic arrivals - maintaining employment but reducing emissions. Scenario 3 shows the effects of switch from private to public transport modes for 50% of UK resident arrivals. Scenario 4 examines the outcomes of reducing ground transport emissions by using electric, biofuel and hybrid technologies. All scenarios cut emissions, none are highly effective and most are dependent on changes in society and governance.


title: Is Concept of Sustainability Utopian: Ideally Perfect but Impracticable?
type: J
volume: 38
issue: 2
beginPage: 213
endPage: 242
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2013.11081746
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453398700008
year: 2013
authors: Weaver, D, Buckley, R, McCool, S, Butler, R, Wheeller, B
docAbstract:
Sustainable Tourism as a paradigm of development originated from the convergence of several streams of thought nearly three decades ago. It has tended to follow a ' smaller is better' theme but there are significant questions about the saliency of this theme : in a 21st world characterized by change, contentiousness, conflict and uncerta: inty. Susta: inable tourism is often linked with ecotourism and a dependency on natural environments as a pr: incipal resource provid: ing the basis for an experiential product. The rise of systems thinking has led to new, and potentially more useful : insights, about tourism as an economic development strategy : in this context. Questions about the future ability of susta: inable tourism to spur not only progress but the advancement of knowledge are presented and debated in this probe. The probe begins with a presentation by Steve McCool who presents a brief history of the development of the concept of susta: inable tourism, provides an overview of how 21st century conditions are significantly different than those in which the term arose and suggests a reformulation of the concept to one of enhancing resiliency in the face of stresses and stra: ins on communities. Responses by David Weaver, Richard Butler, Ralf Buckley and Brian Wheeller suggest that academia has a poor record of performance in addressing the real life issues confront: ing the globe's economic woes through sustainable tourism. Several feel that global economic and political power are so overwhelming as to make debates on sustainable tourism irrelevant. McCool responds to these criticisms by suggesting that knowledge is the principal barrier to progress.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 3
beginPage: 376
endPage: 395
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.699061
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000316116000002
year: 2013
authors: Hall, J, Vieceli, J, Polonsky, M, Atay, L, Akdemir, A, Marangoz, M
title:
Using strategic philanthropy to improve heritage tourist sites on the Gallipoli Peninsula, Turkey: community perceptions of changing quality of life and of the sponsoring organization

docAbstract:
This paper examines the "Respect for History" project on Turkey's Gallipoli Peninsula sponsored by a Turkish oil company, OPET. The project sought to enhance and protect the cultural and historical experiences of tourists visiting Gallipoli, and to bring direct and indirect benefits to local communities through enhancing tourism-related business opportunities and improving community infrastructure. This research investigates the project's impact on residents' perceived social and economic wellbeing, using a quality of life framework, and also ascertains residents' views of the sponsoring firm. The context illustrates key differences between pure philanthropy and strategic philanthropy; the latter defined as doing good by purposefully achieving corporate and civic benefits. The role of strategic philanthropy as a sustainable tourism development tool, and its impact on tourism governance, are considered. Data were collected from 674 residents on the Turkish Gallipoli Peninsula in areas impacted by OPET's investment program. The results, using structural equation modelling (SEM), identify that respondents generally believe that both their economic and social quality of life have improved. This, in turn, has positively influenced respondents' views of the sponsoring organization. The concept of strategic philanthropy appears valuable as a private sector, non-tourism, sustainable tourism development tool in some circumstances.


title: Teaching professional ethics in culinary studies
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 3
beginPage: 447
endPage: 464
doi: 10.1108/09596111311311062
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000317377800009
year: 2013
authors: Shani, A, Belhassen, Y, Soskolne, D
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to argue for the incorporation of ethics into the coursework of culinary schools, utilizing the value chain analysis as a theoretical framework to explore and confront food ethics concerns. Design/methodology/approach - Based on a review of the pertinent literature, this conceptual paper offers a theoretical framework whereby ethical issues relevant to the food industry can be tackled and then incorporated into the training of culinary professionals. Findings - To illustrate the usefulness of the suggested framework, the paper provides a systematic analysis of ethical concerns related to the production, distribution and consumption of food. Practical implications - Food ethics education is likely to have a positive impact on the credibility of the culinary arts' profession, at a time when there is a shift toward sustainability and ethical awareness; it is also likely to impact favorably on the opportunity of recruiting culinary professionals as agents of change regarding pressing moral challenges. Social implications - Including ethics in the curricula of culinary schools has various positive social implications, including the development of future professionals with acknowledged ethical responsibilities toward society. Originality/value - Despite the upsurge of ethical concerns and the controversies associated with the food industry, hitherto culinary schools have paid little attention to ethics within their curricula. In view of that, the article introduced a value-chain perspective for integrating food ethics into culinary arts curricula.


title: Critically unpacking professionalism in hospitality: Knowledge, meaningful work and dignity
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 215
endPage: 230
doi: 10.1386/hosp.2.2.215_1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219794900006
year: 2012
authors: Cockburn-Wootten, C
docAbstract:
Calls for change within the hospitality sector have argued for the industry to seriously consider the implementation of professionalism. Concerns have been raised about the workplace conditions of many employees, the readiness of graduates to meet or challenge these practices, and commitment to sustainability in promoting and respecting the rights of people in the workplace. In this conceptual article traditional perspectives of professionalism are critically examined. A key argument is that recent changes to professionalism have transformed the term into another discursive tool for discipline, performance and control. Rather than focusing on professionalism this article asserts that the sector should seriously consider implementing meaningful work and dignity. The article concludes that integrating these concepts through practices such as caring relationships, trust and education of managers starts to open up avenues for change in this hostile industry. Overall, the article argues that by adopting a broader understanding of professionalism, one that incorporates communication and collaboration, and challenges the lack of dignity in the workplace, we can start to open up possibilities for interdisciplinary work and more importantly, change.


title: Tourism marketing: a game theory tool for application in arts festivals
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 43
endPage: 57
doi: 10.5367/te.2012.0106
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000300761200002
year: 2012
authors: van Zyl, C
docAbstract:
There is concern that the increasing number of arts festivals in South Africa might lead to 'festival fatigue'. A tool that could be used to ensure high-quality offerings and the sustainability of festivals as tourist attractions is described and demonstrated in this article. The three largest arts festivals in South Africa (Potchefstroom, Grahamstown and Oudtshoorn) were studied. Five different attributes - festival brands, ticket prices, entertainment activities, food and beverages and transport to venues - were developed to describe arts festivals. Conjoint analysis was used in a linear regression model with individual ratings for each festival product. The average of the r-squares was 0.83. Game theory was applied as a tool to determine the different combinations of attributes that gave each of the three festival scenarios an optimum position in its niche market. Similarly, the tool can be applied to festivals in various contexts to ensure that optimal quality is achieved.


title: Sustainability, daily practices and vacation purchasing: are they related?
type: J
volume: 67
issue: 4
beginPage: 40
endPage: 54
doi: 10.1108/16605371211277812
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216248600004
year: 2012
authors: Mykletun, RJ, Pereira, EMV, Hippolyte, C
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to explore relationships between consumers' sustainable purchasing practices and their related cognitions, evaluations, and beliefs when considering purchases of tourist products or general goods. Design/methodology/approach - ''Cognitions'' refers to consumers' familiarity with the concept of ''environmentally-friendly'', their ''evaluations'' are considerations of the importance of responsible practices, and ''beliefs'' are convictions of the effects of buying environmentally-friendly products. Data were collected by questionnaires distributed to convenience samples of 142 passers by on streets close to museums, parks, and other recreational facilities. Findings - The cognitive, evaluative, and belief dimensions were interrelated and supposedly reflect positive attitudes and/or motivations towards sustainability. These ''inclinations-to-act variables'' were positively related to the appreciation of sustainability in daily purchases, vacation purchases, and tourism provider profiles. The importance of history and culture in relation to tourism purchases was also examined. Sustainability orientation in daily purchases also correlated to vacation purchases and appreciation of tourism providers with sustainability-oriented profiles. Research limitations/implications - The study used a small convenience sample and did not measure actual purchasing behavior. Future research should explore the relation between the variables examined in this paper and actual purchasing behavior in a larger random sample of the general population. Originality/value - Previous related research involved respondents on vacation travel or as non-representative samples. This study demonstrates relationships between consumers' sustainable purchasing practices of tourist products or general goods and their related cognitions, evaluations, and beliefs when sampling from populations in general.


title: Ministers' statements: a policy implementation instrument for sustainable tourism?
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 4
beginPage: 513
endPage: 532
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.617823
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304409400001
year: 2012
authors: Yuksel, A, Yuksel, F, Culha, O
docAbstract:
Consistent communication of tourism policies by tourism ministers might raise public and industry awareness and promote support for sustainable tourism. The statements made by ministers containmessages that can inform the public and industry stakeholders, and potentially, these statements can draw attention to sensitive issues and bring about changes in practices that encourage sustainability in the tourism industry. Analyzing the statements of the five most recent tourism ministers in Turkey, delivered between 2001 and 2009, this study identifies the ministers' priorities for tourism and compares them with the tourism policy objectives set out in Turkey's Tourism Strategic Action Plan. Further comparison is undertaken to see whether priorities changed within and between governments. The results of the content analysis indicate that the statements of the Turkish tourism ministers were economically driven and growth-oriented, and that there were inconsistencies between the ministers' priorities and the corresponding policy objectives in the national tourism strategy. While the period between 2001 and 2009 saw changing governments and ministers, the different ministers emphasized an almost identical set of priorities. Implications are discussed for public awareness of tourism policies and for sustainable tourism.


title: A framework for debating the future of environmental sustainability in the sport academy
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 4
beginPage: 424
endPage: 433
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208911600009
year: 2011
authors: Mallen, C, Chard, C
docAbstract:
This study develops a framework for debating the constituent elements in sport environmental sustainability (sport-ES). The framework for the debate utilizes appreciative theory; a definition of ES by the United Nations (UN) Brundtland Report (1987); an application of Kusku's (2007) and Ozen and Kusku's (2009) concept of environmental citizenship, paradoxes, uncertainties and trade-offs based on the literature, Busch and Hoffmann's (2009) environmental dimensions and six areas of environmental uncertainty, the extension of the areas of environmental uncertainty by the authors of this manuscript and a vision of the future (Belz, 2006). This framework provides eight key questions for debate on topics such as the definition of sport-ES and sport environmental citizenship, constraints within the natural environment (including the extent, importance and consequences of the limitations) and actions aimed at conserving the natural environment (including the level of response, actions, alternatives and consequences) by the years 2050-2060. The authors of this manuscript hope to generate energetic debate among sporting scholars, undergraduate and graduate sport management students and practitioners. The implication is that this framework is a starting place for debate. It is now up to the members in the sport academy to determine the extent of the debate, the visions conceived, strategies designed for managing arising paradoxes and if there will be a race to enact the visions. (C) 2010 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Barriers to Tour Operator Sustainable Supply Chain Management
type: J
volume: 36
issue: 3
beginPage: 205
endPage: 214
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2011.11081667
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453385600002
year: 2011
authors: Font, X, Baddeley, J
docAbstract:
Tour operators requesting their contracted overseas accommodations providers to apply, measure and report their sustainability actions are facing a number of barriers when trying to ensure the effective implementation of environmental sustainability criteria in particular. This article reviews how sustainability systems are being challenged by organizational habit and perceptions rather than analytical decision-making with respect to the relationship between health and safety, quality and sustainability. Environmental indicators are identified as the most conflictive; the key findings demonstrate that most challenges require a change in human behaviour rather than a technical solution. The data suggests that tour operators need to develop sustainability auditing tools that consider the impacts upon health, safety and quality within the accommodations. The Travelife sustainability auditing system provides a useful case study to demonstrate the necessary requirement for a complementary approach when conducting accommodations audits.


title: Residents' Perceptions of Environmental Impacts of the 2008 Beijing Green Olympic Games
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 3
beginPage: 275
endPage: 300
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2011.577791
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299258600004
year: 2011
authors: Zhang, JJ, Jin, LY, Ma, XD, Connaughton, DP
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore level of awareness, perceived environmental impact, attitude, behavioral intentions, and actual behavior regarding the support of the Green Olympic initiatives and future hosting of mega sport events among residents in Beijing as the host city of the Olympic Games during the post-game management period. A questionnaire was formulated with six sections: awareness, perception, attitude, behavioral intention, actual behavior, and demographic background. Respondents (N = 298) were recruited from 16 districts of Beijing, who had primarily lived in Beijing from 2001 to June 2009 and were at least 26-years-old at the time of survey administration. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that behavioral intention, attitude, and perception factors had direct and mediating effects on actual behaviors of supporting the Green Olympics initiatives and future hosting of mega sport events. However, awareness was not predictive of actual behaviors of supporting the Green Olympics initiatives.


title: Planning Nature-based Hiking Trails in a Tropical Rainforest Setting
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 289
endPage: 305
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.572665
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291307500004
year: 2011
authors: Prideaux, B, McNamara, KE
docAbstract:
Tropical rainforests are under threat and tourism has been identified as one industry that has some potential to add value to this important natural resource. This paper examines how nature-based hiking trails may be developed in a sustainable manner within a planning framework that recognizes the role of inputs and outputs. Consideration of inputs is restricted to visitor demand for hiking experiences and consideration of outputs is similarly restricted to measuring the satisfaction of the hiking experience, although it is acknowledged that the impact of hiking on the ecosystem is also important. A case study approach is adopted, based on an assessment in 2007 of visitor demand and satisfaction with hiking trails in Australia's World Heritage tropical rainforest.


title: Will sustainability change the business model of the event industry?
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 187
endPage: 192
doi: 10.1108/17554211111142149
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214490600002
year: 2011
authors: Pelham, F
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to present answers to the strategic question "will sustainability change the business model of the event industry". Design/methodology/approach - The paper seeks the opinions of seven experts working in various roles within the event industry and all contributing to the development of ISO 20121 and representing a cross-geographical mix. Findings - The paper discusses the current demand for sustainability within the event industry. The entire group agreed that within a short-time period, demand for sustainability will grow, making this an attractive business model. Originality/value - The paper presents a viewpoint from leaders in the event industry in which they recognize the value of an international standard for sustainability. The participants all agreed to work to raise the profile of sustainability in the event sector in their own countries.


title: Community capacity and the 2010 Winter Olympic Games
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 3
beginPage: 370
endPage: 385
doi: 10.1080/17430437.2011.557274
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213165200008
year: 2011
authors: VanWynsberghe, R, Kwan, B, Van Luijk, N
docAbstract:
The International Olympic Committee's (IOC) adoption of a third pillar of the environment marked the prospect of a new standard in sustainable mega-events. In this article, case study research of a community-based coalition formed to monitor the sustainability mandate of the 2010 Olympic Games offers an inside view into community capacity building in the planning, organizing and hosting of mega-events. Evidence of community capacity building was gathered from video, questionnaires and participant observations of this coalition. According to a conceptual framework of community capacity, the evidence suggests that, although a mega-event's sustainability mandate is a good prospect for community capacity, precise timing, binding commitments and clear consequences for mega-event organizers are necessary for a community-based coalition to gain capacity. A generative model of the conditions for building community capacity is proposed to promote successful mega-events.


title: Policies for enhancing sustainability and competitiveness in tourism in Colombia
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 153
endPage: 162
doi: 10.1108/17554211011037840
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214482200007
year: 2010
authors: Sanchez, CI, Jaramillo-Hurtado, ME
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of tourism policy in Colombia and explain the measures being adopted to enhance the competitiveness and the economic contribution of the tourism sector. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents an historical perspective on tourism in Colombia from 1998 to 2008 and explains the policy initiatives that have been designed to advance the development of tourism and expand the impact of sustainable ecotourism as a strategy for promoting conservation and protection of the Amazon rainforest in Colombia. Findings - The paper discusses the success of Colombia where tourism grew (and is projected to grow) at a rate faster than that predicted for global tourism. The partnerships forged at the national level have also been important to implement policy decisions aimed at the development of sustainable tourism. Practical implications - Member Countries of the Treaty of Amazon Cooperation that have not yet defined or elaborated a mid-to long-term national tourism development strategy would find the Colombia model a useful point of reference. Originality/value - This paper holds special value for those working in the areas of tourism policy development and tourism planning in Amazon Member Countries.


title: Developing sustainable tourism: managers' assessment of Jamaica's ten-year master plan
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 2
beginPage: 143
endPage: 155
doi: 10.1108/17506181011045217
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213913500006
year: 2010
authors: Kennett-Hensel, PA, Sneath, JZ, Hensel, PJ
docAbstract:
Purpose - The study aims to examine Jamaican managers' perceptions of the ten-year master plan (2000) for tourism sustainability and its effectiveness in achieving inclusive, community-based development and growth. The research seeks to determine how much progress has been made and discusses implications for the Jamaican tourism industry. Design/methodology/approach - An online survey containing 16 open-and close-ended questions was sent to 540 Jamaican managers and executives; 99 surveys were completed and used for analysis. Findings - The findings indicate Jamaica's ten-year master plan has the correct focus. The goals of the plan are viewed as important. Goals related to heritage-based tourism and infrastructure improvements and accessibility are perceived as successfully developed. Weaknesses appear in the implementation and development of community-based, inclusive tourism and environmentally sustainable tourism. Some significant differences between those employed in tourism/hospitality and those employed in other industries are discussed. Research limitations/implications - The results may not be generalizable across all socio-economic strata since survey participants are limited to educated business professionals. However, their inclusion - or lack thereof - in decisions that could help achieve the plan's goals, suggests deficiencies in implementation that may be valid across social strata and destinations. Originality/value - This study examines managers' assessments of hard and soft targets for a sustainable tourism industry. Using a community-based approach to planning and development, the researchers explore opportunities to enhance tourism growth and sustainability.


title: Cultural tourism and creative regeneration: two case studies
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 214
endPage: 227
doi: 10.1108/17506181011067600
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213914000005
year: 2010
authors: Sepe, M, Di Trapani, G
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of the creative city, the factors conditioning creativity in cities and how they stimulate urban innovation and local development. Furthermore, by way of examples, the paper aims to illustrate two emblematic case studies and the main elements which were considered for the sustainable urban regeneration. Design/methodology/approach - The paper gives both a theoretical contribution on the relationship between the creative regeneration and cultural tourism, and empirically illustrates two cases for comparative study. The case studies are explained taking care to present information and figures of interest for the purposes of the work, with useful data to implement project descriptions and draw appropriate conclusions. Findings - The research found that, in order to achieve the long-term success of urban and cultural regeneration, the involvement and integration of the local community at all levels throughout the process, and the need to enhance and consolidate place identity, all in respect of economic, social and environmental sustainability, are critical factors. Originality/value - The theoretical and empirical contribution of the paper is organized so as to emphasize the interdisciplinary relationships between some aspects of creative projects that are considered of particular importance to boost cultural tourism such as: place identity, sustainable development, urban regeneration and involvement of the population.


title: Tourism, growth and residents' welfare with pollution
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 50
endPage: 60
doi: 10.1057/thr.2008.43
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212209000006
year: 2009
authors: Giannoni, S
docAbstract:
In this paper, we build a standard model of optimal growth, with exogenous population growth and technical change, for an economy specialised in tourism. Assuming that the production of tourism is pollution generating and that tourists are pollution adverse, we establish propositions regarding long-term growth and sustainability of tourism. We show that mass tourism only is associated with high growth rates and that in general, mass tourism is not sustainable. To sum up, our model shows that high growth sustainable tourism does not actually exists.


title: A Critical Comparison of Tourism Policies of Hong Kong and Singapore - An Avenue to Mutual Learning
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 3
beginPage: 193
endPage: 206
doi: 10.1002/jtr.656
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270813600001
year: 2008
authors: Wong, EPY, Bauer, TG, Wong, KKF
docAbstract:
This study examines how mutual learning can potentially enhance the destination competitiveness and sustainability of Hong Kong and Singapore. By comparing the recent tourism policies of the two city states, and by interviewing key government officials, major industrial players, academic experts and representatives of international tourism organisations, it was found that both governments can learn from each other in various aspects. The Hong Kong government can learn from its Singapore counterpart the recognition and proactive support it provides to the industry, its visionary leadership, and its eagerness to learn. At the same time, the Singapore government can learn from Hong Kong in promoting entrepreneurship within the tourism industry. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY: CSR, FILM, AND TOURISM. TWO CASES OF FILMING IN A SMALL COMMUNITY
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 145
endPage: 154
doi: 10.3727/154427207783948892
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213642300006
year: 2007
authors: Beeton, S
docAbstract:
This article reports on an element of an ongoing research project undertaken since 1999 in relation to the effects of film-induced tourism on a small community based in North Yorkshire, England, namely Goathland. Goathland is better known to TV audiences around the world as the village of Aidensfield in the long-running series, Heartbeat. Its railway station and heritage train was also used as Hogwarts Station in the Harry Potter movies. Both the TV series and the movie have been extremely popular and increased the number as well as altered the "type" of tourist visiting Goathland, which is set in a national park with a resident population of 300. However, the extent of responsibility taken by the respective film companies in terms of the related tourism to the village is significantly different, particularly in relation to community engagement and opportunities for that community to commercialize its exposure as a film site to visitors. This article considers these differences in terms of each organization's demonstrated corporate social responsibility (CSR) to Goathland.


title: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF LARGE URBAN MUSEUMS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF VOLUNTEER PROGRAMS
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 167
endPage: 174
doi: 10.3727/154427207783948874
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213642300008
year: 2007
authors: Edwards, D
docAbstract:
Out of a growing concern about the erosion of social infrastructure has come an increase in pressure on business to take up more of the responsibility to invest in building strong communities. While many tourism organizations have been slow to involve themselves in any long-term and meaningful way with communities, the volunteer programs of large Australian museums unintentionally create partnerships of engagement, participation, and involvement between the museum and their urban communities. These volunteer programs represent a contribution to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Drawing on the author's previous work, the CSR literature, and museum reports and information posted on the Internet, this article discusses why and how this occurs. First, the article explores the relationship between CSR and social capital. Second, the contribution that museums make to social capital through their volunteer programs is outlined. Third, it is considered whether museums could do more in terms of their CSR and volunteer programs. Finally, suggestions are made for the way in which museums can continue to fulfill and advance their CSR activities. Museums, in acknowledging and documenting the CSR activities of their volunteer programs, can improve CSR outcomes and enhance the social and economic outcomes for both the community and the museum.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 204
endPage: 217
doi: 10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212187300005
year: 2006
authors: Correia, A, Videira, N, Alves, I, Ramires, C, Subtil, R, Martins, V
title:
Environmental and economic tools to support sustainable golf tourism: The Algarve experience, Portugal

docAbstract:
Environmental quality is a driving force for the sustainable development of tourism in the 21st century. Nevertheless, the increasing pressures placed upon the stocks of natural capital call for integrated approaches to balance the impacts of tourism activities. Recent growth trends of the golf industry are strengthening its potential to become a vehicle for competitive and sustainable tourism. On the other hand, golf courses cause undisputed environmental impacts, which require effective management and control. This paper presents a sustainability assessment framework and the results from its application to the Algarve's golf courses. A key element of the sustainability analysis was the development of performance indicators. It was concluded that the position of the existing courses in the environmental dimension could be improved if management tools were implemented by many of the golf clubs. This measure would bring the environmental indicators closer to the benchmarking values of the courses with the best environmental performance. In terms of economic and social performance, the indicators show that golf is a profitable business, whether as an anchor for other tourist development, or as a sporting activity on its own.


title: Backpacking and Backpackers - A Fresh Look
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 3
beginPage: 5
endPage: 10
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2006.11081501
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443921000002
year: 2006
authors: Pearce, PL
docAbstract:
As areas and topics of tourism study grow with increasing researcher efforts, it is opportune at times to pause and reflect on the directions of the work already undertaken. As a part of the Special Issue of Tourism Recreation Research, this article takes a fresh look at backpacking, backpackers and the research pertaining to these topics. The framework for this examination of backpacker studies is provided by a four-cell grid where the combined effects of rigour and relevance are integrated to produce work with different strengths. It is argued in this paper that a fresh look at backpacker studies should be consistent with the high-rigour, high-relevance quadrant - that is, work which is both powerful and pragmatic. The process of investigating fresh directions in backpacker studies is then developed by examining five emerging issues in tourism study generally and then contrasting the suggestions emerging from these areas with pre-existing ideas for more backpacker research from published sources. It is concluded that backpacker research can reach beyond its present focus and position and move towards powerful new destinations.


title: Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination
type: J
volume: 9
beginPage: 374
endPage: 376
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.01.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000436916300036
year: 2018
authors: Seraphin, H, Sheeran, P, Pilato, M
docAbstract:
This Regional Spotlight considers the issue of over-tourism and the (ecological) survival of Venice as a destination. In Venice, ecology, economics and culture are inextricably linked to the conflict between human and natural capital. The attempts to neatly arrange the challenges in sustaining the city, convenient categorical interest groups and occasional hostility in implementing policies call for an ambidextrous management approach (exploitation and exploration) instead of the Trexit approach suggested by the anti-tourism movements.


title: What influences water conservation and towel reuse practices of hotel guests?
type: J
volume: 64
beginPage: 87
endPage: 97
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.08.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000413881800009
year: 2018
authors: Hyun, SS, Han, H
docAbstract:
Understanding guests' water conservation and towel reuse behaviors is essential as sustainability is recently a vital issue in the hotel industry. Yet, guests' decision formation for such pro-environmental behaviors has not been sufficiently explored. This research filled such a void in the extant literature. Our empirical findings showed that guests' water conservation intention was a significant function of moral norm, anticipated feelings, and water saving behavior in everyday life. Our results also indicated that guests' towel reuse intention was significantly affected by moral norm, social norms, anticipated feelings, and towel reuse behavior in everyday life. Moreover, moral norm and descriptive norm were found to be the most influential factors determining water conservation and towel reuse intentions, respectively. This research adds to the extant literature in hospitality/tourism by providing valuable insights into how normative, affective, and habitual processes relate to guests' pro-environmental decisions during their stay at a hotel. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Biting Off More Than They Can Chew: Food Waste at Hotel Breakfast Buffets
type: J
volume: 57
issue: 2
beginPage: 232
endPage: 242
doi: 10.1177/0047287516688321
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000429041800007
year: 2018
authors: Juvan, E, Dolnicar, S, Grun, B
docAbstract:
Tourists bite off more than they can chew at hotel breakfast buffets. Food waste from hotel buffets means unnecessary food cost for hotels as well as an unnecessary burden on the environment. The present study measured food waste at a hotel breakfast buffet and identified the following guest and breakfast characteristics as being significantly associated with higher plate waste: more children in the guest mix, more Russians and less Austrians or Germans, fewer hotel guests in the breakfast buffet area as well as more buffet stations being set up. These insights contribute to knowledge on environmental sustainability in tourism, pointing to interesting market segments for targeting in high demand periods as well as promising target segments for interventions (e.g., families) and indicate that simple measures such as rearrangements of the breakfast room may reduce food waste.


type: J
volume: 60
beginPage: 418
endPage: 429
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.017
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000395599600043
year: 2017
authors: Font, X, Pereira-Moliner, J, Garay, L
title:
Understanding sustainability behaviour: The relationship between information acquisition, proactivity and performance

docAbstract:
We use the concept of absorptive capacity to better understand the relationship between sustainability information acquisition, proactivity and performance. A quantitative analysis of a survey of 408 tourism enterprises in Catalonia (Spain) shows that: i) growth-oriented motivations are related to communication with industry-related sources, and to individual and informal channels, while lifestyle motivations are related to communication with other stakeholders; ii) sustainability implementation is related to communication with other stakeholders, to the use of collective and formal channels, and to the perceived usefulness of information; and iii) sustainability performance is related to the introduction of environmental and economic practices, to the use of both industry and broader sources of information, and to the perceived usefulness of information. We suggest that sustainability training and education may be more successful in achieving behaviour change when they are adapted to the absorptive capacity and learning styles of their target audiences. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 21
beginPage: 24
endPage: 41
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.10.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000396395600004
year: 2017
authors: Ashok, S, Tewari, HR, Behera, MD, Majumdar, A
title:
Development of ecotourism sustainability assessment framework employing Delphi, C&I and participatory methods: A case study of KBR, West Sikkim, India

docAbstract:
This paper proposes an assessment of "Ecotourism Sustainability" at an operational level utilizing Principles-Criteria-Indicators-Verifiers, common in forest and tourism sustainability evaluation. Initially criteria were identified based on a literature review. This was followed by a Delphi Study and Participatory Workshops in Sikkim, India. Finally expert opinions were elicited. 4 principles, 8 criteria, 58 indicators and their corresponding 58 verifiers were established and measures of agreement calculated across different prior stages. From these a framework of analysis for assessing sustainability at an operational level in ecotourism was then established. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Fostering customers' pro-environmental behavior at a museum
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 9
beginPage: 1240
endPage: 1256
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1259318
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000404854200004
year: 2017
authors: Hyun, SS, Han, H
docAbstract:
Understanding visitors' pro-environmental behavior is vital as sustainability is currently a critical issue in the museum industry, yet visitors' pro-environmental decision-making process has not been sufficiently investigated. This study fills this void in the extant tourism literature. While the theoretical base for comprehending the nature of museum visitors' pro-environmental behaviors is still in the introduction stage, our proposed framework for encouraging pro-environmental behavior among museum visitors including cognitive variables, affective variables, willingness to sacrifice, connectedness to nature and pro-environmental intentions was supported through empirical testing. The present study also contributes to helping museum researchers and practitioners clearly understand the dynamic role of each study construct in generating museum visitors' intentions for environmentally responsible behaviors while visiting a museum.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 4
beginPage: 489
endPage: 504
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1223086
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399560100003
year: 2017
authors: Mihalic, T, Kuscer, K, Pechlaner, H
title:
Innovation, sustainable tourism and environments in mountain destination development: a comparative analysis of Austria, Slovenia and Switzerland

docAbstract:
This paper contributes to the comparative tourism sustainability debate in the context of mountain tourism destinations. It is based on a published three-dimensional Mountain Destination Innovation Model (MDIM) which claims that tourism development depends on a destination's innovation levels, and is subject to different conditions in a variety of important destination environments (using that term in its broadest sense), including sociocultural, natural, political, legal and technological. The authors comparatively analyzed Austrian, Slovenian and Swiss mountain destinations, which are located in small countries in the Alpine region, and that makes their environments, innovation levels and stages of development relatively easy to compare. The analysis used 88 managers' replies to a 72 element questionnaire employing both objective and subjective measures about performance with regard to MDIM dimensions. The findings confirm differences in the stages of tourism development, in innovation levels, as well as in the supporting role of their corresponding wider environments. Swiss and Austrian mountain destinations outperformed Slovenian in almost all respects, but not in protection and quality of the natural environment or in inherited sociocultural attractiveness, where significant differences were not determined. The findings could help development and tourism policy authorities to improve the factors that determine sustainable tourism destination development.


