# Affiliation

fullAffiliation:
[Svensson, Per G.; Seifried, Chad S.] Louisiana State Univ, Dept Kinesiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Addinsall, Cherise; Scherrer, Pascal; Weiler, Betty] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Business & Tourism Management, Lismore, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Addinsall, Cherise; Glencross, Kevin] Southern Cross Univ, Forestry Res Ctr, Lismore, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Boley, B. Bynum; Ayscue, Emily] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, NRRT, Athens, GA 30602 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Greenwood, Verity Anne] Macquarie Univ, Fac Business & Econ, Dept Accounting & Corp Governance, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Pizzitutti, Francesco; Gunter, Reck; Quiroga, Diego; Mena, Carlos F.] Galapagos Sci Ctr, Galapagos, Ecuador.


fullAffiliation:
[Pizzitutti, Francesco; Gunter, Reck; Quiroga, Diego; Mena, Carlos F.] Univ San Francisco Quito, Sch Biol & Environm Sci, Quito, Ecuador.


fullAffiliation:
[Walsh, Stephen J.] Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill, Dept Geog, Ctr Galapagos Studies, Chapel Hill, NC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Rindfuss, Ronald R.] Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill, Dept Sociol, Ctr Galapagos Studies, Chapel Hill, NC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Tippett, Rebecca] Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill, Carolina Populat Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung; Tu, Jin-Hua] Natl Chiayi Univ, Grad Inst Recreat Tourism & Hospitality Managemen, 580 Shin Ming Rd, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Yen, Chang-Hua] Natl Taichung Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Leisure & Recreat Management, 129 Sanmin Rd,Sec 3, Taichung 404, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Wang, Chih-Hung] Natl Taichung Univ Educ, Grad Program Sustainable Tourism & Recreat Manage, 140 Min Sheng Rd, Taichung 40306, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Liang, Ying-Wen] Jinwen Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Travel Management, 5F-1,72,Sec 1,Xing Long Rd, New Taipei, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Veiga, Celia; Santos, Margarida Custodio; Aguas, Paulo; Santos, Jose Antonio C.] Univ Algarve, Sch Management Hospitality & Tourism, Faro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Hanqin Qiu; Fan, Daisy X. F.; Tse, Tony S. M.; King, Brian] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Melissen, Frans; Koens, Ko; Brinkman, Marina; Smit, Bert] Breda Univ Appl Sci, Acad Hotel Management, Sibeliuslaan 13, NL-4837 CA Breda, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Shuying; Chan, Chung-Shing] Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Geog & Resource Management, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanks, Lydia; Line, Nathan; McGinley, Sean] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hospitality, 288 Champ Way,UCB 4114, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Lu] Michigan State Univ, Sch Hospitality Business, Eppley Ctr, Eli Broad Coll Business, 645 N Shaw Lane, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jones, Thomas Edward] Meiji Univ, Grad Sch Governance Studies, Chiyoda Ku, TA Jimbocho Bldg,Res Lab 501,1-1 Kanda Surugadai, Tokyo 1018301, Japan.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Cheng-Fei] Shih Chien Univ, Dept Mkt Management, 200 Univ Rd,Kaohsiung Campus, Neimen Shiang 845, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Medina-Munoz, Diego R.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Edificio Empresariales,Modulo C-3-04, Las Palmas De Gc 35017, Islas Canarias, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Medina-Munoz, Rita D.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Edificio Empresariales,Modulo C-2-14, Las Palmas De Gc 35017, Islas Canarias, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Sanchez-Medina, Agustin J.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Edificio Empresariales,Modulo C-2-21, Las Palmas De Gc 35017, Islas Canarias, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Bell, Heather L.; Gibson, Heather J.] Univ Florida, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hall, C. Michael] Univ Canterbury, Dept Management Mkt & Entrepreneurship, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Hall, C. Michael] Univ Johannesburg, Sch Tourism & Hospitality, Fac Management, Johannesburg, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Luo, Jian Ming; Li, Xi; Shen, Huawen] City Univ Macau, Fac Int Tourism & Management, Macau, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Auger, Denis] Univ Quebec Trois Rivieres, Dept Leisure Culture & Tourism Studies, Trois Rivieres, PQ, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Suntikul, Wantanee; Pratt, Stephen] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, 17 Sci Museum Rd, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Snyder, Stephanie A.; Campbell, Lindsay K.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Northern Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Zapalska, Alina M.; Zieser, Nicolas] US Coast Guard Acad, Dept Management, New London, CT 06320 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lupoli, Christopher A.; Morse, Wayde C.] Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kalargyrou, Valentini] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Hospitality Management, Peter T Paul Coll Business & Econ, 10 Garrison Ave, Durham, NH 03824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hussain, Kashif; Ragavan, Neethiahnanthan Ari] Taylors Univ, Sch Hosp Tourism & Culinary Arts, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Seungwon Shawn; Slocum, Sue] George Mason Univ, Tourism & Event Management, 10900 Univ Blvd,MS 4E5 BRH 222, Manassas, VA 20110 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Li, Hengyun; Goh, Carey] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Maxim, Cristina] London Metropolitan Univ, Cities Inst, Stapleton House 277-281 Holloway Rd, London N7 8HN, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Beckett Univ, Int Ctr Res Events Tourism & Hospitality, Sch Events Tourism & Hospitality, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Xu, Jing (Bill); Hui, Cato Ka Tung; Chan, Elaine A. H.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Profess Educ & Execut Dev, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[McMahon-Beattie, Una] Ulster Univ, Ulster Business Sch, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Mykletun, Reidar J.; Bartkeviciute, Monika; Puchkova, Yulia] Univ Stavanger, Norwegian Sch Hotel Management, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Ko, Yong Jae; Kim, Taeho] Univ Florida, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Rhee, Yong Chae] Washington State Univ, Dept Educ Leadership Sport Studies & Educ Counsel, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Eslaminosratabadi, Hadi] McMaster Univ, Michael G DeGroote Sch Business, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Farmaki, Anna] Univ Cent Lancashire Cyprus, Sch Business & Management, Hospitality & Tourism Management Programme, Larnax, Cyprus.


fullAffiliation:
[Sandve, Anethe; Ogaard, Torvald] Univ Stavanger, Norwegian Sch Hotel Management, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Holden, Andrew] Univ Bedfordshire, Inst Tourism Res INTOUR, Hitchin Rd, Luton LU2 8LE, Beds, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Robinson, Jillian; O'Connor, Noelle] Limerick Inst Technol, Sch Business & Humanities, Limerick, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Strick, Sandy] Univ South Carolina, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Yuan, Yulan Y.] Jinwen Univ Sci & Technol, Grad Inst Hospitality & Tourism Management, New Taipei, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Alonso, Abel Duarte; Bresan, Alesandro; O'Shea, Michelle; Krajsic, Vlad] Univ Western Sydney, Sch Business, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2571, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Moital, Miguel; Whitfield, Julie; Jackson, Caroline] Bournemouth Univ, Sch Tourism, Poole BH12 5BB, Dorset, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Sullivan, Laura E.; Kuehn, Diane M.] SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Morais, Duarte B.] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Thapa, Brijesh] Univ Florida, Eric Friedheim Tourism Inst, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bricker, Kelly S.; Schultz, Jeremy] Univ Utah, 1901 E South Campus Dr,Annex Room 1070, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Scherrer, Pascal] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Wu, Yuefang; Xu, Honggang] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Ctr Tourism Planning & Res, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Mckercher, Bob] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Van Goeverden, Cees D.] Delft Univ Technol, Fac Civil Engn & Geosci, Transport & Planning Dept, Delft, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Pearson, Diane] Charles Darwin Univ, Fac Educ Hlth & Sci, Sch Environm & Life Sci, Trop Spatial Sci Grp, Darwin, NT, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Yan, Jiong; Marggraf, Rainer] Georg August Univ Gottingen, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev, Environm & Resource Econ, Pl Gottinger Sieben 5, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Barkmann, Jan] Georg August Univ Gottingen, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Dev, Environm & Resource Econ Grp, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Zschiegner, Anne-Kathrin] Univ Exeter, Sch Business & Econ, Streatham Court, Exeter EX4 4PU, Devon, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Alipour, Habib; Altinay, Mehmet; Hussain, Kashif; Sheikhani, Nazita] Eastern Mediterranean Univ, TRNC, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Via Mersin 10, Gazimagusa, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Alves, Ines; Ramires, Catarina; Subtil, Rui] Univ Algarve, Fac Marine & Environm Sci, P-8000 Faro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Krozer, Yoram; Christensen-Redzepovic, Else] Netherlands Tech Univ, Cartesius Inst, Inst Sustainable Innovat, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Leberman, Sarah I.] Massey Univ, Dept Management, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Roberts, Sherma] Buckinghamshire Chilterns Univ Coll, Fac Leisure & Tourism, Kingshill Rd, High Wycombe HP8 4AD, Bucks, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Seraphin, Hugues] Univ Winchester, Dept Mkt Event Management & Project Management, Winchester, Hants, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David; Tang, Chuanzhong; Shi, Fangfang; Huang, Ming-Feng] Dongbei Univ Finance & Econ, 217 Jian Shan St, Dalian 116025, Liaoning, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Burns, Kevin] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Tourism & Hotel Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, Eric S. W.; Chan, Wilco] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Tegegne, Wondowossen Anteneh; Moyle, Brent D.; Becken, Susanne] Griffith Univ, Griffith Inst Tourism, Nathan, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Huang, Chin-wei] Kainan Univ, Dept Business & Entrepreneurial Management, 1 Kainan Rd, Taoyuan 338, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Peachey, Jon Welty; Shin, Nari; Fusaro, Bruno] Univ Illinois, Dept Recreat Sport & Tourism, Huff Hall 104,MC-584, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Batle, Julio; Orfila-Sintes, Francina] Univ Balearic Isl, Business Econ Dept, Km 7-5, Palma De Mallorca 07122, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Turk, Ercan Sirakaya] Univ South Carolina, Coll Hospitality Retail & Sport Management, Columbia, SC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Woosnam, Kyle M.] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism program, Athens, GA 30602 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Boley, B. Bynum] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Nat Resources Recreat & Tourism, Athens, GA 30602 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Larson, Lincoln R.] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Usher, Lindsay E.] Old Dominion Univ, Pk Recreat & Tourism Studies, Human Movement Sci Dept, Norfolk, VA USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Luu Trong Tuan (Tuan Luu)] Swinburne Univ Technol, Swinburne Business Sch, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Croy, W. Glen; Cox, Julie Wolfram] Monash Univ, Monash Business Sch, Dept Management, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Moyle, Char-lee J.] Queensland Univ Technol, Australian Ctr Entrepreneurship Res, QUT Business Sch, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Moyle, Brent D.; Chai, Andreas; Bec, Alexandra] Griffith Univ, Griffith Inst Tourism, Griffith Business Sch, Gold Coast, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hales, Robert] Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Griffith Ctr Sustainable Enterprise, Nathan, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Banhalmi-Zakar, Zsuzsa] James Cook Univ, Coll Sci & Engn, Environm Sci & Management, Townsville, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Andres Dominguez-Gomez, J.; Gonzalez-Gomez, Teresa] Univ Huelva Spain, Fac Social Work, Dept Sociol & Social Work, Campus El Carmen,Avda Tres Marzo S-N, Huelva 21071, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Serra, Joan; Font, Xavier; Ivanova, Milka] Leeds Beckett Univ, Int Ctr Res Tourism & Hospitality, Leeds LS6 3QW, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Sanchez-Galiano, Juan-Carlos; Marti-Ciriquian, Pablo] Univ Alicante, Bldg Sci & Urbanism Dept, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig S-N, Alicante 03690, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Fernandez-Aracil, Patricia] Univ Alicante, Univ Inst Water & Environm Sci, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig S-N, Alicante 03690, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Munoz, Julio R.; Humbracht, Michael] Univ Surrey, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Guildford, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Segota, Tina; Mihalic, Tanja; Kuscer, Kir] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Econ, Kardeljeva Ploscad 17, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.


fullAffiliation:
[Li, Yaoqi] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Tourism Management, 135 Xingang West Rd, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Fang, Shujie] Jinan Univ, Management Sch, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Huan, Tzung-Cheng T. C.] Natl Chung Hsing Univ, Grad Inst Sports & Hlth Management, 145 Xingda Rd, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Ting, Ding Hooi] Univ Teknol PETRONAS, Dept Management & Humanities, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sadd, Debbie] Bournemouth Univ, Fac Management, Dorset House,Talbot Campus, Poole BH12 5BB, Dorset, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Xu, Xun] Calif State Univ Stanislaus, Coll Business Adm, Dept Management Operat & Mkt, Turlock, CA 95382 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gursoy, Dogan] Washington State Univ, Coll Business, Sch Hospitality Business Management, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Mattila, Anna S.] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, Lodging Management, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Addinsall, Cherise; Weiler, Betty; Scherrer, Pascal] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Business & Tourism Management, Lismore, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Bueddefeld, Jill N. H.] Univ Manitoba, Clayton H Riddell Fac Environm Earth & Resources, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Carr, Neil; Hayes, Stu] Univ Otago, Dept Tourism, 4th Floor,Commerce Bldg,POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, Eric S. W.; Chan, Wilco] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, 17 Sci Museum Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Della Corte, Valentina; D'Andrea, Chiara; Savastano, Iris; Zamparelli, Pina] Univ Federico Naples II, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Dillette, Alana K.] San Diego State Univ, L Robert Payne Sch Hospitality & Tourism Manageme, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Douglas, Alecia C.; Martin, David S.; O'Neill, Martin] Auburn Univ, Dept Nutr Dietet & Hospitality Management, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gregory-Smith, Diana] Univ Birmingham, Birmingham Business Sch, Mkt, Birmingham, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Wells, Victoria K.] Univ Sheffield, Sch Management, Mkt & Consumer Behav, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Kantar, Sandra; Svrznjak, Kristina] Krizevci Coll Agr, Milislava Demerca 1, Krizhevci 48260, Croatia.


fullAffiliation:
[Khazaei, Anahita; Elliot, Statia; Joppe, Marion] Univ Guelph, Sch Hospitality Food & Tourism Management, Guelph, ON, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Joon K.; Hull, Kevin] Univ South Carolina, Sch Journalism & Mass Commun, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Liang, Austin Rong-Da] Natl Kaohsiung Univ Hospitality & Tourism, Dept Leisure & Recreat Management, 1 Songhe Rd, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Lo, Ada; King, Brian; Mackenzie, Murray] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Musa, Ghazali; Najmin, Shahrul; Taha, Azni Zarina] Univ Malaya, Dept Business Strategy & Policy, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ponnapureddy, Sindhuri; Priskin, Julianna; Ohnmacht, Timo] Univ Appl Sci & Arts Lucerne, Inst Tourism, Lucerne Sch Business, Luzern, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Vinzenz, Friederike; Wirth, Werner] Univ Zurich, IPMZ, Inst Mass Commun & Media Res, Media Psychol & Effects, Zurich, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Postma, Albert] Stenden Univ Appl Sci, Appl Sci, European Tourism Futures Inst, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Cavagnaro, Elena] Stenden Univ Appl Sci, Sustainabil Hospitality & Tourism, Acad Int Hospitality Res, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Vidon, Elizabeth S.] SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Environm Studies, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Xiao, Qu] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, 17 Sci Museum Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Heo, Cindy Yoonjoung] Ecole Hoteliere Lausanne, Route Cojonnex 18, CH-1000 Lausanne 25, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Joseph S.; Chen, Ya-Ling] Indiana Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Studies, 1025 E 7th St, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Nichols, Bridget Satinover; Cobbs, Joe; Raska, David] Northern Kentucky Univ, Dept Mkt Sports Business & Construct Management, Highland Hts, KY 41099 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Suntikul, Wantanee] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Collison, Holly] Loughborough Univ Technol, Sch Sport Exercise & Hlth Sci, Loughborough, Leics, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Howe, P. David] Loughborough Univ Technol, Social Anthropol Sport Sch Sport Exercise & Hlth, Loughborough, Leics, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Pyke, Joanne; De lacy, Terry; Law, Alexandra; Jiang, Min] Victoria Univ, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[d'Angella, Francesca; De Carlo, Manuela] IULM Univ, Ist Econ & Mkt, Via Carlo Bo 1, I-20143 Milan, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Ahebwa, Wilber M.; Nyakaana, Jockey B.] Makerere Univ, Dept Forestry Biodivers & Tourism, POB 7062, Kampala, Uganda.