title: Corporate social responsibility in tourism post-2015: a Development First approach
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 5
beginPage: 469
endPage: 482
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2016.1208678
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000386339700001
year: 2016
authors: Hughes, E, Scheyvens, R
docAbstract:
Most large tourism businesses have corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives that advance environmental, economic and social sustainability. Existing research shows that initiatives often tend to be ad hoc, however, and linked to cost-savings and the reputation of the business. We suggest that this approach equates with Tourism First planning. In response to the greater demands being placed on businesses to act responsibly in the post-2015 era, we propose a Development First framework for CSR that is adapted from Peter Burns' tourism planning model. This framework has a holistic, sustainable and people-centred focus and enables geographers and other social scientists to analyse the potential for initiatives to lead to positive, long-term development outcomes in different localities.


type: J
volume: 30
issue: 6
beginPage: 702
endPage: 719
doi: 10.1123/jsm.2016-0032
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390979300008
year: 2016
authors: Anagnostopoulos, C, Kolyperas, D, Chadwick, S, Sparks, L
title:
Applying a Communicating Vessels Framework to CSR Value Co-creation: Empirical Evidence From Professional Team Sport Organizations

docAbstract:
Despite the increasing number and significance of charitable foundations in various business sectors, their role in cocreating corporate social responsibility (CSR) value remains unclear. This paper identifies CSR value cocreation in professional team sport organizations (PTSOs) and answers three key research questions: (a) Why have PTSOs developed charitable foundations as their means toward CSR value cocreation? (b) What CSR-related resources do PTSOs and their charitable foundations integrate? and (c) How do they manage, share, and transfer such resources to cocreate CSR value? Drawing theoretical insights from service dominant logic and consumer culture theory-and using empirical data from 47 semistructured interviews of UK-based professional football (soccer) clubs-this study develops a communicating vessels framework to illustrate the role of charitable foundations in the CSR value cocreation process. Through four tentative CSR value cocreation levels of relationship (bolt-on, cooperative, controlled, and strategic) the study suggests several internal strategies that can enhance the level of collaboration between founders and foundations. These include information sharing through customer relationship management (CRM) systems and social media platforms; staff sharing or flexible movement across the organizations; quality assurance agreements; flexible team cooperation; partnership protocols with social, media, cultural, and commercial stakeholders; and cotraining of personnel.


title: Factors that strengthen tourism resort resilience
type: J
volume: 28
beginPage: 20
endPage: 30
doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.04.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000384807800004
year: 2016
authors: Williams, PW, Sheppard, VA
docAbstract:
Resilience is a concept of growing interest amongst those seeking to understand how communities may better adapt to change. Recent research has focused on understanding those factors that enable or enhance the resilience of tourism-focused communities, particularly in response to shocks and stressors. Such research suggests a variety of systems-based factors that, when present, appear to strengthen proactive responses. This research extends past findings to suggest that a set of individually based resilience enhancing factors (emotional, physical and spiritual wellbeing, as well as cognitive and behaviour competencies) also strengthen overall tourism community resilience. A comprehensive resilience model, which offers an alternative to traditional resilience frameworks, illustrates this finding. This research also broadens understanding as it relates to the effects of shocks and stressors on tourism community resilience and the role of governance systems in enabling proactive responses. These conclusions are drawn from informant interviews, participant observation, and document analysis in the Resort Municipality of Whistler, British Columbia (BC), Canada. Overall, the research contributes to the theoretical and applied dimensions of resilience and tourism-focused community development. (C) 2016 The Authors.


type: J
volume: 58
beginPage: 66
endPage: 81
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.07.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383526600007
year: 2016
authors: Wang, YF
title:
Modeling predictors of restaurant employees' green behavior: Comparison of six attitude-behavior models

docAbstract:
In this study, a new model of how commitment affects green behaviors was developed, tested, and compared with 5 models of the theory of planned behaviors (TPB) to verify the key influential factors of restaurant employees' green behaviors. Final questionnaires were distributed to 551 restaurant employees through cluster sampling, and 425 valid samples were received. AMOS 18.0 was used to conduct a 2-stage structural equation modeling analysis to achieve the research purposes. According to data analysis, the commitment model was the strongest model beyond TPB and extended TPB to explain restaurant employees' green behaviors for the development of food environment sustainability. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The effect of sustainability practices on financial leakage in the hotel industry in Jordan
type: J
volume: 27
beginPage: 18
endPage: 26
doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.03.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376519500004
year: 2016
authors: Alzboun, N, Khawaldah, H, Backman, K, Moore, D
docAbstract:
This study aims to assess the effect of sustainability practices on financial leakages in the hotel industry in Jordan. A self-administered survey was distributed to hotel managers in all 213 classified hotels in Amman, Aqaba, Petra, and the Dead Sea area. Of these, 163 questionnaires were returned with a response rate of 76.5%. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling were used to test research hypotheses. Despite that many studies have predicted sustainability practices to have a negative effect on financial leakages, the results of this study indicated that sustainability practices didn't reduce the financial leakage level in Jordanian hotels. However, financial leakages are predicted to be reduced through sustainability practices over time. These results could help hotels to develop financial and conservation strategies benefiting their local economies, resources, and cultures. Future research may extend this work to other tourism businesses. (C) 2016 The Authors.


title: Clustering attendees at the Philharmonic Orchestra's Summer Festival
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 3
beginPage: 314
endPage: 331
doi: 10.1080/02614367.2014.962582
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000371893200004
year: 2016
authors: Saayman, M, Saayman, A
docAbstract:
There has been an increase in the number of arts and music festivals held annually in South Africa. These festivals range from wide all-encompassing arts festivals, such as the National Arts Festival, to specific festivals that cater for very specific audiences, such as the Jazz Festival and the Philharmonic Orchestra Festival. It may therefore be expected that the attendees of the various types of festivals would differ quite substantially. While much research has been conducted to understand visitor behaviour at general arts festivals and the economic contributions of these festivals, attendees of these more specialised events have been neglected. However, understanding who the attendees are and their behaviour is paramount to the sustainability of these festivals. Therefore, this paper aims to address this void and set the following objectives: (1) to compile a profile of attendees at the Philharmonic Orchestra Festival; (2) to cluster attendees of the Festival into distinct groups; and (3) to compare the various clusters with one another. Data were obtained by administrating 500 visitor questionnaires during January 2010. Using cluster analysis, visitors are grouped based on various characteristics and the differences between the clusters are explored using factor analysis and analysis of variance. Main results indicate that most visitors are mature in age and well educated, from which three clusters were identified with differences evident between the clusters.


title: Consumers' Pro-Environmental Behavior and Its Determinants in the Lodging Segment
type: J
volume: 40
issue: 3
beginPage: 319
endPage: 338
doi: 10.1177/1096348013495699
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000374024900003
year: 2016
authors: Miao, L, Wei, W
docAbstract:
Sustainable consumption of hospitality products and services has become an increasingly important topic of interest in both hospitality academia and practice. Inducing pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in individuals has been recognized as one of the major challenges on the path to sustainable hospitality consumption. This research examined customers' PEB in hotel settings. Based on a survey with a sample of 537 participants representing a broad range of demographic strata, this study identified seven dimensions of PEB as manifested in hotel settings (green consumerism, recycling, reuse, conservation, reduction, curtailing, and compromise) and examined the associations of psychological determinants with the seven PEB behavioral types. The results show that hotel customers display the least PEB when compromise of personal comfort is involved. The findings further suggest that the major determinant of PEB in hotel settings is nonenvironmental concerns, such as time and effort involved in PEB. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.


title: Triple impact assessments of the 2013 European athletics indoor championship in Gothenburg
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 158
endPage: 179
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1108863
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373904000005
year: 2016
authors: Lundberg, E, Andersson, TD, Armbrecht, J
docAbstract:
This study answers the call for holistic assessments of events' sustainability through testing a model for measuring impacts of a sports tourism event from sustainability perspectives and in a common monetary metric. The aim is to achieve commensurability through integration of economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts. Concepts such as use- and non-use value, consumer surplus, direct economic impacts, ecological footprint analysis and shadow cost are applied to fulfil this aim. The model is tested on a three-day long European athletics indoor championship 2013 and the results demonstrate a possibility to produce a sustainability impact analysis in a uniform metric. Measured in monetary terms, sociocultural impacts carry more weight than economic impacts do, whereas environmental impacts have little importance for the total assessment. The assessment of event impacts in one common metric paves the way for destinations to trade-off alternatives and develop clear-cut strategies to increase social, economic and environmental welfare. It is suggested that prices on the market for emission rights severely underestimate environmental costs.


title: Australian climate concern and the 'attitude-behaviour gap'
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4
beginPage: 338
endPage: 354
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.1002456
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000370651500003
year: 2016
authors: Cohen, SA, Higham, J, Reis, A
docAbstract:
Anthropogenic climate change poses considerable challenges to all societies and economies. One significant contributor to human-induced climate change is tourism transportation, particularly aviation. This paper addresses the relationship between climate change concerns, the energy-intensive nature of tourist consumption, and unrestrained tourist air travel behaviour in the context of Australia. Following Barr et al. [(2010). "A holiday is a holiday": Practicing sustainability, home and away. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(3), 474-481], it seeks to understand public climate concern within the context of routine everyday ('home') lives and occasional tourist ('away') decision-making, with a specific focus on air travel. It draws upon 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted in Australia between March and June 2011. The findings highlight the contradictory nature of environmental concerns and consumption decisions in everyday and tourist contexts. This is evident in widespread domestic consumer practices that are motivated, all or in large part, by climate concerns, set against almost complete disregard and neglect of responsibility to modify existing air travel practices. Our results highlight the magnitude of the challenge involved in shifting deeply entrenched air travel behaviours despite the growing urgency of radical emission reductions. It also highlights the need to consider consumer responses to climate change not in isolation, but in relation to industry drivers and strong government policy interventions.


title: Consumer attitudes and preferences on holiday carbon footprint information in the Netherlands
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 398
endPage: 411
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1101129
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372414300005
year: 2016
authors: Eijgelaar, E, Nawijn, J, Barten, C, Okuhn, L, Dijkstra, L
docAbstract:
This study, part of an R&D project with Dutch tour operators, assessed Dutch consumer preferences towards a carbon label for holiday trips. A general survey (n = 504) assessed the perceived importance of a CO2 label to consumers. To determine the preferred design, two focus groups (n = 15) followed by a panel study (n = 1246) were performed. Finally, a pilot study (n = 100) assessed potential effects of the label on attitude and booking intention. The general survey's results indicate that a carbon label could impact on the travel choice of some Dutch travellers, when label information is explicit, understandable and simply designed. The focus groups in combination with the panel study showed that Dutch consumers prefer a recognisable carbon label, similar to the EU energy label. The pilot study revealed that consumers' attitudes increased significantly, but that intention to book was not significantly affected for the group that was shown the carbon label. These findings contribute to understanding consumer attitudes towards tourism eco and carbon labels, and their content and design. Implementation of a carbon label for tour packages still requires a number of barriers to be resolved. Sustainability remains a low priority during holiday decision-making.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 376
endPage: 397
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1071383
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372414300004
year: 2016
authors: Hopkins, D, Higham, J, Tapp, S, Duncan, T
title:
Academic mobility in the Anthropocene era: a comparative study of university policy at three New Zealand institutions

docAbstract:
Anthropogenic climate change is a wicked problem, requiring fundamental behavioural and technological responses now, in the Anthropocene, a term denoting the current era of human dominance of biological, chemical and geological processes on Earth. Travel and transport policies are key to effective responses, confronting both leisure and business travellers, including academics. This paper explores in detail the factors that promote or suppress academic travel, examining institutional policies which frame academic mobility practices at three New Zealand universities; University of Otago, University of Auckland and Victoria University of Wellington. It finds evidence of little congruence between sustainability statements, with their wide discourses on environmental sustainability, and the institutional policies governing academic mobility. Three overriding themes emerging from the analysis are presented: hollow words (describing a lack of meaningful commitment to sustainability, with disconnections between sustainability rhetoric and key policies), unspoken words (assumptions about the necessity of travel) and facilitating mobilities (promoting travel, rewarding those who travel). These themes highlight varying degrees of divergence between the sustainability imperatives of these universities and the carbon emissions of institutionalised academic mobilities. Concluding remarks highlight opportunities for New Zealand's academic institutions to align travel policies with growing sustainability imperatives and discuss future research directions.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 8
beginPage: 1759
endPage: 1777
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-07-2014-0361
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000386040700011
year: 2016
authors: Lee, S, Dalbor, M, Jung, SY
title:
The negative synergistic effect of internationalization and corporate social responsibility on US restaurant firms' value performance

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of the current study is to investigate the possible existence of a synergistic effect of internationalization and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on a firm's value performance. Design/methodology/approach - To empirically test the argument, this study analyzed data from 40 US-based publicly traded restaurant companies (251 observations) from 2000 to 2011 by performing a two-way fixed-effects model. Findings - This study's findings support the hypothesis that when implemented simultaneously, internationalization and CSR have a negative synergistic impact on a restaurant firm's value performance. Practical implications - Restaurant managers might need to inquire thoroughly into the timing and content of CSR investment strategies while entering into new international markets. Restaurant executives may additionally need to focus more on effective risk management than other issues (e.g. growth or reputation) when developing both internationalization and CSR strategies simultaneously. Originality/value - By suggesting and demonstrating a negative synergistic effect of internationalization and CSR on a firm's value, this study presents new and unique insights into previous research regarding the combined effect of the two strategies.


title: Boundary-work and sustainability in tourism enclaves
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 4
beginPage: 507
endPage: 526
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1081599
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373564400001
year: 2016
authors: Manuel-Navarrete, D
docAbstract:
Tourists, workers, and business owners from diverse cultural backgrounds and social positions meet at tourism enclaves. Yet, the spatial layout of most enclaves encourages segregation instead of celebrating and benefiting from this diversity. This paper examines the genesis of enclave tourism boundaries. It proposes boundary-work as a sustainability practice to work out segregating propensities, and transform exclusionary boundaries or make them more permeable. Life story interviews in a Mexican Caribbean enclave revealed segregation's appalling consequences for workers, implicit costs for business owners, and the personal involvement of tourism actors in historical struggles over boundaries. This analysis constitutes a first step to untangle exclusionary propensities and render tourism boundaries more workable from a sustainability governance perspective. The paper explains the need for sustainable tourism research that identifies opportunities to: (1) address traumatic experiences born of discriminatory practices, (2) turn adversarial emotions between workers and business owners into productive collaborations across boundaries, and (3) challenge power asymmetries by providing tourism actors with knowledge about the physical, symbolic, and imaginary dimensions of boundaries. It concludes that the influence of any individual agent is profoundly limited; the transformation of long-standing boundaries demands a deliberate reformulation of sustainable tourism as a multi-dimensional decolonizing force.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 10
beginPage: 1442
endPage: 1460
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1122015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383903200005
year: 2016
authors: Boley, BB, Woosnam, KM, Maruyama, NU
title:
Comparing levels of resident empowerment among two culturally diverse resident populations in Oizumi, Gunma, Japan

docAbstract:
While resident empowerment has been a central aspect of the sustainable tourism literature, difficulties of putting the concept into practice have been noted given the heterogeneous nature of communities. Community is often divided by kinship, age, gender and ethnicity, and such division may influence the perceptions of empowerment. The goal of this study was to better understand heterogeneous perceptions of empowerment by administering the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale within the community of Oizumi, Japan. Oizumi has the highest concentration of Brazilian immigrants in Japan, and the town has embraced ethnic neighborhood tourism centered on Brazilian culture as a strategy for economic development. Oizumi's demographic makeup allowed for testing differences in perceived empowerment between members of the dominant ethnic group (Japanese) and members of the ethnic minority group (Japanese Brazilians). Analysis of 650 completed questionnaires revealed that Brazilians felt more psychologically and socially empowered than Japanese residents, indicating a shift in the balance of power between the ethnic groups. Results also revealed that the political dimension of empowerment was rated relatively low among both groups, suggesting a general lack of opportunities to participate in the planning process. Implications for both practice and theory are presented.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 12
beginPage: 1709
endPage: 1726
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1145228
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000387293300008
year: 2016
authors: Hallo, JC, Backman, KF, Munanura, IE, Powell, RB
title:
Perceptions of tourism revenue sharing impacts on Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: a Sustainable Livelihoods framework

docAbstract:
Tourism revenue sharing (TRS) has become a popular strategy for integrated wildlife conservation and rural development in Africa. In Rwanda, 5% of tourism revenue is invested annually in communities adjacent to protected areas. However, the conservation impact of the TRS strategy has been challenged. Previous studies have revealed structural constraints of TRS, which partially explain TRS shortfalls. The TRS application is complex and needs deeper understanding of both conceptual and structural constraints. In this paper, we examine local perceptions of TRS, and use the Sustainable Livelihoods framework to conceptually understand the livelihood capability, equity and sustainability constraints of TRS at Volcanoes National Park (VNP). Results suggest that TRS has had minimal conservation impact due to acute food insecurity and limited livelihood capabilities among the poorest residents in proximity to VNP. This is exacerbated by several TRS structural constraints, such as the association membership fee requirement for TRS benefits, political influence, poor conservation linkages, and limited participation of the most socially and economically disadvantaged residents in proximity to VNP. This paper recommends restructuring of the TRS decision-making process to ensure consideration of both short-term and long-term conservation goals, wildlife conservation linkages and participation of the most economically disadvantaged residents in proximity to the park boundary.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 2
beginPage: 182
endPage: 202
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1071381
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000369649300004
year: 2016
authors: Xu, HG, Zhu, D, Bao, JG
title:
Sustainability and nature-based mass tourism: lessons from China's approach to the Huangshan Scenic Park

docAbstract:
With the rapid growth of tourism worldwide, the path towards sustainable mass tourism has become a critical issue for many destinations. Unlike most developed countries, China has its particular context and is testing a process of sustainable tourism development implemented through top-down institutional arrangements, using strict control systems to pursue both natural resource conservation and economic growth. Through a systematic analysis of the path towards sustainable development of a typical nature-based mass tourism destination, Huangshan Scenic Park, this research explores its successes and challenges. It finds that the Chinese government-dominated mass tourism nature-based development model has brought a dual structure with modern efficient management patterns at the core site and municipal scales, and a backward unsustainable situation at the community scale. It also reveals that this model risks running into a potential path-dependency trap, which creates barriers for an integrated resource- and community-based development. The study argues that while the government-dominated and learning-by-doing approaches toward sustainability are practical, the lack of integrated and systematic planning leading to transformation of the destination society as a whole may lead to a suboptimal situation, with problems exported out to surrounding inadequately managed villages and buffer zones. Parallels with other countries are discussed.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 10
beginPage: 2178
endPage: 2196
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-05-2015-0233
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000387081300004
year: 2016
authors: Yadav, R, Dokania, AK, Pathak, GS
title:
The influence of green marketing functions in building corporate image Evidences from hospitality industry in a developing nation

docAbstract:
Purpose - The present study aims to explore the influence of green marketing functions (green activities, corporate communication of green activities and green image) on corporate image in the hospitality sector. Further, the study tries to explore the consumer's intention to visit the hotels practicing green marketing. Design/methodology/approach - Using snowball sampling approach, a total of 220 usable responses were obtained from the consumer via an internet survey. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling to evaluate the strength of relationship and model fit. Findings - The findings show that green/eco-friendly activities and green image significantly influence the corporate image of the hotel, which in turn results into significant positive impact over consumer's intention to visit the hotel. No significant influence of corporate communication of green activities on corporate image of the hotels was found, which may be because of the low level of communication of green practices by the hotels in India. Practical implications - The findings offer insight to the managers regarding the impact of green marketing practices adopted by the hotels on their corporate image which in turn results into increased visit/revisit intention. Originality/value - The study deals with the topic "the influence of green marketing on corporate image", which has received scant attention by researchers. The paper attempts to provide empirical evidence in this area. The study yields several implications that can be helpful for managers while devising green marketing strategies for the hospitality sector. The study is among the initial studies exploring the influence of green marketing on corporate image in the Indian context.


type: J
volume: 15
issue: 4
beginPage: 254
endPage: 266
doi: 10.1177/1467358415580359
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000361590900003
year: 2015
authors: Byrd, ET, Cardenas, DA, Duffy, LN
title:
An exploratory study of community awareness of impacts and agreement to sustainable tourism development principles

docAbstract:
Before informed, active, full, or meaningful participation can be achieved, tourism planners need to evaluate stakeholder level of awareness and perception of tourism, the tourism process, impacts, and principles of sustainability. Framed with stakeholder theory, this study developed and piloted the Stakeholder Understanding of Sustainable Tourism Development Index (SUSTDI), a tool that assesses awareness of tourism impacts and agreement to principles of sustainable tourism development. The results produced a six-factor solution (=.93); resource preservation, environmental education, stakeholder inclusion, economic planning, cultural awareness, and community resource identification. Differences between community groups were also examined. Though continued validation of the SUSTDI is needed, this is an initial step in providing a tool for tourism planners to assess a community's level of awareness and agreement as a precursor to developing education and training programs to increase understanding and knowledge of sustainable tourism development.


title: The "sustainable tourist": Values, attitudes, and personality traits
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 4
beginPage: 225
endPage: 239
doi: 10.1177/1467358415576086
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000361590900001
year: 2015
docAbstract:
This paper reports the results of two exploratory studies (overall N=532) which aimed at drawing the profile of the sustainable tourist (a person committed to respect the sustainability principles when on holiday) in terms of personal values, attitudes, and personality traits, following an environmental psychology approach. More specifically, study 1 explored the role of attitudes toward sustainable tourism, affinity toward (social and environmental) diversity, and personal values, while study 2 assessed the role of the Big Five personality traits in the prediction of preferences for sustainable and unsustainable tourist activities. Results indicate that biospheric values, positive attitudes toward sustainable tourism, and higher levels of affinity toward diversity are able to predict more sustainable tourism choices while personality traits seemed to play a more indirect and complex role.

authors:
Cini, F, Passafaro, P, Boi, L, D'Angelo, M, Heering, MS, Luchetti, L, Mancini, A, Martemucci, V, Pacella, G, Patrizi, F, Sassu, F, Triolo, M


title: The economic sustainability of tourism growth through leakage calculation
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 4
beginPage: 721
endPage: 739
doi: 10.5367/te.2014.0372
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000361057900002
year: 2015
authors: Garrigos-Simon, FJ, Galdon-Salvador, JL, Gil-Pechuan, I
docAbstract:
The development and growth of tourism depend on its sustainability over time and on its benefits for destinations as a whole. However, calculating sustainability is not an easy task. This article focuses on the economic sustainability of tourism growth and, after an exhaustive review of the literature, proposes a quantitative mathematical model to measure it by analysing and calculating leakage in the hotel sector. Leakage analyses the amount of revenue generated by tourists that does not remain in the destination economy. Through a sample of 204 interviews with managers, this study validates the model created and calculates leakage in a mass tourism destination (the Valencian Region in Spain). The paper opens new areas of research in sustainability literature and will be of value to tourism planners and governments in their efforts to implement appropriate tourism development policies.


title: Understanding corporate philanthropy in the hospitality industry
type: J
volume: 48
beginPage: 150
endPage: 160
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.04.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000357553100015
year: 2015
authors: Chen, MH, Lin, CP
docAbstract:
This study makes a unique contribution to the corporate social responsibility literature, both from a theoretical perspective and corporate philanthropy (CP) perspective that has been under-researched so far. Specifically, it extends the investigation of the motives of CP to the hospitality industry in the emerging country of Taiwan and is the first examination of the determinants of CP in the hospitality industry based on the value enhancement (VE) and agency cost (AC) theories. Previous studies found that either AC or YE determinants, not both, play a major role in making philanthropy decisions. This study reveal new and interesting findings using the data from 13 publicly traded hospitality companies in Taiwan collected between 1996 and 2011. Panel regression test results show that both VE determinants (labor intensity and profitability) and AC determinants (board size and the ratio of independent directors to total directors) were found to be significant factors in explaining the discretionary behavior of CP in the hospitality industry. Furthermore, the lagged philanthropy-to-sale ratio was also significantly related to CP decisions in the hospitality industry in Taiwan, suggesting that the behavior of CP in the Taiwanese hospitality industry is persistent. The possible explanation is that changing philanthropy pattern may lead to market-adverse expectations and reactions and damage the reputation of companies. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 4
beginPage: 376
endPage: 390
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.932757
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000348651800006
year: 2015
authors: Bagur-Femenias, L, Marti, J, Rocafort, A
title:
Impact of sustainable management policies on tourism companies' performance: the case of the metropolitan region of Madrid

docAbstract:
The adoption of sustainable management practices is booming among service companies, whether due to pressure exerted by external agents or the internal perception that not being aligned with sustainability distances companies from clients and puts companies' long-term prospects at risk. However, few studies have examined the combined effect of implementing environmental management practices and corporate social responsibility practices in the tourism sector. By analysing two surveys conducted with the managers of 370 hotels and 176 restaurants and using structural equations, this study concludes that sustainability practices have a direct and significant impact on the company's competitiveness and on the companies' financial results. However, a separate study of the two surveys shows significant differences between the two analysed groups. This article suggests that despite operating in the same sector, hotels and restaurants behave differently regarding sustainability practices, and they achieve significantly different results in their implementation. In addition, by focusing on the tourism industry, a highly competitive sector, this analysis sheds light on whether investing in sustainability is a good strategy for companies to differentiate themselves and survive in complex sectors.


type: J
volume: 14
beginPage: 25
endPage: 33
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.02.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217979200004
year: 2015
authors: Jackson, LA, Singh, D
title:
Environmental rankings and financial performance: An analysis of firms in the US food and beverage supply chain

docAbstract:
This research examined the financial-environmental performance of firms in the US food and beverage supply chain. Findings suggest that firms can be classified into four distinct environmental-financial categories: those that excel on environmental initiatives and perform well financially; those that perform poorly on both initiatives; those that perform admirably financially but poorly on environmental initiatives and; those that perform admirably on environmental initiatives but poorly financially. Overall, firmswith higher environmental rankings tended to perform better financially than those ranked lower. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 1
beginPage: 27
endPage: 56
doi: 10.1177/2167479513519253
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000410621400003
year: 2015
authors: McCullough, BP, Trendafilova, S, Casper, J, Pfahl, M, Nguyen, SN
title:
Crossing Boundaries: An Examination of Sustainability Department and Athletics Department Collaboration Regarding Environmental Issues

docAbstract:
Across the world, organizational personnel in various industries are integrating natural environment issues into existing organizational practices. In the intercollegiate sports world, environmental efforts are undertaken as part of a strategic effort involving collaborative processes across university units. The purpose of this study is to develop a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of collaborative processes and practices between personnel in athletics departments and sustainability offices at universities and colleges in the United States. In-depth interviews were conducted with athletics and sustainability department personnel at colleges and universities in the United States. A total of 13 schools were included in the study with 17 participants agreeing to be interviewed. All interviewees were from the middle management level and higher in their respective organizations. Five central themes related to these relationships were found: relationship development, relationship communication, relationship decision-making development, collaborative efforts, and relationship challenges. The themes raise important issues about the diversity of relationships, the communicative and decision-making processes, and the involvement of stakeholders in environmental efforts as well as future research in this area.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 1
beginPage: 85
endPage: 103
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.924954
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345321700006
year: 2015
authors: Breakey, NM, Breakey, HE
title:
Tourism and Aldo Leopold's "cultural harvest": creating virtuous tourists as agents of sustainability

docAbstract:
Sustainable tourism aims to achieve a balance between the needs of tourists, the environment, local people, and businesses - a situation complicated by the numerous ethical issues at play. This paper presents an original account of the ethics of Aldo Leopold (1887-1948), a key figure in the development of modern environmental ethics, as it unfolds in his classic work, A Sand County Almanac. We argue that prior interpretations failed to incorporate Leopold's lynchpin cultural harvest idea into his larger land ethic, and that a proper understanding of the cultural harvest reveals how tourism and other recreational activities can drive a person's ethical development. Ultimately, the land ethic helps us protect and nurture the most precious sustainability resource: human beings that value and respect the environment. The paper will be of value to tourism scholars, to heritage interpreters, to travel journalists, to tourism marketing staff, and to tourism managers. It shows the enormous opportunities for better marketing and heritage interpretation, notes the potential value of slow tourism, and the need for opening five key areas of the cultural harvest for tourists: storytelling, learning and knowledge, beauty and aesthetic appreciation, rarity and the hunt for trophy, and signature/personality.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 1
beginPage: 126
endPage: 145
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.940046
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345321700008
year: 2015
authors: Higgins-Desbiolles, F, Moskwa, E, Gifford, S
title:
Sustainability through food and conversation: the role of an entrepreneurial restaurateur in fostering engagement with sustainable development issues

docAbstract:
Food justice, food cultures and people's engagement with healthy food production and consumption are key contemporary concerns, with a growing sustainable hospitality and tourism literature. Efforts range from narrowly focused initiatives, such as promoting organic produce and fair trade, to more holistic challenges to current systems through initiatives like the slow food and locavore movements, which may represent systemic alternatives. However, little analysis is available on how cafes and restaurants might become sites for experimentation in profitable and just sustainable hospitality, and places for sustainability engagement and education. Focusing on the evolution of a sustainable cafe in Adelaide, South Australia, this article explores how one entrepreneurial restaurateur uses his cafe to engage customers and community in a collaborative conversation about sustainable development, food, hospitality and tourism, helping transform our food culture and even lifeways. Our findings indicate the value of deep local embedding as a pathway to meaningful sustainability. The study offers insights into how hospitality and tourism can contribute to dialogues on alternative consumption which may offer visionary pathways to alternative futures. It also explores the role of pioneers in sustainable business and hospitality, their drivers and their views. A forthcoming global research initiative is discussed.


title: Communicating sustainability priorities in the museum sector
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 7
beginPage: 1011
endPage: 1028
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1042483
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000359445700003
year: 2015
authors: Wickham, M, Lehman, K
docAbstract:
This paper analyses the sustainability priorities evident in the annual reports published between 2001/2002 and 2010/2011 of Australia's six state-museums (which represent the largest and most financially viable cultural heritage tourism organisations in the country). The study provides insight into the communication of sustainability priorities in the heritage tourism sector and offers a fine-grained understanding of what is required for such organisations to effectively manage such priorities. Based on a content analysis of the annual reports, the paper proposes a Sustainability Priorities Model for Cultural and Heritage Organisations. The Model reflects two important findings: first, that the communication of sustainability practices has emerged to play a central strategic role in the annual reporting of the leading cultural heritage organisations in Australia; second, that the conceptualisation of sustainability in the cultural heritage context has widened to include the allocation and utilisation of a wider range of resources. The Model provides a framework for cultural heritage tourism organisations to follow in order for them to effectively identify and communicate the optimal mix of sustainability practices to salient stakeholder groups.


title: Sport Team Nonprofit Organizations Are Sports Doing Well at "Doing Good"?
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 4
beginPage: 98
endPage: 121
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000438878800005
year: 2014
authors: Sparvero, E, Kent, A
docAbstract:
The outcomes and motivations of athletes and teams who engage in CSR activities are widely studied, but little to no attention has been paid to the management and operation of professional sport team nonprofit organizations (NPOs). In this study, the financial records of the charitable NPOs of 84 United States based professional sport teams from 2002 to 2010 were analyzed. Results indicate that there are differences in efficiency based on the ways in which team NPOs are classified. Additionally, team NPOs are compared to nonprofit industry standards, and the Team Nonprofit Score (TNS) is introduced as a tool to compare the financial efficiency and capacity of team NPOs to one another.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 3
beginPage: 331
endPage: 348
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2014.946230
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341582400009
year: 2014
authors: Jepson, A, Clarke, A, Ragsdell, G
title:
Investigating the Application of the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability Model to Reveal Factors Which Facilitate or Inhibit Inclusive Engagement Within Local Community Festivals

docAbstract:
Currently there is limited understanding, agreement, and research within the phenomena of community engagement and participation in local community festivals and events. This article aims to contribute to this growing, but limited, debate by justifying the adaption and integration of the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) model, and proposing a combination of primary data collection and analysis methods, to reveal and understand the factors that either inhibit or facilitate local community engagement in festivals and events. The rationale of this conceptual article is to determine how sustainability can be defined and achieved within local community festivals and events, by developing sustainable and inclusive community networks where the local population is actively engaged within the creation of events. The article begins by exploring the literature surrounding communities, community festivals and events, and community engagement. The article then moves on to discuss the MOA model and its adaption and application to event studies. It builds on concepts discussed by Jepson, Clarke, and Ragsdell [(2012, June 13-15). Investigating the use of the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) Model to reveal the factors which facilitate or inhibit inclusive engagement within local community festivals. Global events congress: Conference proceedings, Stavanger, Norway] that support the creation of inclusive community festivals and events through inclusive participation within the planning and decision-making process. The article then moves on to explore the methodological concerns triggered by this model, such as the need to be adaptable and flexible across a multifaceted community event with regard to collecting primary data whilst maintaining integrity and validity during analysis. Finally, the article comments on the overall suitability of the MOA model to capture primary data and draw conclusions about best practice for community engagement in local festivals and events.


title: An enhanced framework for regional tourism sustainable adaptation to climate change
type: J
volume: 12
beginPage: 23
endPage: 30
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2014.06.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217974900004
year: 2014
authors: Njoroge, JM
docAbstract:
Tourismis not only contributing to climate change but also vulnerable to risks induced by changing climate regime. Sea level rise, extreme events, loss of biodiversity, water stress among other direct and indirect impacts pose potential danger for the tourism industry. Although mitigation to reduce GHGs is equally important, adaptation is urgent. The need for urgent adaptation to climate change has triggered tourism stakeholders and the research community to develop generic adaptation framework(s) for national, regional or local tourism destinations. These frameworks are used to guide tourism policy makers in the adaptation process with an aim of reducing destination's vulnerability and to increase their resilience. Whilst some destinations are already implementing planed adaptation using these frameworks, caution has been raised that current adaptation strategies sought are far from sustainable. Assuming that the frameworks are the guiding tools for adaptation we hereby question their suitability in achieving sustainable adaptation. Sustainable adaptation in this context refers to those approaches that reduce destination's vulnerability and increase resilience without jeopardizing its economic viability, social justice and environmental integrity. This paper reviews the existing tourism specific adaptation frameworks based on the basic principles of sustainable adaptation and the wider discourse on sustainable development. Claims are laid on how the existing tourism adaptation frameworks fail to fulfil the basic principles of sustainable adaptation. Further attempts are made to propose an enhanced Regional Tourism Sustainable Adaptation Framework. The framework is a significant contribution in two ways. First it contributes to the new school of thought, on sustainable adaptation, where knowledge is lacking and secondly, it provides a practical tool for sustainable adaptation that may be used by destination managers and policy makers in the adaptation process. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Attitude Towards Green Hotel by Hoteliers and Travel Agency Managers in Taiwan
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 9
beginPage: 1091
endPage: 1109
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2013.838180
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000338012900006
year: 2014
authors: Tsai, YH, Wu, CT, Wang, TM
docAbstract:
Analysis is performed by green hotel features: energy conservation, water conservation, waste management, green purchasing, and corporate social responsibility. Questionnaires were distributed to managers of hotels and travel agencies via snowball-sampling. Findings show that hoteliers have higher green hotel attitudes than travel agency managers. By gender, female managers have higher green hotel attitudes. Managers with less work experience have higher green hotel attitudes. Managers who work for upscale hotels have higher green hotel attitudes than managers of typical hotels and travel agencies. Managers working in south or east Taiwan have higher green hotel attitudes than those in north or central Taiwan.


title: Why Attend Tradeshows? A Comparison of Exhibitor and Attendee's Preferences
type: J
volume: 55
issue: 3
beginPage: 239
endPage: 251
doi: 10.1177/1938965514537550
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000342668600004
year: 2014
authors: Verma, R, Han, H
docAbstract:
Tradeshows and conventions continue to thrive in the twenty-first century, both for information exchanges and direct selling, but numerous forces have meant changes in show operation and in participants' selection criteria for attendance. A study of more than 2,500 tradeshow exhibitors and attendees document a clear bifurcation in the reasons for attendance in these two groups. Exhibitors are primarily focused on business and contact development, whereas participants seek a unique experience and are motivated heavily by educational goals. Successful tradeshows will need to satisfy both of these complementary sets of goals. The effects of social media and mobile technology on tradeshows are noticeable but still in flux, as many shows increasingly use virtual methods for information exchange and contact development. Environmental sustainability has become important to both exhibitors and attendees, and budgetary constraints continue to be an issue. Not only are there differences in relative preferences of exhibitors and attendees, but subgroups within each category also show different tradeshow criteria, based on age, frequency of tradeshow visits, career stage, and their technology readiness.


type: J
volume: 55
issue: 3
beginPage: 252
endPage: 264
doi: 10.1177/1938965514533988
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000342668600005
year: 2014
authors: Verma, R, Zhang, JJ, Joglekar, N, Heineke, J
title:
Eco-efficiency of Service Co-production: Connecting Eco-certifications and Resource Efficiency in U.S. Hotels

docAbstract:
This study investigates the relationship between eco-certifications (second or third party certified with an audit requirement) and resource efficiency in the U. S. hotel industry. Hotel properties become eco-certified by voluntarily conforming to environmental practice guidelines established by a certifying body, which assesses and recognizes the properties that meet their criteria. Eco-certifications therefore are key environmental sustainability initiatives that address both the internal operations and external customers. Based on regression analysis of 2,893 U. S. hotel properties for the year 2011, this analysis shows that eco-certified hotels maintain higher operational efficiency, as well as greater customer-driven resource efficiency, in comparison with properties with lesser or no eco-certifications. These results suggest that eco-certifications influence the resource consumption behavior of both the operators and the customers, although these effects are not consistent for all properties. The improvement from the operational effect is most pronounced in lower-tier properties, while the customer efficiency effect is most noticeable in upper-tier properties.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 7
beginPage: 760
endPage: 792
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2013.806942
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334905000002
year: 2014
authors: Martin, SA, Assenov, I
title:
Developing a Surf Resource Sustainability Index as a Global Model for Surf Beach Conservation and Tourism Research

docAbstract:
The growth of surfing activities and surf tourism has gained significant attention in the academia during the past decade. This paper is aimed at developing a framework of indicators and methods used in assessing the sustainability factors of surf sites. The research puts forward a Surf Resource Sustainability Index (SRSI) as a conceptual model to study the sustainability of surf tourism sites. The literature review, previous experience, and discussion with veteran surfers and scholars were used to develop indicators and determine their measurability and aptitude. Index pilot testing was carried out in Phuket, Thailand, where an emerging surf culture and tourism market segment add to the island's bustling economy and coastal resource-management issues. The case study underpins the importance of social, economic, environmental, and governance factors in the conservation process. The SRSI metrics provide a direct method for assessing surf sites and offer tangible benefits to surfers and other stakeholders.


title: Industrial railway heritage trains: the evolution of a heritage tourism genre and its attributes
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 2
beginPage: 114
endPage: 133
doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2013.867963
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443055600002
year: 2014
authors: Bhati, A, Pryce, J, Chaiechi, T
docAbstract:
Heritage tourism forms a specific genre within the wider field of tourism; however, this genre itself encompasses a wide range of different types of heritage attractions, of which industrial attractions, military attractions, stately homes and attractions associated with historic people are all examples. This paper discusses the evolution of industrial railway heritage attractions from their original railway operations to visitor attractions; second, it examines the key attributes defining successful industrial railway heritage attractions; and third, it compares and contrasts these attributes for three industrial railway heritage attractions, spanning three separate locations and two countries (Australia and Malaysia). The findings from the study identify and support ranges of success factors and suggest a framework for examining the genre of industrial railway heritage attractions and their attributes. This framework can direct future studies that investigate the nature of industrial railway heritage trains, and contribute to enriching understanding and knowledge of this genre of attractions.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 6
beginPage: 855
endPage: 878
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-03-2013-0122
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000343324200004
year: 2014
authors: Chen, Y, Huang, ZW, Cai, LPA
title:
Image of China tourism and sustainability issues in Western media: an investigation of National Geographic

docAbstract:
Purpose - The current study aims at exploring China's tourism sustainability issues as indicated in magazine articles related to China tourism. China's environmental, socio-cultural and economic sustainability has been frequently discussed in Western media. Design/methodology/approach - Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used to content analyze the textual data in one of the most popular US travel magazine - National Geographic in the past ten years (2003-2012). Findings - This study presents the changes of topics on China tourism image conveyed by Western media in the past ten years (2013-2012). In addition, themes on China tourism sustainability issues are extracted from the China tourism image messages. The results reveal China tourism sustainability issues in two levels: sustainability issues directly related to China tourism with two dimensions of environmental sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability, and sustainability issues indirectly related to China tourism with two dimensions of economic sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability. Furthermore, the results delineate both positive and negative observations on environmental, socio-cultural and economic sustainability. Originality/value - The findings of the study highlight challenges and successful practices of the sustainable development in China tourism destinations and the importance of incorporating tourism image in sustainable practices, as well as a need of better communication with foreign media.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 8
beginPage: 1197
endPage: 1215
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.855220
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341638500004
year: 2014
authors: Hyman, TA
title:
Assessing the vulnerability of beach tourism and non-beach tourism to climate change: a case study from Jamaica

docAbstract:
The Jamaican tourism industry is very climate sensitive, and, like most Caribbean islands, Jamaica's main tourism product is coastal, centered on "sun, sea and sand". The island is susceptible to many risks posed by climate change, including sea level rise and extreme events, with resultant impacts such as beach erosion, flooding, saline intrusion into aquifers and general coastal degradation. This paper evaluates the relative vulnerability of beach versus non-beach tourism in Jamaica, using 43 pre-determined literature-linked indicators. These comprise bio-geophysical, social, technological, economical, technological and institutional factors. Four case areas are assessed using multi-criteria decision analysis to derive vulnerability scores for each area. The study finds that non-beach tourism operations should not be automatically perceived as less vulnerable than beach-based operations. Sustainable adaptation options are complex and numerous, and overall beach tourism businesses have better insurance, emergency savings, disaster plans and backup power facilities, among others. They also have the advantage of being in business longer than the inland resorts, a firmer business structure and an extensive marketing budget. In the long term, better adaptation and planning by inland businesses could change this balance.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 1
beginPage: 103
endPage: 117
doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2013-0016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213926600009
year: 2014
authors: Isa, SM, Ramli, L
title:
Factors influencing tourist visitation in marine tourism: lessons learned from FRI Aquarium Penang, Malaysia

docAbstract:
Purpose - To establish tourist visitation to new tourism areas is in most cases dependent on tourists' behavior. Indeed, tourist visitation is considered among the primary components of the marine tourism operation. Such behavior is usually enacted in the form of destination awareness, destination image and motivation. Word of mouth is likely to influence tourist to visit. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that may influence tourists to visit marine tourist destinations. Design/methodology/approach - The study has utilized self-administered questionnaire survey and the target population are the visitors that came to FRI Aquarium. The survey period was from August 2012 to September 2012. Total of 179 responses were collected during this period. Findings - This study demonstrates that destination awareness, motivation and WOM are factors that influence the tourist to visit the FRI Aquarium. Interestingly, destination image however, has shown insignificant relationship with tourist visitation. WOM also found to be has a full mediating effect for awareness towards tourist visitation. For example, before visit, visitor may require some information beforehand and word of mouth is a direct medium to transfer the information. A key implication for FRI Aquarium is that it might be wise to assess such variables for their marketing strategies. Research limitations/implications - First, the sample was obtained from one marine aquarium in Malaysia. The comparative studies between aquariums are important to understand if there are any similarities and differences. It would be better to conduct the survey in other local aquariums such as the Underwater World, Langkawi and the KL Aquaria, Kuala Lumpur. Second, a longitudinal study is relevant to further investigate the factors that will influence the visitor visitation. Thus, future study should gather data from those who had visited the aquarium several times. This approach might improve the destination image results, which in this study shows insignificant relationship. That said, acknowledgements of these limitations also suggest a new direction of future research. Practical implications - FRI Aquarium is suggested to create more awareness to the public by placing an advertisement via mainstream and social media. Hence, FRI Aquarium is suggested to design environmentally marine life oriented educational programs in order to motivate and encourage more visitors to visit the place. Originality/value - In sum, this paper conjectures that an understanding of factors that influence the tourist to visit the marine tourism destination are worthy of additional research. Consequently, the findings help to understand how these factors can provide alternative sources of marketing to attract the long-term economic sustainability of the FRI Aquarium in marine tourism.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 1
beginPage: 34
endPage: 48
doi: 10.1123/jsm.2011-0127
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000336006700004
year: 2014
authors: Kim, YK, Kellison, TB
title:
Marketing Pro-Environmental Venues in Professional Sport: Planting Seeds of Change Among Existing and Prospective Consumers

docAbstract:
Professional sport organizations are showing increasing interest in proenvironmental strategies, as evidenced in part by the recent incorporation of sustainable design in many facilities. This interest may be driven by the perceived positive outcomes associated with the triple bottom line (TBL), which illustrates the environmental, social, and economic benefits of proenvironmental initiatives. The TBL has been the subject of both acclaim and criticism by scholars and practitioners, and this study provides new insight into its appropriateness as a reflection of proenvironmental organizations' motives. Through standardized interviews, the authors found that professional sport organizations place particular emphasis on the TBL's social component, which represents the objectives of increasing environmental awareness among fans and attracting new consumers. This study contends that the TBL's three components are closely intertwined, and the implementation of commercial and social marketing strategies is necessary to attend to and realize the organizations' stated goal of maximizing all three components.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 2
beginPage: 256
endPage: 278
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.809091
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330709600005
year: 2014
authors: Smith, RA, Ong, LTJ
title:
Perception and reality of managing sustainable coastal tourism in emerging destinations: the case of Sihanoukville, Cambodia

docAbstract:
The emergence of Sihanoukville as a coastal destination came at the timewhen the global community was calling for sustainable practices. As one of the newly emergent coastal resorts in Asia, Sihanoukville has the advantage of learning from other, less sustainable Asian destinations. The Cambodian Government has partnered with international agencies in drawing up programs and incorporating practices to make the destination more sustainable. This research seeks to better understand the effectiveness and success, or otherwise, of implementing sustainability programs for tourism development, especially for an Asian coastal destination. The aim is to compare the sustainability practice outcomes according to differing stakeholders and their perceptions of sustainability. The research identifies gaps between policies and their implementation where the intent is to highlight those aspects of contemporary resort growth that need greater attention by policy makers and planners. Generally, it was found that there was alignment between the perceptions and the reality of sustainable tourism practices within and across the stakeholder groups. Where notable differences in perception arose, it was often linked to the group's mission or self-interest that influenced the views of these stakeholders. The research also points to the challenges ahead for all stakeholders in managing coastal destinations sustainably.


title: The FTSE-British Olympic Association Initiative: A resource dependence perspective
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 4
beginPage: 413
endPage: 423
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334968700001
year: 2013
authors: Morrow, S, Robinson, L
docAbstract:
The Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)-British Olympic Association (BOA) Initiative, a partnership scheme initiated in 2007 between a number of FTSE 100 companies and Olympic National Governing Bodies (NGBs) in the UK, seeks to improve the effectiveness of the Olympic NGBs delivery and subsequent performance through the provision of support in-kind from the corporate partner. The paper uses resource dependency theory to analyse the partnerships within the Initiative, focusing primarily on the operation and benefits of those partnerships from the perspective of the Olympic NGBs. Despite being the less powerful party in the partnership, the NGBs are able to use the partnerships to acquire critical resources. While the benefits received by the companies are softer and more social in nature, nevertheless they demonstrate mutual dependency between the partners. This knowledge provides an incentive for NGBs to engage in co-optation and constraint activities as a way to strengthen the dependency relationships and protect their position. (C) 2013 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Turning a Global Crisis into a Tourism Opportunity: the Perspective from Tuvalu
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 6
beginPage: 583
endPage: 594
doi: 10.1002/jtr.1883
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000326475100005
year: 2013
authors: Prideaux, B, McNamara, KE
docAbstract:
The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008/2009 had a major impact on many small island states. In the case of Tuvalu, the GFC uncovered structural weaknesses in the national economy including the need to build alternative sources of income. Given the country's location and its rich marine resources, tourism is possibly the only new industry that has some capacity to generate new revenue streams. This article examines the problems that the country will face if it decides to pursue tourism and offers three options for tourism development including diving, off the beaten track' experiences and voyeuristic last chance' tourism. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Japanese tsunami debris and the threat to sustainable tourism in the Hawaiian Islands
type: J
volume: 8
beginPage: 98
endPage: 105
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2013.09.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217965400011
year: 2013
authors: Ghaderi, Z, Henderson, JC
docAbstract:
This paper discusses the possible effects of the debris resulting fromthe tsunami following the earthquakewhich struck Japan inMarch 2011 with particular reference to sustainable tourism in the Hawaiian Islands. Attention is also given to the more immediate consequences of the disaster for the arrival of Japanese tourists in Hawaii and marketing efforts to contain the initial fall in demand. Drawing on published research by scientists and media reporting, the paper argues that there could be significant negative environmental impacts if the projected amounts of debris reach Hawaiian shores. Natural resources such as coral reefs, beaches and other sensitive ecological sites as well as marine flora and fauna are all at risk. Tsunami debris is expected to remain in the ocean until at least 2016, posing challenges for the sustainability of tourism in the destinations where it is found offshore or deposited on beaches. It is therefore essential for the public and private sectors of the tourism industry to prepare strategies to assist in managing the potential difficulties which lie ahead. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: A role of team and organizational identification in the success of cause-related sport marketing
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 161
endPage: 172
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.09.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334968500004
year: 2013
authors: Lee, J, Ferreira, M
docAbstract:
As sport marketers are increasingly engaging in cause-related sport marketing (CRSM) programs, there is a growing interest in understanding what CRSM characteristics and circumstances can lead to success. This study extends prior research by examining the direct and moderating impacts of team identification and cause organizational identification on consumer attitudes toward cause related sport marketing (CRSM) programs using intercollegiate sport contexts in the United States. A two groups (high vs. low-fit CRSM messages), between subject, and post-test only experiment (N = 309) denoted that respondents showed more positive attitudes toward high-fit CRSM messages and both team identification and cause organizational identification had different moderating effects of sport/cause fit on attitudes. Fit between a sport team and a cause had a greater impact on attitudes when consumer affinity toward the sport team was more positive. However, fit had little or no impact when consumer affinity toward the cause was positive, but it played a significant and positive role when consumers showed low affinity toward the cause. (C) 2012 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Welfare and environmental degradation in a tourism-based economy
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 5
endPage: 35
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0191
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000315472200001
year: 2013
authors: Hernandez, JM, Leon, CJ
docAbstract:
This paper presents an endogenous growth model for a tourism economy that takes into account the particular interrelationships between natural and physical capital, the production of tourist services and environmental degradation. The model considers both infrastructure and environmental attributes as production factors, characterized by a predator prey relationship arising from the negative influence of the development of physical infrastructure on the natural capital. A general condition for economic sustainability is derived from the model analysis. In addition, the transitional dynamics obtained by using specific functional forms depict the empirically observed tourist life cycle and extend the optimal paths obtained from the classical Ramsey model to the context of tourism-based economies strongly dependent on fragile environmental resources.


title: Professional football clubs and corporate social responsibility
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 205
endPage: 225
doi: 10.1108/SBM-04-2011-0050
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214733600004
year: 2013
authors: Desbordes, M, Blumrodt, J, Bodin, D
docAbstract:
Purpose - The subject of CSR is nowadays widely discussed, as is its relevance to the sport entertainment industry. The objective of this research was to investigate corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions in the professional European football league and its impact on clubs' brand image. Design/methodology/approach - The first part of this research discusses some particular points of the world's biggest sport entertainment, which is soccer. Then a definition of the meaning of CSR for this particular sector will be outlined. The CSR values adopted by sport clubs are observed in first division football in France. This approach has been combined with brand theories. Findings - The specific research protocol evaluates consumers' perceptions. The method which is developed measures and analyses the impact of CSR commitment on spectators' brand perception. In linking CSR to brand image, two managerial viewpoints are discussed. CSR is synonymous with a company's social and ethical commitment. Brand theories outline the nature of brand equity. The authors apply these two complementary considerations to professional football clubs and argue that Keller's model of customer-based brand equity has to be reconsidered for football clubs. Practical implications - This research highlights that CSR has to become part of management strategies. Originality/value - The authors draw attention to the argument that the professional sport entertainment industry requires a specific CSR management strategy which goes beyond the local level or the operational level of one single club. These clubs have to perform well in competition. But, as in no other industry, they have also to be "good" brands.


title: Annika Sorenstam - a hybrid personal sports brand
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 1
beginPage: 37
endPage: 62
doi: 10.1108/20426781311316898
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214730400003
year: 2013
authors: Cortsen, K
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this article is to investigate sports branding at the personal level by focusing on the evolvement, growth and sustainability of the ANNIKA BRAND - an extension of Annika Sorenstam's success on golf courses worldwide. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative case study method inspired by "symbolic interactionist" aspects and focusing on Annika Sorenstam's commercial success with personal sports branding and its interdependence with sports branding at the product and corporate levels. Data collection was conducted in accordance with interpretative research traditions and hence based on qualitative semi-structured research interviews. Findings - The "hybrid" nature of sports brands draws highly on "emotional capital" and "social currency". Personal sports branding acts as a "hybrid", which facilitates "hybrid" branding relationships between personal sports brands and sports brands at the product and corporate levels often underlining good ROIs for all involved parties if the sports branding process is executed well strategically. This article presents personal sports branding as a hybrid phenomenon, which is dynamic by heart and part of a well-coordinated process engaging several partners. Practical implications - The practices and activities of the ANNIKA BRAND is a showcase for sports branding practitioners thinking about sustainable business models. Originality/value - This paper is unique in offering a roadmap for how personal sport stars may approach brand development and growth while discussing key points of the interdependence between sports brands at the personal, product and corporate levels.


title: Offices of Strategic Partnerships: Helping Philanthropy and Government Work Better Together
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 4
beginPage: 24
endPage: +
doi: 10.9707/1944-5660.1180
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000409019700003
year: 2013
authors: Ferris, JM, Williams, NPO
docAbstract:
There is a growing interest on the part of philanthropy and government in working together to address problems of common interest. A new organizational structure - the office of strategic partnerships - is emerging that catalyzes, fosters, and accelerates such partnerships. These offices help to overcome the barriers of working across sectors by sharing knowledge and information about the sectors, identifying and convening stakeholders to discuss shared solutions, and leveraging resources to support public-problem solving. The authors examine the lessons for making these offices successful in facilitating government-philanthropic partnerships. In particular, they focus on the need to determine appropriate roles and expectations, match interests, find and field the right leadership, and build a record of success that encourages the sustainability of these offices.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 252
endPage: 269
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2013.801159
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214520100003
year: 2013
authors: Malhado, ACM, Rothfuss, R
title:
Transporting 2014 FIFA World Cup to sustainability: exploring residents' and tourists' attitudes and behaviours

docAbstract:
The forthcoming 2014 Federation Internationale de Football Association World Cup (FWC) in Brazil provides an opportunity to invest in an efficient public transport (PT) system, whose benefits will extend beyond the event. Moreover, the FWC is a potential powerful force to promote a change in travel behaviour of both residents and tourists. However, the challenges are considerable. Research on mobility and travel behaviour at mega-events is still in its infancy and there is a general lack of baseline data and quantitative studies. Here, we address this shortfall by surveying attitudes and travel behaviour of tourists and residents in the Brazilian city of Manaus, a host city for the 2014 FWC. Our results suggest that in addition to the availability of information about PT, perceptions of 'travel time' and 'convenience' influence attitudes and may be important targets for promoting behavioural change. These results highlight the importance of providing good access to clearly targeted information on sustainable travel options. More generally, we demonstrate that successful development of sustainable mobility for mega-events must carefully align with local attitudes and behaviours.


title: Exploring sustainable tourism education in business schools: The honours program
type: J
volume: 20
beginPage: 53
endPage: 60
doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2013.05.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216242600007
year: 2013
authors: Wearing, SL, Schweinsberg, S, McManus, P
docAbstract:
This paper examines the future of sustainability education in tourism honours programs in Australian tertiary institutions, an issue of international relevance as many tourism programs are located in mainstream business schools. Its suggests that while industry relevant skills acquisition is an important characteristic of undergraduate tourism education; the tourism honours year requires the opportunity for students to incorporate critical reflection into their study of tourism and in recent times particularly those issues related to sustainability. Sustainability embraces the critical and has sought to straddle neo-liberal and socialist positions through its incorporation of various strands of intellectual thought including equity, limits to growth, nature, poverty and development. In order to improve the quality of sustainability education in tourism honours programs the authors have looked for lessons that can be taken from geography. Within Australian tertiary institutions tourism programs are increasingly being incorporated into mainstream business faculties. Tourism offers an applied lens through which business students can be exposed to the various themes of business practice including: sustainability, ethics, marketing, economics and statistics. This paper does not argue against business focused tourism teaching but instead looks at ways in which renewed engagement with tourism's various disciplinary bases can equip Honours students with the visioning and critical thinking skills that are necessary for a rounded sustainability education. (C) 2013 The Authors.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 3
beginPage: 267
endPage: 284
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2012.747984
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212844700003
year: 2013
authors: Zhang, Y, Cole, ST, Chancellor, CH
title:
Residents' Preferences for Involvement in Tourism Development and Influences from Individual Profiles

docAbstract:
Community involvement in tourism development is a subject that has attracted the attention of tourism researchers largely due to the potentially unfair power distribution between residents and powerful interest groups. This attention, however, has not produced significant literature regarding the possibly varied levels of involvement in tourism planning and development preferred by different residents. The present study addresses that lack of information by exploring the range of residents' preferred involvement approaches based on their demographic and perceptual profiles. Study findings should help all residents with different involvement needs being fairly represented in community engagement. Extending Tosun's typology of community involvement with new content about involvement scope, this study identifies four types of involvement preferences: (1) involving all residents in decision-making; (2) involving some residents in decision-making; (3) excluding residents from decision-making; and (4) excluding residents from any tourism planning effort. Respondents' perceptual profiles, including perceived social costs, perceived environmental sustainability or costs of tourism, and self-evaluative tourism knowledge influences their preferences for involvement in tourism development, as do their demographic profiles, including tourism industry employment status and household income. The limited variance explained in the preference measures, however, suggests the need to explore additional individual profiles.