fullAffiliation:
[Buultjens, Jeremy] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Business & Tourism, POB 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ratnayke, Iraj; Gnanapala, Athula] Sabaragamuwa Univ Sri Lanka, Dept Tourism Management, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka.


fullAffiliation:
[Tay, Kai Xin; Chan, Jennifer Kim Lian] Univ Malaysia Sabah, Fac Business Econ & Accountancy, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Vogt, Christine A.] Arizona State Univ, Coll Publ Serv & Community Solut, Sch Community Resource & Dev, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Mohamed, Badaruddin] Univ Sci Malaysia, Sustainable Tourism Res Cluster, Usm 11800, Penang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Moscardo, Gianna; Murphy, Laurie] James Cook Univ, Coll Business Law & Governance, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Onder, Irem; Brasoveanu, Adrian M. P.; Scharl, Arno] MODUL Univ Vienna, Kahlenberg 1, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.


fullAffiliation:
[Sakdiyakorn, Malinvisa; Sivarak, Ornlatcha] Mahidol Univ, Mahidol Univ Int Coll, Business Adm Div, Phutthamonthon 73170, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[McLoughlin, Emmet; Hanrahan, James] Inst Technol, Sch Business & Social Sci, Dept Mkt Tourism & Sport, Sligo, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Coknaz, Dilsad; Sonmezoglu, Ugur; Eskicioglu, Yeser] Abant Izzet Baysal Univ, Sport Management Dept, Bolu, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanrahan, James; Maguire, Kelly] Inst Technol, Sch Business & Social Sci, Dept Mkt Tourism & Sport, Ash Lane,Ballinode Rd, Sligo F91 YW50, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Juvan, Emil; Ring, Amata; Dolnicar, Sara] Univ Queensland, UQ Business Sch, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Wang, Chih-Hung] Natl Taichung Univ Educ, Grad Programme Sustainable Tourism & Recreat Mana, Taichung, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung; Tu, Jin-Hua] Natl Chiayi Univ, Dept Mkt & Tourism Management, Chiayi, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Yen, Chang-Hua] Natl Taichung Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Leisure & Recreat Management, Taichung, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Lopez-Gamero, Maria D.; Pertusa-Ortega, Eva M.; Molina-Azorin, Jose F.; Tari-Guillo, Juan J.; Pereira-Moliner, Jorge] Univ Alicante, Business Management Dept, San Vicente del Raspeig Campus, Alicante, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Manton, Richard; Clifford, Eoghan] NUI Galway, Coll Engn & Informat, Dept Civil Engn, Galway, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Segota, Tina; Cvelbar, Ljubica Knezevic; Kuscer, Kir] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Econ, Ljubljana, Slovenia.


fullAffiliation:
[Milder, Jeffrey C.; Newsom, Deanna] Rainforest Alliance, Evaluat & Res Program, New York, NY 10279 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Scholtz, Marco] North West Univ, Tourism Res Econ Environs & Soc, Box 204,Private Bag X6001,11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Slabbert, Elmarie] North West Univ, Sch Business Management, Box 204,Private Bag X6001,11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Thomas, Stuart; Potts, Jason] RMIT Univ, Coll Business, Dept Econ Finance & Mkt, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David B.] Griffith Univ, Sport & Hotel Management, Dept Tourism, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Gatt, Kevin; Schranz, Celine] Univ Malta, Fac Built Environm, Dept Spatial Planning & Infrastruct, MSD-2080 Msida, Malta.


fullAffiliation:
[Tirasattayapitak, Sukhwan] Prince Songkla Univ, Fac Hospitality & Tourism, Tourism Management, Phuket 83120, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Chaiyasain, Chainun] Prince Songkla Univ, Fac Hospitality & Tourism, Hospitality Management, Phuket 83120, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Beeton, R. J. S.] Univ Queensland, Sch Geog Planning & Environm Management, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Boley, B. Bynum] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, NRRT, 180 East Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Douvis, John; Kyriakis, Vaios; Kriemadis, Athanasios; Vrondou, Ourania] Univ Peloponnese, Dept Sport Management, Sparta, Greece.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanrahan, James] Inst Technol Sligo, Sch Business & Social Sci, Dept Mkt Tourism & Sport, Tourism Programme Chair, Sligo, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[McLoughlin, Emmet] Inst Technol Sligo, Sch Business & Social Sci, Dept Mkt Tourism & Sport, Sligo, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Marzuki, Azizan; Mohamad, Diana; Jaafar, Mastura] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Housing Bldg & Planning, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Marzuki, Azizan] Flinders Univ S Australia, Fac Educ Humanities & Law, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hamzah, Amran] Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Built Environm, Ctr Innovat Planning & Dev CIPD, Skudai, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ozdemir, Gozde; Yilmaz, Merve; Yalcin, Mihrap; Alvarez, Maria D.] Bogazici Univ, Dept Tourism Adm, Hisar Kampus,Bebek, TR-34342 Istanbul, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Presenza, Angelo] Univ G dAnnunzio, Business & Management Adm, Viale Pindaro 42, I-65127 Pescara, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Andrade, Amalina; Wolf, Natalie; Tan, Rebecca] Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Management, Wellington, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Bagheri, Javad Shahlaee] Allameh Tabatabai Univ, Fac Phys Educ & Sport Sci, Dept Sport Management, Tehran, Iran.


fullAffiliation:
[Frleta, Daniela Soldic] Fac Tourism & Hospitality Management Opatija, Primorska 42,POB 97, Opatija 51410, Croatia.


fullAffiliation:
[Duran, Erol; Hamarat, Bahattin] Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, Sch Tourism & Hotel Management, Canakkale, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Kline, Carol] East Carolina Univ, Ctr Sustainable Tourism, Dept Recreat & Leisure Studies, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Almunawar, Mohammad Nabil; Susanto, Heru; Anshari, Muhammad] Univ Brunei Darussalam, Fac Business Econ & Policy Studies, Gadong, Brunei.


fullAffiliation:
[Henderson, Joan; Liew, Geraldine; Ong, Jonathan; Quek, Benjamin] Nanyang Technol Univ, Nanyang Business Sch, Singapore 639798, Singapore.


fullAffiliation:
[Korstanje, Maximiliano E.] Univ Palermo, Fac Ciencias Econ & CENCAP, Ctr Ciencias Adm, Palermo, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Nair, Vikneswaran; Hussain, Kashif] Taylors Univ, Sch Hospitality Tourism & Culinary Arts, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David; Davidson, Michael C. G.; Lawton, Laura; Patiar, Anoop; Reid, Sacha; Johnston, Nicole] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Nathan Campus,170 Kessels Rd, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Darlow, Susan; Essex, Stephen; Brayshay, Mark] Univ Plymouth, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Plymouth, Devon, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Shakeela, Aishath] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Dragicevic, Vanja; Stankov, Ugljesa; Armenski, Tanja; Stetic, Snezana] Univ Novi Sad, Fac Sci, Dept Geog Tourism & Hotel Management, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia.


fullAffiliation:
[Catibog-Sinha, Corazon] Univ Western Sydney, Social Sci, Kingswood Campus,PG 14, Penrith, NSW 1797, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[La Lopa, Joseph 'Mick'; Day, Jonathon] Purdue Univ, Dept Hosp & Tourism Management, 700 West State St,Room 103, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Agrusa, Wendy; Host, Tanya; Agrusa, Jerome] Hawaii Pacific Univ, Travel Ind Management, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Johnson, Patricia] Newcastle Business Sch, Tourism Management & Cultural Tourism, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Martinez, Emmanuelle; Orams, Mark Bryan; Stockin, Karen Ann] Massey Univ, Inst Nat Sci, Coastal Marine Res Grp, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore, Msc, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Martinez, Emmanuelle; Orams, Mark Bryan] AUT Univ, New Zealand Tourism Res Inst, Auckland, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Alves, Simone; de Hilal, Adriana Victoria G.] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Coppead Grad Sch Business, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.


fullAffiliation:
[Aguirre G, Juan A.] Univ Latinoamer Ciencia & Tecnol, Fac Ciencias Empresariales, San Jose, Costa Rica.


fullAffiliation:
[Bartolome, Ana] UIB, Dept Appl Econ, Edificio GM Jovellanos,Campus Univ, Palma De Mallorca 07122, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Hawkins, Donald E.] George Washington Univ, Tourism Policy, Sch Business, Washington, DC 20052 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Alonso, Abel Duarte] Auburn Univ, Hotel & Restaurant Management, 328B Spidle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Reddy, Maharaj Vijay] Bournemouth Univ, Sch Serv Management, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Chiu, Lai Har Rebecca] Univ Hong Kong, Ctr Urban Planning & Environm Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Alipour, Habib; Dizdarevic, Lejla] Eastern Mediterranean Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, TRNC, Via Mersin 10, Gazimagusa, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Billington, Robert; Cadoppi, Veronica; Carter, Natalie] Blackstone Valley Tourism Council Inc, Sustainable Tourism Planning & Dev Lab, 175 Main St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gruen, Bettina] Johannes Kepler Univ Linz, Dept Appl Stat, Altenbergerstr 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Tsung Hung] Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Leisure & Exercise Studies, 123,Sect 3,Univ Rd, Touliu, Yunlin, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Filimonau, Viachaslau; Krivcova, Marija; Pettit, Frederica] Bournemouth Univ, Fac Management, Talbot Campus, Poole BH12 5BB, Dorset, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Aarstad, Jade; Kvitastein, Olav Andreas] Western Norway Univ Appl Sci, POB 7030, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Tan, Siow-Kian; Tan, Siow-Hooi; Kok, Yon-Sin; Choon, Shay-Wei] Multimedia Univ, Fac Management, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Jamie M.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Spatial Econ, Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Li-Cheng] Tajen Univ Technol, Dept Hospitality Management, 20 Weixin Rd, Yanpu Township 90741, Pingtung County, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Sainaghi, Ruggero; Mauri, Aurelio] IULM Univ, Dept Business Law Econ & Consumer Behav, Via Carlo Bo 1, I-20143 Milan, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Blasco Lopez, Maria Francisca; Recuero Virto, Nuria; Garcia-Madariaga Miranda, Jesus] Univ Complutense Madrid, Management & Mkt Dept, Fac CC Econ & Empresariales, Campus Somosaguas Pabellon 6 Las Caracolas, Madrid 28223, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Aldas Manzano, Joaquin] Univ Valencia, Mkt Dept, Sch Econ, Ave Naranjos S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Okumus, Bendegul; Ozturk, Ahmet Bulent] Univ Cent Florida, Rosen Coll Hospitality Management, Orlando, FL 32819 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ali, Faizan] Univ South Florida Sarasota Manatee, Coll Hospitality & Tourism Leadership, 8350 N Tamiami Trail, Sarasota, FL 34243 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Armenski, Tanja; Pavlukovic, Vanja] Univ Novi Sad, Dept Geog Tourism & Hotel Management, Fac Sci, Dositeja Obradovica Sq 3, Novi Sad 21000, Vojvodina, Serbia.


fullAffiliation:
[Cavagnaro, Elena] NHL Stenden Univ Appl Sci, Sustainabil Hospitality & Tourism, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Garau-Vadell, Joan B.] Univ Balearic Isl, Carretera Valldemossa Km 7,2, Palma De Mallorca 07122, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Gutierrez-Tano, Desiderio; Diaz-Armas, Ricardo] Univ La Laguna, Campus Guajara, Tenerife 38071, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Line, Nathaniel D.; Hanks, Lydia] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hospitality, B4113 Univ Ctr,288 Champ Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Choong-Ki; Kim, Jinok Susanna] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, 26 Kyungheedae Ro, Seoul 02447, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Jungsun (Sunny)] Univ Nevada, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, 4505 Maryland Pkwy,Box 456013, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Yu, Chia-Yuan] Univ Cent Florida, Coll Hlth & Publ Affairs, Sch Publ Adm, 4364 Scorpius St,HPA II Room 238H, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Farrington, Thomas; Antony, Jiju] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Social Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[O'Gorman, Kevin D.] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Social Sci, Management & Business Hist, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[O'Gorman, Kevin D.] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Social Sci, Internationalisat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Higgins-Desbiolles, Freya] Univ South Australia, Sch Management, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hsiao, Teng-Yuan] Natl Kaohsiung Univ Hospitality & Tourism, Dept Leisure & Recreat Management, 1 Songhe Rd, Kaohsiung 81271, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Jamal, Tazim] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Sci, 600 John Kimbrough Blvd,409M AGLS, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kallmuenzer, Andreas; Peters, Mike; Zanon, Johanna] Univ Innsbruck, Dept Strateg Management Mkt & Tourism, Innsbruck, Austria.


fullAffiliation:
[Uysal, Muzaffer] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Isenberg Sch ofManagement, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Prideaux, Bruce] Cent Queensland Univ, Ctr Tourism & Reg Opportun, Cairns Campus, Cairns, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Stainton, Hayley] Buckinghamshire New Univ, Design Media & Management, High Wycombe, Bucks, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Stainton, Hayley] Buckinghamshire New Univ, High Wycombe Campus,Queen Alexandra Rd, High Wycombe HP11 2JZ, Bucks, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Reid, Sacha; Patiar, Anoop] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Chirieleison, Cecilia; Scrucca, Luca] Univ Perugia, Dept Econ, Via Pascoli N 2, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Holcomb, Judy L.] St Leo Univ, Dept Int Tourism & Hospitality Management, 6665 SR 52, St Leo, FL 33574 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Thomas-Francois, Kimberly; von Massow, Michael; Joppe, Marion] Univ Guelph, Sch Hospitality Food & Tourism Management, Coll Business & Econ, Macdonald Steward Hall, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Giebelhausen, Michael; Chun, HaeEun Helen] Cornell Univ, Sch Hotel Adm, Serv Mkt, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Djaballah, Mathieu; Hautbois, Christopher; Desbordes, Michel] Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, CIAMS, F-91405 Orsay, France.


fullAffiliation:
[Djaballah, Mathieu; Hautbois, Christopher; Desbordes, Michel] Univ Orleans, CIAMS, F-45067 Orleans, France.


fullAffiliation:
[Romolini, Alberto] Int Telemat Univ UNINETTUNO, Fac Econ, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 2,39, I-00186 Rome, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Fissi, Silvia; Gori, Elena] Univ Florence, Dept Business & Econ, Via Pandette 9, I-50127 Florence, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Casper, Jonathan M.] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[McCullough, Brian P.] Seattle Univ, Sport Adm & Leadership Program, Sport Sustainabil Leadership Certificate, Seattle, WA 98122 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Nair, Vikneswaran] Taylors Univ, Sch Hospitality Tourism & Culinary Arts, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[May, Anthony] Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Dept Hist Polit & Philosophy, Manchester, Lancs, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Stanford, Davina] Leeds Beckett Univ, Int Ctr Res Events Tourism & Hospital, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Barrera-Fernandez, Daniel; Hernandez-Escampa, Marco] Autonomous Univ Oaxaca Benito Juarez, Fac Architecture CU, Oaxaca De Juarez, Mexico.


fullAffiliation:
[Chang, Sharon] Goodman Arts Ctr, Natl Arts Council, 90 Goodman Rd,Block A 01-01, Singapore 439053, Singapore.


fullAffiliation:
[Alsemgeest, Rachael; O'Reilly-Schwass, Samuel; Davey, Howard] Univ Waikato, Dept Accounting, Management Sch, Hamilton, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Geurts, Sabine] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Behav Sci Inst, Dept Work & Org Psychol, Nijmegen, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Kinnunen, Ulla; Korpela, Kalevi] Univ Tampere, Sch Social Sci & Humanities, Psychol, Tampere, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[de lange, Deborah] Ryerson Univ, Ted Rogers Sch Management, Dept Global Management Studies, Toronto, ON, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Garay, Lluis; Miquel Gomis, Joan; Gonzalez, Francesc] Univ Oberta Catalunya, Econ & Business Dept, Avinguda Tibidabo, Barcelona 08035, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Ghanem, Marwa; Elgammal, Islam] Suez Canal Univ, Fac Tourism & Hotels, Tourism Studies Dept, 4-5 Km Ring Rd, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.


fullAffiliation:
[Prayag, Girish] Univ Canterbury, Dept Management Mkt & Entrepreneurship, Christchurch, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Gu, Huimin] Beijing Int Studies Univ, Sch Tourism Management, Sch Hospitality Management, Beijing, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Hampson, Daniel P.] Univ Manchester, Alliance Manchester Business Sch, Dept Mkt, Mkt, Manchester, Lancs, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Martins, Marcio Ribeiro; Costa, Rui Augusto] Univ Aveiro, GOVCOPP, Dept Econ Management Ind Engn & Tourism DEGEIT, Campus Univ Santiago, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[McGinley, Sean P.; Hanks, Lydia; Line, Nathaniel D.] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hospitality, 288 Champ Way,UCB 4111, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Frost, Warwick; Laing, Jennifer] La Trobe Univ, Dept Management Sport & Tourism, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Meekes, Jasper F.] Univ Groningen, Fac Spatial Sci, Dept Spatial Planning & Environm, Groningen, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[de Roo, Gert] Univ Groningen, Fac Spatial Sci, Dept Spatial Planning & Environm, Groningen, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Buda, Dorina M.] Leeds Beckett Univ, Sch Events Tourism & Hospitality, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Pawson, Simon; D'Arcy, Paul] Australian Natl Univ, Dept Culture Hist & Language, Coll Asia & Pacific, Canberra, ACT, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Harrill, Rich; Dipietro, Robin B.] Univ South Carolina, Coll Hospitality Retail & Sport Management, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Pratt, Stephen; Mackenzie, Murray; Sutton, Jonathon Lockwood] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Tavakoli, Rokhshad; Mura, Paolo; Rajaratnam, Sushila Devi] Taylors Univ Lakeside Campus, Sch Hospitality Tourism & Culinary Arts, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Watanabe, Nicholas] Univ Mississippi, Dept Hlth Exercise Sci & Recreat Management, Oxford, MS 38677 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Werner, Kim; Griese, Kai-Michael] Univ Appl Sci, Hsch Osnabruck, Fac Business Management & Social Sci, Caprivistr 30a, D-49076 Osnabruck, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Yoon, Donghwan] Penn State Univ, Hospitality Management, Div Engn Business & Comp, Reading, PA USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Zizka, Laura] Univ Appl Sci Western Switzerland, HES SO, Ecole Hoteliere Lausanne, Delemont, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Rylance, Andrew; Spenceley, Anna] Univ Johannesburg, Sch Tourism & Hospitality, Johannesburg, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Conklin, Martha; Bordi, Peter; Cranage, David] Penn State Univ, Sch Hosp Management, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Povilanskas, Ramunas; Armaitiene, Ausrine; Jurkus, Egidijus] Klaipeda Univ, Dept Recreat & Tourism, Klaipeda, Lithuania.


fullAffiliation:
[Rubright, Heather] East Carolina Univ, Ctr Sustainabil, Rivers Bldg RW 208, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kline, Carol] Appalachian State Univ, Hospitality & Tourism Management, 4078 Peacock Hall, Boone, NC 28608 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Viren, Paige P.] East Carolina Univ, Dept Recreat & Leisure Studies, 1408 Carol Belk Bldg, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Oliver, Jason] East Carolina Univ, Dept Mkt & Supply Chain Management, 3104 Bate Bldg, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jackson, Steven] Southampton Solent Univ, Fac Business Sport & Enterprise, East Pk Terrace, Southampton SO14 2RH, Hants, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Joo, Soyoung; Koo, Jakeun; Fink, Janet S.] Univ Massachusetts, Isenberg Sch Management, Mark H McCormack Dept Sport Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Banki, Mohammed Bala; Ismail, Hairul Nizam] Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Built Environm, Ctr Innovat Planning & Dev, Skudai 81310, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Banki, Mohammed Bala] Fed Univ Technol Minna, Sch Environm Technol, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, PMB 65, Ihiagwa, Nigeria.


fullAffiliation:
[Muhammad, Isa Bala] Univ Teknol Malaysia, Fac Built Environm, Dept Landscape Architecture, Skudai 81310, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Mosammam, Hassan Mohammadian; Nia, Jamileh Tavakoli] Shahid Beheshti Univ, Dept Geog & Urban Planning, Tehran, Iran.


fullAffiliation:
[Stinnett, Brad; Gibson, Fred] Western Kentucky Univ, Sch Kinesiol Recreat & Sport, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bonn, Mark A.] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hospitality, Serv Management, Coll Business, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hallo, Jeffrey C.; Backman, Sheila J.; Norman, William C.] Clemson Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Clemson, SC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bowers, Jared] Newcastle Univ, Int Ctr Culture & Heritage Studies, Sch Arts & Cultures, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Caber, Meltem] Akdeniz Univ, Tourism Guidance Programme, Tourism Fac, Dumlupinar Blvd, TR-07058 Antalya, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Carbone, Fabio] Coventry Univ, Sch Mkt & Management, Fac Business & Law, Coventry, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Carbone, Fabio] Univ Aveiro, Res Unit, GOVCOPP Governance Competit & Publ Policie, Aveiro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[d'Hauteserre, Anne-Marie] Univ Waikato, Sch Social Sci, Tourism Program, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[da Cruz Albuquerque, Helena Claudia; Pedrosa Ferreira Martins, Filomena Maria Cardoso] Univ Aveiro, Dept Environm & Planning, Campus Univ Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[de Assuncao Raposo, Rui Manuel; dos Santos Beca Pereira, Pedro Miguel; Dias, Paulo] Univ Aveiro, Dept Commun & Art, Aveiro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Tomas Galiza Cardoso, Luis Manuel] Univ Aveiro, Assoc Profess Training & Res Univ Aveiro UNAVE, Aveiro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Havard, Cody T.] Univ Memphis, Kemmons Wilson Sch Hospitality & Resort Managemen, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jung, Shinyong; Kim, Yen-Soon] Univ Nevada Las Vegas, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kucukusta, Deniz; Guillet, Basak Denizci; Chan, Ho Ling] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Kukanja, Marko; Planinc, Tanja; Suligoj, Metod] Univ Primorska, Fac Tourism Studies, Turistica, Portoroz, Slovenia.


fullAffiliation:
[MacDonald, Edith; Gavin, Michael] Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Geog Environm & Earth Sci, POB 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[McNicol, Barbara] Fac Sci & Technol, Inst Environm Sustainabil, 4825 Mt Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T4C 1K2, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Mercedes Garcia-Cabrera, Antonia; Maria Suarez-Ortega, Sonia] ULPGC, Edificio Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Oshimi, Daichi; Harada, Munehiko] Waseda Univ, Fac Sport Sci, Room 411 79 3-4-1 Higashifushimi Nishitoky, Tokyo 2020021, Japan.


fullAffiliation:
[van der Veeken, Suzanne; Klint, Louise Munk; Law, Alexandra; Jiang, Min; de Lacy, Terry] Victoria Univ, Coll Business, Major Events & Tourism Res Unit, Melbourne, Vic 8001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Calgaro, Emma; Jiang, Min; Dominey-Howes, Dale] Univ Sydney, Sch Geosci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Cuellar-Molina, Deybbi; Mercedes Garcia-Cabrera, Antonia] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Parsa, H. G.] Univ Denver, Daniels Coll Business, Fritz Knoebel Sch Hosp Management, Denver, CO USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, Wilco; Au, Norman] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Wang, Honglei; Yao, Yang; Jiang, Yiqiang] Harbin Inst Technol, Inst Heat Pump & Air Conditioning Technol, Harbin 150006, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Carvalhinho, Luis] Polytech Inst Santarem, Outdoor Act & Sport Tourism, Sport Sci Sch Rio Maior, Santarem, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Krajinovic, Vanja] Univ Zagreb, Fac Econ & Business, Dept Tourism, JF Kennedy Sq 6, Zagreb, Croatia.


fullAffiliation:
[Moisescu, Ovidiu, I] Babes Bolyai Univ Cluj Napoca, Str Teodor Mihali 58-60, Cluj Napoca 400591, Romania.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanrahan, James] Inst Technol Sligo, Sch Business & Social Sci, Dept Mkt Tourism & Sport, Tourism Program Chair, Ash Ln F91 YW50, Sligo, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Mcloughlin, Emmet] Inst Technol Sligo, Sch Business & Social Sci, Dept Mkt Tourism & Sport, Ash Ln F91 YW50, Sligo, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Montaguti, Federica; Mingotto, Erica] Ca Foscari Univ Venice, CISET, Villa Mocenigo Riviera San Pietro,83, I-30034 Venice, Oriago Mira, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Mura, Paolo] Taylors Univ, Sch Hospitality Tourism & Culinary Arts, Tourism, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kuscer, Kir; Mihalic, Tanja] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Econ, Kardeljeva Ploscad 17, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.


fullAffiliation:
[Taylor, Ernest] Coventry Univ, Dept Geog Environm & Disaster Management, Tourism Management, Coventry, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Daye, Marcella] Univ Northampton, Northampton Business Sch, Tourism Management, Northampton, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Kneafsey, Moya] Dept Geog Environm & Disaster Management, Human Geog, Coventry, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Barrett, Hazel] Coventry Univ, Fac Business Environm & Soc, Appl Res, Coventry, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Beveridge, Euan; MacLaren, Andrew C.] Univ Strathclyde, Strathclyde Business Sch, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Anthonisz, Angela] Emirates Acad Hospitality Management, Teaching Range Subjects Including Housekeeping Ma, Dubai, U Arab Emirates.


fullAffiliation:
[Bacsi, Zsuzsanna; Kovacs, Erno; Loke, Zsuzsanna] Univ Pannonia, Georgikon Fac, Deak Fu 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary.


fullAffiliation:
[Peachey, Jon Welty] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Hlth & Kinesiol, Div Sport Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Dolores Dominguez Garcia, M.; Swagemakers, Paul] Vigo Univ, GIEEA Ecol Econ & Agroecol Res Grp, Vigo, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Cilliers, Elizelle Juanee] North West Univ, Unit Environm Sci & Management, Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Heung, Vincent C. S.] Hong Kong Inst Vocat Educ, Dept Hotel Serv & Tourism Studies, Chaiwan, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[McDavid, Hilton] Univ West Indies, Dept Management Studies, Postgrad Programme Natl Secur & Strateg Studies, Mona, Jamaica.


fullAffiliation:
[Hannam, Kevin] Univ Sunderland, Fac Business & Law, Dept Tourism Hospitality & Events, Reg Vardy Bldg,St Peters Campus, Sunderland SR6 0DD, Tyne & Wear, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Casimiro, Laura A.] Univ Palmas Gran Canaria, Integral Dev Tourism Destinat, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[St Esprit, Cory; Smith, Langdon] Slippery Rock Univ Penn, Dept Geog Geol & Environm, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Darcy, Simon] Univ Technol Sydney, UTS Business Sch, Events Sport & Tourism Management, POB 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Herremans, Irene; Pyasi, Nishant; Lu, Jing] Univ Calgary, Haskayne Sch Business, 2500 Univ Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Mbaiwa, Joseph E.] Univ Botswana, Okavango Res Inst, Tourism Studies, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana.


fullAffiliation:
[Saltik, Isil Arikan; Cosar, Yesim; Kozak, Metin] Mugla Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, TR-48170 Mugla, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Al-Kheder, Sharaf; Haddad, Naif; Al-Shawabkeh, Yahya] ALHOSN Univ, Fac Engn & Appl Sci, Dept Civil Engn, POB 38772, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Jooho; Boo, Soyoung] George Washington Univ, Sch Business, Dept Tourism & Hospitality Management, Funger Hall,Suite 301s,2201 G St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Aldrich, Leslie] Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Community Hlth Improvement, Evaluat & Res, 101 Merrimac St,Suite 603, Boston, MA 02114 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Marable, Danelle] Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Community Hlth Improvement, Evaluat & Res Team, Boston, MA 02114 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Sandman, Erica] Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Community Hlth Improvement, Dept Psychiat, Evaluat & Res Team, Boston, MA 02114 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Polistina, Kim] Univ Glamorgan, Fac Hlth Sci & Sport, Outdoor Learning, Llantwit Rd, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, M Glam, Wales.


fullAffiliation:
[Scanlon, Nancy Loman] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Travel Ind Management, 2560 Campus Rd,George Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David B.] Univ South Carolina, Tourism Management, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, 1000 Carolina Coliseum, Columbia, SC 29072 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Anastasiadou, Constantia] Edinburgh Napier Univ, Business Sch, Craiglockhart Campus,219 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH14 1DJ, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Vettese, Sam] Edinburgh Napier Univ, Sch Arts & Creat Ind, 10 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Hong Soon; Jang, SooCheong (Shawn)] Purdue Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Marriott Hall,900 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lorde, Troy; Bangwayo-Skeete, Prosper; Moore, Winston] Univ West Indies, Dept Econ, BB-11000 Cave Hill, Barbados.


fullAffiliation:
[Oxenford, Hazel A.] Univ West Indies, Ctr Resource Management & Environm Studies, BB-11000 Cave Hill, Barbados.