title: Climate change and tourism futures: Responses by Australian tourism agencies
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 2
beginPage: 73
endPage: 88
doi: 10.1177/1467358412444807
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212210800002
year: 2012
authors: Zeppel, H, Beaumont, N
docAbstract:
There is a growing body of knowledge about the impacts of climate change on tourism destinations and about tourism's commitment to address these impacts. However, there has been limited research about climate change responses by national or sub-national tourism agencies and the role they play in providing information, incentives and leadership to encourage the uptake of climate change actions by the industry. This paper assesses the climate change responses of nine Australian government tourism agencies. Information on climate change, sustainability and green business practices is drawn from the corporate websites, annual reports, tourism plans, fact sheets, and case studies produced by one national, six state and two territory tourism agencies from 2007 to 2010. The paper focuses on how government tourism agencies are addressing climate change mitigation by promoting carbon reduction initiatives and carbon offsetting schemes. Climate change tourism responses are more developed in Australian states with climate change policies and in destinations vulnerable to the impacts of climate change or dependent on long haul travellers. To date, few government tourism agencies report on their own carbon footprint or mitigation and offset measures. This study highlights a range of mitigation options that will assist government tourism agencies to address climate change impacts through policies, strategic plans and green business advice for tourism operators.


title: Expo 2010 Shanghai China: a signature chapter of the Huangpu Riverfronts Trilogy
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 2
beginPage: 174
endPage: 191
doi: 10.1108/17538331211250062
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213926700006
year: 2012
authors: Deng, Y, Poon, SW
docAbstract:
Purpose - Over decades, mega-events have enjoyed increasing global popularity as catalysts of significant urban renewal both on and beyond the event grounds. Nevertheless, although some mega-events are exemplary in their transformation of some places, post-event failure of others highlight a lack of long-range planning. Yet, such a paradoxical relationship between spectacularity and sustainability has, so far, received little in-depth analysis. Building upon the Yin-Yang theory, the purpose of this paper is to identify the Triple-C gap and argues that planning for mega-event led renewals (MELRs) is an issue of dualism rather than dichotomy. Design/methodology/approach - This paper adopts the multiple-case study approach. Two methodological steps are taken to seek a greater understanding of the issue at global and local scales. One is a review of eight mega-event cases in the West to identify post-event sustainability challenges. The other explores these challenges through an examination of the Expo 2010 development as a chapter of the Huangpu Riverfronts Renewal in Shanghai China. Findings - The eight historical cases and Expo 2010 unanimously challenge the dichotomy between event staging and post-event sustainability. It is therefore high time for future client organizations to rethink how to find a convergence. Practical implications - With lessons drawn, the article concludes that planning an MELR should be pre-post oriented and serve as a catalyst for broader-scale improvements. Originality/value - This pioneering study constitutes a much-needed reference for future mega-event hosts to rethink their commitment to MELDs, which will hopefully spark more interdisciplinary interest.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 2
beginPage: 193
endPage: 209
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.616905
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000303377200006
year: 2012
authors: Kucukusta, D, Guillet, BD, Yaman, R
title:
How is Corporate Social Responsibility Perceived by Managers with Different Leadership Styles? The Case of Hotel Managers in Hong Kong

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate how social responsibility is perceived by hotel managers in Hong Kong with different leadership orientations. The majority of the managers surveyed exercised a professional style with a touch of transformational leadership. The third most dominant style was an equal combination of the first two styles. Our findings show that disregard for corporate social responsibility issues is negatively correlated with the professional style with a touch of transformational leadership, and positively correlated with the bureaucratic style with a touch of Machiavellian leadership. Among all of the leadership styles, managers with the professional management style with a touch of the transformational style perceive corporate social responsibility issues to be most important. An important practical implication of this study is that the findings show the industry the type of leaders to choose when firms intend to pursue socially responsible activities.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 3
beginPage: 195
endPage: 214
doi: 10.1080/15256480.2012.698169
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212737400002
year: 2012
authors: Kim, YJ, Hancer, M, Palakurthi, R
title:
The Environmentally Friendly Programs in Hotels and Customers' Intention to Stay: An Online Survey Approach

docAbstract:
This study surveyed customer perceptions about the environmentally friendly programs (i.e., green programs) in hotels and analyzed the degree to which such programs influenced customers' hotel selection. Data were collected from online travel communities by conducting Web-based online surveys. A total of members from 63 travel-related online communities participated in the survey. Multiple regression analysis results showed that the significant factors that affected client hotel selection were: Solid waste and water programs in guestrooms, energy programs, solid waste and water programs in housekeeping, and biodiversity programs. However, water program by customers' option did not influence customer decisions to stay at environmentally friendly hotels. Results also showed differences in customer awareness and demand for environmentally friendly hotels based on gender, income, and age.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 1
beginPage: 75
endPage: 89
doi: 10.1080/13032917.2011.653633
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212435300007
year: 2012
authors: Mingotto, E, Manente, M, Minghetti, V
title:
Ranking assessment systems for responsible tourism products and corporate social responsibility practices

docAbstract:
Responsible tourism and corporate social responsibility (CSR) have a significant role in promoting the integration of sustainable practices in the tourism industry. The paper presents the results of a study carried out on reporting programmes assessing the "responsibility level" of tourism companies. It aims at developing a tool to encourage and support enterprises, especially small companies, in behaving in a more responsible way and adopt systems to assess their business responsibility. After an overview of the literature regarding the concept of responsible tourism and CSR and a description of the reporting programmes, a quantitative model (the analytic hierarchy process) has been implemented to clarify the main attributes, the strengths, and the weaknesses of the assessment systems and to determine their overall effectiveness with respect to different criteria.


title: Policy, planning, and management for religious tourism in Indian pilgrimage sites
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 277
endPage: 301
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2012.726107
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214516400004
year: 2012
authors: Shinde, K
docAbstract:
This paper examines the current policy framework under which religious tourism operates in India. It is based on a study of Vrindavan, a pilgrimage site representative of a majority of Hindu religious tourism destinations in India, receiving more than six million pilgrims annually. Using a case study approach, the paper highlights how most religious tourism activity takes place outside the state's framework of policies and institutions. The contemporary religious tourism industry has largely evolved from the tradition of pilgrimages and continues to thrive on the economy of religious devotion. Religious actors drive this industry by providing religious services, accommodation and transport options in pilgrimage sites yielding an explicit 'religious' and 'informal' orientation. Following the colonial legacy, quasi-religious entrepreneurs continue to enjoy exemptions from the state with regard to revenue generation and abstain from civic responsibilities. While the role of the state is undeniable, at present, this is fairly limited due to the lack of understanding of the informality of the industry, absence of adequate policy, and an 'institutional vacuum' in dealing with religious tourism. The fragmentation resulting from the free-market situation and the absence of regulation and lack of infrastructural support lead to a condition where a high influx of religious tourists threatens the cultural and environmental sustainability of religious tourism destinations.


title: Sustainable green urban planning: the workbench spatial quality method
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 2
beginPage: 214
endPage: 224
doi: 10.1108/17538331111153197
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213924800007
year: 2011
authors: Timmermans, W, Cilliers, EJ, Diemont, E, Stobbelaar, DJ
docAbstract:
Purpose - Amersfoort Local Municipality implemented the workbench spatial quality method (referred to as workbench method) to enhance participation in green-planning processes. Design/methodology/approach - As part of the Valuing Attractive Landscapes in the Urban Economy project (made possible by INTERREG IVB North West Europe, European Regional Development Fund, European Territorial Cooperation, 2007-2013), the method was evaluated based on its contribution to three core issues: understanding the value of green spaces; identifying these values; and planning for the enhancement of thereof. Findings - Based on case studies conducted in Amersfoort, The Netherlands, this interactive method invites people to think about the use and experience values of spatial aspects and rate them according to importance and vulnerability. The method focuses on participatory planning and quality identification. Research limitations/implications - Assessment of the value of green space will differ between users, experts and between locations. Practical implications - Meaningful participation processes enhance the sustainability and feasibility of urban development projects, as it captures the real use values and enhances green-planning initiatives. Social implications - The workbench method is a communication tool that enhances social perspectives, social responsibility and awareness of values. Originality/value - The workbench method stresses the need for participatory processes and the added value that these processes can have on urban development and future green-planning initiatives. It furthermore identifies adequate ways of approaching participation to ensure successful implementation thereof. The workbench method report 2009 as compiled by the University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein contains all details and data of the study evaluating the workbench method in terms of stakeholder identification and level of involvement of these stakeholders.


title: Towards a 'tourism for all' policy for Ireland: achieving real sustainability in Irish tourism
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 5
beginPage: 431
endPage: 444
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.568053
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291539600003
year: 2011
authors: Griffin, K, Stacey, J
docAbstract:
The importance of tourism for all initiatives in contributing to the economic and social well-being of citizens has long been recognised by many European Union Member States. The European Commission and the European Economic and Social Committee have acknowledged not only the social value of tourism for all in terms of personal development, well-being and social cohesion, but also its potential economic value in terms of revenue generation, job creation and regional development. This paper focuses on Ireland, where the concept of tourism for all is poorly understood. While social inclusion is explicitly on the national policy agenda, Irish tourism has tended to be viewed entirely through economic lenses, with little acknowledgement of its social value. Within the context of sustainable development, which is a stated policy objective in Ireland, environmental issues have received a disproportionate level of attention within the tourism domain. The core argument forwarded here is that unless Irish tourism policy-makers turn their attention to 'making holidays available for all', Irish tourism will fail to meet at least one of the eight key tourism sustainability challenges, as identified by the European Commission (2007) and further fail to realise the existing Irish policy commitment to sustainable tourism development.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 2
beginPage: 268
endPage: 280
doi: 10.1080/09523367.2011.537917
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000290412500006
year: 2011
authors: Hassan, D, O'Kane, P
title:
The Great Race Across the Sahara: A History of the Paris to Dakar Rally and Its Impact on the Development of Corporate Social Responsibility Within Motor Sport

docAbstract:
This article provides a history of the Paris to Dakar Rally and its significance in terms of world motor sport. The criticisms of the race are examined together with the organising body's reaction to these within, among other considerations, the context of the fledgling emergence of corporate social responsibility within world motor sport. In developing this theme the essay also considers the future for the rally in light of a range of issues ranging from sustainability to global terrorism, which in a variety of different ways threaten the ongoing existence of one of motor sport's most iconic events.


title: An Exploratory Study: Justice Tourism in Controversial Areas. The Case of Palestine
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 1
beginPage: 101
endPage: 108
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2011.554048
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212823400007
year: 2011
authors: Isaac, RK, Hodge, D
docAbstract:
Justice tourism is emerging as a social phenomenon worthy of further critical examination and conceptualisation. Justice tourism can be described as a form of purposeful travel directly aiming to meet criteria of social, political and environmental sustainability. Although, many of the concepts falling under justice tourism have been around since the emergence of alternative tourism, it has only recently been accepted as a form in its own right and given a name. This research note explores what a justice tourist is, and addresses the question of whether justice tourism is an identifiable form of tourism activity in Palestine.


type: J
volume: 15
issue: 1-2
beginPage: 135
endPage: 147
doi: 10.3727/154427211X13139345020499
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214357900011
year: 2011
authors: Mearns, KF
title:
USING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM INDICATORS TO MEASURE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF A COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM VENTURE: MALEALEA LODGE & PONY TREK CENTRE, LESOTHO

docAbstract:
This article constructs an evaluation framework using sustainable tourism indicators for measuring the sustainability of community-based ecotourism ventures. This framework is then applied to the Malealea Lodge & Pony Trek Centre in Lesotho. The results yield a number of concerning results that need to be addressed to ensure the long-term sustainability of the tourism venture. A mixed method case study approach was followed during which various sources of data were combined to determine the sustainability in terms of a number of social, economic, and environmental indicators. The evaluation framework proved valuable for the measurement of the present sustainability as well as the recommendation of areas for improvement of the sustainability performance. The constructed evaluation framework may serve as an important departure point for the determination of the sustainability of community-based ecotourism ventures in southern Africa. Although the constructed framework includes a number of baseline and community-based ecotourism-specific indicators, site-specific indicators may need to be added to take local conditions and circumstances into account for the reapplication of the evaluation framework to other community-based ecotourism ventures.


title: Place branding for sustainable futures: A case study
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 1
beginPage: 49
endPage: 57
doi: 10.1057/pb.2010.2
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415259100006
year: 2010
authors: Ryan, MM, Mizerski, K
docAbstract:
This article discusses how 'New Norcia' has changed from simply the name of a small rural town in regional Western Australia, to a high equity, 'typical' brand. It outlines the importance of the extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics and the subsequent strong link with the marketplace. The article illustrates how a brand can, and has, reflected a current trend in society, while maintaining the fundamental beliefs and traditions of a devoted religious order. In establishing their business, the New Norcia monks chose to preserve the monastic ambience of their town by focusing on a fundamental ethos of their Order - that of offering hospitality to all who come to their door through the provision of monastic staples - bread, olive oil and wine. An emerging form of branding, based on 'place', is discussed.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 8
beginPage: 1015
endPage: 1033
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.497221
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000283061200005
year: 2010
authors: Koutra, C
title:
Rapid Situation Analysis: a hybrid, multi-methods, qualitative, participatory approach to researching tourism development phenomena

docAbstract:
This study develops a hybrid, bottom-up approach to field research, namely Rapid Situation Analysis, and implements it in Ghana. It draws on elements from two existing participatory methodological approaches: Rapid Rural Appraisal and Participatory Rural Appraisal. The approach was developed to suit the particular needs of investigating corporate social responsibility practices, sustainable development and poverty reduction through tourism, a fragmented sector which tends to be ambiguous and unstructured and lack cohesion (unlike, for example, agriculture or primary health care, both of which are familiar territory for Rapid Rural Appraisal and Participatory Rural Appraisal). The Rapid Situation Analysis bottom-up approach to data gathering was underpinned by supporting methods, including participant and direct observation, in-depth interviews, stakeholder focus groups and informal conversations. Moreover, the multiple methods were further enriched by the collection of visual data in the form of moving and still images. These research findings were fed back to the communities at the centre of the research.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 179
endPage: 193
doi: 10.1080/14790531003755286
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212820400006
year: 2010
authors: Van Haastert, M, De Grosbois, D
title:
Environmental Initiatives in Bed and Breakfast Establishments in Canada: Scope and Major Challenges with Implementation

docAbstract:
The objective of this paper is to investigate the implementation of environmental practices in small firms in the hospitality industry, namely bed and breakfast establishments. The issues addressed include motivations, scope of environmental initiatives and challenges faced during their implementation. The study is based on interviews with eight bed and breakfast owners in the Niagara Region in Canada. The research indicated a limited scope of environmental initiatives at bed and breakfast establishments. The majority of the initiatives had a cost savings nature and include different actions aimed at energy conservation, water conservation and waste management. Further analysis indicated three major types of barriers to adoption of environmental practices by tourism micro businesses: budgetary constraints, lack of knowledge and conflict with customer attitudes and expectations. The study specifically highlights significant lack of understanding of the sustainability terminology and very low awareness of the impacts of the business activity on the environment by the owners of bed and breakfast establishments and calls for additional education and training on sustainability for small business owners.


title: Involvement of Park and Recreation Professionals in Pedestrian Plans
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 3
beginPage: 132
endPage: 142
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442874900009
year: 2009
authors: Evenson, KR, Aytur, SA, Rodriguez, DA, Salvesen, D
docAbstract:
Professionals from many different disciplines are finding innovative ways to work together to increase physical activity to help create healthier communities. One process that can provide a focal point for promoting physical activity by park and recreation professionals, land use and transportation planners, public health practitioners, and other stakeholders is the development and implementation of pedestrian plans. A pedestrian plan is a public document that lays out a community's vision for future pedestrian activity, identifies the actions required to realize that vision, ties actions to funding sources, and describes implementation and use. The purpose of this study was to explore whether park and recreation professionals were involved in creating pedestrian plans and how park and recreation elements were represented in these plans. To answer this, we identified, collected, and conducted a content analysis of all pedestrian plans in North Carolina. Among the 41 regional, county, and municipal pedestrian plans, park and recreation professionals were mentioned in the plan 56% of the time. Seventy-one percent (n=29) had a vision statement; however, among those only five vision statements mentioned parks or recreation. In all five cases, when a plan contained a vision statement that mentioned parks or recreation, there was a park and recreation member involved in the development of the plan. A higher percent of plans with a park and recreation professional involved were more likely to list parks in their land use analysis (74% vs. 67%). Park master plans were mentioned in the pedestrian plans 29% of the time; however, a lower percent of plans with a park and recreational professional involved mentioned a park master plan (26% vs. 33%). Given the potential importance of pedestrian plans in creating connections for pedestrians, park and recreation professionals are encouraged to become involved in the pedestrian planning process if they are not already. Parks can offer opportunities for residents of diverse ages and cultures to come together to socialize and engage in health-promoting activities. Integrating a park and recreation perspective into a more comprehensive planning process can enhance access to parks, inform programs, support multiple community goals, facilitate efficient use of resources, and promote partnerships for greater sustainability.


title: "Thugs" versus "Good Guys": The Impact of NBA Cares on Player Image
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 4
beginPage: 453
endPage: 468
doi: 10.1080/16184740903331796
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000274151600007
year: 2009
authors: Giannoulakis, C, Drayer, J
docAbstract:
In the current social landscape, the media concentrate on the lifestyle and behavior of certain sport celebrities, and they demand that professional athletes display high standards of moral behavior. In addition, growing media intrusion presents the professional athlete as a "damaged hero''. The wealth and star status of professional athletes make them primary targets for the media. In light of the 2004 brawl and the increased controversy surrounding the National Basketball Association (NBA), the purpose of this exploratory study was to examine individuals' perceptions towards the NBA players' image. These perceptions were assessed relative to the league's corporate social initiatives, such as the "NBA Cares'' program, which are implemented in order to restore the credibility and image of the players. Results indicated an increased influence of the specific corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaign on participants' opinions towards the image of NBA players.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 1
beginPage: 44
endPage: 58
doi: 10.1080/15280080802713728
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212542100003
year: 2009
authors: Moreo, A, Demicco, FJ, Xiong, L
title:
Towards a Model to Measure the Quality of Environmental Sustainability: The Hospitality Environmental Scorecard

docAbstract:
This paper sought to develop a tool called the Environmental Scorecard (ESC) with which managers, executives, board members, and share holders, could quantify the environmental and financial impact of the company as a whole, as well as specific environmental initiatives undertaken by the company. The ESC tool can help to promote environmental quality to stakeholders including hospitality owners, stockholders, managers/employees, and also customers interested in improving and maintaining the quality of the environment. The balance of this paper describes how this tool was modeled after Kaplan and Norton's (1992) Balanced Scorecard-a tool that assesses the quality of a firm's financial and guest performance.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 2
beginPage: 103
endPage: 116
doi: 10.3727/108354208785664238
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213806000001
year: 2008
authors: Leiper, N, Braithwaite, RW, Witsel, M
title:
AIRCRAFT CONTRAILS CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE: WHOLE TOURISM SYSTEMS ARE APPROPRIATE CONTEXTS FOR RESEARCH ON SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

docAbstract:
Environmental activists and concerned scientists have suggested since the 1970s that jet aircrafts' contrails, also known as vapor trails, might be having undesirable effects on the environment. In 2001, an unusual but scientifically rigorous research project, testing this hypothesis, found that contrails do have an environment impact. On busy routes the effects are significant and serious, similar to the effects of greenhouse gases, resulting in climate change. The present article discusses implications of this for sustainable tourism and ecotourism. Almost all research to date on these linked topics has focused exclusively on destinations. Knowledge about the effects of contrails adds weight to the evidence and belief that sustainable tourism and ecotourism cannot be achieved by attempts to sustain destinations if other elements in whole tourism systems are being damaged by tourism. A comprehensive understanding of tourism's environmental impacts and research on sustainability requires, as the unit of analysis, whole tourism systems.


title: Parks for People: Meeting the outdoor recreation demands of a growing regional population
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1-2
beginPage: 86
endPage: 109
doi: 10.1080/11745398.2006.9686747
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211518800005
year: 2006
authors: Choy, DL, Prineas, T
docAbstract:
Rapidly growing regions such as South East Queensland strive to maintain the quality of life and standards of liveability that initially attracted the incoming population. Continued urbanisation invariably leads to a loss of open space, a loss of regional landscape quality and limitations on opportunities for outdoor recreation. This paper examines the potential role of regional parks as a policy option and as environmental infrastructure capable of addressing many challenges associated with rapidly urbanising regions. The paper proposes determining a regional parks network that can provide a full array of environmental, social, cultural and economic benefits. Investigations have considered a range of regional park types based on a recreation opportunity and level of service approach. If the concepts outlined are adopted and developed within the SEQ regional planning process, this will make a significant contribution to the achievement of the regional visions of sustainability and liveability.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1-2
beginPage: 137
endPage: 146
doi: 10.1300/J162v07n01_08
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212533500008
year: 2006
authors: Lebe, SS
title:
European Spa World: Chances for the Project's Sustainability Through Application of Knowledge Management

docAbstract:
In this paper, we describe an international project for developing 'Wellness Tourism' across four regions of central Europe. The paper examines this project from the virewpoint of knowledge management and the partnerships involved in this project. (C) 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 3
beginPage: 131
endPage: 140
doi: 10.3727/154427206779307187
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213639100001
year: 2006
authors: Morais, DB, Zhu, C, Dong, EW, Yang, GH
title:
PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH INCREASED COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT: THE SHANGRI-LA ECOTOURISM DEMONSTRATION PROJECT

docAbstract:
Tourism in Yunnan has a short history; however, many destinations in this region already exhibit substantial cultural and natural degradation. The increased awareness of these negative tourism impacts has led Yunnan's provincial government to sponsor the Shangri-La Ecotourism Demonstration Project (SLED); a project focused on promoting sustainable development of ecotourism in Shangri-La with involvement of the host community. This article describes the SLED project's limitations and accomplishments. The first stage of the project explored factors constraining local residents from becoming involved in the tourism industry and outlined strategies and policies necessary to overcome those constraints. The second stage addressed infrastructure improvements, training of villagers in basic hospitality skills, and the introduction of key tourism policies. A follow-up assessment revealed that the project interventions resulted in increased awareness for the need to preserve local culture and the natural environment. Moreover, the project interventions helped in some instances to bring villagers together to work collaboratively on tourism-related projects. Contrary to this, however, pressures from the tourism retail and lodging sectors and lack of support by the local government led to environmental and cultural degradation, unfair distribution of economic gains, and conflict between community segments.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 2-4
beginPage: 33
endPage: 55
doi: 10.1300/J162v05n02_03
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212530500003
year: 2005
authors: Hede, AM, Jago, L, Deery, M
title:
Segmentation of Special Event Attendees Using Personal Values: Relationships with Satisfaction and Behavioural Intentions

docAbstract:
This article presents the findings from research undertaken within a conceptual framework that included personal values, satisfaction and post-consumption behavioural intentions. The findings of a quantitative study (n = 354) conducted at a theatre-event indicate that attendees who were more inclined to place importance on their 'connectedness' with others were generally more satisfied with their attendance overall and with most of the attributes of the special event that were measured. Similar results were also found for attendees' post-sumption behavioural intentions; however, other personal value systems, such as that associated with hedonism, also emerged as important. These results can be used by managers and marketers of special events to enhance the special sustainability. (C) 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.


title: The emergent tourism industry in eastern Germany a decade after Unification
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 2
beginPage: 217
endPage: 226
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00060-2
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000181730700009
year: 2003
authors: Coles, T
docAbstract:
The new German Lander have been practically invisible in discourses on tourism in post-socialist states. This case-study presents an exploratory examination of major tourism trends in the former German Democratic Republic since 1990. The purpose is to provoke further debate on the critical issues surrounding tourism transition, not least the wisdom and consequences of the general desire to eliminate disparities in production and consumption between cast and west. Special emphasis is placed on the deployment of urban heritage tourism as a mechanism to realise these ambitions. Far from a less harsh experience of change, eastern destinations have had to compete with established western resorts and regions for domestic and inbound visitors. Several indices point towards convergence but concurrently raise concerns about uneven development and the limits to, and sustainability of, growth. A reading of product development and the settings of consumption suggests that important unexpected de facto constraints to tourism development may result from continued, unchallenged, widespread adherence to western paradigms in the east. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 2
beginPage: 257
endPage: 276
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1343338
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000423683300006
year: 2018
authors: Thompson, BS, Gillen, J, Friess, DA
title:
Challenging the principles of ecotourism: insights from entrepreneurs on environmental and economic sustainability in Langkawi, Malaysia

docAbstract:
Ecotourism is a normative concept defined and driven by generalized principles concerning local livelihoods and conservation of natural and cultural environments. Supply-side studies considering the applicability of these principles in practice are limited. In particular, an understanding of how entrepreneurialism shapes ecotourism is largely absent from the literature. We investigate the intersection of entrepreneurialism, ecotourism, and governance using a case study of actors at the Kilim Karst Geoforest Park (KKGP) in Langkawi, Malaysia, which has seen a rapid rise in entrepreneurial ecotourism activities. However, levels of competition between actors, their perceptions of ecotourism, and the challenges and tensions they face are unknown. To address this, a hierarchy of entrepreneurship is presented, grouping actors into three tiers: governing institutions, tour companies, and independent entrepreneurs, from whom qualitative data are elicited. Opinions and contestations between and among tiers are elucidated around themes including how understandings of ecotourism influence entrepreneurial strategies, and how challenges and tensions may inhibit the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of ecotourism at KKGP. The study demonstrates that the normative dogma guiding how ecotourism should be practised must be balanced against the diverse understandings, motivations, and capacities of ecotourism entrepreneurs on the ground and the effectiveness of governance systems.


type: J
volume: 21
beginPage: 185
endPage: 194
doi: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2017.08.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415309600008
year: 2017
authors: Hales, R, Jennings, G
title:
Transformation for sustainability: The role of complexity in tourism students' understanding of sustainable tourism

docAbstract:
With the ever-growing imperative of sustainability, there is an increasing need for capable graduates who can address the wicked problems of sustainability. This research examined undergraduate tourism students' understanding of the concept of sustainability before and after participating in an undergraduate sustainable tourism course. Prior to the course, students had simple stereotypical conceptions of sustainability. Whereas after the course they had an enhanced relational understanding of the triple bottom line as well as community and social dimensions of sustainability. Learner-centred critical and transformative approaches are important in facilitating the development of more complex ways of thinking about sustainability.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 92
endPage: 110
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2016.1221181
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000394573500007
year: 2017
authors: Folgado-Fernandez, JA, Hernandez-Mogollon, JM, Duarte, P
title:
Destination image and loyalty development: the impact of tourists' food experiences at gastronomic events

docAbstract:
This paper discusses an analysis of the impact of tourists' food experiences at gastronomic events on destination image and these events' contribution to both destination and event loyalty. Data were collected with a survey conducted during two renowned Spanish gastronomic festivals: the Cherry Blossom Festival, in the Jerte Valley, and the National Cheese Fair, in Trujillo. A total of 616 valid responses were obtained and analysed using the partial least squares path modelling technique. The results show that gastronomic experiences have a positive effect on destination image and loyalty. Furthermore, destinations' structural elements have a significant relationship to destination brand but not to destination loyalty. Loyalty to gastronomic events is positively correlated with event brand and destination brand and image. Together, these elements have a positive relationship to destination loyalty. This study provides a novel approach to gastronomic experiences associated with place branding. The findings indicate that managers need to coordinate the different branding strategies of public and private administrators to focus these on emphasising the value of destinations' structural elements and events' brand and, thereby, enhancing tourists' loyalty.


type: J
volume: 59
beginPage: 484
endPage: 493
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390739400043
year: 2017
authors: Font, X, Nawijn, J, Hardeman, G
title:
The power of persuasive communication to influence sustainable holiday choices: Appealing to self-benefits and norms

docAbstract:
Messages with a clear focus on personal benefits and social and personal norms could impact holidaymakers' preferences towards opting for sustainability actions. This argument was explored using a three stage, sequential, mixed methods study. Firstly, analysis of current sustainability messages from three responsible tour operators revealed a low likelihood of them influencingcustomer preferences towards sustainability actions. An online survey of consumer beliefs and values proved that a manipulated message was more persuasive than the real messages used by the tour operators. This informed an experiment in message design that showed preferences for: i) obtaining individual gains from acting prosustainability (the importance of self-benefit), ii) doing what others are doing (the appeal of conforming to the descriptive norm), and iii) doing what others think one should do (the appeal of conforming to the injunctive norm). The findings have led the ANVR to relaunch their sustainability programme, focusing on customer benefits. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: THE EFFECT OF GREEN PRACTICES IN A SERVICE RECOVERY
type: J
volume: 41
issue: 1
beginPage: 41
endPage: 65
doi: 10.1177/1096348013515915
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000391637200003
year: 2017
authors: Albus, H, Ro, H
docAbstract:
This research builds on the halo effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature in marketing to provide insight into the positive effect of CSR in a service encounter. Using a company's green practices as CSR, this research examines how customers' perceptions of CSR might spill over into their evaluations of the company and behavioral intentions in a service recovery context. The results, from 418 participants of the scenario-based role-playing experiment, indicate that CSR and service recovery have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, trust, word-of-mouth recommendations, and repeat patronage intentions in a casual-dining restaurant setting. Also, an interaction effect suggests that the CSR effect is more pronounced in a positive service recovery compared to a negative service recovery. The findings of this research provide researchers and practitioners with a better understanding of CSR and the positive influence it has on customer responses in a service encounter.


type: J
issue: 31
beginPage: 1
endPage: 24
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000416750100001
year: 2017
authors: Chen, XY
title:
Bridging Corporate Social Responsibility and Consumers' Corporate Brand Evaluations-Understanding Consumers' Psychological Processes

docAbstract:
This study sheds light on potential mediators between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities and consumers' corporate brand evaluations. The results of the study show that, on the ethical/moral side of consumers' corporate brand evaluations (i.e., consumers' perceived CSR image), three mediating factors channel the effect between CSR activities and CSR image. These are consumers' perceived 1) commitment (i.e., the perceived commitment of the firm to help the cause); 2) values-driven motive (i.e., the perceived sincerity of the firm to help the cause); and 3) customer orientation (i.e., the extent to which the CSR is oriented towards meeting customer needs and wellbeing). On the competence side of consumers' assessments (i.e., consumers' perceived CA image), only one mediator is discovered (i.e., customer orientation), namely, the extent to which the CSR is oriented towards meeting customer needs and wellbeing. The study represents one of the first attempts to uncover mediators between various CSR activities and corporate brand image. The findings help companies design their CSR initiatives with clearer consumer-oriented goals in mind and increase the effectiveness of CSR in realizing corporate strategic objectives.


title: International ecotourism and economic development in Central America and the Caribbean
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 1
beginPage: 43
endPage: 60
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1173043
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390123600004
year: 2017
authors: Gunter, U, Ceddia, MG, Troster, B
docAbstract:
Using annual data for the period 1995-2012 for seven Central American and Caribbean countries, six different open-economy growth models that allow for international (eco-) tourism are estimated using panel-data techniques. Two main results of the investigation are that international tourist arrivals per capita have a highly significant impact on real GDP per capita, and also that five different sustainability indicators interacted with international tourism have a positive impact on economic development. Furthermore, quantile regression shows that lower and medium income deciles of the population in particular benefit from international (eco-) tourism. The results are complemented by very similar findings for a set of 12 Central American and Caribbean countries using only two sustainability indicators, thus corroborating the validity of the specification. In addition, control variables are also generally significant and they feature the algebraic signs expected from economic theory.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 59
endPage: 73
doi: 10.3727/108354217X14828625279735
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000398958900005
year: 2017
authors: Ramkissoon, H, Mavondo, FT
title:
PROENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR: CRITICAL LINK BETWEEN SATISFACTION AND PLACE ATTACHMENT IN AUSTRALIA AND CANADA

docAbstract:
This study explores issues of scale equivalence and generalizability in national parks. Visitors' place satisfaction, proenvironmental behavior, and place attachment are measured across two qualitatively distinct populations in Australia and Canada. Techniques employed in this cross-country study bring an important contribution to tourism research. The primary focus is to establish measure equivalence before undertaking hypothesis testing using structural equation modeling on a sample of 339 repeat visitors at the Dandenong Ranges National Park, Australia, and 296 repeat visitors at the Bruce -Peninsula National Park, Canada. Results from both samples indicate (a) there is measure equivalence between the Australian and Canadian samples allowing comparability of findings, (b) a positive and significant effect of visitor place satisfaction on proenvironmental behavioral intentions, (c) a significant and positive influence of proenvironmental behavioral intention on place attachment (place identity, place dependence, place social bonding, place affect), and (d) a significant and negative effect of visitor place satisfaction on place social bonding. The main finding relates to the promotion of proenvironmental behaviors among national park users that-in addition to individual benefitsprovides environmental sustainability as well as practical benefits for park managers and society.


title: A theoretical framework for sustaining culture: Culturally sustainable entrepreneurship
type: J
volume: 62
beginPage: 78
endPage: 88
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2016.12.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392677000007
year: 2017
authors: Swanson, KK, DeVereaux, C
docAbstract:
While the three phenomena culture, sustainability, and entrepreneurship have been discussed separately, or paired in the tourism literature, they have rarely been studied together. This paper proposes culturally sustainable entrepreneurship as a new, theoretical framework for insight and advocacy in indigenous and non-indigenous tourism contexts. Culturally sustainable entrepreneurship encourages adapting entrepreneurial models that sustain and enhance the values and traditions of a community for its self-defined benefits, rather than imposing economic entrepreneurial models that may change conditions within a community. Entrepreneurial strategies in the mainstream proceed upon values that may diverge sharply from those of non-mainstream cultures. Culturally sustainable entrepreneurship promotes sustainable empowerment through owned-decision making for marginalized populations. Living cultures are presented as particular application for culturally sustainable entrepreneurship. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


title: A triple lens measurement of host-guest perceptions for sustainable gaze in tourism
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 6
beginPage: 711
endPage: 731
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1225746
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399565200001
year: 2017
authors: Tasci, ADA, Severt, D
docAbstract:
This paper investigates perception of self and others by hosts and guests, which may be critical for sustainability of a destination receiving tourists with different cultural backgrounds. Specifically, the study investigates self-perception of hosts and reciprocal perception between hosts and guests on several service personnel characteristics using importance and performance analysis. Thus, a triple lens of hosts' evaluation of self, hosts' evaluation of the guests, and hosts' evaluation by the guests is involved in a multi-cultural tourism experience context. Results report differences between the lenses, hosts' self-evaluation being harsher than guests' evaluation of hosts. Suggestions are provided for destination marketing and management organizations to design effective tourism experiences for both hosts and guests for a more sustainable gaze between hosts and guests.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 3
beginPage: 433
endPage: 449
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1217871
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000396820800008
year: 2017
authors: Taylor, SR
title:
Issues in measuring success in community-based Indigenous tourism: elites, kin groups, social capital, gender dynamics and income flows

docAbstract:
Tourism development is a key feature of the neoliberal economic development model. Through a mix of state and private investment, Indigenous communities in Mexico are encouraged to transform local cultural and environmental resources into tourist consumption sites. The process results in a shift toward reliance on tourism, in place of farming, leaving households with few alternative earning strategies amidst fluctuating tourist arrivals and income, confounding the relationship between tourism and sustainability and questioning the utility of tourism as a sustainable tool for development. This article analyses a communitybased Indigenous tourism project in a rural Maya village in Mexico's Yucatan, and discusses strategies employed at household level to navigate the arrival of tourism. Funding agencies assessed this project based on a triple bottom line metric that accounts for ecological health, financial sustainability, and its relationship to local social capital; however, these fail to account for differences between local and non-local conceptions of authenticity, indigeneity, and success. From a social perspective, the project has exacerbated existing tensions and has arguably widened the gap between the politically and economically powerful and less powerful, marginalized families in the community. Questions about policy, governance systems, and elite domination and kin group control are raised.


title: Sustainability in Chinese development tourism policies
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 13
beginPage: 1337
endPage: 1355
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.849665
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383549900005
year: 2016
authors: Xu, HG, Sofield, T
docAbstract:
Following the Open Door' policy of 1978 that accepted tourism as an appropriate sector for development in China for the first time since 1949, national and local governments have issued policies to promote tourism. Over the past two decades, the continuing development of tourism has occurred as China has started to move towards sustainability in its national policies. Although sustainability is often stated as the purpose of development, and tourism development strategies are regarded as more environmentally oriented than other industries, little guidance is provided to make sure that sustainability principles are followed. To examine this situation, sustainability components in the two types of tourism policies are examined, including 56 tourism development policies by the state councils and 31 provinces since the 1980s. These indicate a mixed result. While sustainability is an important component in some of these policies, the meaning of sustainability in the tourism sector is confusing and pro-business tourism development still plays a dominant role. It is suggested a pro-active sustainability approach should be integrated with environmental concerns in the future to allow tourism to participate constructively in the national transformation to a sustainable society.


type: J
volume: 56
beginPage: 52
endPage: 62
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman2016.03.017
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000378437800005
year: 2016
authors: Guo, ZF, Sun, L
title:
The planning, development and management of tourism: The case of Dangjia, an ancient village in China

docAbstract:
"Ancient villages" are rural settlements in China that achieve this classification because of their historic, cultural and architectural values. Nonetheless, while they have long histories and are considered as tourism assets they may also face social, economic, environmental and political problems. This article analyses these issues using a qualitative and quantitative analysis derived from research at Dangjia Ancient Village, Shaanxi, China. It identifies changing patterns in demand and shifts in the modes of meeting those demands from modes that are individually based to those that are dependent on local government interventions. Much of this change is due to deficiencies in local social and financial capital. Suggestions are made regarding ways to improve the sustainability of rural tourism, which have a wider application on a national and international scale. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


title: The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 7
beginPage: 1040
endPage: 1065
doi: 10.1080/17430437.2015.1096251
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000381031100011
year: 2016
authors: Pfahl, ME, McCullough, BP, Nguyen, SN
docAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework surrounding the typology of environmental sustainability efforts made within the sport industry. We draw from multiple theoretical frameworks (i.e. institutional theory and diffusion of innovation) to understand the increased similarities of environmental sustainability efforts through organizational learning as environmental sustainability efforts become more purposeful and sophisticated across the sport industry. The paper uses examples from various sport organizations and leagues to classify the efforts of sport organizations into waves of sport environmental sustainability efforts and important implications arising from them.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 2
beginPage: 153
endPage: 181
doi: 10.1386/hosp.6.2.153_1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000382143200005
year: 2016
authors: Chen, XQ, Peng, QZ
title:
A content analysis of corporate social responsibility: Perspectives from China's top 30 hotel-management companies

docAbstract:
There is a growing demand for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the tourism and hospitality industry, but its role in some emerging countries, such as China, has seldom been examined. The purpose of this article is to broaden research into CSR by considering it in the context of the Chinese hotel industry, so helping to fill this omission in the literature. Drawing its empirical material from CSR information released by a representative sample of Chinese hotel-management companies, this study reveals that - while there is considerable variation in the information that the 30 largest organizations provide publicly - they all place considerable importance on their highly valued stakeholders (community, environment, government, employee and customer), the other stakeholders (investor, supplier, mission and values) receive much less coverage. This uneven phenomenon is also reflected in the methods used to disseminate CSR information employed by these companies, which suggests that contextualized social, economic, and cultural differences should be taken into consideration in order to more effectively understand and practice CSR in emerging economies.


title: The Influence of Agritourism on Niche Meats Loyalty and Purchasing
type: J
volume: 55
issue: 5
beginPage: 643
endPage: 658
doi: 10.1177/0047287514563336
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373976900008
year: 2016
authors: Kline, C, Barbieri, C, LaPan, C
docAbstract:
Although research has been increasing on agritourism, many questions remain. Studies have indicated that agritourism can bring both economic and noneconomic benefits to farmers and that sustainably raised agriculture products can lead to both health and environmental benefits. The current study explores the relationship between preferred meat attributes of the consumer (PMA), interest in visiting an agritourism farm (AI), and increased loyalty to a meat product or farm, termed the food system bond (FSB), among consumers in North Carolina, United States. Results indicate that (1) a preference for sustainable meat products has a positive influence on both interest in visiting a farm that raises livestock sustainably and on the food system bond and that (2) agritourism has a positive impact on the food system bond. This suggests the potential for agritourism to connect specialty consumers with niche farmers, increasing farm revenues, supporting sustainably raised agriculture, and fostering overall rural sustainability.


title: Determinants of CEO strategic risk-taking in the airline industry
type: J
volume: 18
beginPage: 111
endPage: 117
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.01.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379246000016
year: 2016
authors: Lee, WS, Moon, J
docAbstract:
The literature that has applied a conceptual framework of upper echelon theory has demonstrated that the observable background information of CEOs explains organizations' strategic outcomes. Although CEOs' roles in strategic execution in various fields have been widely researched, extant studies have hardly examined the relationship between observable CEO characteristics and strategic risk-taking in the context of the airline industry. This study thus investigates the strategic risk-taking behavior of CEOs in the U.S. airline industry by employing their observable background information (e.g., age, tenure, and education). We examined 15 airlines that are publicly traded on the U.S. stock market (e.g., NYSE, NASDAQ, and AMEX). Ordinary least squares (OLS) were selected for the data analysis. The results indicate that a CEO's tenure and education play a significant role in accounting for airlines' strategic risk-taking. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 116
endPage: 132
doi: 10.1177/1467358415600210
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372521300002
year: 2016
authors: Jackson, LA, Medrado, L
title:
Corporate nonfinancial disclosures: An illuminating look at the corporate social responsibility and sustainability reporting practices of hospitality and tourism firms

docAbstract:
This paper examined nonfinancial disclosures by hospitality and tourism firms on corporate social responsibility (CSR)/sustainability dimensions. Specifically, the study utilized content analysis to assess and document CSR and sustainability reporting practices by firms in this economic sector. The study found that in general, firms utilized the Global Reporting Initiative as the standard guideline for reporting. Findings also suggested that there is a vast difference in the types of information reported by firms in the industry's various sectors. Lodging firms disclosed the most information on the CSR/sustainability dimensions than firms operating in the food and beverage and cruise line sectors. These findings suggested that CSR/sustainability reporting in the hospitality and tourism industry is in its infancy. Overall, the most frequently disclosed information related to performance on indicators associated with water usage, energy conservation, and waste generation. Community involvement activities were also frequently disclosed by sampled firms. The least reported dimensions were information germane to compensation and work-life balance.


title: Collaborative tourism planning and subjective well-being in a small island destination
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 1
beginPage: 36
endPage: 43
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.11.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373551500005
year: 2016
authors: Vogt, C, Jordan, E, Grewe, N, Kruger, L
docAbstract:
This paper employed a case study method to examine how a tourism planning process was utilized to discuss resident and community subjective well-being. Sitka, Alaska, a small island community, embarked on a collaborative tourism planning effort as an activity to guide and manage tourism development, particularly development from nonlocal interests that was perceived by some as threatening wellbeing and quality of life. A general interview guide approach was used and 27 interviews with key informants conducted. The plan document was also consulted as a source of additional insight into the processes, the structure, and their interaction. The research focused on how subjective well-being was defined; how length of residency, livelihood, and role in the community influenced well-being; and how tourism development and concerns over well-being fueled tourism planning. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 430
endPage: 445
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1101128
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372414300007
year: 2016
authors: Leon, CJ, Arana, JE
title:
Are tourists animal spirits? Evidence from a field experiment exploring the use of non-market based interventions advocating sustainable tourism

docAbstract:
Tourists' travel decisions can be influenced by appropriate policies that seek to encourage them to choose travel plans leading to more sustainable tourism practices. Based on using conventional cognitive decision-making models, most current policy recommendations employ market-based economic incentives (e.g. taxes). This paper employs a dual emotional-cognitive decision-making model to represent tourists' choices. This framework allows comparing the efficacy of taxing emission levels against non-market sustainability policies including: (1) environmental information labelling; (2) emotional communication messages, and (3) limiting time pressure marketing practices. A field experiment (N = 509) was used to test the effectiveness of both market- and non-market-based sustainability policies in reducing overall CO2 emission levels by affecting destination choice. It found that the sensitivity of the choice decision to price is overestimated if and when emotions are not considered in the choice context. Tourists' decisions can not only be guided by rational financial calculations but also by the interplay of their emotions or the animal spirits cited by John Maynard Keynes. Therefore, effective policies to change behaviour towards more sustainable practices in tourism can be induced by working through non-market interventions like shaping positive emotional messages (but avoiding negative ones) and limiting time pressure marketing techniques.


title: Sustainable tourism composite indicators: a dynamic evaluation to manage changes in sustainability
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 10
beginPage: 1403
endPage: 1424
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1122014
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383903200003
year: 2016
authors: Blancas, FJ, Lozano-Oyola, M, Gonzalez, M, Caballero, R
docAbstract:
This paper introduces an approach to assessing the sustainability of tourism that takes into account the progress made towards greater sustainability, as well as the current level of sustainability. The Vectorial Dynamic Composite Indicator is based on the goal programming technique. This composite indicator has two components (static and dynamic). The first provides a static assessment of the destination in terms of its strengths and weaknesses. The second allows us to analyse the evolution recorded by the destination from a period taken as a reference to the measurement period. In order to facilitate the use of the vectorial indicator, we define a graphical tool: the Sustainable Tourism Evaluation Chart. The definition of the composite indicator is completed by setting guidelines for its use obtained from a comparative empirical study focused on some of the main European destinations.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1262
endPage: 1279
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1189923
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000382390700012
year: 2016
authors: Chan, JH, Iankova, K, Zhang, Y, McDonald, T, Qi, XG
title:
The role of self-gentrification in sustainable tourism: Indigenous entrepreneurship at Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site, China

docAbstract:
This article examines three forms of tourism gentrification within the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces UNESCO World Heritage Site in Yunnan, China. The Indigenous Hani and Yi communities who populate this remote mountainous area possess distinct cultural practices that have supported the rice terrace ecosystem for centuries. This article uses interviews and non-participant observation conducted with inhabitants and newcomers to analyse the gentrification within the site. We argue that Indigenous cultural practices, and consequently rice cultivation in the area, are threatened by gentrifier-led and state-led gentrification, combined with high levels of outward migration of Indigenous persons. This poses a significant threat to the sustainability of tourism there, to the survival of the traditions and culture of the Indigenous inhabitants and could compromise the site's World Heritage Status. Some Indigenous people are, however, improving their socio-economic standing - and becoming middle-class or gentry - particularly through adopting entrepreneurial strategies gleaned from their encounters with outside-gentrifiers and tourists. This article proposes the concept of self-gentrification as a way to describe individuals who seek to improve themselves and their own communities, while threatened by gentrification, and offers ways to promote that concept to help conserve both heritage landscapes and Indigenous ways of life.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 6
beginPage: 846
endPage: 865
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1088860
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000375868400003
year: 2016
authors: Ruhanen, L, Walters, G, Cocolas, N
title:
Behavioural adaptation to climate change among winter alpine tourists: an analysis of tourist motivations and leisure substitutability

docAbstract:
Understanding market responses to climate change impacts has important implications for the sustainability of Australia's winter tourism destinations. Utilising a framework incorporating push-pull tourist motivations and the theory of leisure substitutability, this study sought to explore how winter tourists in Australia will adapt to changes in snow cover in Australia's alpine regions under future climate change scenarios. The results of a questionnaire completed by 231 respondents indicated that tourist motivations were related to behavioural adaptation, and that there is a general preference among the current winter market for spatial substitution in the event of poor snow. Those motivated by recreation specialisation or snow-related attributes were likely to opt for spatial substitution, while tourists motivated by self-expression and apres ski activities displayed resilience to poor snow conditions. The results demonstrate a clear division between leisure-driven tourists who valued participation in sport, and experience-driven tourists, who displayed higher resilience to reduced snow under projected climate change scenarios. These results have practical implications for winter tourism destinations, both in terms of targeting experience-driven tourists in the case of reduced snow as well as the longer term sustainability and viability of winter tourism destinations.


title: WWOOFing in Australia: ideas and lessons for a de-commodified sustainability tourism
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 1
beginPage: 91
endPage: 113
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1049607
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000365762200006
year: 2016
authors: Wearing, S, Deville, A, McDonald, M
docAbstract:
This paper considers Willing Workers on Organic Farms (WWOOFing) as a form of sustainable tourism with particular focus on its social and cultural dimensions and the means by which deep engagement in these appear to lead participants to a better awareness or understanding of ecological sustainability issues. It draws upon a grounded theory-based exploration of the perspectives and interactions of WWOOFers and WWOOF hosts in Australia, using 323 formal written surveys of hosts and 188 surveys of WWOOFers, together with 16 in-depth unstructured WWOOFer interviews, which collectively enhances understanding of WWOOFing as an emerging, unique and valuable form of sustainable tourism. By virtue of the highly engaged and symbiotic basis of the exchange involved, WWOOFing is commonly perceived to facilitate a transcendence of the role of tourist. The research indicates this is the product of a unique relationship forged in the WWOOFing context, which differs markedly to relationships forged in more typical fee-for-service tourism contexts in which there is a different relationship at play between power, authenticity and sustainability. This relationship is outlined in order to articulate the notion that WWOOFing represents a type of sustainability tourism that is unexplored in the sustainable tourism literature.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 5
beginPage: 547
endPage: 562
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2015.1046536
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000380277000002
year: 2016
authors: Hanks, L, Mattila, AS, Line, ND
title:
The Impact of Self-Service Technology and the Presence of Others on Cause-Related Marketing Programs in Restaurants

docAbstract:
Self-service technology (SST) is rapidly gaining traction in the restaurant industry, yet the impact on consumer behavior remains to be seen. This study lends a theoretical perspective to the growing issue of SST and its effect on consumer donation behavior. From the lens of costly signaling theory, we examine how the use of SST impacts guest responses to cause-related marketing (CRM) initiatives. Employing an experimental design, we found that customers who were solicited in the presence of others were more likely to donate than those solicited via SST. These results suggest that when the participation decision is conspicuous, donating is a way to raise social status in front of others. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no extant research has examined the joint impact of SST and matching donations on the customer's participation in CRM programs. Our findings suggest that SST adoption may have unintended consequences for corporations.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 8
beginPage: 1577
endPage: 1597
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-10-2014-0498
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000386040700004
year: 2016
authors: Yoon, D, Jang, J, Lee, J
title:
Environmental management strategy and organizational citizenship behaviors in the hotel industry The mediating role of organizational trust and commitment

docAbstract:
Purpose - Recently, the hotel industry has increased its adoption of environmental management practices. Because the research on hotel environmental management often overlooks organizational factors, this study aims to investigate the effects of an environmental management strategy (EMS) on organizational citizenship behavior and tested the mediating roles of organizational trust and commitment in explaining those effects. Design/methodology/approach - An online survey of US hotel employees yielded 373 complete responses. Data were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Findings - EMS positively affected organizational trust and commitment, which ultimately influenced organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, organizational trust and commitment fully mediated the relationship between EMS and organizational citizenship behavior. Practical implications - The results establish the foundation for applying EMS in organizational operations. The findings can benefit managers, as they show how hotel firms' prosocial practices can enhance employees' positive behaviors. Originality/value - Despite the importance of employee attitudes and behaviors, little is known about the mechanism by which employees perceive the influence of an EMS on organizational citizenship behaviors. Therefore, the study examined organizational trust and commitment as mediators of the relationship between EMS and organizational citizenship behavior.


title: Situating the wildlife spectacle: ecofeminism, representation, and polar bear tourism
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 5
beginPage: 715
endPage: 734
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1083996
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000374994400004
year: 2016
authors: Yudina, O, Grimwood, BSR
docAbstract:
This paper presents a critical investigation of power relations circulating in promotional materials associated with polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Drawing on precepts of ecofeminism, critical discourse analysis, and the content of cultural texts (websites, souvenirs) produced by tourism operators, businesses, and crown corporations, the study interprets how representations of polar bears re-inscribe regimes of truth that marginalize non-human animal others and are complicit with patriarchal ideologies. Focus in our analysis is placed first, on illustrating the portrayal of "performing spectacle bears" - a socially constructed subjectivity designed to serve the desires of wildlife tourism producers and consumers - and, second, on diagnosing the privileged discourses that work to maintain and normalize this construction, along with the interspecies dynamics they support. In effect, the paper sheds light on the complex and recurrent effects of anthropocentric and instrumentalist orientations in tourism, including their contingency upon masculine systems of value and rationality. The paper also points out the potential of ecofeminist ethics of care for enhancing interspecies relationships in sustainable tourism.


title: Time-Space Movement of Festival Visitors in Rural Areas Using a Smart Phone Application
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 11
beginPage: 1246
endPage: 1265
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2014.976581
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362374200004
year: 2015
authors: Yun, HJ, Park, MH
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to analyse the tourists' spatiotemporal behaviour at the rural festival using the theory and tracking methods of time geographies and the smart phone application based on global positioning system data. Main results show that most festival tourists visit only the entrance and central spaces, walking along on the same paths, while only a small number of visitors visit the regional commercial area, including the traditional market, main streets in the downtown area, although their tickets allow them to visit these spaces. Based on the time and space density analysis, this study draws the time-space aquarium of the Sancheoneo Ice Festival and can find a spatiotemporal concentration and limitation of socio-economic sustainability in rural tourism using festival as a development booster. Therefore, festival planners and policy-makers should focus on these limited spatial movement patterns and temporal flows of visitors in community-based tourism.


type: J
volume: 51
beginPage: 19
endPage: 29
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.08.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000364608100004
year: 2015
authors: Li, YQ, Fu, H, Huang, S
title:
Does conspicuous decoration style influence customer's intention to purchase? The moderating effect of CSR practices

docAbstract:
Using an experimental research design, this study examines the main effect of conspicuous hotel decoration style on consumer purchase intention, and tests the moderating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR)practices and the mediating role of imageperception on the relationship between conspicuous decoration style and purchase intention with Chinese consumers. The results indicate that decoration style had a critical role in explaining Chinese customers' purchase intention. Specifically, a low conspicuous decoration style led to stronger customer purchase intention than did a high conspicuous decoration style. The relationship between conspicuous decoration style and customer purchase intention was found to be fully mediated by image perception. The findings emphasize the significance of CSR in influencing Chinese customers' purchase intention with hotels of a highly-conspicuous decoration style. Externally oriented CSR practices (i.e., corporate philanthropy, environmental protection) were found to be more significant in moderating the relationship between conspicuous decoration style and purchase intention than internally oriented CSR practice (i.e., employee treatment). Hotels engaging in philanthropy and environmental protection, can not only elicit a positive response from consumers, but also help mitigate the risks of a loss of organizational legitimacy as a result of high conspicuous decoration. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: An R&D-based endogenous growth model of international tourism
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 4
beginPage: 701
endPage: 719
doi: 10.5367/te.2014.0379
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000361057900001
year: 2015
authors: Albaladejo, IP, Pilar Martinez-Garcia, M
docAbstract:
According to the tourism area life cycle (TALC) model of Butler (1980), the evolution of a touristic destination follows an S-shaped curve which is upper-bounded by its carrying capacity, usually assumed to be a fixed constant. This forecast prevents a tourism-based economy from maintaining positive growth rates in the long run. However, infrastructures, transportation networks, accommodation facilities and the variety of attractions can be broadened to increase the tourism carrying capacity. In this paper, innovation is the motor of carrying capacity growth. The model follows the tradition of R&D-based endogenous growth models and allows the long-run sustainability of economic growth in a tourism-specialized economy. Along a balanced growth path, the income from tourism grows at the same rate as the innovation, and the carrying capacity will grow as the rate of innovation surpasses the foreign economic growth rate. The long-term growth of the economy depends on the real exchange rate.


title: Assessing the sociology of sport: On the trajectory, challenges, and future of the field
type: J
volume: 50
issue: 4-5
beginPage: 357
endPage: 362
doi: 10.1177/1012690215574127
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000354267800001
year: 2015
authors: Jackson, SJ, Pike, ECJ, Wenner, LA
docAbstract:
On the fiftieth anniversary of the International Sociology of Sport Association and the International Review for the Sociology of Sport, the three guest editors for this special fiftieth anniversary issue of the IRSS, current ISSA president, Elizabeth CJ Pike, the immediate past president, Steven J Jackson, and current IRSS editor, Lawrence A Wenner, introduce the issue's genesis and theme: 50@50: Assessing the trajectory and challenges of the sociology of sport'. In considering the trajectory of the sociology of sport, the ISSA and the IRSS, they reflect on the early development of the field and the founding of an international association and journal aimed at understanding sport in the social and cultural dynamic; they note early and ongoing challenges concerning the academic seating of the field, its legitimacy and impact, and its engagement with the public sphere and the sociological imagination'. Speaking to the challenges of fashioning a special issue to represent the breadth of 50 years of the sociology of sport, the editors outline how a 50@50' strategy was implemented to bring perspectives from 50 notable scholars and to ensure that a diversity of voices was heard, not only on a range of themes, theories and methods, but from diverse identities and locales. Addressing two overarching challenges - the global dominance of English as the lingua franca of scholarly discourse and the need to advance interdisciplinarity and engagement with scholars beyond the sociology of sport - will be key to broadening dialogue to help ensure the future sustainability and progress of the sociology of sport.


title: Towards a sport cluster model: the ocean racing cluster in Brittany
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 3
beginPage: 343
endPage: 363
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2015.1019535
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000357733700004
year: 2015
authors: Dickson, G, Desbordes, M, Gerke, A
docAbstract:
Research question: This research develops deductively a conceptual framework for the detection and analysis of sport clusters. Research methods: We test this framework in the ocean racing cluster in Brittany, France. Primary data collection comprises 34 interviews and 8 observations. Secondary data consisted of organisational information and archival data. Data were analysed with NVivo. Results and findings: The suggested framework consists of location-specific factors (LSFs) that determine the development and sustainability of a sport cluster and 10 types of cluster organisations (CLORs) as typical members. We find that all suggested LSFs are relevant. Some CLORs receive less attention than others. Shipyards, professional sport organisations, governing bodies and marine equipment firms have key roles in the ocean racing cluster. Implications: The sport cluster framework is consistent and applicable to different contexts. Further sport cluster studies in different sports and countries are recommended to consolidate the concept and to enable practitioners to better understand and create sport clusters.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 2
beginPage: 207
endPage: 233
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.934375
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000346769300003
year: 2015
authors: Barrutia, JM, Echebarria, C
title:
Factors affecting the attitude of tourism-destination local authorities towards sustainable planning tools in a networking context: the Balearic Sustainability Network

docAbstract:
Empirical evidence regarding Local Agenda 21 (LA21) seems to indicate that higher LA21 dissemination is linked to networking. However, it is not entirely clear which features explain the favourable attitude of local authorities towards networks. This research takes a step forward towards filling this gap by studying the variables that are able to create favourable attitude towards participative sustainable planning tools by tourism-destination local authorities in a networking context. We focus on tourism destinations as singularly interesting areas for studying sustainability issues. Our research context is a region in Spain, the Balearic Islands, which was chosen due to its great dependence on tourism and its apparent involvement with LA21 processes. Our findings suggest that favourable attitudes are associated with a mix of variables that reflect the management approach of the promoters, the internal characteristics of the municipalities and the benefits emerging from networking. From a more disaggregated view, more cognitive-related variables (such as prior expertise, purposive benefits and learning) seem to be more important than more affective-related variables (such as entertainment, trust, identification and relations with network promoters) to explain attitudes towards LA21.