fullAffiliation:
[Su, Ming Ming; Jin, Min] Renmin Univ China, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, 59 ZhongGuanCun Dajie, Beijing 100872, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Wall, Geoffrey] Univ Waterloo, Fac Environm, Dept Geog & Environm Management, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Deng, Jinyang] West Virginia Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Recreat Pk & Tourism Resources Program, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Li, Jian] Zhejiang Agr & Forestry Univ, Sch Tourism & Hlth, Linan Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Martinez-Martinez, Aurora; Cegarra-Navarro, Juan-Gabriel] Univ Politecn Cartagena, Dept Business Adm, Cartagena, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Wensley, Anthony] Univ Toronto, Dept Management, Accounting & Management Informat Syst, Toronto, ON, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Ziakas, Vassilios] Plymouth Marjon Univ, Fac Sport Hlth & Wellbeing, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, Devon, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Jang, SooCheong (Shawn)] Purdue Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Park, Kwangmin] Sejong Univ, Dept Foodserv Management, Coll Hospitality & Tourism Management, Seoul, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Yong Joong; Kim, Woo Gon; Choi, Hyung-Min] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hospitality, Int Ctr Hospitality Res & Dev, 288 Champ Way,UCB 4117,POB 3062541, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Phetvaroon, Kullada] Prince Songkla Univ, Fac Hospitality & Tourism, Phuket Campus,80 Moo 1,Vichitsongkram Rd, Phuket 83120, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Avila-Robinson, Alfonso; Wakabayashi, Naoki] Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Management, Sakyo Ku, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.


fullAffiliation:
[Kastenholz, Elisabeth; Eusebio, Celeste; Carneiro, Maria Joao] Univ Aveiro, Dept Econ Management Ind Engn & Tourism, Campus Univ Santiago, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Koscak, Marko; Zaloznik, Sasa; Prevolsek, Boris] Univ Maribor, Fac Tourism Brezice, Maribor, Slovenia.


fullAffiliation:
[Mutana, Sarudzai; Mukwada, Geoffrey] Univ Free State, Dept Geog, Private Bag X13, ZA-9866 Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Mutana, Sarudzai; Mukwada, Geoffrey] Univ Free State, Afromontane Res Unit, Private Bag X13, ZA-9866 Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa] Taylors Univ, Fac Hospitality Food & Leisure Management, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ali, Faizan] Univ South Florida Sarasota Manatee, Coll Hospitality & Tourism Leadership, Sarasota, FL USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jaafar, Mastura] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Housing Bldg & Planning, Penang Pulau 11800, Pinang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Yoon, Borham] Univ Tennessee, Dept Retail Hospitality & Tourism Management, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Chung, Yeasun] Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Linghan; Zhang, Junyi] Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Int Dev & Cooperat, Mobil & Urban Policy Lab, 1-5-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 7398529, Japan.


fullAffiliation:
[Ivanov, Bobi; Parker, Kimberly A.; Geegan, Sarah] Univ Kentucky, Coll Commun & Informat, Lexington, KY 40506 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Sung, Hojun; Mills, Brian M.] Univ Florida, Coll Hlth & Human Performance, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, POB 118208, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Seoki] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, 1 Hoegi Dong, Seoul 130701, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Univ Surrey, Sustainabil Mkt, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Guildford, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Weeden, Clare] Univ Brighton, Tourism & Mkt, Sch Sport & Serv Management, Brighton, E Sussex, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Kang, Jee-Won; Namkung, Young] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, Seoul, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Pratt, Stephen; Suntikul, Wantanee] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, 17 Sci Museum Rd, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Yang, Chunyu; Zhang, Danxia; Zhu, Ying; Xu, Xinghua; Chen, Mei] Guizhou Univ Finance & Econ, Sch Business Adm, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Huang, Jue] United Arab Emirates Univ, Coll Humanities & Social Sci, POB 15551, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Bora] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, 211 Mateer Bldg, University Pk, PA 19802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Seoki] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, 217 Mateer Bldg, University Pk, PA 19802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Seoki; Kang, Kyung Ho] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, 1 Hoegi Dong, Seoul 130701, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Sartore-Baldwin, Melanie L.] East Carolina Univ, Dept Kinesiol, 152 Minges Coliseum, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Biraglia, Alessandro; Gerrath, Maximilian H. E. E.; Usrey, Bryan] Univ Leeds, Leeds Univ Business Sch, Maurice Keyworth Bldg, Leeds LS6 1AN, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[De Chabert-Rios, Jacqueline; Deale, Cynthia S.] East Carolina Univ, Sch Hospitality Leadership, 313W Rivers, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gonzalez Herrera, Manuel Ramon; Alvarez Hernandez, Julian Alberto; Azpeitia Herrera, Luis Daniel] Autonomous Univ Ciudad Juarez, Sch Tourism, Chihuahua, Mexico.


fullAffiliation:
[Gonzalez Herrera, Manuel Ramon; Alvarez Hernandez, Julian Alberto; Azpeitia Herrera, Luis Daniel] Autonomous Univ Ciudad Juarez, Res Grp Sustainable Tourism Management, Chihuahua, Mexico.


fullAffiliation:
[Sasidharan, Vinod] San Diego State Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gonzalez Herrera, Manuel Ramon; Alvarez Hernandez, Julian Alberto; Azpeitia Herrera, Luis Daniel] Av Plutarco Elias Calles 1210, Ciudad Juarez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.


fullAffiliation:
[Kantola, Sini; Uusitalo, Marja; Nivala, Vesa; Tuulentie, Seija] Nat Resources Inst Finland, Etelaranta 55, FI-96300 Rovaniemi, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Kantola, Sini; Uusitalo, Marja; Nivala, Vesa; Tuulentie, Seija] Univ Oulu, POB 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Assaf, A. George] Univ Massachusetts, Isenberg Sch Management, 90 Campus Ctr Way,209A Flint Lab, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lopez-del-Pino, Francisco; Grisolia, Jose M.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Lopez-del-Pino, Francisco; Grisolia, Jose M.] Univ Inst Tourism & Sustainable Econ Dev, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Grisolia, Jose M.] Univ Nottingham, Nottingham Univ Business Sch China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Manwa, Haretsebe] North West Univ, Sch Tourism Management, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Thomson, Elaine] Edinburgh Napier Univ, Dept Mkt Sales & Entrepreneurship, Mkt, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Thomson, Elaine] Business Sch, Craiglockhart Campus,210 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH14 1DJ, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Torres-Delgado, Anna] Univ Barcelona, CETT UB Tourism & Hospitality Educ Res Ctr, Av Can Marcet 36-38, Barcelona 08035, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Torres-Delgado, Anna; Lopez Palomeque, Francesc] Univ Barcelona, Dept Geog, C Montalegre 6, Barcelona 08001, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Ali, Alisha] Sheffield Hallam Univ, Hospitality Business Management, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Murphy, Hilary Catherine] Univ Appl Sci Western, Ecole Hoteliere Lausanne, HES SO, Informat Technol & Digital Mkt, Lausanne, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Line, Nathaniel D.] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hospitality, Univ Ctr B4113, 288 Champ Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanks, Lydia] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hospitality, Univ Ctr B4114, 288 Champ Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Lu] Michigan State Univ, Sch Hospitality, Business 645 N Shaw Lane,Room 241, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jones, Gareth J.] Temple Univ, Sch Sport Tourism & Hospitality Management, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bunds, Kyle S.; Edwards, Michael B.; Bocarro, Jason N.] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Yang, Xiaoyan] Huagiao Univ, Coll Tourism, 269,Cheng Hua Bei Rd, Quanzhou 362021, Fujian, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Andersen, Ida Marie Visbech] Univ Appl Sci, Lillebaelt Acad, Dept Events Experiences & Tourism, Blvd 25, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark.


fullAffiliation:
[Blichfeldt, Bodil Stilling; Liburd, Janne J.] Univ Southern Denmark, Dept Design & Commun, Univ Pk 1, DK-6000 Kolding, Denmark.


fullAffiliation:
[Aydin, Birgul] Anadolu Univ, Dept Tourism Management, Yunus Emre Campus, TR-26470 Eskisehir, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Battilani, Patrizia; Bernini, Cristina; Mariotti, Alessia] Univ Bologna, Ctr Adv Studies Tourism, Campus Rimini, Rimini, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Baumeister, Stefan; Onkila, Tiina] Univ Jyvaskyla, Sch Business & Econ, POB 35, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Bilro, Ricardo Godinho; Correira Loureiro, Sandra Maria] Inst Univ Lisboa, ISCTE, Lisbon, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Borlido, Tiago; Coromina, Lluis] Univ Girona, Fac Tourism, Placa Josep Ferrater i Mora 1, Girona 17004, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Bratton, Andrew] Edinburgh Napier Univ, Sch Business, Human Resource Management, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Blom, Juultje; van der Duim, Rene] Wageningen Univ & Res, Dept Environm Sci, Wageningen, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Campos, Maria Jose Zapata] Univ Gothenburg, Sch Business Econ & Law, Dept Business Adm, Gothenburg, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Hsiangting Shatina] Univ Alabama, Dept Human Nutr & Hospitality Management, Tuscaloosa, AL USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jai, Tun-Min (Catherine)] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Hospitality & Retail Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Chin, Chee-Hua; Chin, Chee-Ling] Univ Malaysia Sarawak, Fac Econ & Business, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Wong, Winnie Poh-Ming] Univ Coll Technol Sarawak, Sch Business & Management, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[D'Cruze, Neil; Niehaus, Carmen; Vieto, Roberto; Carder, Gemma] World Anim Protect, London, England.


fullAffiliation:
[D'Cruze, Neil; Moorhouse, Tom; Harrington, Lauren A.; Macdonald, David W.] Univ Oxford, Wildlife Conservat Res Unit, Recanati Kaplan Ctr, Dept Zool, Tubney House, Tubney, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Richardson, Vanessa A.] Univ East Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich, Norfolk, England.


fullAffiliation:
[de Jong, Anna] Univ Surrey, Sch Hosp & Tourism Management, Fac Arts & Social Sci, Guildford, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Varley, Peter] Western Norway Univ Appl Sci, Dept Consumer Studies & Rural Tourism, Bergen, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[de-Miguel-Molina, Blanca; de-Miguel-Molina, Maria; Segarra-Ona, Marival; Peiro-Signes, Angel] Univ Politecn Valencia, Dept Management, Camino Vera S-N,Bldg 7D, E-46022 Valencia, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Descubes, Irena; McNamara, Tom; Claasen, Cyrlene] ESC Rennes Sch Business, 2 Rue Robert dArbrissel,CS 76522, F-35065 Rennes, France.


fullAffiliation:
[Kirby, Seth I.; Everett, Sally] Anglia Ruskin Univ, Lord Ashcroft Int Business Sch, Cambridge, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Ettinger, Andrea; Grabner-Kraeuter, Sonja; Terlutter, Ralf] Alpen Adria Univ Klagenfurt, Dept Mkt & Int Management, Univ Str 65-67, A-9020 Klagenfurt Am Woerthersee, Austria.


fullAffiliation:
[Gill, Alison M.; Williams, Peter W.] Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Gkoumas, Aristeidis] Burapha Univ Int Coll, Int Hospitality & Tourism Management Program, 169 Longhard Bangsaen Rd, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Guix, Mireia; Font, Xavier] Univ Surrey, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Guildford, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Jesus Bonilla-Priego, Maria] Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Fac Ciencias Jurid & Sociales, Dept Econ Financiera & Contabilidad 1, Madrid, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Hales, Robert] Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Griffith Ctr Sustainable Enterprise, Gold Coast, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hales, Robert] Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Gold Coast, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hassan, David; Harding, Chris] Univ Ulster, Sport & Exercise Sci Res Inst, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Beckett Univ, Int Ctr Res Events Tourism & Hosp, Leeds LS6 3QW, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Horng, Jeou-Shyan; Hu, Da-Chian] Jinwen Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Food & Beverage Management, New Taipei, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Hsu, Hsuan] Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Grad Inst Sport Leisure & Hospitality Management, Taipei, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Hughes, Emma; Scheyvens, Regina] Massey Univ, Inst Dev Studies, Sch People Environm & Planning, Palmerston North, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Jung, Shinyong] Metropolitan State Univ Denver, Dept Hospitality Tourism & Events, POB 173362,Campus Box 60, Denver, CO 80217 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Tanford, Sarah; Kim, Yen-Soon; Raab, Carola] Univ Nevada, William F Harrah Coll Hospitality, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jung, Soyeon] No Arizona Univ, WA Franke Coll Business, Sch Hotel & Restaurant Management, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Min-Seong; Holland, Stephen] Univ Florida, Coll Hlth & Human Performance, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Young Hoon; Li, Hongxin; Nauright, John] Univ North Texas, Hospitality & Tourism Management, Denton, TX 76203 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Komppula, Raija] Univ Eastern Finland, Sch Business, Ctr Tourism Studies, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Kolesnikova, Natalia] Petrozavodsk State Univ, Inst Phys Educ Sport & Tourism, Dept Tourism, Petrozavodsk, Russia.


fullAffiliation:
[Koseoglu, Mehmet Ali] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Ji Young] West Virginia Univ, Reed Coll Media, Publ Interest Commun Res Lab, Fac Res Affiliate, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Sun, Kyung-A; Wu, Luorong (Laurie)] Temple Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Xiao, Qu] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Moon, Joonho] Kangwon Natl Univ, Dept Tourism Adm, Hyoja2 Dong,Kangwon Univ Rd, Chunchon 200701, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Chi, Christina Geng-qing] Washington State Univ, Sch Hospitality Business Management, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Chi, Christina Geng-qing] Univ Johannesburg, Sch Tourism & Hospitality, Johannesburg, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Fang, Hanqing Chevy] Missouri Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Business & Informat Technol BIT, Rolla, MO USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Sonmez, Sevil] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Tourism Events & Attract, Rosen Coll Hospitality Management, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Moise, Mihaela-Simona; Gil-Saura, Irene; Ruiz-Molina, Maria-Eugenia] Univ Valencia, Fac Econ, Dept Mkt, Avda Naranjos S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Naidoo, Perunjodi] Univ Technol Mauritius, Dept Tourism Leisure & Serv, La Tour Koenig, Pointe Aux Sabl, Mauritius.


fullAffiliation:
[Pearce, Philip L.] James Cook Univ, Coll Business Law & Governance, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Nick, Gabor; Pongracz, Ferenc] Szechenyi Istvan Univ, Doctoral Sch Reg & Econ, Egyet Ter 1, H-9026 Gyor, Hungary.


fullAffiliation:
[Nick, Gabor] Hungarian Acad Sci MTA, Inst Comp Sci & Control SZTAKI, Kende U 13-17, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.


fullAffiliation:
[Nordbo, Ingeborg] Univ Coll Southeast Norway, Dept Business & IT, Hallvard Eikas Plass, Telemark, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Turdumambetov, Bakyt] Kyrgyz Turkish Manas Univ, Dept Travel Management & Tourism Guidance, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.