title: Can equestrian tourism be a solution for sustainable tourism development in France?
type: J
volume: 38
issue: 1
beginPage: 110
endPage: 134
doi: 10.1080/07053436.2015.1007580
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000354479200010
year: 2015
authors: Pickel-Chevalier, S
docAbstract:
Horse riding in France has become big business, as the third biggest sports federation with around 700,000 members. If the number of riders in France is the third highest in Europe, after the United Kingdom and Germany, France is considered as the number-one equestrian tourism and outdoor destination with an institutional network at every administrative level in the country (national, regional and departmental), and around 1600 businesses specializing in equestrian tourism (and/or stabling) and 60,000 kilometres of equestrian trails. In this context, horse riding and equestrian tourism have been promoted by official bodies (National Resource Center for Outdoor Sports; French Equestrian Federation) as an important agent for sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether equestrian tourism, including outdoor riding, can really be a vector for sustainable development in France, corresponding to the 'sustainability trinity' by integrating economy, society and the environment: contributing to a viable economy, social cohesion, protecting and educating people about the environment and environmental management. In order to question whether the equation of equestrian tourism responds to sustainability criteria, the author will analyze the involvement of local communities capitalizing on the image of horses and equestrian tourism for the sustainable development of their regions, and concentrate on economic, social and environmental aspects. The author will also focus on the motivation of equestrian tourists themselves, by using numerous surveys conducted between 2005 and 2012 at both national and regional levels, combining quantitative and qualitative data.


type: J
volume: 1
issue: 2
beginPage: 94
endPage: 107
doi: 10.1108/JTF-12-2014-0013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435760700002
year: 2015
authors: Cavagnaro, E, Staffieri, S
title:
A study of students' travellers values and needs in order to establish futures patterns and insights

docAbstract:
Purpose - If the only viable future for tourism is sustainable tourism then ways should be sought to increase the demand for sustainable offers. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether sustainability values influence the travel needs of students. The aim is to discover cues in the present behaviour of young tourists that can enhance sustainable travel choices and therefore secure the future of the tourism industry. Moreover, the study provides a solid basis for predicting the future travel behaviour of young tourists. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected in The Netherlands in 2013 through a survey. A non-probabilistic sample of 365 students (a sub-group of young tourists) was reached. Multivariate analyses were used to test whether position in the social structure and value orientation influence the travel need. The logistic models allowed youth tourism behaviour to be predicted. Findings - Respondents with a biospheric value orientation associate travel with being in contact with nature and chose rest as a motivation. This is highly interesting from a future perspective because biospheric values are considered the most stable antecedent of sustainable behaviour. Findings also highlight women's role as the sustainable tourists of the future: women harbour strong sustainability values and see travel as a growth opportunity. Research limitations/implications - This research focuses on travel needs because this is the most future-oriented phase of the tourism experience, and on students because they tend to travel independently. Future research might include travel consumption and evaluation as well as non-students in the sample to give a more balanced view on young tourists. Future research might also include values not related to sustainability to assess their relative strengths in influencing youth tourism. Practical implications - Both policy makers and industry could capitalise on the sustainability values already present in young people's need for travel to nudge this group - who represents tourism's future - towards a sustainable tourism choice. For example, strengthening sustainability values through marketing and education will increase demand for a sustainable offer. Originality/value - Values related to sustainability influence general tourism choices by young travellers, and not only choices related to a sustainability offer. This finding suggests a path to address the classic dilemma between individualism and sustainability and assure tourism's future by showing young travellers that they already harbour sustainability values.


title: A cultural hospitality framework for heritage accommodations
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 2
beginPage: 184
endPage: 190
doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2014.985229
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443063000006
year: 2015
authors: Chhabra, D
docAbstract:
This study suggests a sustainable cultural hospitality framework to measure the degree to which heritage accommodations across the world adhere to a cultural code. Using a case study approach, the framework is applied to a palace resort in the state of Rajasthan (India) and found to be robust.


title: Tourist satisfaction with forest recreation experience: a segment-based approach
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 4
beginPage: 535
endPage: 548
doi: 10.1080/13032917.2014.997768
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212459800002
year: 2015
authors: Lee, CF
docAbstract:
The purposes of this study are to identify the underlying dimensions of Chinese mainland tourists' satisfaction, to classify Chinese mainland tourists into distinct segments, and to examine the differences in socio-demographic and travelling characteristics among the segments of Chinese mainland tourists in the context of forest recreation tourism. It is concluded that the tourist satisfaction with forest recreation tourism experience is determined by three aspects of a destination: "information services", "recreation facilities", and "safety and sustainability". A segmentation procedure based on these three attribute-level satisfaction factors produces three clusters: "Higher-Satisfied", "In-Betweeners", and "Lower-Satisfied". Socio-demographic characteristics such as age, educational level, and monthly income are found of important value in profiling the three satisfaction segments. The practical implications of this study are discussed.


title: What could the next 40 years hold for global tourism?
type: J
volume: 40
issue: 3
beginPage: 269
endPage: 285
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2015.1075739
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453406900001
year: 2015
authors: Scott, D, Gossling, S
docAbstract:
Over the past 40 years, tourism has developed to become a sector of global economic, social and environmental significance. This paper provides a retrospective overview of the massive expansion and evolving geography of international and domestic tourism over the last 40 years, including the factors that enabled and challenged this growth, in order to contextualize a discussion of what the next 40 years may hold for global tourism. Social, technical, economic, environmental and political dimensions influencing tourism over the past and future 40 years are identified, together with a synthesis of available long-range scenarios of tourism futures to 2050. Comparisons with selected non-tourism scenarios suggest that current assessments of tourism futures are limited in scope, and that the tourism sector may have much to learn from scenario building and forecasting from other economic sectors and analyses of global grand challenges. Reconciling anticipated tourism growth with the sustainability and development imperatives of the next 40 years are discussed.


title: IS THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM CURRICULUM EFFECTIVE IN TEACHING PERSONAL SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY?
type: J
volume: 38
issue: 4
beginPage: 431
endPage: 462
doi: 10.1177/1096348012451452
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000342810400001
year: 2014
authors: Mackenzie, M, Prideaux, B, McKercher, B, Pang, S
docAbstract:
This study assesses how well hospitality and tourism programs instill a sense of personal social responsibility among their students. Climate change is used as a representative example of a global environmental issue to measure attitudes of students who have taken subjects such as ethics, sustainability, social responsibility, impacts, sustainable planning, and environmental studies with students who have not taken subjects of this nature. The article compares the views of a sample of 2,436 students in 21 economies. The results reveal that the student cohort that took subjects on ethics, sustainability, and social responsibility were no more likely to express stronger environmental attitudes or change their environmental behaviors than the cohort that had not taken subjects of this nature. Surprisingly, counterintuitive results were revealed, whereby students who had taken subjects that incorporated aspects of personal social responsibility exhibited no greater tendency to accept personal responsibility. Instead, both groups were equally likely to transfer blame to an ethereal other. The study concludes by suggesting that a major rethink of sustainability and social consciousness raising subjects is required.


type: J
volume: 42
beginPage: 177
endPage: 180
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.11.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000333000100018
year: 2014
authors: Sandve, A, Ogaard, T
title:
Exploring the interaction between perceived ethical obligation and subjective norms, and their influence on CSR-related choices

docAbstract:
The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between perceived ethical obligation and subjective norms as well as their simultaneous influence on CSR related choices. A scenario based experimental approach was employed. Our results indicated that subjective norms strengthen the explanatory power of the model. Subjective norms are additionally found to have a mediating effect on perceived ethical obligation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Going for the green? The role of money among nature-based tourism entrepreneurs
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 373
endPage: 380
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2012.746292
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000335196200007
year: 2014
authors: Lundberg, C, Fredman, P, Wall-Reinius, S
docAbstract:
This research note suggests that the relationship between nature-based tourism entrepreneurs and money is complex and not fully understood. Based on observations from the Swedish supply data, four propositions are presented to illustrate why this is the case. We argue that (1) the identity of the entrepreneurs are not compatible with profit and growth, (2) niche markets and limited market knowledge obstruct opportunity for growth, (3) dependence of natural resources put sustainability ahead of growth and (4) nature-based tourism firms have limited control over their production process. These propositions can assist in better understanding how nature-based tourism companies can contribute to regional development and serve as a point of departure for further research.


title: TOUR BOOKING: DO TRAVELERS RESPOND TO TOURISM ACCREDITATION AND CODES OF ETHICS INITIATIVES?
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 1
beginPage: 16
endPage: 36
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.861699
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330020100002
year: 2014
authors: Butcher, K, Marchoo, W, Watkins, M
docAbstract:
Tourism and hospitality organizations are spending more time and money on corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, but at the same time not fully understanding how such initiatives enhance travelers' responses. This study investigates the impact of two CSR initiatives that have been widely adopted by many travel organizations: tourism accreditation and codes of ethics. A large-scale survey collected data on how potential travelers responded to an online tour brochure. The results showed that both accreditation and code of ethics information in a brochure have significant but varying impacts on perceived tour value, trust, and tour booking intention.


title: Commitment to Environmental Management in Hotels in Accra
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 2
beginPage: 150
endPage: 171
doi: 10.1080/15256480.2014.901064
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212743500003
year: 2014
authors: Mensah, I, Blankson, EJ
docAbstract:
The sporadic development of hotel facilities in a developing West African city like Accra in Ghana, coupled with their consumption of natural resources and generation of waste has implications for environmental sustainability. This article therefore seeks to ascertain hotel managers' attitude towards environmental management and to examine their commitment to environmental management through the implementation of environmental policies and programs. The study took the form of a survey of managers of 200 hotels, ranging from budget to four-star rated, employing the stratified random sampling procedure. Though a greater number of hotel managers had a positive attitude towards environmental management, it was the upscale and larger hotels that were more committed to environmental management especially in terms of having; a designated officer responsible for environmental management, written environmental policy statement, environmental action plan, a history of implementing environmental programs and ecolabelling or environment related certification. The article proposes interhotel collaboration in environmental management so that smaller hotels could profit from the experiences and resources of larger hotels.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 2
beginPage: 319
endPage: 338
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.815762
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330709600008
year: 2014
authors: Roe, P, Hrymak, V, Dimanche, F
title:
Assessing environmental sustainability in tourism and recreation areas: a risk-assessment-based model

docAbstract:
This paper presents a three-stage model that applies the principles of risk assessment to the evaluation of environmental sustainability in the tourism and recreation sectors. The model uses both qualitative and quantitative data. While assessing environmental risk at and from tourism and recreation areas is fundamental to sustainable management, existing methodologies rely on sets of environmental data that are often poorly linked and difficult to interpret in a holistic manner. Risk assessment is a concept that can overcome current limitations in environmental assessment methodologies. This model demonstrates its utility by assessing the environmental sustainability of two tourism and recreation sites in Ireland, with 25 environmental hazards identified at the rural Lough Derg (Shannon River) site and 29 at the relatively urban Dublin Bay site. The results show that the practical production of holistic and representative data on environmental risk from tourism and recreation areas is possible, with water quality, amenity value, traffic and transport, boating activity and noise found particularly relevant. The strengths and limitations of the proposed model are considered and compared with three existing tourism impact models: the use of sustainability indicators and two tourism-planning frameworks, limits of acceptable change (LAC) and visitor impact management (VIM).


title: The ethical dimension of tourism certification programs
type: J
volume: 36
beginPage: 73
endPage: 80
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.08.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330910300010
year: 2014
authors: Sandve, A, Ogaard, T, Marnburg, E
docAbstract:
How much does perceived ethical obligation influence decision outcomes? This study investigates the decision-making processes involving corporate social responsibility in small and medium sized hospitality enterprises. Drawing on attitude-behavior theory we use a revised version of the theory of trying and include a measurement of perceived ethical obligation to explore these decision-making processes. A scenario based experimental design was employed, presenting four different CSR related choices to the respondents. Standard multiple regression analysis were run to test the model. The results gave moderate empirical support for the model and support was found for the proposed link between perceived ethical obligation and CSR engagement. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 30
issue: 18
beginPage: 2197
endPage: 2208
doi: 10.1080/09523367.2013.845171
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000328672100004
year: 2013
authors: Kim, HD
title:
The 2012 London Olympics: Commercial Partners, Environmental Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility and Outlining the Implications

docAbstract:
Historically, the Olympic Games have had a tremendous impact on the economy, tourism industry and social and political aspects of a hosting nation. The Olympic Games are the most globally promoted and commercialised sporting event in the world. This fact has led global firms to mandate significant changes in many aspects of traditional Olympics advertising relating to media content, media channel/placement and the overall budget allocation pattern. In pursuit of desired outcomes, sponsorship-linked promotion and marketing that primarily focuses on communication objectives allows both sport authorities and corporate sponsors to reach a considerable number of markets across the world. The aim of this paper was to explore the content characteristics of commercial partners who participated in the 2012 London Olympic Games on the basis of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental sustainability (ES). The intention is not to merely verify the marketing communication strategies of commercial partners, but to review historical and theoretical perspectives through a systematic review of the Olympic Partners. This facilitates our understanding of why there have been certain historical changes in their marketing communication strategies with regard to CSR and ES. Implications for mega-event managers and future research are also outlined.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 337
endPage: 348
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.11.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334968600007
year: 2013
authors: Paramio-Salcines, JL, Kitchin, PJ
title:
Institutional perspectives on the implementation of disability legislation and services for Spectators with Disabilities in European professional football

docAbstract:
Contemporary national and international football governing bodies and professional football clubs are expected to comply with stadium accessibility laws and regulations. They are also required to demonstrate that they are responsible to all their customers, including those who experience impairment and/or disability as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies. One strategy to address stadium accessibility and wider-equity issues for spectators with disabilities (SwD) and their companions, is through appointing the 'incipient managerial position' of the Disability Liaison Officer (DLO). This exploratory paper is motivated by a paucity of studies examining impairment and/or disability within sport management. Drawing on institutional theory (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Friedland & Alford, 1991) this paper seeks to address this gap by examining the implementation of disability legislation in professional football within England, Germany and Spain. This paper critically reviews both the actions of the governing bodies and clubs to interpret and implement services for Spectators with Disabilities (SwD). Our findings revealed a significant variance in the depth of policy implementation between these countries. This variation was due to the relationship between the prevailing institutional logic and the management of accessibility which resulted, or did not result in isomorphism occurring. The article concludes with implications for the management of sport and a call for further research into the implementation of equity policies. (C) 2012 Sport Management Association of Australia and New,Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Green Olympics, green legacies? An exploration of the environmental legacies of the Olympic Games
type: J
volume: 48
issue: 4
beginPage: 485
endPage: 504
doi: 10.1177/1012690212444576
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000322770100007
year: 2013
authors: Samuel, S, Stubbs, W
docAbstract:
The greening' of mega-sporting events such as the Olympic Games (OG) has become an increasing priority of event organizers in the past two decades. This paper explores the legacies from the greening of the OG through an analysis of Beijing 2008, Singapore 2010, and London 2012, drawing on interviews with key stakeholders. While each OG is different, the key determinants for green legacies include: the breadth and depth of environmental commitments during the bid process; embedding sustainability in the vision, mission and branding of organizing committees; embedding sustainability in various aspects of OG organization, which is an important practical application of a sustainability vision; and the transfer of knowledge from one OG to the next, allowing newer host cities to enhance green legacies. The findings indicate institutionalization of elements of sustainability in the OG with legitimation and mimetic processes at play. The study found that legitimation is a key strategy during the bidding process and in operations of the OG.


title: The impact of second home tourism on local economic development in rural areas in Norway
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 689
endPage: 705
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0216
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000321316400012
year: 2013
authors: Velvin, J, Kvikstad, TM, Drag, E, Krogh, E
docAbstract:
Over recent decades, rural urban migration and a decrease in wealth have been major challenges faced by European rural areas. Maintaining urban and rural settlements throughout the country has been an important aim of Norwegian regional politics. This paper assesses the impact of second home tourism on local economic development in rural municipalities in Norway. The study is based on data collected as part of an ongoing research project initiated in 2002. Having developed and tested a model consisting of socioeconomic factors and factors associated with the second home as such, the authors examine how and to what extent these factors explain the impact of second home tourism on local economic growth. They find that the size and standard of the recreational home are important factors in explaining variations in annual consumption by second home owners, and more so in rural communities with a broad and well-structured trading activity than in areas with a weaker trading structure. It appears that urban recreational tourism based on second homes of high standard offers the best potential for sustainable local rural economic growth. Based on their findings, the authors also discuss possible local government strategies to achieve economic growth through second home tourism.


title: Sustainable Ecotourism in Amazonia: Evaluation of Six Sites in Southeastern Peru
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 3
beginPage: 261
endPage: 271
doi: 10.1002/jtr.1866
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000318049600004
year: 2013
authors: Doan, TM
docAbstract:
It is widely assumed that ecotourism offers sustainable development opportunities in under-developed countries, but little is known about the variables contributing to differential sustainability of multiple ecotourism ventures within a geographic region. This investigation compared differences among rainforest ecotourism sites in Tambopata, Amazonian Peru. These rainforest lodges act as stewards of the surrounding habitat. Different histories and philosophies regarding tourism resulted in varied levels of economic, social and ecological sustainability. This study quantitatively examines the differential sustainability of multiple ecotourism sites in a small geographic region. Tourism in Tambopata has a potential for sustainability of local communities and natural resources. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 27
issue: 3
beginPage: 207
endPage: 216
doi: 10.1123/jsm.27.3.207
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000319955100003
year: 2013
authors: Huang, K, Dixon, MA
title:
Examining the Financial Impact of Alcohol Sales on Football Game Days: A Case Study of a Major Football Program

docAbstract:
As college athletic departments continue to seek additional sources of revenue to remain competitive, alcohol sales on game day increasingly has been considered as a potentially lucrative and untapped revenue source. Despite the seemingly high profitability from alcohol sales, the increased availability of alcohol coupled with its consumption by a large number of individuals has negative social consequences, including assaults, arrests, and other behavioral risks, causing potential ethical and social responsibility dilemmas for athletic departments and universities. Utilizing self-disclosed financial data (via interviews and documents) from a major college football program, this case study examines the financial implications of selling alcohol to the general public on football game days. Through proforma financial analysis, two revenue models are created to show the incremental revenue potential of alcohol sales. Results show that for this institution the incremental financial impact from alcoholic beverage sales does not create sufficient benefit to pursue this avenue of funding. This conclusion, however, must be examined within the larger resources, contextual constraints, and expectations of particular institutions for both competitive advantage and social responsibility.


type: J
volume: 32
issue: 2
beginPage: 173
endPage: 190
doi: 10.1080/02614367.2011.645247
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000318275200004
year: 2013
authors: Salomea, LR, van Bottenburg, M, van den Heuvel, M
title:
'We are as green as possible': environmental responsibility in commercial artificial settings for lifestyle sports

docAbstract:
Sport facilities such as snowdomes, white water courses and indoor skydive centres offer commercial, commodified activities that are derived from outdoor, adventurous lifestyle sports such as snowboarding, rafting and skydiving. The settings, in which natural elements are simulated through modern technology, are known for their large consumption of water and energy resources. It is intriguing that these settings have emerged in an era in which sustainability awareness and environmental responsibility are increasingly important in the sport industry. In this paper, sustainability awareness and environmental responsibility among entrepreneurs running these artificial settings for lifestyle sports are examined based on a qualitative study of four Dutch settings. By identifying the entrepreneurs' motives or drivers for greening their company, it becomes clear that these entrepreneurs combine altruistic and strategic drives, causing some tensions between and within these drivers. Our research reveals that costs savings, managerial and personal values and attitudes, gaining competitive advantages and improving market image and reputation are the most prominent drivers for greening the companies.


title: A MODEL OF TOURISM DESTINATION COMPETITIVENES: THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN DESTINATIONS OF EXCELENCE
type: J
volume: 14
beginPage: 121
endPage: 147
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000210312500008
year: 2013
authors: Goff, G
docAbstract:
Tourism worldwide is becoming increasingly competitive. Competitiveness has been associated in the tourism literature as a critical element for the success of tourism destinations. Particular emphasis is placed on identifying and analysing the various factors that influence the competitiveness of tourism destinations. The paper extends the Richie & Crouch (2000) model and develops a set of indicators that considers the different issues concerning tourism competitiveness. The indicators are focused on the various dimensions of sustainability. The paper offers insights into the model, each determinant has been extensively described. The aim of the paper is to test whether and to what extent the current set of indicators integrated into the present model can help explaining the competitiveness of a tourism destination. The model is tested on a unique dataset of 610 Italian Destinations of Excellence. Principal Component Analysis is applied on the responses to the items measuring destination competitiveness.


title: Nature-based rural tourism and its economic benefits: a case study of Kinabalu National Park
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 4
beginPage: 342
endPage: 352
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-03-2013-0016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214500400004
year: 2013
authors: Jaafar, M, Kayat, K, Tangit, TM, Yacob, MF
docAbstract:
Purpose - It has been acknowledged that tourism can play a role in employment creation and in raising the rural community's standard of living. This paper aims to examine the economic benefits emanating from tourism development for a local community in the area of Kinabalu National Park, Sabah. Design/methodology/approach - Qualitative data was used to provide an in-depth analysis of the findings on willingness of residents to participate in tourism activities. Findings - The local community of Kinabalu National Park perceive the tourism sector to have greatly contributed to their economic growth. However, the community has raised other issues in ensuring the sustainability of the park, especially in terms of the provision of facilities. Practical implications - The relevant stakeholders need to carefully plan appropriate policies and regulations to ensure maximum economic benefit is gained by local community participation in tourism development within the limited carrying capacity of Kinabalu National Park. Originality/value - This study provides an understanding of the economic impact of tourism on the local community in Kinabalu National Park. It calls for government action to look into the carrying capacity of the Kinabalu National Park in the near future.


title: Tropospheric ozone, air pollution and tourism: a case study of Mallorca
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 8
beginPage: 1232
endPage: 1243
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.776061
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000327394400007
year: 2013
authors: Saenz-de-Miera, O, Rossello, J
docAbstract:
This study explores tourists' contribution to air pollution through an analysis of tropospheric ozone levels. Although the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is beneficial, preventing damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth's surface, ozone in the lower atmosphere, known as tropospheric ozone, can damage plant species, both natural materials and manufactured goods, and can damage lung tissues in humans. Additionally, ozone in the upper troposphere exerts a considerable impact on global warming. Using the case study of Mallorca (Spain) - an isolated, intensive tourist destination in the Mediterranean - a daily indicator of tourist numbers is used in order to capture direct and induced pressure on the environment. Models based on daily data are estimated using meteorological, daily tourist numbers and other significant variables, showing how rising tourism activity in Mallorca is associated with rising daily concentrations of tropospheric ozone, created by transport, air conditioning and other activities. The estimated models make different simulations possible, showing the consequences of increasing tourism numbers during different seasons. The concluding section shows the potential to develop the models used here for other destinations.


title: PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF SUSTAS
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 5
beginPage: 601
endPage: 605
doi: 10.3727/108354213X13782245307957
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213849600009
year: 2013
authors: Gursoy, D, Sirakaya-Turk, E
docAbstract:
The goal of this research note is to establish further support for a more rigorous form of validity of the SUSTAS scale by predicting behavioral intentions of residents toward pro-sustainable behavior using structural equation modeling (SEM). The data were collected from a stratified random sample of 2,000 households in Charleston County, South Carolina, USA. SUSTAS has reasonable predictive validity when behavioral intentions are measured by the two pro-sustainability factors.


type: J
volume: 15
issue: 4
beginPage: 416
endPage: 433
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.04.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208911900003
year: 2012
authors: Hyatt, C, Mallen, C, Chard, C, Spector, S
title:
Socially constructed environmental issues and sport: A content analysis of Ski Resort Environmental Communications

docAbstract:
The United Nations (UN) purported that "whenever a person engages in sport there is an impact on the environment" (UN, 2010, n.p.). The purpose of this research was to examine the safeguarding of the natural environment, or environmental sustainability (ES), in sport by studying the level of environmentally responsible actions for ski resorts in the USA. Specifically, this manuscript focused on the USA ski industry and examined Ski Resorts Environmental Communications (SRECs) stated on each of 82 resort websites. The methods included rating these communications for their prominence, breadth and depth based on the environmental categories in the USA Sustainable Slopes Program (SSP) Charter. Based on both these SREC ratings and the grades assigned to each resort by the Ski Area Citizen's Coalition (SACC), the resorts were classified as inactive, exploitive, reactive, or proactive using an adaption of Hudson and Miller's (2005) model. The results provide an assessment of the level of environmentally responsible actions by the ski resorts. Several directions for future research have been brought forward from this study, including the need to examine motivations behind ski resort publications on environmental communications and the likelihood of skiers selecting resorts based on the environmental communications posted on websites. A concentration of research is needed to develop further understandings concerning the contemporary issue of ES in sport. (C) 2012 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Wildlife Tourism and Natural Sciences Knowledge: Challenges and Critical Factors
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 97
endPage: 114
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2011.540794
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299872100006
year: 2011
authors: Bertella, G
docAbstract:
This paper investigates the challenges and critical factors for the development and management of a form of wildlife tourism that is based on an active and practice-near role of natural sciences knowledge, and that, ultimately, can contribute to sustainability. Based on the study of a specific firm located in northern Norway which has developed a scientific form of wildlife tourism, the main challenges are identified in the limited access to competent and dedicated human capital and the difficulties related to networking, especially in the local area. The case study suggests that the factors that contribute positively to the attractiveness of wildlife tourism are also the ones that tend to affect its development negatively. The peripheral location makes the tourist product exotic, but at the same time it makes the recruitment of qualified co-workers particularly challenging. Similarly, the peculiarities of the individual firm contribute to the uniqueness of the tourist product, but they can isolate the individual firm from the other actors of the local context. Based on the findings, policy implications and directions for further research are identified.


title: Opportunity or threat? Finnish hunters' attitudes to hunting tourism
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 383
endPage: 401
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.524701
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000288676800007
year: 2011
authors: Nygard, M, Uthardt, L
docAbstract:
This article examines elements of the social sustainability of hunting tourism development by scrutinising Finnish hunters' opinions on three possible scenarios related to hunting tourism: the threat of an exclusion of local hunters, the threat of rising rents of hunting land and the threat to Finnish hunting customs and practice due to increasing numbers of foreign hunting tourists. Hunters' positions on these three issues are mapped and the determinants of their attitudes are analysed using unique national survey data on Finnish hunters and their attitudes (N= 1193). The results show a clear ambivalence to hunting tourism among hunters. While a majority of hunters tend to view hunting tourism as a threat, a large minority relate to it more positively. These attitudinal patterns can be explained only partly by socioeconomic factors, whereas factors pertaining to hunting experience and hunting profile play a somewhat more prominent role in understanding the legitimacy that hunting tourism enjoys in the eyes of hunters in Finland. Age, rural residence and participation in wildlife management are also found important for some issues. The ambiguities revealed could pose major problems for social sustainability and hunting tourism management and development.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 4
beginPage: 341
endPage: 354
doi: 10.1080/11745398.2011.639383
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211532900004
year: 2011
authors: O'Rourke, S, Irwin, D, Straker, J
title:
Dancing to sustainable tunes: an exploration of music festivals and sustainable practices in Aotearoa

docAbstract:
Living sustainable lifestyles that meet the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs has become a driving force for social change. Music festivals are contextualized within this setting and can provide both a site to encourage environmentally responsible behaviours and a place for communities of likeminded people to meet. A sense of community and freedom, efficient festival organization, good music, and being in the outdoors are all aspects of positive festival experiences, but so too does caring for the local environment and community. This paper discusses a qualitative research project that investigates the extent and impact of sustainability-related social and environmental aspects of music festival experiences. Tentative conclusions suggest that the way festival organizers plan for social and environmental impacts directly influences the experience of those attending, but also has the potential to instigate social and environmental change in ways which at present are largely untapped.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 3
beginPage: 355
endPage: 369
doi: 10.1080/17430437.2011.557272
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213165200007
year: 2011
authors: Mallen, C, Stevens, J, Paquette, J
title:
The interpretation of environmental sustainability by the International Olympic Committee and Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games from 1994 to 2008

docAbstract:
The purpose of this qualitative multicase study was to examine the interpretation of environmental sustainability (ES) within the Olympic Movement. Two research questions guided the inquiry and sought to identify: (1) how the concept of ES has been defined by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and (2) how the concept of ES has been defined and enacted by the Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games (OCOGs). Raufflet's model of Corporate Environmental Management (CEM) paradigms guided a content analysis of 134 ES-related IOC and OCOG documents from 1994 to 2008. Findings revealed the IOC reflected a CEM adaptive paradigm. The OCOGs reflected an adaptive paradigm during the bid phase of the Games preparation that shifted to an incremental/detrimental paradigm during Games-staging. In addition, the findings indicated that the IOC and OCOGs CEM paradigms were incongruent.


title: SUSTAINABILITY OR STAGNATION? Limits on development in tourist destinations
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 1
beginPage: 10
endPage: 23
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219038300003
year: 2010
authors: Butler, R
docAbstract:
Two concepts have featured heavily in academic writing on tourist destinations over the past three decades, one relating to the tourism area life cycle (TALC) and the other relating to sustainable development (SD). It is argued here that these concepts have many features in common, and that the idea of stability in the development process of a destination is dependent on that destination living within its limits, i.e. not exceeding its tourist carrying capacity. In the TALC this desired state equates to the stage of "stagnation" and for sustainable development, it represents a state of sustainability. The paper reviews the issue of implementation in the context of these concepts using two examples to illustrate how a more sustainable form of tourism might be achieved when effective control over the development and operation of tourism is implemented effectively.