fullAffiliation:
[Nyaupane, Gyan P.; Poudel, Surya; Timothy, Dallen J.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Community Resources & Dev, 411 N Cent Ave,Ste 550, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Olsen, Lana M.; Vogt, Christine; Andereck, Kathleen] Arizona State Univ, Ctr Sustainable Tourism, Sch Community Resources & Dev, 411 N Cent Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Palacios-Florencio, Beatriz] Univ Pablo De Olavide, Fac Ciencias Empresariales, Dept Org Empresas & Mkt, Seville, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Garcia del Junco, Julio; Maria Rosa-Diaz, Isabel] Univ Seville, Fac Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, Dept Adm Empresas & Comercializac & Invest Mercad, Seville, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Castellanos-Verdugo, Mario] Univ Seville, Fac Turismo & Finanzas, Dept Adm Empresas & Comercializac & Invest Mercad, Seville, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Perez Guilarte, Yamile] Univ Santiago de Compostela, Univ Inst Studies & Dev Galicia, Santiago De Compostela, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Lois Gonzalez, Ruben Camilo] Univ Santiago de Compostela, Dept Geog, Santiago De Compostela, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Quintana-Garcia, Cristina; Marchante-Lara, Macarena] Univ Malaga, Dept Econ & Business Adm, Malaga, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Ribeiro, Manuel Alector] Univ Surrey, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Guildford, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Woosnam, Kyle M.] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Nat Resources Recreat & Tourism, Athens, GA 30602 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Richard, Brendan; Sivo, Stephen; Boote, David; Witta, Eleanor] Univ Cent Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Whitford, Michelle] Grffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Scholtz, Marco; Saayman, Melville] North West Univ, Tourism Res Econ Environs & Soc, Box 204,Bldg E3,Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Rutty, Michelle] Michigan State Univ, Dept Community Sustainabil, Sustainable Recreat & Tourism, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Srijuntrapun, Patranit] Mahidol Univ, Fac Social Sci & Humanities, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Fisher, David] Lincoln Univ, Fac Environm Soc & Design, Dept Tourism Sport & Soc, Lincoln, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Rennie, Hamish G.] Lincoln Univ, Fac Environm Soc & Design, Dept Environm Management, Lincoln, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Vasanicova, Petra; Litavcova, Eva] Univ Presov, Fac Management, Dept Math Methods & Managerial Informat, Presov, Slovakia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sanders, Dale; Dowling, Ross] Edith Cowan Univ, Sch Business & Law, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Suksaroj, Thunwadee Tachapattaworakul; Rattanapan, Cheerawit] Mahidol Univ, ASEAN Inst Hlth Dev, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Ujang, Norsidah; Maulan, Suhardi] Univ Putra Malaysia, Dept Landscape Architecture, Serdang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Afsordegan, Arayeh; Agell, Nuria] Univ Ramon Llull, ESADE, Dept Operat Innovat & Data Sci, Res Grp Knowledge Engn, Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Sanchez, Monica] Univ Politecn Cataluna, UPC Barcelona Tech, Math Dept, Res Grp Knowledge Engn, Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Wang, Caiping] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Int Sch Business & Finance, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Yang, Wan] Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Collins Coll Hospitality Management, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhao, Minyan; Dong, Suocheng; Li, Yu; Xia, Bing; Zheng, Ji] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Dong, Suocheng; Li, Yu; Xia, Bing; Zheng, Ji] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Sitati, Noah; Wishitemi, Bob] Moi Univ, Sch Tourism Hospitality & Events Management, WWF Tanzania POB 3900, Eldoret, Kenya.


fullAffiliation:
[Dodds, Rachel] Ryerson Univ, Ted Rogers Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Park, Sungbeen; Song, Sujin; Lee, Seoki] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, 210 Mateer Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David B.; Lawton, Laura J.] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Selin, Steven W.] West Virginia Univ, Recreat Pk & Tourism Resources Program, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Arenado Rodriguez, Rocio; Garcia Lopez, Ana; Jimenez Caballero, Jose L.] Univ Seville, Seville, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Butcher, Jim] Canterbury Christ Church Univ, Sch Human & Life Sci, Geog Events & Tourism, North Holmes Rd, Canterbury CT1 1QU, Kent, England.


fullAffiliation:
[McDonald, Mary G.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Hist & Sociol, 123 Old CE Bldg, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Obrador, Pau] Northumbria Univ, Newcastle Business Sch, City Campus East, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne & Wear, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Morse, Alan L.] Univ Northern Colorado, Sport Mkt Res Inst, Sch Sport & Exercise Sci, Greeley, CO USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Alonso, Abel Duarte] Edith Cowan Univ, Sch Business, 100 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Nyanjom, Julie] Edith Cowan Univ, Fac Reg Profess Studies, South West Campus,Robertson Dr, Bunbury, WA 6230, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Anderson, Kirkland Robert] Caribbean Maritime Inst, Logist & Supply Chain Management Dept, Kingston, Jamaica.


fullAffiliation:
[Aureli, Selena; Supino, Enrico; Travaglini, Claudio] Univ Bologna, Dept Management, Rimini Campus,Via Anghera 22, Rimini, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Aureli, Selena; Medei, Renato; Supino, Enrico; Travaglini, Claudio] Univ Bologna, Ctr Adv Studies Tourism, Rimini Campus,Via Anghera 22, Rimini, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Bendova, Sarka; Stepankova, Marie] Univ Econ, Fac Business Adm, Dept Human Resources Management, Prague, Czech Republic.


fullAffiliation:
[Carrigan, Marylyn; Lazell, Jordon; Magrizos, Solon] Coventry Univ, Ctr Business Soc, Coventry, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Bosangit, Carmela] Cardiff Univ, Cardiff Business Sch, Aberconway Bldg,Colum Dr, Cardiff CF10 3EU, S Glam, Wales.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Jiadai; Ye, Guanqiong; Jing, Changwei; Wu, Jiaping; Ma, Panpan] Zhejiang Univ, Ocean Coll, Zheda Rd 1, Zhoushan 316022, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Thian, Susan Su-Zhuang] Univ Malaysia Sarawak, Inst Social Informat & Technol Innovat, Kuching, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Coros, Monica Maria; Gica, Oana Adriana] Babes Bolyai Univ, Fac Business, Dept Hospitality Serv, Cluj Napoca, Romania.


fullAffiliation:
[Fatima, Johra Kayeser] Univ Canberra, Sch Management, Fac Business Govt & Law, Canberra, ACT, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Khan, Habib Zaman] Univ Canberra, Sch Informat Syst & Accounting, Fac Business Govt & Law, Canberra, ACT, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Halabi, Abdel K.] Federat Univ Australia, Federat Business Sch, Gippsland Campus,Northways Rd, Churchill, Vic 3842, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Fodness, Dale] Univ Dallas, Satish & Yasmin Gupta Coll Business, 1845 East Northgate Dr, Irving, TX 75062 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Garbelli, Maria; Adukaite, Asta; Cantoni, Lorenzo] Univ Svizzera Italiana, UNESCO Chair ICT Dev & Promote Sustainable Touris, Lugano, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Garbelli, Maria] Univ Milano Bicocca, Dept Econ Quantitat Methods & Business Strategies, Milan, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Hsu, Hsuan] Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Grad Inst Sport Leisure & Hospitality Management, 162,Sect 1,Heping E Rd, Taipei 10610, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Kulczycki, Wojciech; Mikas, Santosh; Koenigstorfer, Joerg] Tech Univ Munich, Dept Sport & Hlth Management, Munich, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Marzo-Navarro, Mercedes; Pedraja-Iglesias, Marta; Vinzon, Lucia] Univ Zaragoza, Fac Econ & Business, Dept Mkt Management & Mkt Res, Zaragoza, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Miragaia, Dina A. M.] Univ Beira Interior, Sport Sci Dept, Res Unit Business Sci NECE, Covilha, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Ferreira, Joao] Univ Beira Interior, Management & Econ Dept, Res Unit Business Sci NECE, Covilha, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Njite, David; Schaffer, Jeffrey] Univ New Orleans, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Adm, Coll Business, Kirschman Hall,2000 Lakeshore Dr, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Oian, Hogne; Aas, Oystein; Skar, Margrete; Andersen, Oddgeir] Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Lillehammer, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Kurtulmusoglu, Feride Bahar] Baskent Univ, Sch Fac Econ & Adm Sci, Dept Management, Ankara, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Piggin, Joe] Loughborough Univ Technol, Sch Sport Exercise & Hlth Sci, Loughborough, Leics, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Campos, Francisco; Martins, Fernando; Melo, Ricardo] Polytech Inst Coimbra, Coimbra Educ Sch, ASSERT, Rua Dom Joao 3, P-3030329 Coimbra, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Tasci, Asli D. A.] Univ Cent Florida, Rosen Coll Hospitality Management, Tourism & Hospitality Mkt, Dept Tourism Events & Attract, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Tsaur, Sheng-Hshiung; Ku, Pi-Shen] Natl Chiayi Univ, Grad Inst Recreat Tourism & Hospitality Managemen, Chiayi, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Vu, Tam Bang; Im, Eric Iksoon; Thompson, Roy R.; DeWitt, Tom] Univ Hawaii, Coll Business & Econ, 200 W Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Taylor, Tracy; Beirman, David; Darcy, Simon] Univ Technol Sydney, UTS Business Sch, Sydney, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Uusitalo, Marja T.] Nat Resources Inst Finland, Biobased Business & Ind, FIN-96300 Rovaniemi, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Adolfsson, Petra; Jutbring, Henrik; Lundberg, Erik] Univ Gothenburg, Sch Business Econ & Law, Gothenburg, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Aksu, Akin; Sahin, Ilker; Ozturk, Adnan; Gultekin, Selami] Akdeniz Univ, Fac Tourism, Dumlupinar Ave, TR-07058 Antalya, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Engeset, Marit Gundersen; Hull, John S.; Velvin, Jan] Univ Coll Southeast Norway, Sch Business, Kongsberg, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Foller-Carroll, Anke; Charlebois, Sylvain] Univ Guelph, Sch Tourism & Hospitality, Guelph, ON, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanrahan, James] Inst Technol Sligo, Sch Business & Social Sci, Dept Mkt Tourism & Sport, Sligo, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanrahan, James; Maguire, Kelly] Inst Technol Sligo, Sch Business & Social Sci, Dept Mkt Tourism & Sport, Ash Lane,Ballinode Rd, Sligo, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Kihima, Bonface Odiara] Tech Univ Kenya, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Studies, Dept Tourism & Travel Management, Nairobi, Kenya.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Kathleen Jeehyae; Kim, Dae-Young] Univ Missouri, Dept Hospitality Management, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kitheka, Bernard M.; Baldwin, Elizabeth D.; White, David L.] Clemson Univ, Dept Parks Recreat & Tourism Management, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Liu, Danqing] Tianjin Univ Commerce, Chaplin Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Tianjin, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Upchurch, Randall S.] Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Sch Resort & Hospitality Management, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lusby, Carolin] Florida Int Univ, Chaplin Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, North Miami, FL USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Sangkyun] Flinders Univ S Australia, Dept Tourism, Sch Humanities & Creat Arts, Adelaide, SA, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Cetinkaya, Mehmet Yavuz; Oter, Zafer] Izmir Katip Celebi Univ, Dept Tourism Guidance, Fac Tourism, Balatcik Main Campus, Izmir, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Slocum, Susan L.] George Mason Univ, Dept Recreat Hlth & Tourism, 10900 Univ Blvd,Bull Run Hall,MSN 4E5, Manassas, VA 20110 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Afifi, Galal M. H.; Comm, S] Sultan Qaboos Univ, Coll Arts & Social Sci, Tourism Dept, Muscat, Oman.


fullAffiliation:
[Manning, Robert; Valliere, William; Reigner, Nathan; Pierce, Vinson] Univ Vermont, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gessa-Perera, Ana; del Amor Jimenez-Jimenez, Ma] Univ Huelva, Dept Financial Econ Accountancy & Operat Manageme, Huelva, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Liu, Hungling (Stella); Caneday, Lowell] Oklahoma State Univ, Recreat Management & Therapeut Recreat Program, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Chalkidou, Tatiana] Amer Coll Greece, Sch Business, Dept Int Business & European Affairs, Athens, Greece.


fullAffiliation:
[Hendriyetty, Nella] Victoria Univ, Victoria Inst Strateg Econ Studies, Melbourne, Vic 3000, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Gration, David] Univ Sunshine Coast, Sch Business, Tourism & Event Management, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[LeCrom, Carrie W.; Dwyer, Brendan] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Ctr Sport Leadership, Richmond, VA 23284 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Mahachi, Delly; Pansiri, Jaloni] Univ Botswana, Dept Tourism & Hospitality Management, Private Bag UB 00701, Gaborone, Botswana.


fullAffiliation:
[Rawat, Karun; Bouchon, Frederic; Nair, Vikneswaran] Taylors Univ, Sch Hospitality Tourism & Culinary Arts, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Tuohino, Anja; Honkanen, Antti] Univ Eastern Finland, Ctr Tourism Studies, Savonlinna 57101, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Mogollon, Beatriz; Villamagna, Amy M.] Virginia Tech, Dept Fish & Wildlife Conservat, 310 West Campus Dr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Brenner, Eliane Lopes] Univ Catolica Goias, Rua 28a 705-1502 Setor Aeroporto, BR-74075500 Goiania, Go, Brazil.


fullAffiliation:
[Brookes, Maureen; Altinay, Levent; Ringham, Kate] Oxford Brookes Univ, Fac Business, Oxford Sch Hospitality Management, Oxford, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Joseph; Wang, Wei; Chen, Ya-Ling] Indiana Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Studies, Bloomington, IN USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Johnson, Colin] San Francisco State Univ, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ghaderi, Zahed; Khoshkam, Mana] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Housing Bldg & Planning, George Town, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kirillova, Ksenia] Purdue Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Room 206F,Marriott Hall,900 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bordelon, Bridget; Pearlman, David] Univ New Orleans, Lester E Kabacoff Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Voropay, S. M.; Buryanovatiy, O. M.] Kirovograd State Pedag Univ, Shevchenko Str 1, UA-25006 Kirovograd, Ukraine.


fullAffiliation:
[Willemsen, Sven J.; van der Veen, Gerrita] HU Res Ctr Innovat & Business, Dept Mkt Market Res & Innovat, Utrecht, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Weight, Erianne A.] Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill, Dept Exercise & Sport Sci, Chapel Hill, NC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[de Morais Santos, Maria Conceicao; Padua, Suzana Machado] Escola Super Conservacao Ambiental & Sustentabili, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.


fullAffiliation:
[Cooper, Coyte G.; Weight, Erianne A.] Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill, Sport Adm, Woollen 203C CB 8605, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Atstaja, Dzintra] BA Sch Business & Finance, Dept Entrepreneurship & IT, K Valdemara St 161, LV-1013 Riga, Latvia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hamarneh, Iveta] Univ Business Prague, Tourism Dept, Spalena 14, CZ-11000 Prague 1, Czech Republic.


fullAffiliation:
[Ibem, Eziyi O.; Uwakonye, Obioha; Aduwo, Egidario B.] Covenant Univ, Dept Architecture, Ota, Nigeria.


fullAffiliation:
[Mavazhdeh, Sohib Bahjat Al Mahmoud] Natl Univ Phys Educ & Sport Ukraine, Fizkultury Str 1, UA-03680 Kiev, Ukraine.


fullAffiliation:
[Yehl, Angela] Nova Southeastern Univ, Inst Study Human Serv Hlth & Justice, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Wensink, C. M.; Pienkowski, M. W.] UK Overseas Terr Conservat Forum, 110 Nottingham Rd, Nottingham NG9 8AR, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Ergul, Mehmet; Johnson, Colin; Kleinrichert, Denise] San Francisco State Univ, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Smith, Russell Arthur] Nanyang Technol Univ, Cornell Nanyang Inst Hosp Management, Singapore, Singapore.


fullAffiliation:
[Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt; Phillips, Cynthia] Phillips Wyatt Knowlton Inc, 2 West Michigan Ave,Suite 101, Battle Creek, MI 49017 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kovacs, Ernoe; Bacsi, Zsuzsanna; Loke, Zsuzsanna] Univ Pannonia, Georgikon Fac, Deak Fu 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary.


fullAffiliation:
[Napp, Kristen; Carlson, Neil E.; Ingraffia, Zig] Calvin Coll, Ctr Social Res, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Balbastre-Benavent, Francisco; Maria Redondo-Cano, Ana] Univ Valencia, Dept Business Adm, Valencia, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[McCole, Dan; Vogt, Christine] Michigan State Univ, Dept Community Agr Recreat & Resources Studies, 131 Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Maher, Pat T.] Univ Northern British Columbia, Outdoor Recreat & Tourism Management Program, Prince George, BC, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Armas Cruz, Yaiza; Gil Soto, Esperanza] Univ La Laguna, Dept Econ & Business Management, San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Gyori, Erika] Univ Pannonia, Georgikon Fac, Dept Corp Econ & Rural Development, 19 Deak, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary.


fullAffiliation:
[Mkono, Muchazondida] Midlands State Univ, Dept Tourism & Hospitality Management, P Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe.


fullAffiliation:
[Hsu, Clarissa; Pearson, Dave; Maynard, Ron; Cahill, Carol] Univ Washington, Ctr Community Hlth & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Picha, Kamil; Dvorak, Vladimir] Univ South Bohemia, Fac Econ, Dept Trade & Tourism, Studentska 13, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic.


fullAffiliation:
[Zografos, Christos] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, ICTA, Edifici Ciencies,Torre Area 9,4a Planta,C5-438, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Breen, Helen; Hing, Nerilee] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality, POB 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Komatsu, Maki] Nara Womens Univ, Grad Sch Humanities & Sci, Kitauoya Nishi Machi, Nara 6308506, Japan.


fullAffiliation:
[Lennon, J. John] Glasgow Caledonian Univ, Moffat Ctr Travel & Tourism Business Dev, Cowcaddens Rd, Glasgow G4 0BA, Lanark, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Edinborough, Paul; Wearing, Stephen] Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Leisure & Tourism Studies, Sydney, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Franch, Mariangela; Martini, Umberto; Inverardi, Pier Luigi Novi; Marzani, Pietro] Univ Trento, Dept Comp & Management Sci, Trento, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Buffa, Federica] Univ Ca Foscari Venice, Dept Econ Business & Management, Giobbe Cannaregio 873, I-30121 Venice, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
Agr Univ Wageningen, Ctr Recreat & Tourism Studies, Dept Environm Sci, NL-6703 BJ Wageningen, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Kang, Kyung Ho; Lee, Seoki] Temple Univ, Sch Tourism & Hosp Management, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Inoue, Yuhei; Lee, Seoki] Temple Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Byrd, Erick T.] Univ North Carolina Greensboro, Dept Recreat Tourism & Hospitality Management, POB 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Martinez, Patricia; Rodriguez del Bosque, Ignacio] Univ Cantabria, Fac Econ, E-39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Heo, Cindy Yoonjoung] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Jamal, Tazim; Stronza, Amanda] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Int Ctr Responsible Tourism, Leeds LS6 3QW, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Everett, Sally; Aitchison, Cara] Univ W England, Sch Geog & Environm Management, Ctr Leisure Tourism & Soc, Bristol BS16 1QY, Avon, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Choi, Hwansuk Chris; Murray, Iain] Univ Guelph, Sch Hosp & Tourism Management, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Ramkissoon, Haywantee] Monash Univ, Fac Business & Econ, Dept Management, Melbourne, Vic 3805, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ramkissoon, Haywantee; Smith, Liam David Graham] Monash Univ, Monash Sustainabil Inst, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ramkissoon, Haywantee] Monash Univ, Australia & Int Tourism Res Unit, Melbourne, Vic 3145, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Erkus-Ozturk, Hilal; Eraydin, Ayda] Middle E Tech Univ, Urban & Reg Planning Dept, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Bohdanowicz, Paulina] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Int Ctr Responsible Tourism, Leeds LS1 3HE, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Jones, Calvin; Munday, Max] Cardiff Univ, Cardiff Business Sch, Welsh Econ Res Unit, Cardiff CF10 3EU, S Glam, Wales.


fullAffiliation:
[Collins, Andrea; Jones, Calvin; Munday, Max] Cardiff Univ, BRASS Res Ctr, Cardiff CF10 3EU, S Glam, Wales.


fullAffiliation:
[Scheyvens, Regina] Massey Univ, Sch People Environm & Planning, Inst Dev Studies, Palmerston North, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier; Walmsley, Andreas; Cogotti, Sara; McCombes, Lucy; Haeusler, Nicole] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Leeds LS6 3QW, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Leonidou, Constantinos N.; Zeriti, Athina] Univ Leeds, Sch Business, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Leonidou, Leonidas C.; Fotiadis, Thomas A.] Univ Cyprus, Sch Econ & Management, Dept Publ & Business Adm, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.


fullAffiliation:
[Donohoe, Holly M.; Needham, Roger D.] Univ Ottawa, Dept Geog & Environm Studies, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Frey, Nicole; George, Richard] Univ Cape Town, Sch Management Studies, ZA-7701 Cape Town, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Gossling, Stefan; Aall, Carlo; Hille, John] Res Ctr Sustainable Tourism, Western Norway Res Inst, N-6851 Sogndal, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Ziegler, Jackie; Dearden, Philip; Rollins, Rick] Univ Victoria, Dept Geog, Marine Protected Area Res Grp, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Hall, C. Michael] Univ Canterbury, Coll Business & Econ, Dept Management, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Hall, C. Michael] Univ Canterbury, Dept Management Mkt & Entrepreneurship, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Hall, C. Michael] Univ Johannesburg, Fac Management, Sch Tourism & Hospitality, Johannesburg, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Hall, C. Michael] Univ Canterbury, Coll Business & Econ, Dept Management, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, Eric S. W.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Hawkins, Rebecca] Oxford Brookes Univ, Sch Business, Dept Hospitality Leisure & Tourism Management, Oxford OX3 OBP, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Seoki; Heo, Cindy Yoonjoung] Temple Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Philadelphia, PA 19121 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Graci, Sonya; Dodds, Rachel] Ryerson Univ, Ted Rogers Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Choong-Ki; Lee, Hye-Mi] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, Seoul 130701, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Song, Hak-Jun] Pai Chai Univ, Dept Hotel & Convent Management, Coll Tourism & Fash, Taejon 302735, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Yong Joong; Hancer, Murat] Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Hotel & Restaurant Adm, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Njite, David] Univ New Orleans, Lester E Kabacoff Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ramkissoon, Haywantee; Smith, Liam David Graham] Monash Univ, Monash Sustainabil Inst, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ramkissoon, Haywantee] Monash Univ, Australia & Int Tourism Res Unit, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kasim, Azilah] Northern Univ Malaysia, Fac Tourism Hospitality & Environm Management, Sintok Kedah Darulaman 06010, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Gill, Alison M.; Williams, Peter W.] Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Andersson, Tommy D.; Lundberg, Erik] Univ Gothenburg, Sch Business Econ & Law, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Tsai, Wen-Hsien; Lin, Wan-Rung; Chen, Shu-Ping] Natl Cent Univ, Dept Business Adm, Tao Yuan 320, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Dodds, Rachel; Graci, Sonya Rita] Ryerson Univ, Ted Rogers Sch Hosp & Tourism Management, Toronto, ON M6G 3H1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Holmes, Mark] Ryerson Univ, Dept Business Management, Divers Inst Management & Technol, Toronto, ON M6G 3H1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Mair, Judith] Victoria Univ, Ctr Tourism & Serv Res, 12 Geelong Rd,POB 14428, Melbourne, Vic 8001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Scott, Daniel; Sim, Ryan] Univ Waterloo, Dept Geog & Environm Management, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Int Ctr Responsible Tourism, Leeds LS1 3HE, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Choo, Hyungsuk; Jamal, Tazim] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Singal, Manisha] Virginia Tech, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Pamplin Coll Business, Blacksburg, VA USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Berezan, Orie; Raab, Carola; Love, Curtis] Univ Nevada Las Vegas, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Prud'homme, Brigitte; Raymond, Louis] Univ Quebec Trois Rivieres, Inst Rech PME, Trois Rivieres, PQ G9A 5H7, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Cowper-Smith, Allan; de Grosbois, Danuta] Brock Univ, Dept Tourism & Environm, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Cooper, Chris] Univ Nottingham, Christel DeHaan Tourism & Travel Res Inst, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.