type: J
volume: 15
issue: 1
beginPage: 45
endPage: 55
doi: 10.3727/108354210X12724734223595
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213818300005
year: 2010
authors: Eraqi, MI
title:
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH FOR ENHANCING COMPETITIVENESS OF TOURISM BUSINESS SECTOR IN EGYPT

docAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to improve the understanding of the manner in which tourism companies deal with key stakeholders in relation to corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Egypt, focusing in particular on how tourism business sector companies can handle critical issues related to CSR and utilize these experiences in enforcing their regular social responsibility for gaining more competitive edges in the global tourism markets. The article methodology is based on collecting data from the Egyptian tourism companies through questionnaire forms. Statistical Means, Z test, and analysis of variance ( ANOVA) are used to measure the social responsibility criteria in the Egyptian tourism business sector and to interpret the research outcomes. The research results explained that tourism business sector managers' attitudes towards CSR criteria are positive. They actually have defined policies regarding CSR and practice activities regarding CSR issues. However, CSR should be managed by a combination of handling unexpected episodes that threaten existing social responsibility and the long-term reduction of gaps between stakeholder expectations and the tourism business sector performance. Furthermore, CSR implies building and maintaining relationships with society through interplay between actors, resources, and activities for improving the competitiveness of tourism business sector companies in Egypt.


title: Tourism and Cultural Sustainability: Towards an Eco-cultural Justice for Place and People
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 3
beginPage: 269
endPage: 279
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2010.11081643
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453382000005
year: 2010
authors: Jamal, T, Camargo, B, Sandlin, J, Segrado, R
docAbstract:
while studies of tourism have progressed beyond older discourses of "negative" and "positive" impacts to more nuanced understandings of the interrelatedness, complexity, and local-global scale in which tourism plays out, cultural considerations continue to lag in sustainable tourism; the dynamism and intangible aspects of culture make it especially elusive and difficult to address "cultural sustainability" and ethical issues that arise in this context. This paper argues for the development of an em-cultural justice framework for sustainable tourism development and marketing: justice, equity, and the well-being of diverse groups, their cultural heritage, and their places of habitation, work, and leisure are integral considerations for sustainable destination management and marketing. A preliminary case study of Cozumel, Mexico and fifteen in-depth interviews with local participants provide the context for an ethical discussion around resident experiences and concerns, particularly as related to cultural sustainability and ecocultural heritage. Theoretical and practical suggestions are offered.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: C
doi: 10.5199/ijsmart-1791-874X-6c
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214312100001
year: 2010
authors: Pfahl, ME
title:
Strategic issues associated with the development of internal sustainability teams in sport and recreation organizations: A framework for action and sustainable environmental performance

docAbstract:
Developing environmentally related strategies is difficult as resource issues enable and constrain strategic planning. These issues affect the levels of awareness, knowledge, and actions of sport and recreation managers. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the strategic planning process developed for internal cross-functional sustainability teams to oversee environmental issues within sport and recreation organizations (i. e., the sustainability team). Analysis of the strategic construction of this team is examined using a conceptual strategic planning framework grounded in a resource based view of the organization (Hart, 1995; Wernerfelt, 1984). Key elements of the development process include selecting individuals to serve on a sustainability team, utilization of tangible and intangible organizational resources, culture, size, roles, and leadership and management issues related to governing the sustainability team.


title: Prefectural branding in Japan - Tourism, National Parks and the Shinshu brand
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 192
endPage: 201
doi: 10.1057/pb.2009.13
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415257000003
year: 2009
authors: Jones, T, Nagata, S, Nakajima, M, Masuyama, K
docAbstract:
Japan's rural peripheries have suffered dramatic depopulation in the postwar period as a result of urbanization driven by education and employment. Subsequent attempts at regional revitalization have seen corporate branding techniques increasingly used in regional public diplomacy, although the intangible nature of place branding has undermined attempts to conclusively prove its effectiveness. This contribution re-examines the Japanese place-branding boom through the case study of Nagano prefecture's Shinshu Brand, raising questions over its portrayal as a success story in previous research. Nagano's increasingly tourist-based strategy is examined in detail, and the omission of its four national parks (NPs) is discussed. Analysis shows that these parks, by definition the areas with the greatest biodiversity and most spectacular scenery in Nagano, fall under the jurisdiction of disparate agencies of central government and management that is increasingly distanced from the local prefecture. This article proposes that the active incorporation of these existing brands into Nagano's portfolio is vital to a tourist-based economy and the sustainability of the Shinshu Brand. Just as branding is a two-way process between brand identity and brand image, NPs are also vital regional resources that should be actively included in prefectural brands.


title: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY WITHIN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 107
endPage: 114
doi: 10.3727/154427207783948900
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213642300003
year: 2007
authors: Jago, L, Deery, M, Stewart, M
docAbstract:
This article presents the findings from a survey of employees at a five-star hotel over a number of years. The instrument used in the study examines employee responses on important components of corporate social responsibility (CSR) with regard to these key stakeholders. In particular, employees were asked to rate their perceptions on issues such as access to training and new work roles, various aspects of work life and the work environment, and the level of commitment they felt towards the organization. The findings suggest that while the hotel appears to have a low level of employee turnover, there is dissatisfaction with job security, the level of commitment from the hotel to the employees, and access to adequate equipment to do their jobs properly. Each of these areas, however, offers an opportunity for management of the hotel to improve its level of CSR to the employees.


title: CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY AS ESSENTIAL TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM YIELD
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 155
endPage: 166
doi: 10.3727/154427207783948946
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213642300007
year: 2007
authors: Dwyer, L, Fredline, L, Jago, L, Deery, M
docAbstract:
In parallel with the development by other social scientists of the philosophy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and, relatedly, triple bottom line reporting, tourism researchers have been developing indicators of tourism yield. The notion of "sustainable yield" includes the dimensions of economic, social, and environmental yield. This article first discusses the link between these developments highlighting the results of the authors' attempts to develop financial, social, and environmental measures of tourism yield. It discusses these measures with regard to specific tourist markets. It also discusses the challenges faced in converting these independent measures into an overall measure or index of "sustainable yield" consistent with CSR reporting.


title: Sustainable Tourism, Cultural Practice and Competence Development for Hotels and Inns in Denmark
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 1
beginPage: 41
endPage: 48
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2007.11081522
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453361400004
year: 2007
authors: Liburd, JJ
docAbstract:
Sustainable tourism requires educators, tourism practitioners and industry representatives to adopt the principles of sustainability into their daily practice and managerial vision. A plethora of scholars have spent decades discussing the socio-economic issues of tourism and related managerial implications. However, there is little evidence that the integral aspect of sustainability, particularly socio-cultural sustainability, has been systematically addressed, particular in areas of material and non-material wellbeing, equitable relationships between host communities and tourists and quality of life. Drawing on multi-sited anthropological research, the article examines the dynamics of tourism, society and culture and reports on learning, equity, collaboration and mutual respect in the context of the inns and hotels in Denmark. Examining cultural practice in the context of sustainable tourism using a case study serves to shed some empirical light on its relevance and utility. The paper concludes that cultural practice is not only a useful mechanism for successful competence development but a legitimate and integral part of sustainable tourism.


type: J
volume: 54
issue: 3
beginPage: 245
endPage: 258
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213632400005
year: 2006
authors: Dinica, V
title:
Policy measures and governance for sustainable tourism and recreation in the Netherlands - an evaluation

docAbstract:
The paper discusses the policy approach for facilitating sustainable development of the tourism and recreation sector inside the Netherlands. Taking a national perspective, it reflects on the sustainability challenges facing the sector, and how the currently used governance and policy styles address them. It observes that a mismatch exists between the preferred governance policy-making style of the central government, and what numerous entrepreneurs and sub-national actors argue would be desirable. The central government prefers national-level, direct regulations and policies based on themes such as spatial planning, integrated water management, nature conservation, and environmental protection, for which the tourism recreation sector is just one of many target groups. Tourism businesses and many sub-national public actors and private stakeholders, on the other hand, consider new national level regulations targeted specifically at the tourism-recreation sector most desirable. The central government believes that policy measures of the 'new-modes-of-coordination' type are most appropriate to specifically target sustainable tourism. To underpin the possible contributions of such measures for sustainability, an analytical framework is proposed to evaluate the sustainability depth of instruments and initiatives. Two 'new-modes-of-coordination' instruments are then evaluated. The conclusion drawn is that these instruments had rather modest ambitions in design, insufficiently facilitating a shift towards sustainable patterns of tourism-recreation development. The paper argues that, under the general expectation of significant increase in demand for recreation and tourism in the Netherlands, there is a need to reconsider the administrative boundaries of the sector in terms of governance structure, policy-making styles, and policy instrument types that would adequately support sustainable development in the sector.


title: Tourism and Leisure Development on Brownfield Sites: An Opportunity to Enhance Urban Sustainability
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 1
beginPage: 27
endPage: 38
doi: 10.1080/14790530500072336
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212807900003
year: 2005
authors: Alker, S, Stone, C
docAbstract:
Brownfield site redevelopment initiatives in the UK have attracted significant political attention in recent years for reasons including the contribution of the activity towards sustainable regeneration goals. Options for the reuse of such sites include tourism, recreation and leisure uses, but the potential of many is frequently diminished as a direct result of the destruction of existing built features that frequently occurs during redevelopment. Government policy relating to brownfield redevelopment is evolving towards promoting the retention of heritage features within redevelopment, but there is a lack of best-practice guidance on this subject to guide land-use decision-makers. This paper sets out to contribute to debate on the matter through primary research. It presents case studies of three popular English industrial heritage attractions Iron-bridge Gorge, Magna and Saltaire - that have been developed on brownfield sites where existing built features were deliberately retained. It examines how redevelopment issues at each were addressed within the context of the English planning system. The paper concludes that, where appropriate, integrating historic features of brownfield sites into redevelopment proposals to provide opportunities for tourism and related development should be positively encouraged, and this in turn can contribute significantly to sustainable regeneration goals. Preliminary lessons for best-practice guidance regarding brownfield redevelopment are advanced.


type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 95
endPage: 105
doi: 10.3727/154427205774791753
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213632300009
year: 2005
authors: Faux, J
title:
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONTEXTS OF TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE PERFORMANCE AND REPORTING: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TOURISM SECTOR

docAbstract:
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is defined and explained within the context of a broad philosophical approach to business and a more narrow perspective of reporting performance. The impact of the broader notion of sustainable development, with its macro-and microdimensions, on TBL, is also discussed along with alternative ideological imperatives. The theoretical perspectives consider the effect of legitimacy and accountability theories on reporting and performance in the tourism sector. The operational level of TBL assumes the adoption of the responsible business philosophy of being accountable for the economic, environmental, and social outcomes of the organization and moves the discussion along to the reporting of relevant issues and the determinants of quality reporting. The need for a reporting perspective is considered within the user, stakeholder, and societal assurance perspectives. An example of the infancy of the process is demonstrated through a discussion of performance reporting by Earth Sanctuaries Ltd., an Australian company. Earth Sanctuaries Ltd. is a unique case as it generates revenue from tourism activities in order to support its primary conservation objective.


title: Sustainability and the authentic experience. Harnessing brand heritage - a study from Japan
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 1
beginPage: 49
endPage: 67
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1310867
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000423682500004
year: 2018
authors: Farrington, T, Taheri, B, Curran, R, O'Gorman, K
docAbstract:
This paper explores the influence of the formative brand heritage construct on perceived authenticity at repaired/reconstructed heritage sites, understood in relation to the Japanese practice of kintsugi (???), thereby extending Kolar and Zabkar's consumer-based model of authenticity. It notes that variations of kintsugi occur in architectural heritage conservation worldwide. We establish relationships between brand heritage, cultural motivations, perceptions of authenticity, relational value, and consumer commitment, based on questioning 768 visitors to repaired and reconstructed Japanese heritage sites. Analysis using partial least squares found consumer preconceptions of brand heritage stimulating increased perceptions of authenticity at sites of limited historical provenance, thereby increasing visitor commitment to visiting. Heritage managers should use marketing strategies that effectively communicate a site's brand heritage prior to, during, and after the tourist experience. Even where the material components of the site are entirely reconstructed, this can lead to relational value, and improved consumer commitment. In sustainability terms, holistic brand marketing can increase site revenue, help conservation maintenance and, by increasing repeat visits, reduce footfall damage at other unreconstructed sites. Practical implications include better artefact and information presentation, ensuring synergy between site experiences and its purported values, especially through tour guide narratives and interpretation.


title: Eco-innovation and organizational culture in the hotel industry
type: J
volume: 65
beginPage: 71
endPage: 80
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.06.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000405976800008
year: 2017
authors: del Rosario, RSM, Patricia, SM, Rene, DP
docAbstract:
This study analyzes the relationship between organizational culture and eco-innovation in a sample of 130 hotels in Oaxaca, Mexico. A theoretical model is developed to link the compatibility of the four types of organizational culture defined in the Competing Values Framework (CVF) (hierarchy, clan, market, and adhocracy culture) to different modes of eco-innovation (radical-incremental and component-architectural). In order to test the hypotheses, regression and correlation analyses are conducted. Adhocracy culture and organization size are found to be significant in explaining the presence of eco-innovation. The implications of these results for firms tend towards the convenience of adopting an adhocracy culture, which facilitates the implementation of eco-innovation at different levels and potentiates both environmental and organizational results. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: A new visitation paradigm for protected areas
type: J
volume: 60
beginPage: 140
endPage: 146
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.11.018
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000395599600019
year: 2017
authors: Weaver, DB, Lawton, LJ
docAbstract:
Current "second generation" approaches to visitation in higher order protected areas are based on biocentric management and monitoring that positions visitors as an inherent threat. The result is suboptimal sustainability outcomes of coexistence and possibly increased conflict in an era of escalating demand, reduced public funding and growing threats to global and local biodiversity. A "third generation" model is therefore required that repositions visitors as an inherent opportunity, and augments management and monitoring accordingly with visitor motivation and mobilisation for mass participation in on-site park enhancement activities. Strategies and issues for implementation - including the model's dialectical underpinnings and its relationship to a broader context of people-focused park management are considered, toward achieving optimal sustainability outcomes of park/visitation symbiosis. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Contested surf tourism resources in the Maldives
type: J
volume: 64
beginPage: 185
endPage: 199
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2017.03.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000401675900016
year: 2017
authors: Buckley, RC, Guitart, D, Shakeela, A
docAbstract:
We analyse contests for control of a newly valuable tourism resource, namely surf breaks in the Maldives. Conflicts are shaped by: the resource, economics, culture, legislation, and politics. There are seven stakeholder groups: island resorts, resort-based surfing tourists, live-aboard charter boats, boat-based surfing tourists, local surf-related enterprises, independent travelling surfers using those enterprises, and local resident surfers. We identify a transition from exogenously to endogenously-controlled political processes and power. These are driven by tourism growth, and accelerated by specific trigger events related to political change, land tenure, and development projects. Tourism destinations have seldom been studied in the context of control over natural resources. The transition model constructed here applies across destinations, adventure activities, tourism subsectors, and other industries. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Problems and Stakeholder Responsibilities in Island Tourism: The Case of Tioman Island in Malaysia
type: J
volume: 41
issue: 4
beginPage: 445
endPage: 474
doi: 10.1177/1096348013515912
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000400142800007
year: 2017
authors: Ng, SI, Chia, KW, Ho, JA, Ramachandran, S
docAbstract:
Tioman Island in Malaysia was once voted one of the most beautiful islands in the world. However, this ranking has gradually slipped, due to development and poor environmental management of the island. The authors employ the stakeholder theory in examining the perceptions of four stakeholder groups (tourists, local residents, government agencies, and business operators) on the environmental problems faced on the island and to identify the parties jointly responsible for solving these problems. A total of 15 problems were identified from 46 exploratory interviews conducted prior to the questionnaire survey. A questionnaire was constructed based on the interview data, and 320 questionnaires were collected from the four stakeholder groups. The results provide support that different stakeholder groups identify different problems and they perceived responsibility for solving these problems. The findings also indicated that problems related to limited road access, neglect of local community, limited phone and internet access, and dirty beaches needed immediate attention.


title: From innovation to sustainability: Sustainability innovations of eco-friendly hotels in Taiwan
type: J
volume: 63
beginPage: 44
endPage: 52
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.02.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000400219100005
year: 2017
authors: Liu, CH, Horng, JS, Chou, SF, Tsai, CY, Chung, YC
docAbstract:
Sustainable innovation is a critical attribute in modern hotel management, as is widely recognized by experts and hotel managers alike. This paper develops and tests a new integrated theoretical model of associations among innovation diffusion, environmental marketing strategy, sustainability innovations, and the organizational environment. This research also considers the mediating effect of environmental marketing strategy and the moderating role of the organizational environment. The results of a study that included 367 managers of eco-friendly hotels in Taiwan provide support for this model across various dimensions of hotels' sustainable innovation. The present study found relationships among innovation diffusion, environmental marketing strategy and sustainability innovations, and a mediating effect of environmental marketing strategy. The results also confirmed that the organizational environment moderates the relationship between innovation diffusion and environmental marketing strategy. That is, a supportive organizational environment will enhance the effect of innovation diffusion on environmental marketing strategy. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


type: J
volume: 12
issue: 2
beginPage: 264
endPage: 275
doi: 10.1177/1747954117694738
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399559000011
year: 2017
authors: Huxley, DJ, O'Connor, D, Larkin, P
title:
The pathway to the top: Key factors and influences in the development of Australian Olympic and World Championship Track and Field athletes

docAbstract:
Given the many benefits of international sporting success, understanding the development and long-term sustainability of an elite sporting career has become an important pursuit worldwide. Despite decades of research little is known about the development of elite senior Australian Track and Field athletes, therefore this study aimed to understand the major influences contributing to their development and success. A Track and Field Athlete Development questionnaire was used to collect data from 73 Olympic and World Championship level athletes. Analysis indicated athletes progressed to the elite level via six different pathways; however, the majority follows a linear pathway from junior to elite senior athlete. Further, results demonstrated the key influencing factors during development included later specialization, involvement in other sports during adolescence and strong social support. In addition, growing up in a major city and completing a University degree were also common features. Overall the study provides an insight into the development and success of Australian Track and Field athletes who competed at the Olympic Games or World Championships between 1956 and 2013.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 2
beginPage: 203
endPage: 213
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2097
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399315600006
year: 2017
authors: Castellanos-Verdugo, M, Oviedo-Garcia, MA, Vega-Vazquez, M, Orgaz-Aguera, F
title:
The Mediating Roles of the Overall Perceived Value of the Ecotourism Site and Attitudes Towards Ecotourism in Sustainability Through the Key Relationship Ecotourism Knowledge-Ecotourist Satisfaction

docAbstract:
Tourist satisfaction is a key factor in tourism sustainability. A multiple mediation model is proposed to analyze the relationship between ecotourism knowledge and ecotourist satisfaction, assisting our understanding of the generative mechanism by which ecotourism knowledge influences ecotourist satisfaction. Ecotourists at the Natural Park Saltos de la Damajagua (Dominican Republic) were administered a questionnaire. The results (PLS-SEM) show that ecotourism site perceived value and attitudes towards ecotourism fully mediate the influence of ecotourism knowledge on ecotourist satisfaction. Ecotourism knowledge will therefore only have positive effects on ecotourist satisfaction when the ecotourism site is of high perceived value and there are positive attitudes towards ecotourism. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 1
beginPage: 31
endPage: 41
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000411486300004
year: 2017
authors: Ko, YJ, Connaughton, DP, Chang, MJ, Kang, JH
title:
The Effects of Perceived Team Performance and Social Responsibility on Pride and Word-of-Mouth Recommendation

docAbstract:
Although pride is considered an important concept in the business marketing literature, this emotional construct has not been explored in the context of sport fan behavior. In particular, very few studies have investigated the antecedents and consequences of pride. To fill the conceptual void, in the current study, the researchers investigated the relationships among pride, team performance/corporate social responsibility (CSR), and word of mouth (WOM) recommendation. The moderating effect of team identification was also examined. The results suggest that both fans' perception of team performance and CSR significantly influence pride and WOM recommendation. In particular, fans' perceived team performance was found to be a very important predictor of pride among the low involvement group. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.


title: LOCAL FOOD SYSTEMS SUPPORTED BY COMMUNITIES NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 59
endPage: 79
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000407001400006
year: 2017
authors: Bakos, IM
docAbstract:
Due to the concerns about the long-term sustainability of globalized retail trade as well as the more and more determining health-conscious food-consuming attitude the systems of government respectively the groups of conscious consumers all over the world put emphasis on the popularization and development of local food chains and small-scale supply chains simultaneously they connect the retailers producing high-quality, local foods with the direct markets. In my study, I would like to present an overview of the development and current state of community supported agricultural systems on the international and Hungarian level and on the basis of the results of my questionnaire survey. I will indicate whether there are any demand for local food in Hungary and about how much the population of the six investigated settlements are familiar with it. Within this type of alternative local food systems, farmers and their buyers form a community based on social capital (co-operation, mutual trust and mutual responsibility), a direct sales channel, in such a way that cooperation is also beneficial to the producer and the consumer. The producer is in an advantageous position as he can form a direct and long-term relationship with his consumers selling his high-quality products locally consequently he can work in a cost-effective and optimal way. However, the advantage of the consumer is that he can obtain healthy foods from reliable sources contributing to the maintenance of his health respectively to the development of local economy.


title: Evidence of a low-carbon tourism paradigm?
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 6
beginPage: 832
endPage: 850
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1251446
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399565200008
year: 2017
authors: Becken, S
docAbstract:
The global tourism industry has benefited from exceptional growth; however, a number of challenges have the potential to seriously undermine the industry's future aspirations. This research uses social representation theory to understand how the social group of tourism experts makes sense of the phenomena of tourism growth, low-carbon tourism, peak oil and risks for tourism, and whether representations are indicative of different underlying paradigms. A total of 101 experts from various tourism professions and key demographics were interviewed using the free associations method. The findings reveal distinct representations of the four phenomena, but also significant linkages between them, in particular in relation to the global economy, transportation, energy supply and sustainability. Further, whilst experts appear grounded in the Dominant Social Paradigm of consumerism and neoliberal capitalism, there is evidence of alternative views that question some of the fundamental assumptions of the growth paradigm. In particular, when asked about low-carbon tourism and peak oil, experts advanced associations that indicated an Alternative Paradigm. A broader paradigm shift originating from within tourism, however, alone is unlikely.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 10
beginPage: 1456
endPage: 1473
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1288733
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000407630900007
year: 2017
authors: Higuchi, Y, Yamanaka, Y
title:
Knowledge sharing between academic researchers and tourism practitioners: a Japanese study of the practical value of embeddedness, trust and co-creation

docAbstract:
Nature-based tourism (NBT) practitioners urgently need to develop more and better quality products through including the findings of tourism and other scientific researchers. However, in many cases, NBT enterprises do not have enough resources to invest in building a sustainable relationship with such researchers. This paper reports on the long-term involvement of university researchers in value co-creation - producing a new value in tourist experiences - jointly with tourism practitioners, encouraging significant and innovative NBT outcomes. It articulates how knowledge sharing was achievable between these parties in their shared practices, focusing on the importance of tacit knowledge sharing. A case study approach was complemented by long-term monitoring from 2011 to 2015; data was collected by interview and participant observation and qualitatively analysed. The results vividly depict that the key factor for effective tacit knowledge sharing and long-term co-creation is largely related to embeddedness, and also to trust, long-term partnerships, and the creation of win-win situations for all sides. Although limited to one set of actors and one socio-cultural context, one Japanese university and one enterprise, this study pioneers empirical research on the relationships between co-creation, knowledge sharing, and embeddedness in sustainable tourism that could be replicated in other situations.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 3
beginPage: 215
endPage: 237
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2016.1178618
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399612700001
year: 2017
authors: Gursoy, D, Lu, L
title:
Would Consumers Pay More for Nongenetically Modified Menu Items? An Examination of Factors Influencing Diners' Behavioral Intentions

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine diners' purchase intentions and willingness to pay a premium for nongenetically modified (GM) menu items at restaurants. A theoretical model was developed based on the premises of the theory of planned behavior. The magnitude and significance of the hypothesized interrelationships among the constructs included in the model were tested utilizing a structural modeling approach. Results indicate that 75% of the participants are willing to pay a premium (13% more) for non-GM menu items at restaurants. Personality trait (consideration of future consequences) and social trust significantly affect consumers' attitudes towards GM foods. Diners' attitudes towards GM foods are found to be the primary determinant of purchase intentions of non-GM menu items, followed by subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Purchase intentions of non-GM menu items also exert a substantial impact on consumers' willingness to pay a premium. Theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and limitations are addressed.


title: Luxury-cruise travellers' brand community perception and its consequences
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 14
beginPage: 1489
endPage: 1509
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1033386
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000417424100004
year: 2017
authors: Hyun, SS, Shim, C, Kang, S, Kim, I
docAbstract:
This study examines the roles of brand community and brand differentiation in the context of the luxury-cruise market. Employing a brand community integration scale, an online survey was conducted with 300 luxury-cruise customers in the USA. The results of structural equation modelling provided six findings as follows: (1) three of the four dimensions of brand community, namely the relationship with the cruise brand, the cruise product, and other cruisers, had positive effects on brand distinctiveness; (2) brand distinctiveness had positive effects on emotional brand attraction; (3) emotional brand attraction had positive effects on active engagement and repurchase intentions; (4) the corporate social responsibility image moderated the link between the relationship with other cruisers and brand distinctiveness; (5) customers' desire for unique products moderated the relationship between brand distinctiveness and emotional brand attraction; and (6) service-use self-efficacy moderated the relationship between emotional brand attraction and active engagement. The results provide a deeper theoretical and practical understanding of the luxury-cruise market.


title: Core-periphery relationships and the sustainability paradox of small island tourism
type: J
volume: 42
issue: 1
beginPage: 11
endPage: 21
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2016.1228559
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453416900002
year: 2017
authors: Weaver, DB
docAbstract:
Since the mid-twentieth century, small islands have emerged as important tourist destinations, whether as island-states (Barbados, Fiji), island dependencies (Guadeloupe, Jersey) or state-islands (Okinawa, Cozumel). A longstanding core-periphery narrative holds that small islands are geographically and economically marginal entities fated to spawn homogeneous tourism monocultures within contexts of persistent external dependency. However, further investigation reveals several attendant and pervasive paradoxes which challenge this conventional thinking. This paper outlines these as the juxtaposition of (a) geographic peripherality and experiential core, (b) economic marginality and tourism centrality, (c) tourism monocultures and opportunistic innovation, (d) geopolitical dependency and optimal autonomy and (e) tourism homogeneity and cultural/ecological distinctiveness. A resultant 'virtuous periphery syndrome', the product of both necessity and endowment, positions small islands as sites of impressive resilience and innovation capable of providing peak experiences that support robust tourism sectors within contexts of balanced autonomy and cultural distinctiveness. Resolution-based dialectics allow the positive elements of both core and periphery to be identified and combined towards achieving the ideal of enlightened mass tourism.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 5
beginPage: 668
endPage: 683
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1226850
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399564600005
year: 2017
authors: Williams, LK, Gonzalezb, VV
title:
Indigeneity, sovereignty, sustainability and cultural tourism: hosts and hostages at 'Iolani Palace, Hawai'i

docAbstract:
This article focuses on the historical events of dispossession and overthrow in Hawai'i from the mid/late nineteenth century onwards, and contemporary movements, interpretations and acts for Native Hawaiian sovereignty centered around 'Iolani Palace on the island of O'ahu. Formerly the seat of the Hawaiian monarchy, then the capitol building of an overthrowing power and an occupying state, and now a heritage site, 'Iolani Palace operates as a metonym for how notions of hospitality were leveraged in the service of a colonial theft. The discussion explores the role of tourism's growth, style and relationship with the evolving cultural politics of the Hawai'i archipelago. We use a site-specific exploration of this history to theorize what Jacques Derrida has described as the impossibility of hospitality in a colonial context. Furthermore, we show how aloha - a concept that has been overwhelmingly commodified by Hawaii's tourism industry - can be a means to theorize a hospitality that is reciprocal rather than unconditional - and how this plays out through alternative tours and acts that attempt to re-establish moments of critique and sovereignty at the very site of overthrow. Finally, we gesture to sustainability as a socio-political concept tied to Indigenous sovereignty, rather than a mostly eco-cultural one.


title: Responsible tourism in the Western Cape, South Africa: An innovation perspective
type: J
volume: 64
issue: 4
beginPage: 385
endPage: 396
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392500600004
year: 2016
authors: Rogerson, CM, Booyens, I
docAbstract:
Responsible tourism incorporates economic, environmental and social imperatives in keeping with sustainable tourism notions. It can be argued that tourism entities, private, public and non-profit alike, need to innovate in order to be competitive from an economic perspective as well as implement environmentally and socially responsible practices, and impact on environmental and social change. This article proposes that responsible tourism can provide a framework for conceptualising and cultivating tourism innovation in the light of sustainability debates. Based on a broader study of tourism innovation in the Western Cape, South Africa, innovation relating to economic, environmental and social practices is examined. The findings point to the widespread implementation of both innovation and environmental practices by tourism enterprises. In addition, social and structural innovations are identified as innovation types which have a particular bearing on responsible tourism. It is argued that local policy initiatives are needed to strengthen innovation for responsible business practices in tourism and thereby to enhance environmental and social change on a larger scale. Overall, the results of this cross-sectoral investigation contribute to discourses on environmental innovation in tourism by identifying it as a prevalent type of tourism innovation which comprises multiple environmentally-friendly practices.