fullAffiliation:
Loughborough Univ Technol, Dept Civil & Bldg Engn, Transport Studies Grp, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Wang, Yao-Fen; Lee, Yi-Ching; Tsai, Chen-Tsang (Simon)] Tainan Univ Technol, Dept Food & Beverage Serv, Tainan, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, Eric S. W.; Hon, Alice H. Y.; Chan, Wilco] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, TST East, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[DiPietro, Robin B.; Cao, Yang; Partlow, Charles] Univ S Carolina, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
Univ La Laguna, Fac Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, Dept Econ & Direcc Empresas, Tenerife 38071, Islas Canarias, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Darcy, Simon] Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Leisure Sport & Tourism, Fac Business, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Gossling, Stefan; Ekstrom, Frida; Engeset, Agnes Brudvik; Aall, Carlo] Western Norway Res Inst, Res Ctr Sustainable Tourism, Sogndal, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[McGehee, Nancy Gard; Wattanakamolchai, Somyot; Perdue, Richard R.; Calvert, Esra Onat] Virginia Tech, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Int Ctr Responsible Tourism, Leeds LS6 3QS, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Jesus Bonilla-Priego, Maria] Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Fac Ciencias Jurid & Sociales, Dpto Econ Financiera & Contabiliad 1, Madrid, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Jose Najera, Juan] Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Fac Ciencias Jurid & Sociales, Dpto Econ Empresa, Madrid, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Tsai, Henry; Tsang, Nelson K. F.; Cheng, Stephanie K. Y.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Dredge, Dianne; Whitford, Michelle] So Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Coolangatta, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Cheng-Fei; Yeh, Huery-Ren] Shih Chien Univ, Dept Mkt Management, Taipei, Kaohsiung Cty, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Zamani-Farahani, Hamira; Musa, Ghazali] Univ Malaya, Fac Business & Accountancy, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Seoki; Sharma, Amit] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Rodriguez-Diaz, Manuel; Espino-Rodriguez, Tomas F.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Dept Econ & Business, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Tapper, Richard; Font, Xavier] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Int Ctr Responsible Tourism, Leeds LS1 3HE, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Schwartz, Karen] Univ Nottingham, Sch Business, Christel DeHaan Tourism Travel Res Inst, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Benavides-Velasco, Carlos A.] Univ Malaga, Dept Econ & Adm Empresas, ETS Ingn Ind, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Quintana-Garcia, Cristina; Marchante-Lara, Macarena] Univ Malaga, Dept Econ & Adm Empresas, Fac Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Miller, Dale; Merrilees, Bill] Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Dept Mkt, Gold Coast Campus, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Coghlan, Alexandra] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Gold Coast Campus, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Beritelli, Pietro] Univ St Gallen, Inst System Management & Publ Governance, Res Ctr Travel & Tourism, CH-9000 St Gallen, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Beritelli, Pietro; Bieger, Thomas; Laesser, Christian] Univ St Gallen, CH-9000 St Gallen, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Bieger, Thomas] Univ St Gallen, Inst System Management & Publ Governance, CH-9000 St Gallen, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Int Ctr Res Events Tourism & Hospitality, Leeds LS1 3HE, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Huang, Yucheng] Shanghai Inst Foreign Trade, Tourism & Event Management Sch, Shanghai, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Bohdanowicz, Paulina; Simanic, Branko; Martinac, Ivo] Royal Inst Technol, Dept Energy Technol, Sustainable Bldg Syst, Brinellvagen 66, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Kucukusta, Deniz; Mak, Amy; Chan, Xavier] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Navarro Jurado, E.; Almeida Garcia, F.; Cortes Macias, R.; Gutierrez Fernandez, G.; Solis Becerra, F.] Univ Malaga, Fac Tourism, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Cabello Gonzalez, J.; Luque Gallego, M.; Ruiz de la Rua, F.] Univ Malaga, Dept Appl Econ Math, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Assaf, A. George] Univ Massachusetts, Isenberg Sch Management, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Josiassen, Alexander] Victoria Univ, Sch Hospitality Tourism & Mkt, Melbourne, Vic 8001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Casey, Meghan M.; Payne, Warren R.; Eime, Rochelle M.] Univ Ballarat, Sch Human Movement & Sport Sci, Ballarat, Vic 3353, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Frauman, Eric] Appalachian State Univ, Hlth Leisure & Exercise Sci Dept, Recreat Management Program, Boone, NC 28608 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Banks, Sarah] Coastal Carolina Univ, Hlth Kinesiol & Sports Sci Dept, Recreat & Sports Management Program, Conway, SC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gao, Yixing (Lisa); Mattila, Anna S.] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Becken, Susanne] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Gold Coast Campus, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[O'Brien, Danny] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Gold Coast, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kasim, Azilah] Univ Utara Malaysia, Sch Tourism Hospitality & Environm Management, Sintok, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Tomazos, Kostas; Cooper, William] Univ Strathclyde, Hunter Ctr Entrepreneurship, Glasgow G4 0QU, Lanark, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Heitmann, Sine] Univ Wolverhampton, Leisure Ind, Walsall Campus,Gorway Rd, Walsall WS1 3BD, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
Univ Joensuu, Finnish Univ Network Tourism Studies FUNTS, MSSc Human Geog, Ctr Tourism Studies, FIN-57101 Savonlinna, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Saarinen, Jarkko; Rogerson, Christian M.] Univ Johannesburg, Sch Tourism & Hospitality, Johannesburg, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Bohdanowicz, Paulina] Royal Inst Technol, Dept Energy Technol, Sustainable Bldg Syst, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Jesus Bonilla-Priego, Ma; del Rosario Pacheco-Olivares, Ma] Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Fac Ciencias Jurid & Sociales, Dept Econ Financiera & Contabilidad 1, Madrid, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Sch Events Tourism & Hospitality, Int Ctr Res Events Tourism & Hospitality, Leeds LS1 3HE, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Calgaro, Emma; Dominey-Howes, Dale] Univ New S Wales, Australia Pacific Nat Hazards Res Lab, Sydney, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Laesser, Christian; Beritelli, Pietro] Univ St Gallen, Inst Syst Management & Publ Governance, Res Ctr Tourism & Transport, CH-9000 St Gallen, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Song, Haiyan] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Liu, Jingyan; Chen, Gezhi] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Business, Dept Hospitality & Serv Management, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Tanguay, Georges Antoni; Rajaonson, Juste] Univ Quebec, Dept Urban & Tourism Studies, Sch Business, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Andersson, Tommy D.; Armbrecht, John; Lundberg, Erik] Univ Gothenburg, Sch Business Econ & Law, Gothenburg, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Millar, Michelle] Univ San Francisco, Sch Management, Mallory Hall,Rm 118,2130 Fulton St, San Francisco, CA 94117 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Mayer, Karl J.; Baloglu, Seyhmus] Univ Nevada Las Vegas, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Cecil, Amanda K.] Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Sch Phys Educ & Tourism Management, Bloomington, IN USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Torres-Delgado, Anna; Lopez Palomeque, Francesc] Univ Barcelona, Dept Geog Fis & Anal Geog Reg, Barcelona 08001, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Cohen, Scott A.] Univ Surrey, Fac Business Econ & Law, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Reis, Arianne C.] So Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Blackstock, Kirsty L.; White, Vicki; McCrum, Gillian] Macaulay Land Use Res Inst, Socioecon Res Grp, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Caruana, Robert; Glozer, Sarah; McCabe, Scott] Univ Nottingham, Sch Business, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Paek, Soyon; Xiao, Qu; Song, Haiyan] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Mihalic, Tanja; Zabkar, Vesna; Cvelbar, Ljubica Knezevic] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Econ, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ryan, Chris] Univ Waikato, Sch Management, Dept Tourism & Hospitality Management, Hamilton 3240, Waikato, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Lambert, Emily; Pierce, Graham J.; MacLeod, Colin D.] Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci Zool, Aberdeen, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Cottrell, Stuart P.] Colorado State Univ, Dept Human Dimens Nat Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Fu, Hui; Ye, Ben Haobin] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sun Yat Sen Business Sch, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Law, Rob] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Barber, Nelson A.] Univ New Hampshire, Peter T Paul Coll Business & Econ, Dept Hospitality Management, Durham, NH 03824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Siu, Noel Yee-Man; Zhang, Tracy Jun-Feng; Kwan, Ho-Yan] Hong Kong Baptist Univ, Dept Mkt, Sch Business, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
Delft Univ Technol, Fac Technol, Dept Policy & Management, Sect Transport & Logist, Delft, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Moscardo, Gianna; Konovalov, Elena; Murphy, Laurie] James Cook Univ, Sch Business, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Song, Hak-Jun] Pai Chai Univ, Dept Hotel & Convent Management, Coll Tourism & Fash, Taejon, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Jaafar, Mastura; Maideen, Siti Aishah] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Housing Bldg & Planning, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Lopez-Gamero, Maria D.; Molina-Azorin, Jose F.; Claver-Cortes, Enrique] Univ Alicante, Business Management Dept, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Moyle, Brent; Croy, W. Glen; Weiler, Betty] Monash Univ, Tourism Res Unit, Narre Warren, Vic 3805, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Guix, Mireia] Ramon Llull Univ, Res Grp Tourism Hospitality & Mobil, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management Sant Ignasi, Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Jesus Bonilla-Priego, Ma] Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Fac Ciencias & Jurid Sociales, Dept Econ Financiera & Contabilidad 1, Madrid, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Lane, Bernard] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Sch Events Tourism & Hospitality Management, Carnegie Fac, Leeds LS6 3QS, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Kang, Jin-Su; Downing, Stephen] Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Inst Business & Management, Taipei 100, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Sanz-Ibanez, Cinta; Anton Clave, Salvador] Univ Rovira & Virgili, Dept Geog, Vila Seca, Catalonia, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, MinChung] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Management & Mkt, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, YongHee] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, TST East, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Conklin, Martha; Cranage, David A.; Lee, Seoki] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Cottrell, Stuart P.; Vaske, Jerry J.; Roemer, Jennifer M.] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lamberti, Lucio; Noci, Giuliano] Politecn Milan, Dept Management Econ & Ind Engn, I-20156 Milan, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Guo, Jurong] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, ANTAI Coll Econ & Management, Shanghai 200052, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Dolores Lopez-Gamero, Maria; Claver-Cortes, Enrique; Francisco Molina-Azorin, Jose] Univ Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[de Grosbois, Danuta] Brock Univ, Dept Tourism Management, 500 Glenridge Ave, St Catharines, ON, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Torres-Delgado, Anna] Univ Barcelona, Res Ctr, CETT UB Tourism & Hospitality Educ, Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Martinez, Patricia; Perez, Andrea; Rodriguez del Bosque, Ignacio] Univ Cantabria, Fac Econ, E-39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Pomering, Alan; Noble, Gary] Univ Wollongong, Sch Management & Mkt, Fac Commerce, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Johnson, Lester W.] Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Business Sch, Management Mkt Programs, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Tyrrell, Timothy J.; Johnston, Robert J.] Arizona State Univ, Sch Community Resources & Dev, 411 N Cent Ave,Suite 550, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Rahman, Imran] Auburn Univ, Coll Human Sci, Dept Nutr Dietet & Hosp Management, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Park, Jeongdoo] N Dakota State Univ, Coll Human Dev & Educ, Dept Apparel Design & Hosp Management, Fargo, ND 58105 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Chi, Christina Geng-qing] Washington State Univ, Carlson Coll Business, Sch Hosp Business Management, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jeong, EunHa; Jang, SooCheong (Shawn); Day, Jonathon] Purdue Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Jungsun (Sunny)] Univ Nevada, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, 4505 Maryland Pkwy,Box 456023, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Song, Hak Jun] Pai Chai Univ, Coll Tourism & Fash, Dept Hotel & Convent Management, 14 Yeon Ja 1 Gil, Daejeon 302735, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Choong-Ki] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, 26 Kyungheedae Ro, Seoul 02447, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Larson, Lincoln R.] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism Program, Athens, GA 30602 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Buultjens, Jeremy] So Cross Univ, Sch Commerce & Management, Reg Futures Inst, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Brereton, David] Univ Queensland, Sustainable Minerals Inst, Ctr Social Responsibil Min, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Memmott, Paul; Reser, Joseph; Thomson, Linda; O'Rourke, Tim] Univ Queensland, Dept Architecture, Aboriginal Environm Res Ctr, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Gago, Alberto; Labandeira, Xavier; Picos, Fidel; Rodriguez, Miguel] Univ Vigo, REDE, Orense 32004, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Gao, Yixing (Lisa); Mattila, Anna S.; Lee, Seoki] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, 201 Mateer Bldg,Univ Pk, State Coll, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Sparrow, Syd] Univ S Australia, David Unaipon Coll Indigenous Educ & Res, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Martin Martin, Jose Maria; Jimenez Aguilera, Juan De Dios] Univ Granada, Fac Econ, Dept Appl Econ, E-18071 Granada, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Ellen Eun Kyoo; Mattila, Anna S.] Penn State Univ, Sch Hospitality Management, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Sharpley, Richard] Univ Cent Lancashire, Sch Sport Tourism & Outdoors, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Tussyadiah, Iis P.] Washington State Univ Vancouver, Sch Hospitality Business Management, Carson Coll Business, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave,CLS 308T, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Pesonen, Juho] Univ Eastern Finland, Ctr Tourism Studies, Kuninkaankartanonkatu 7,POB 86, Savonlinna 57101, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Taheri, Babak] Heriot Watt Univ, Dept Business Management, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Becken, Susanne] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Cheng, Qian; Su, Baoren; Tan, Jin] Zhejiang Gongshang Univ, Coll Tourism & City, Hangzhou 310035, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Hjalager, Anne-Mette; Johansen, Pia Heike] Univ Southern Denmark, Danish Ctr Rural Res, Esbjerg, Denmark.


fullAffiliation:
[Torres-Delgado, Anna; Lopez Palomeque, Francesc] Univ Barcelona, Dept Phys Geog & Reg Geog Anal, Barcelona 08001, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Wilkins, Hugh] Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sainaghi, Ruggero] IULM Univ, Dipartimento Econ Studi Giurid & Aziendali, Via Carlo Bo 1, I-20143 Milan, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Zavarrone, Emma] IULM Univ, Dipartimento Mkt Comportamenti Comunicaz & Consum, Via Carlo Bo 1, I-20143 Milan, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Moyle, Brent D.; Weiler, Betty] So Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Ctr Tourism Leisure & Work, Gold Coast, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[McLennan, Char-lee J.] Griffith Univ, Ctr Tourism Sport & Serv Res, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Anagnostopoulos, Christos] Coventry Business Sch, Sport & Event Management Dept, Coventry, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Weiler, Betty] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, POB 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Yaman, H. Ruhi; Denizci, Basak] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Collins, Andrea; Flynn, Andrew] Cardiff Univ, Sch City & Reg Planning, Cardiff CF10 3WA, S Glam, Wales.


fullAffiliation:
[Alonso, Abel Duarte] Edith Cowan Univ, Fac Business & Law, Sch Mkt Tourism & Leisure, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Dolnicar, Sara; Laesser, Christian; Matus, Katrina] Univ Wollongong, Sch Management & Mkt, MRIC, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Parent, Milena M.; Kristiansen, Elsa; Skille, Eivind A.; Hanstad, Dag Vidar] Norwegian Sch Sport Sci, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Luis Sanchez-Ollero, Jose; Garcia-Pozo, Alejandro; Marchante-Mera, Andres] Univ Malaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Liat, Cheng Boon] Univ Tun Abdul Razak, Bank Rakyat Sch Business & Entrepreneurship, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kent, Aubrey; Lee, Seoki] Temple Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jamal, Tazim; Taillon, Justin] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Dredge, Dianne] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Lismore, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Draper, Jason; Dawson, Mary; Casey, Emma] Univ Houston, Conrad N Hilton Coll Hotel & Restaurant Managemen, 229 CN Hilton Hotel & Coll, Houston, TX 77204 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bramwell, Bill] Sheffield Hallam Univ, Sheffield Business Sch, Int Tourism Studies, Sheffield S1 1WB, S Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Mallen, Cheryl; Stevens, Julie; Adams, Lorne] Brock Univ, Dept Sport Management, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Kitnuntaviwat, Virut; Tang, John C. S.] Asian Inst Technol, Sch Management, POB 4, Klongluang 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Williams, Peter; Gill, Alison; Ponsford, Ian] Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Management, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Buckley, Ralf; McDonald, Kristen] Griffith Univ, Int Chair Ecotourism Res, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Duan, Lian; Sun, Lin; Chen, Lan Xue] Southwest Forestry Univ, Ecotourism Res Inst, Kunming 650224, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Rahman, Imran; Stumpf, Tyler; Reynolds, Dennis] Washington State Univ, Coll Business, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ponting, Jess] San Diego State Univ, Ctr Surf Res, L Robert Payne Sch Hospitality & Tourism Manageme, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Schulenkorf, Nico] Univ Technol Sydney, Business Sch, Management Discipline Grp, POB 222, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sugden, John; Burdsey, Daniel] Univ Brighton, Sch Sport & Serv Management, Eastbourne BN20 7SR, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Xu, Honggang; Cui, Qingming; Sofield, Trevor] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Tourism Management, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Sorensson, Anna; von Friedrichs, Yvonne] Mid Sweden Univ, Dept Social Sci, S-83125 Ostersund, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Holladay, Patrick Joseph] Univ St Francis, Dept Recreat Sport & Tourism Management, Joliet, IL 60435 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Reihanian, Anita; Mahmood, Noor Zalina Binti] Univ Malaya, Inst Biol Sci, Fac Sci, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kahrom, Esmail] Islamic Azad Univ, Sci & Res Branch, Fac Environm & Energy, Dept Environm, Tehran, Iran.


fullAffiliation:
[Mallen, Cheryl; Stevens, Julie] Brock Univ, Dept Sport Management, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Dawson, Jackie] Univ Guelph, Dept Geog, Global Environm Change Grp, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Dustin, Daniel L.; Bricker, Kelly S.; Schwab, Keri A.] Univ Utah, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Holcomb, Judy; Okumus, Fevzi; Bilgihan, Anil] Univ Cent Florida, Rosen Coll Hospitality Management, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Laing, Jennifer H.; Weiler, Betty] Monash Univ, Tourism Res Unit, Narre Warren, Vic 3805, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Wilson, Erica; Nielsen, Noah; Buultjens, Jeremy] So Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hosp Management, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Pant, Dipak R.] Univ Carlo Cattaneo, Appl Anthropol & Comparat Econ, Corso Matteotti 22, I-21053 Castellanza, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Pant, Dipak R.] Natl Univ Trujillo, Domus Acad Milan & Sustainable Rural Dev, Urban Space Management & Civ Design, Trujillo, Peru.


fullAffiliation:
[Edwards, Deborah] Univ Western Sydney, Coll Law & Business, Sch Management, Penrith, NSW 1797, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sheldon, Pauline] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Travel Ind Management, George Hall 346,2560 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ni, Chin-cheng (Nickel)] Natl Hsinchu Univ Educ, Dept Environm & Cultural Resources, Hsinchu, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Wu, Tsung-chiung (Emily)] Natl Dong Hwa Univ, Dept Tourism Recreat & Leisure Studies, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Rutty, Michelle; Scott, Daniel; Johnson, Peter] Univ Waterloo, Geog & Environm Management, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Pons, Marc] Univ Politecn Cataluna, Sustainabil Measuring & Modelling Lab, BarcelonaTech, Colom 1, Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Steven, Rochelle; Castley, J. Guy] Griffith Univ, Griffith Sch Environm, Environm Futures Res Inst, Gold Coast 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Anagnostopoulos, Christos; Byers, Terri] Coventry Business Sch, CIBS, Coventry, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Shilbury, David] Deakin Univ, Sch Management & Mkt, Sport Management Program, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Mercado, Haylee Uecker] Univ S Carolina, Sport & Entertainment Management Dept, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Tamajon, Luis Garay] Univ Oberta Catalunya, Econ & Management Dept, Avinguda Tibidabo 39, Barcelona 08035, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Font i Aulet, Xavier] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Int Ctr Res Events Tourism & Hospitality, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Park, Eerang] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Wyles, Kayleigh; Pahl, Sabine; Morris, Sarah; Thompson, Richard] Plymouth Univ, Plymouth, Devon, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Ma, Shang-Min] Natl Pingtung Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Recreat Sport & Hlth Promot, Pingtung, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Egan, David] Sheffield Hallam Univ, Ctr Tourism Hospitality & Events Res, Sheffield S1 1WB, S Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Rotherham, Ian] Sheffield Hallam Univ, Tourism & Environm Change Res Unit, Sheffield S1 1WB, S Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Novelli, Marina; Scarth, Amy] Univ Brighton, Ctr Tourism Policy Studies, Brighton, E Sussex, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Wells, Victoria. K.; Gregory-Smith, Diana] Univ Sheffield, Sch Management, Conduit Rd, Sheffield S10 1FL, S Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Manika, Danae] Queen Mary Univ London, Sch Business & Management, Bancroft Bldg,Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Shakeela, Aishath; Becken, Susanne] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Dowling, Mathew] Univ Alberta, Fac Phys Educ & Recreat, Vliet Ctr W1 34, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Santos Lobo, Heros Augusto] Univ Fed Sao Carlos DGTH UFSCAR, Dept Geog Turismo & Humanidades, Sao Carlos, Brazil.


fullAffiliation:
[Santos Lobo, Heros Augusto; Marinho, Mauricio de Alcantara; Basso Scaleante, Jose Antonio] Soc Brasileira Espeleol SeTur SBE, Secao Espeleoturismo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.