title: Why sponsors should worry about corruption as a mega sport event syndrome
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 5
beginPage: 545
endPage: 574
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2016.1188839
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000386782300002
year: 2016
authors: Kulczycki, W, Koenigstorfer, J
docAbstract:
Research question: Today, corruption is considered to be a mega sport event syndrome. This research paper assesses whether and how perceived corruption of event-governing bodies (and at the host country level) reduces a host population's attitude toward event sponsorship. The paper also assesses whether the perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of event-organizing bodies can weaken the negative effects. The authors build upon associative network theory, attribution theory, and the CSR literature to derive a theoretical framework of how perceived corruption influences attitude toward event sponsorship.Research methods: Three empirical studies and one follow-up study were conducted to test the hypotheses. In total, a convenience sample of 876 Brazilian residents was surveyed, referring to the 2014 Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games as the sponsored mega sport events. The authors used regression-based (moderated) mediation analyses to test their hypotheses.Results and findings: Perceived corruption of the event-governing body has a negative impact on the host population's attitude toward event sponsorship. Attitudes toward both the event-governing body and the event mediate this effect. Perceived CSR activities implemented by the body (here FIFA and the International Olympic Committee respectively) can reduce (or even eliminate) the negative indirect effect of perceived corruption on attitude toward event sponsorship, but only if individuals attribute philanthropic (vs. profit-driven) motives for CSR.Implications: Attitude toward event sponsorship in the host population is negatively affected by perceived corruption (be it on the organizational level of the event-governing body or on the host country level). Stakeholders are thus encouraged to reduce corruption and implement philanthropic CSR to weaken (and possibly eliminate) negative spillover effects on sponsors.


title: Re-defining temporal notions of event legacy: lessons from Glasgow's Commonwealth Games
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4
beginPage: 497
endPage: 518
doi: 10.1080/11745398.2016.1151367
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000386603900009
year: 2016
authors: Rogerson, RJ
docAbstract:
Recent research into legacies derived from major sporting and cultural events has highlighted the need to explore more critically the ways in which such legacy is defined and assessed in specific contexts and how different approaches to production of legacy are being created. This paper examines how, associated with the XX Commonwealth Games held in Glasgow in the summer of 2014, there has been an attempt to redefine temporal notions of event legacy. In particular, the focus is on the creation of measurable and visible legacies in advance of the event. Using two illustrations associated with increasing participation in sport and physical activity and community regeneration, the paper considers how such re-framing has helped to generate early legacies but also created challenges in terms of event management and legacy sustainability. The paper concludes by discussing some of the wider implications in terms of alternative framing of legacy research arising from this alternative temporal timeframe.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 11
beginPage: 1258
endPage: 1273
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2016.1140663
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000384283800008
year: 2016
authors: Towner, N, Orams, M
title:
Perceptions of surfing tourism operators regarding sustainable tourism development in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia

docAbstract:
Surfing tourism has the potential to provide significant economic income and employment opportunities. However, the development of surfing tourism in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, has raised important questions regarding its impacts and sustainability. Economic leakages, increased pressure on the environment and resources, and adverse effects on local communities have been shown as the major barriers to sustainable development. This article provides insights into how surfing tourism operators perceive the development and impacts of the Mentawai Islands surfing tourism industry. This research project uses an interpretive qualitative approach and follows a case study methodology utilising semi-structured interviews with resort and charter boat surfing tourism operators. The study also investigated possible future directions for creating a more sustainable surfing tourism industry in the Mentawai Islands. Findings from the research showed that charter boat operators and resort operators had differing views as to how surfing tourism had developed: resort operators believed it to be sustainable, while charter boat operators felt it was unsustainable. A key finding of this study was that operators felt that surfing tourism had dramatically altered the traditional Mentawai village of Katiet and was producing adverse socio-cultural impacts on the local community. It is recommended that future research explore the issue of the impacts of surfing tourism development on other remote locations in Indonesia and other surfing tourism destinations around the globe.


title: Perceptions and practices of dress-related leisure: shopping, sorting, making and mending
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 275
endPage: 293
doi: 10.1080/11745398.2015.1111148
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000381498200003
year: 2016
authors: Holroyd, AT
docAbstract:
This article explores the attitudes of seven women to four dress-related activities: shopping for new garments; sorting clothes within the wardrobe; making - specifically knitting - clothes for themselves; and mending damaged items. This topic is of particular interest within the field of fashion and sustainability, because clothing consumption could be reduced if activity were to be diverted from shopping to alternative fashion practices. Positioning these practices as intrinsically rewarding leisure activities may encourage such a shift. The research demonstrates that all four of the dress-related activities occupy a grey area between leisure and chore. However, because perceptions are personal, context dependent and flexible, there is scope for attitudes to be changed. An experimental project indicates that it is possible to reframe mending as a desirable leisure activity by integrating attributes such as social interaction and creativity. This reframing is aided by individuals' concerns about wasting resources, but can also be limited by concerns about wasting time.


type: J
volume: 56
beginPage: 20
endPage: 39
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.022
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000378437800003
year: 2016
authors: Suess, C, Mody, M
title:
Gaming can be sustainable too! Using Social Representation Theory to examine the moderating effects of tourism diversification on residents' tax paying behavior

docAbstract:
Tourism authorities in the Las Vegas region have suggested the diversification of the tourism industry as a strategy to improve the vitality of rural communities outside of the metropolitan area. The present study uses Social Representation Theory as the conceptual basis to test the moderating effects of the various types of proposed tourism development on residents' willingness to pay higher taxes to support such development. A survey of 301 residents in Las Vegas rural communities examined how the factors of economic dependence on tourism, community attachment, and ecocentric attitude towards tourism influence residents' perceptions of tourism's impacts. A higher economic dependence on tourism and higher levels of community attachment led to more favorable perceptions of tourism's economic and social impacts. The economic impacts, in turn, resulted in a willingness to pay higher taxes, irrespective of the type of tourism development proposed by the Las Vegas authorities. The results suggest that rural communities reinforce a hegemonic social representation of tourism in order to characterize the ethos of capitalist urbanism that pervades the economic development discourse. The residents' social construction of tourism has important implications for tourism planners in the region and suggests the adoption of an inclusive tourism diversification strategy that leverages both gaming and alternative tourism. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 4
beginPage: 502
endPage: 524
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2016.1164736
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000381519700006
year: 2016
authors: Kulczycki, W, Koenigstorfer, J
title:
Doing good in the right place: city residents' evaluations of professional football teams' local (vs. distant) corporate social responsibility activities

docAbstract:
Research question: If recipients of corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaigns perceive them to be motivated by philanthropic (vs. profit) reasons, CSR increases important outcome variables. This study looks at moderators of this relationship in the context of professional football teams based on attribution and egocentrism theory: one CSR-specific factor (i.e. the geographical focus of CSR) and one organization-specific factor (i.e. the division in which the teams are playing).Research methods: The study applied a between-participant design, manipulating both the geographical focus of the initiative (local vs. distant CSR initiative) and the professional football teams that carried out the CSR initiative (first-division vs. third-division team). Both teams were located in Munich, where 444 city residents participated in the study. Regression-based moderation analyses were used to test the hypotheses.Results and findings: Perceived philanthropic motivation for CSR has a more positive effect on outcome variables - including the team's CSR perception, attitudes toward the team, and behavioral intentions - for the first-division team than for the third-division team, and this interaction effect is present (absent) in first-division team's distant (local) CSR activities. The relationship between perceived philanthropic motivation and outcome variables is unaffected by the proximity of the social cause supported by the third-division team.Implications: Professional football teams are encouraged to actively manage their portfolio of CSR activities to increase CSR outcomes as perceived by city residents. Higher-division (vs. lower-division) teams should make sure that CSR is perceived to be motivated by philanthropy (as opposed to self-interest), particularly when CSR takes place at distant locations.


title: Is the hotel industry prepared to face the challenge of sustainable development?
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 3
beginPage: 227
endPage: 238
doi: 10.1177/1356766715618997
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379038600004
year: 2016
authors: Melissen, F, Cavagnaro, E, Damen, M, Duweke, A
docAbstract:
This article focuses on one of the hotel industry's key challenges: sustainable development. By reviewing the current impact and characteristics of this industry, its high potential to contribute to this challenge is established. The key question addressed here - especially interesting from a futures perspective - is whether the hotel industry is prepared to fulfil that potential. Through a review of relevant literature and 12 in-depth interviews with hoteliers in leading positions in Dutch hotels, this article evaluates to what extent the hotel industry's current business models and its managers' willingness and capabilities are 'future proof' from a sustainable development perspective. It concludes that the hotel industry is not yet able to make an optimal contribution and needs assistance to do so in the future, especially with respect to addressing guests' needs and wants and (subsequent) institutionalization of sustainability, but the potential is there and maybe even more so than before.


title: Teaching for transformative educational experience in a sport for development program
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 4
beginPage: 531
endPage: 548
doi: 10.1080/13573322.2016.1142433
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372893200004
year: 2016
authors: Wright, PM, Jacobs, JM, Ressler, JD, Jung, JH
docAbstract:
Despite the assumption that Sport for Development and Peace programs can foster social change, many fail to provide intentional educational experiences. This limits the attainment and sustainability of positive outcomes for participants and communities. The literature calls for such programs to use sport as an educational tool that shifts power to participants in a way that is responsive and respectful to the local context. In this article, we present findings from a program designed to promote youth development and social change through youth sport in a Central American nation. The teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR) model provides the instructional framework for this program and local coach training was guided by the principles of critical pedagogy. Participants were eight youth sport coaches who became local trainers in the program. Data sources include interviews, observations and artifacts. Participants appeared to have meaningful educational experiences characterized by the following themes: reframing the coach's role; personal reflection; developing a critical perspective; and increasing feelings of agency. Findings indicate that in this program, TPSR was a relevant instructional framework that combined effectively with the principles of critical pedagogy to foster transformative learning among the participants.


title: Geotourism and Sustainability as a Business Mindset
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 3
beginPage: 270
endPage: 290
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2015.1010764
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373806600002
year: 2016
authors: Jorgenson, J, Nickerson, N
docAbstract:
Geotourism sustains and/or enhances the geographical character of a place, embracing the environment, heritage, aesthetics, culture, and well-being of its residents. Geotourism promotes behaviors such as buying local products, improving employee well-being, and donating to local causes. Visitors to Montana have been previously identified as geotravelers, which influenced the Montana Office of Tourism to target this segment. While previous studies confirmed the demand for geotourism in Montana, little research had examined the supply-side perspective on practicing the sustainable initiative tourists/geotravelers expect. By using geotourism's constructs, this study assessed the extent to which Montana's tourism and hospitality businesses have adopted geotourism's principles in their business mindset. Results of a web-based survey indicate moderate to low participation by Montana businesses. Further analysis reveals incongruity in behavior by business sector. Smaller businesses appear less sustainable and geo-savvy. Findings have implications for understanding the demand side of geotourism and strengthen previous research implementing sustainable practices.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 2
beginPage: 146
endPage: 156
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000374600100006
year: 2016
authors: Floter, T, Benkenstein, M, Uhrich, S
title:
Communicating CSR-linked sponsorship: Examining the influence of three different types of message sources

docAbstract:
As the demonstration of corporate goodwill through mega event sponsorship becomes increasingly challenging, sponsors often link their sponsorship to corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. However, finding adequate ways to communicate CSR-linked sponsorship is challenging. This research examines the relative effectiveness of three message sources from which CSR-linked sponsorship information can be communicated to consumers: the sponsor, the sponsored property, and the news media. Drawing on the Persuasion Knowledge Model, this study proposes differences between these message sources regarding their level of persuasion knowledge activation, which affects consumers' CSR perceptions of and attitude toward the sponsoring brand. The results of an experimental study show that CSR-linked sponsorship information from both the sponsor and the sponsored property result in higher persuasion knowledge activation than when this information comes from the news media. The results also reveal that the two serial mediators, persuasion knowledge activation and CSR perception, transfer these effects of message source to consumers' attitudes toward the sponsor. (C) 2015 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Creativity and sustainability in hospitality and tourism
type: J
volume: 18
beginPage: 161
endPage: 167
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.02.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379246000022
year: 2016
authors: Lim, WM
docAbstract:
An ongoing challenge facing hospitality and tourism academics, policy makers, and industry practitioners is dealing with the complex issue of sustainability. In contrast with previous studies that focus on solutions within the constraints of what is already known, this conceptual article presents a fresh perspective in the form of creativity toward greater sustainability. The article adopts an inductive reasoning systems approach to develop a creativity framework for greater sustainability in hospitality and tourism. More specifically, the article offers a contemporary overview of sustainability and a thorough explanation of the creativity concept and its application in these industries. In doing so, the article provides greater clarity on the creativity-sustainability relationship in hospitality and tourism. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 1
beginPage: 44
endPage: 54
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373551500006
year: 2016
authors: Ziakas, V, Boukas, N
title:
Tourism policy and residents' well-being in Cyprus: Opportunities and challenges for developing an inside-out destination management approach

docAbstract:
The paper explores how Cyprus can increase its competitiveness, sustaining its magnitude and attractive attributes, and ensuring residents' well-being. The study evaluates the suitability of an 'inside-out' planning approach to island tourism development. Eleven interviews were conducted with tourism policy-makers and stakeholders complemented by documentary analysis of official policy sources. Findings indicate that Cyprus tourism policy addresses only indirectly residents' well-being, and therefore a policy re-orientation focusing on local prosperity is needed. It is proposed that an 'inside-out' approach stemming from the kind of development that locals want for improving their quality of life can foster islands' socio-cultural revitalisation. An 'inside-out' approach can redirect Cyprus tourism policy to focus on alternative forms of tourism such as rural/special interest tourism. However, to reconfigure its tourism product, Cyprus should remedy the 'top-down' and bureaucratic planning processes that create challenges for the sustainable development of tourism. The adoption of an 'inside-out' approach can enable 'bottom-up' decision-making by empowering residents to partake in local communities' tourism planning intending to improve life quality. Broadly, these conditions need to be further examined within the context of small island destinations in order to find the means for implementing their repositioning/ rebranding driven by a local focus aimed at enhancing residents' well-being. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 41
issue: 3
beginPage: 291
endPage: 301
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2016.1207881
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453414500007
year: 2016
authors: Ruhanen, L, Bell, C
title:
The diffusion and adoption of eco-innovations amongst tourism businesses: the role of the social system

docAbstract:
Businesses within the tourism sector are increasingly engaging in innovative practices and measures to not only sustain growth, but also in response to the changing scale and nature of global environmental change. For some businesses, this has included the development and adoption of eco-innovations. While the tourism literature has considered the issue of business sustainability more broadly, the notion of eco-innovations represents a new area of inquiry with studies yet to fully investigate the adoption of eco-innovations amongst tourism businesses. Given this gap, this study utilises diffusion of innovations theory to explore the diffusion and adoption of eco-innovations by Australian ecotourism businesses, specifically focusing on the role of opinion leaders and change agents in influencing adoption decisions. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 ecotourism businesses to explore the diffusion process and identify key actors influencing eco-innovation diffusion and adoption. Although the social system is a key aspect of diffusion theory, it was found that the social system plays less of a role with knowledge awareness and persuasion to adopt eco-innovations more likely to be derived from an individual's internal drivers and environmental ethics, as opposed to external drivers such as opinion leaders and change agents.


title: The effect of national culture on corporate social responsibility in the hospitality industry
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 8
beginPage: 1728
endPage: 1758
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-08-2014-0415
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000386040700010
year: 2016
authors: Lee, S, Kang, KH, Yoo, C
docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to examine the effects of different dimensions of national culture on corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of hospitality firms, including lodging, casino and restaurant firms. Design/methodology/approach - This study performs a panel regression analysis to examine the effect of Hofstede's national culture dimensions on the total CSR score, positive CSR score and negative CSR of the sampled hospitality firms. The sample period spans fiscal years 1993 to 2011 and 365 firm-year observations are used for the study's analysis. Findings - This study finds a positive and significant effect of uncertainty avoidance on the total CSR score. Further, the study's results show a positive and significant effect of power distance both on positive and negative CSR scores, while individualism appears to have a negative and significant effect both on positive and negative CSR scores. Masculinity reveals a negative and significant effect on the positive CSR score. Research limitations/implications - Although the study's results may not be generalizable to private or non-hospitality firms, according to the findings, multinational hospitality firms are encouraged to conceive a CSR portfolio consisting of localized CSR strategies that consider the effects of national culture on CSR. Originality/value - This study contributes to the body of hospitality literature by filling the void regarding the relationship between national culture and CSR. At the same time, the findings of this study serve as guidelines for multinational hospitality firms' implementing CSR activities.


title: Exploring assumptions about cruise tourists' visits to ports
type: J
volume: 17
beginPage: 44
endPage: 49
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379245500005
year: 2016
authors: Larsen, S, Wolff, K
docAbstract:
This paper examines assumptions that cruise tourists spend more if opportunities arise, and are likely to return later and make positive recommendations about a destination. Using data collected in 2012 and 2013 from cruise passengers landing at Bergen, Norway - which data includes patterns of visitation, past and present, and expenditure estimates, a comparison is made between cruise and land based tourists. It was found that cruise tourists did not spend more when more opportunities arose, that cruise tourists had lower inclination to revisit a destination when compared to land based tourists, while no significant difference as to willingness to recommend the trip to others was observed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Moving towards "Slow Food", the new frontier of culinary innovation in India The Vedatya experience
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 444
endPage: 460
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-04-2016-0022
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393224300005
year: 2016
authors: Munjal, S, Sharma, S, Menon, P
docAbstract:
Purpose - The paper aims to research the current understanding of Slow Food in the Indian hospitality sector and to identify how the industry can embrace the concept and its sustainability. To begin, underpinnings are considered in relation to traditional, locally produced food for patrons that is actually "farm to fork" in terms of its delivery model as evidenced by backward integration in the supply of key ingredients. The economics of the backward integration is analysed to measure its impact on businesses' bottom-line in the context of an inflationary economy. Design/methodology/approach - Existing published literature is reviewed with reference to the "Slow Food movement" from both an international and Indian perspective. Vedatya's approach to sustainable culinary value chain creation and its applicability for industry adoption with an intent to offer Slow Food on commercial menus is documented and discussed. A round table discussion with key food and beverage leaders is also documented and analysed to establish the current state of awareness and readiness of the sector to offer "Slow Food" through an integrated supply chain in India. Findings - Slow Food as a concept is new to India; there is a huge shift in many parts of the world towards food that is fresh, traditional and drawn from locally available ingredients. This research shares Vedatya's experience in developing an integrated value chain that can provide a sustainable Slow Food model for the Indian hospitality and restaurant sector to deploy with a positive impact on profitability too. Research limitations/implications - There is need for more research to better understand the feasibility of hospitality businesses working on supply chain with backward integration, to offer "Slow Food" to consumers. While there seems to be a demand for traditional food, this paper does not research that aspect; further research is required to ascertain the potential demand for Slow Food in India. Practical implications - The popularity of Slow Food is global; however, the Indian hospitality sector is yet to warm up to this potential. The customer focus on healthy, traditional, fresh food opens an opportunity to innovate, and businesses that build capacity to offer real farm-to-fork menus can become market leaders and will reap bottom-line benefits through lower input costs because of supply chain integration. Originality/value - This paper is unique in terms of offering a discussion on the potential of Slow Food as the next realm of culinary innovation in India. It also adds value by sharing the Vedatya experience in terms of developing an integrated supply chain that facilitates the Slow Food offering in a farm-to-fork format. The model can be emulated by commercial hospitality businesses resulting in cost advantages and higher satisfaction levels of customers.


title: THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MUSEUMS: AN ITALIAN PERSPECTIVE
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 29
endPage: 46
doi: 10.20867/thm.22.1.6
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000413064600004
year: 2016
authors: Pencarelli, T, Cerquetti, M, Splendiani, S
docAbstract:
Purpose - The theme of sustainability in museums has not been sufficiently explored in the international literature on cultural heritage management as well as few museums are already involved in programs to promote sustainable development. Considering this gap, the purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, to provide a conceptual model applying the principles of sustainable development to the enhancement of cultural heritage and, secondly, to analyze the case of Marche Region. Design - After analysing the three dimensions of sustainability - environmental, social and economic - and their possible application to museum management, the research tested the theoretical assumptions through an exploratory qualitative/quantitative survey. Methodology - The structured questionnaire was submitted to a sample of museums and consisted of a wide range of questions, primarily, although not exclusively, quantitative, which examined both museum management and sustainability orientation. Approach - The analysis focused on two different dimensions: the first aimed at understanding the perception of sustainability and the value of its components, the second aimed at investigating museums' willingness and reasons to engage in concrete sustainability-oriented actions. Finding - The field research showed Marche Region's museums have a full awareness of the benefits of sustainable management. However, the lack of a managerial approach to the museums' development compromises their ability to transfer this orientation in operational policies. Originality of research - The paper provides a multidimensional model for measuring the level of museum sustainability, able to analyze cultural and behavioral components. This analysis identifies possible areas of intervention for regional policies aimed at improving sustainability orientation of museums.


title: Applying event leveraging using OGI data: a case study of Vancouver 2010
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 5
beginPage: 583
endPage: 599
doi: 10.1080/02614367.2014.986508
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000384425600005
year: 2016
authors: VanWynsberghe, R
docAbstract:
Although the topic of strategically leveraging the hosting of sport mega-events to achieve socioeconomic outcomes has received some academic attention, research has not systematically applied the theoretical model of event leveraging. The challenge of this paper is to review some of the assumptions of the current theoretical model while using secondary data from the Olympic Games Impact (OGI) study that has been conducted on the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. These data illustrate that, from the perspective of the host, the costs associated with leveraging far exceed the costs associated with hosting the Olympic Games. However, event leverage proves to be a complex process, in which it is nearly impossible to differentiate between impacts and outcomes, even when only government investments into infrastructure are illuminated. Therefore, a conceptual framework that links the sport mega-event with the context of the host is proposed and it is aimed at inviting and guiding future research by clearly assigning the responsibility of leveraging to host governments, with the involvement of other event stakeholders throughout the process.


title: Political challenges in community-based ecotourism
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 11
beginPage: 1555
endPage: 1568
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1125908
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000385814300005
year: 2016
authors: Wang, CC, Cater, C, Low, T
docAbstract:
This paper applies the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) to explore the development of ecotourism in a Taiwanese community after a major earthquake. The study employs interviews with different NGO groups and residents, participant-observation and documentary analysis. Through a political economy lens, the study examines the social and political influences on, and the social and political consequences of, ecotourism development. Results reveal insights into political elements of the community asset base, calling for its inclusion in the existing model. The paper illustrates the challenges of ecotourism development and recognises the importance of attention to differing values if it is to be considered as a sustainable livelihood option in vulnerable communities. In particular we critique the positions of both existing power structures and NGOs, often envisioned as experts in the tourism governance process. In this case the imposition of various political values led to failures in inclusivity, particularly in terms of goal setting, empowerment, leadership, organisational fragmentation and benefit sharing, all of which are important principles of sustainability. Greater attention to the political nature of community-based tourism through the revised SLA model could reduce the many documented cases of hosts being merely objects of development, rather than active subjects.


title: Participant crowding and physical contact rates of whale shark tours on Isla Holbox, Mexico
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 4
beginPage: 616
endPage: 636
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1071379
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373564400006
year: 2016
authors: Dearden, P, Rollins, R, Ziegler, JA
docAbstract:
Whale shark tourism is a growing niche market within the marine wildlife tourism sector. Increased visitation and declining whale shark numbers at some tourism sites worldwide raise questions over the long-term sustainability of this industry. This study examines the social and potential biological impacts of swim-with whale shark tourism on Isla Holbox, Mexico. A total of 397 tour participants completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding perceived crowding, reported encounters and encounter norms, as well as self-reported physical contact rates with whale sharks. Relatively high physical contact rates suggest that tourism may cause some harm to sharks. Users who encountered more swimmers than their norm felt significantly more crowded and were more likely to perceive the industry as having a negative impact on the sharks and surrounding environment. However, the results suggest that the number of boats in the whale shark viewing area may have a greater influence on crowding than number of swimmers. Management interventions to improve the sustainability of the industry include improved interpretation and guide intervention, achieving higher compliance with existing guidelines, and limiting the number of boats allowed in the whale shark viewing area.


title: Avoiding burnout: the succession planning, governance and resourcing of rural tourism festivals
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1298
endPage: 1317
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1037841
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362339600009
year: 2015
authors: Frost, W, Laing, J
docAbstract:
Small rural tourism festivals can struggle with governance issues, including succession planning and problems with leadership. This could be linked to several factors, including the largely voluntary composition of organising committees, lack of resources, or the stage the festival has reached in the event life cycle. Surprisingly, little research has explored these challenges, despite the ongoing viability of these festivals often being crucial for the socio-cultural and economic sustainability of local communities, attracting tourists and income, and providing social benefits. A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted, involving in-depth interviews with 13 organisers and stakeholders of 7 rural Australian festivals, together with background studies of the communities involved and their festivals. Findings highlight the different approaches taken by rural communities to manage the growing complexity of festival organisation, including finding new committee members and dealing with perceptions that these committees are not representative of the whole community. Issues of burnout were raised, linked to the increasingly onerous regulatory and administrative burden of managing and staging these events. This created a need for greater professional assistance, generally from local government: consideration is given to the pros and cons of this development. The paper provides a micro-study of wider community tourism governance issues.


title: Critical engagements with nature: tourism, political economy of nature and political ecology
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 505
endPage: 510
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2015.1074270
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000360457500001
year: 2015
authors: Mosedale, J
docAbstract:
This special issue has its origins in a session sponsored by the Geography of Leisure and Tourism Research Group at the Annual International Conference 2013 of the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). It aims to follow on from prior critical engagements with nature to provide a basis for further discussions of society-nature relationships. Tourism is often dependent on nature for consumption via the production of tourist experiences and is thus an important economic activity in the interplay between societies and nature in tourism/leisure. Both political economy and political ecology are suitable approaches for a critical engagement with nature. A political economy of nature is concerned with issues of relative power of social actors vis-a-vis nature and how they produce socio-natural environments, whereas political ecology adds a post-structural dimension by deconstructing society-nature relations and highlighting both discursive and material elements and create exclusive or inclusive spaces of socio-natural relationships. Although the majority of papers fall within a political economy of nature category, the introduction to this special issue will also briefly discuss post-structural political ecology. The aim is, therefore, to provide a critical analysis of the complex society-nature relationships in order to contribute to ongoing critical discussion.


type: J
volume: 56
issue: 3
beginPage: 237
endPage: 247
doi: 10.1177/1938965514525680
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000357697200002
year: 2015
authors: Baloglu, S, Jones, T
title:
Energy Efficiency Initiatives at Upscale and Luxury US Lodging Properties: Utilization, Awareness, and Concerns

docAbstract:
Energy costs in the lodging industry have been a focus for at least forty years, but the development of energy management programs and the employment of energy management systems have been uneven, at best. A 2011 study of ninety-nine managers of upscale and luxury hotels found that the operators were reticent to implement energy management programs that were excessively costly or might impair guest comfort. Thus, in-room sensors were suspect, and a substantial group of respondents were hesitant to install an electrical demand controller (or load shedder) for fear of interfering with guest satisfaction. These hotels also tended to use a short-term analysis that addressed raw cost and payback periods when considering an investment in energy saving equipment. A simple payback period of three years or less was favored over longer payback periods, even when a calculation of overall return on investment would have been favorable over the long term.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 4
beginPage: 618
endPage: 637
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.959967
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000350175400007
year: 2015
authors: Stumpf, TS, Swanger, N
title:
Tourism involvement-conformance theory: a grounded theory concerning the latent consequences of sustainable tourism policy shifts

docAbstract:
This study uses a grounded theory method to investigate the proposed tourism policy directions of three Pacific Island countries and to develop a set of theoretical insights referred to as tourism involvement-conformance theory (TICT). TICT underscores the potential latent consequences that can occur as tourism develops due to policy shifts which emphasize sustainability. More specifically, TICT suggests a number of conceptual linkages regarding how policy makers and development strategists envisage the internal and external forces of control as tourism develops, how these perceptions influence the specific positioning or policy mechanisms, and how these processes when they are couched in a sustainability framework can instrumentalize local people/culture. For those interested in the challenges associated with sustainable tourism policy and planning, the findings represent a step towards a more nuanced understanding of the potential consequences of development decisions and policy rhetoric. They also offer an advancement in understanding regarding culture, involvement, power, and conformity in tourism research. For practitioners, the findings highlight the need for careful consideration of the implicit power relationships and ideologies that can be reinforced through policies designed around increased local involvement as a means to sustainability.


title: The adoption and diffusion of pro-environmental stadium design
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 2
beginPage: 249
endPage: 269
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2014.995690
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000351159200005
year: 2015
authors: Kellison, TB, Hong, S
docAbstract:
Research question: Owners and architects face mounting pressure to incorporate environmentally sustainable features in new arenas, ballparks, and stadiums. In this study, we apply Rogers' diffusion-of-innovations framework to highlight the key influencers and factors contributing to the decision to adopt pro-environmental initiatives. Research method: We conducted interviews with 13 senior architects whose portfolios collectively contained over 25 eco-friendly sport facilities spanning Europe, Australia, Africa, and North America. The facilities discussed were used for a variety of leagues and events, including FIFA World Cup, the Olympic and Paralympic Games, college football and basketball, Major League Baseball (MLB), and the National Football League (NFL). The data were transcribed and analyzed following the open, axial, and selective coding sequence. Results and findings: The results of the study indicated that owners and quasi-owners reviewing green facility proposals considered the input of several groups, including the design firms, the media, political leaders, environmental activists, and local citizens. According to interviewees, the primary incentives for owners and quasi-owners to adopt sustainable designs were economic savings over the life of the facility, perception-management opportunities, and demonstration of their innovativeness. Finally, facility designers predicted the diffusion of pro-environmental sport facilities would continue in the immediate future. Implications: Innovation diffusion is driven by early adopters, who prioritize an innovation's relative advantage and compatibility over its complexity, lack of trialability, and lack of observability. Additionally, pro-environmental facilities are being used by organizations to demonstrate both environmental stewardship and their cultures of innovation. Future research should explore both the decision-making process and barriers to sustainable design adoption in further depth.