fullAffiliation:
[Marinho, Mauricio de Alcantara; Rocha, Barbara Nazare; Laterza, Francisco Villela] Univ Sao Paulo, FFLCH, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil.


fullAffiliation:
[Bichuette, Maria Elina] Univ Fed Sao Carlos DBEE UFSCAR, Dept Biol & Ecol Evolut, Sao Paulo, Brazil.


fullAffiliation:
[Mustika, Putu Liza Kusuma; Marsh, Helene] James Cook Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Collins, Andrea; Munday, Max; Roberts, Annette] Cardiff Univ, ESRC BRASS Ctr, Cardiff CF10 3EU, S Glam, Wales.


fullAffiliation:
[Moriarty, John P.] Victoria Univ Wellington, Victoria Management Sch, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Krider, Robert E.; Campbell, Colin; Mora, Jose-Domingo] Simon Fraser Univ, Fac Business Adm, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Lynch, Mary-Frances; Duinker, Peter] Dalhousie Univ, Sch Resource & Environm Studies, Halifax, NS, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Narayanan, Yamini] La Trobe Univ, Sch Social Sci, Polit & Dev Studies Program, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Bonn, Mark A.] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hosp, Coll Business, Serv Management, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Cronin, J. Joseph, Jr.] Florida State Univ, Coll Business, Dept Mkt, Serv Innovat, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bejder, Lars; Allen, Simon J.] Murdoch Univ, Sch Vet & Life Sci, Cetacean Res Unit, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Reinhold, Stephan; Laesser, Christian; Beritelli, Pietro] Univ St Gallen, Inst Syst Management & Publ Governance IMP HSG, CH-9000 St Gallen, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Mackenzie, Murray] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Seonjeong (Ally)] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Oh, Haemoon] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Isenberg Sch Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[O'Brien, Wendy] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Southport, Qld 4215, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Myung-Ja; Lee, Choong-Ki; Kim, Woo Gon; Kim, Joung-Man] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, Seoul, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Sox, Carole B.; Benjamin, Stefanie; Strick, Sandy] Univ South Carolina, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, 701 Assembly St, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Carpenter, Jason] Univ South Carolina, Dept Retailing, Coll Hospitality Retail & Sport Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Babiak, Kathy; Mills, Brian; Juravich, Matthew] Univ Michigan, Sch Sport Management, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Stoddard, James E.; Pollard, Carol E.; Evans, Michael R.] Appalachian State Univ, John A Walker Coll Business, Boone, NC 28608 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Wang, Suosheng; Brothers, Linda] Indiana Univ, Dept Tourism Convent & Event Management, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Peters, Mike; Siller, Lukas; Matzler, Kurt] Univ Innsbruck, Innsbruck Sch Management, Dept Strateg Management Mkt & Tourism, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.


fullAffiliation:
[Nawijn, Jeroen; Peeters, Paul M.] NHTV Breda Univ Appl Sci, Ctr Sustainable Tourism & Transport, Acad Tourism, Breda, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Long, Patrick] East Carolina Univ, Div Res & Grad Studies, North Carolina Ctr Sustainable Tourism, Greenville, NC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hede, Anne-Marie] Victoria Univ, Sch Hospitality Tourism & Mkt, Fac Business & Law, Melbourne, Vic 8001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Stokes, Robyn] Univ Queensland, Sch Tourism, Fac Business Econ & Law, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, W. W.; Mak, L. M.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Y. M.; Wang, Y. H.; Xie, H. R.; Hou, G. Q.] Hunan Univ, Changsha 410082, Hunan, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Gao, Jing; Wu, Bihu] Peking Univ, Coll Urban & Environm Sci, Int Ctr Recreat & Tourism Res, Room 3354,2nd Yifu Bldg, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Mathew, Paul V.; Sreejesh, S.] Cochin Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Management Studies, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India.


fullAffiliation:
[Razumova, Maria; Ibanez, Javier Lozano; Palmer, Javier Rey-Maquieira] Univ Balearic Isl, Dept Appl Econ, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Song, Hak Jun] Pai Chai Univ, Dept Hotel & Convent Management, Coll Tourism & Fash, Taejon 302735, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Hye-Mi; Lee, Choong-Ki; Song, Su-Jung] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, Seoul 130701, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Hall, C. Michael] Univ Canterbury, Management Mkt & Entrepreneurship, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Duan, Yanhong] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sun Yat Sen Business Sch, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Jordan, E. J.; Vogt, C. A.] Michigan State Univ, Dept Community Agr Recreat & Resource Studies, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Rio, D.; Nunes, L. M.] Univ Algarve, Fac Ciencias & Tecnol, CVRM Geosyst Ctr, Campus Gambelas, P-8005139 Faro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Smith, Amanda J.] Dept Environm & Conservat, Pk Policy & Res Branch, Social Res Unit, Perth, WA, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[van Niekerk, M.; Coetzee, W. J. L.] Tshwane Univ Technol, Dept Tourism Management, Tshwane, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Kastenholz, Elisabeth] Univ Aveiro, DEGEI, Undergrad Cycle Tourism, Campus Univ Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[de Almeida, Antonio Lopes] Univ Aveiro, DEGEI, Inst Super Linguas & Adm, Tourism Studies, Aveiro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Yau, Yung (Simon)] City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Publ & Social Adm, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, Ho Ling] Univ Hong Kong, Dept Real Estate & Construct, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Maria Campon-Cerro, Ana; Manuel Hernandez-Mogollon, Jose] Univ Extremadura, Dept Business Management & Sociol, Fac Business Finance & Tourism, Avda Univ,S-N, Caceres 10071, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Alves, Helena] Univ Beira Interior, Dept Management & Econ, Fac Social & Human Sci, Estr Sineiro,S-N, P-6200209 Covilha, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Bonzanigo, Laura; Giupponi, Carlo; Balbi, Stefano] Euromediterranean Ctr Climate Change, Climate Impacts & Policies Div, Venice, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Bonzanigo, Laura; Giupponi, Carlo; Balbi, Stefano] Ca Foscari Univ Venice, Dept Econ, Venice, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Su, Ming Ming] Renmin Univ China, Sch Environm & Nat Resources, 59 ZhongGuanCun Dajie, Beijing 100872, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Xu, Kejian] China Univ Geosci, Sch Humanities & Econ Management, 29 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Rafiaani, Parisa; Azadi, Hossein] Univ Liege, Gembloux Agrobio Tech, Econ & Rural Dev, Liege, Belgium.


fullAffiliation:
[Styles, David; Schoenberger, Harald; Luis Galvez-Martos, Jose] European Commiss Joint Res Ctr, Inst Prospect Technol Studies, Seville, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Garcia de Leaniz, Patricia Martinez; Del Bosque Rodriguez, Ignacio Rodriguez] Univ Cantabria, Dept Econ, E-39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Ma, Mulan] Shanghai Univ Int Business & Econ, Sch Tourism & Event Management, Shanghai, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Peeters, Paul] NHTV Breda Univ Appl Sci, NHTV Ctr Sustainable Transport & Tourism, Breda, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Kwek, Anna; Wang, Ying; Weaver, David B.] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Nathan, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Oh, Chi-Ok] Michigan State Univ, Dept Community Agr Recreat & Resource Studies, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Pereira, Ester M.; Mykletun, Reidar J.] Univ Stavanger, Norwegian Sch Hotel Management, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Polo Pena, Ana Isabel; Frias Jamilena, Dolores Maria; Rodriguez Molina, Miguel Angel] Univ Granada, Fac Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, Dept Mkt & Market Res, E-18071 Granada, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Kensbock, Sandie; Jennings, Gayle] Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Dept Employment Relat & Human Resources, Griffith, Qld 9726, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Dredge, Dianne; Whitford, Michelle] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospital Management, Lismore, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Dept Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sebastian, Leena Mary; Rajagopalan, Prema] Indian Inst Technol, Dept Humanities & Social Sci, Madras 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.


fullAffiliation:
[Theodoulidis, Babis] Univ Manchester, Alliance Manchester Business Sch, Booth St East, Manchester M13 9SS, Lancs, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Crotto, Federica; Rancati, Elisa] Univ Milano Bicocca, Dept Econ Quantitat Methods & Business Strategies, Milan, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Koh, Yoon] Univ Houston, Conrad N Hilton Coll Hotel & Restaurant Managemen, CN Hilton & Coll 229, Suite 236, Houston, TX 77204 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Rahman, Zillur; Khan, Imran] Indian Inst Technol Roorkee, Dept Management Studies, Roorkee 247667, Uttar Pradesh, India.


fullAffiliation:
[Ruiz-Ballesteros, Esteban; Caceres-Feria, Rafael] Univ Pablo de Olavide, Dept Antropol Social Psicol Basica & Salud Publ, Ctra Utrera Kmt 1, Seville 41013, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Canavan, Brendan] Univ Huddersfield, Dept Mkt Strategy & Econ, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Ignacio Pulido-Fernandez, Juan] Univ Jaen, Dept Econ, Lab Anal & Innovat Tourism, D3-273, Jaen 23071, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Siu, Noel Yee-Man; Zhang, Tracy Jun-Feng; Kwan, Ho-Yan] Hong Kong Baptist Univ, Sch Business, Dept Mkt, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Chang, Seohee; Sisson, Lisa] Grand Valley State Univ, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Allendale, MI 49401 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ziakas, Vassilios] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Tourism & Hospital ICRETH, Int Ctr Res Events, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Fuchs, Matthias; Abadzhiev, Andrey; Svensson, Bo; Lexhagen, Maria] Mid Sweden Univ, Ostersund, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Young-Sook; Lawton, Laura J.; Weaver, David B.] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Gold Coast, Qld 9726, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kellison, Timothy B.; Mondello, Michael J.] Florida State Univ, Dept Sport Management, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Catlin, James; Jones, Roy] Curtin Univ Technol, Fac Humanities, Sustainable Tourism Ctr, Perth, WA, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Coles, Tim; Fenclova, Emily; Dinan, Claire] Univ Exeter Business Sch, Dept Management, Exeter EX4 4PU, Devon, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Hall, C. Michael] Southern Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Nault, Sebastien] Laurentian Univ, Sch Human Kinet, Outdoor Adventure Leadership Program, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Roman, Carolina E.; Lynch, Amanda H.] Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Dominey-Howes, Dale] Univ New South Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Nat Hazards Res Lab, Sydney, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Dominey-Howes, Dale] Univ New South Wales, Australian Tsunami Res Ctr, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Bejder, Lars] Murdoch Univ, Ctr Fish & Fisheries Res, Cetacean Res Unit, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Lucrezi, Serena; Saayman, Melville] North West Univ, TREES, 11 Hoffman St, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Milanese, Martina; Sara, Antonio] Studio Associato GAIA Snc, Via Brigata Liguria 1-9 Scala A, I-16121 Genoa, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Markantonatou, Vasiliki; Cerrano, Carlo] Polytech Univ Marche, Dept Life Environm Sci DiSVA, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Kyung-Hee] Rural Dev Adm, Natl Inst Agr Sci, Agr Environm Dept, 166 Nongsaengmyeong Ro, Wanju Gun 565851, Jeollabuk Do, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Park, Duk-Byeong] Kongju Natl Univ, Coll Ind Sci, Dept Community Dev, 54 Daehak Ro, Yesan Gun 340702, Chungnam, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier; Lamond, Ian] Leeds Beckett Univ, Int Ctr Res Events Tourism & Hospitality, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Nickerson, Norma Polovitz; Jorgenson, Jake] Univ Montana, Inst Tourism & Recreat Res, Coll Forestry & Conservat, 32 Campus Dr 1234, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Boley, B. Bynum] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, 180 East Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hyun, Sunghyup Sean; Jeong, Chul] Hanyang Univ, Sch Tourism, 17 Haengdang Dong, Seoul 133791, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Iranmanesh, Mohammad; Maghsoudi, Amin] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Management, George Town 11800, Penang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Whitford, Michelle] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Bachelor Int Tourism & Hotel Management, Nathan, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Soyeun; Jamal, Tazim] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bohdanowicz-Godfrey, Paulina] Hilton Worldwide, Europe, Maple Court, Reeds Crescent, Watford WD24 4QQ, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Blose, Julia E.; Mack, Rhonda W.; Pitts, Robert E.] Coll Charleston, Sch Business, Dept Management & Mkt, Mkt, Charleston, SC 29401 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Mack, Rhonda W.] Coll Charleston, Sch Business, Dept Management & Mkt, Undergrad Programs, Charleston, SC 29401 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Butcher, Ken; Fredline, Liz] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Gold Coast, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Del Chiappa, Giacomo; Meleddu, Marta; Pulina, Manuela] Univ Sassari, Econ Dept DiSEA, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Puhakka, Riikka; Siikamaki, Pirkko] Univ Oulu, Oulanka Res Stn, Thule Inst, Kuusamo 93999, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[Huang, Songshan (Sam)] Univ South Australia, Tourism Management, Sch Management, Adelaide, SA, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[van der Veen, Robert] Univ South Australia, Australian Ctr Asian Business, Adelaide, SA, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Uysal, Muzaffer] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Tech, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Pamplin Coll Busines,Tourism, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[McGehee, Nancy Gard; Boley, B. Bynum] Virginia Tech, Hospitality & Tourism Management, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hallo, Jeffrey C.; Norman, William] Clemson Univ, Department Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Clemson, SC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hu, Wei] Hainan Univ, Fac Econ & Management, 58 Renming Ave, Haikou 570228, Hainan, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Adams, Jeffrey Lee] Univ Minnesota, Dept Anthropol, Hubert H Humphrey Ctr 395, 301 19th Ave South, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.


fullAffiliation:
Northumbria Univ, Ctr Travel & Tourism, Newcastle Business Sch, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, Tyne & Wear, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Peng, Hongsong; Zhang, Jinhe; Tang, Guorong; Yan, Bingjin] Nanjing Univ, Dept Land Resources & Tourism Sci, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Lu, Lin; Han, Ya] Anhui Normal Univ, Sch Terr Resources & Tourism, Ctr Tourism Res & Planning, Wuhu 241000, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Park, Sungbeen; Song, Sujin; Lee, Seoki] Penn State Univ, Hospitality Management Dept, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Rhou, Yinyoung] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Pamplin Coll Business, Dept Hosp & Tourism Management, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Uysal, Muzaffer] Univ Massachusetts, Isenberg Sch Management, Dept Hosp & Tourism Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ng, Siew Imm; Ho, Jo Ann] Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Econ & Management, Dept Management & Mkt, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Chia, Kei Wei] Univ Putra Malaysia, Inst Trop Forestry & Forest Prod, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ramachandran, Sridar] Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Forestry, Dept Recreat & Ecotourism, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hallo, Jeffrey C.; Backman, Sheila J.; Norman, William C.] Clemson Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Alegre, Ines; Berbegal-Mirabent, Jasmina] Univ Int Catalunya, Fac Ciencies Econ & Empresarials, Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, Eric S. W.; Hsu, Cathy H. C.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Gossling, Stefan; Andersson, Ann-Christin; Hall, C. Michael] Linnaeus Univ, Sch Business & Econ, S-39182 Kalmar, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Yim, Frederick Hong-kit] Hong Kong Baptist Univ, Dept Mkt, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Stylos, Nikolaos] Wolverhampton Univ, Dept Mkt Innovat Leisure & Enterprise, Sch Business, MN Bldg,Nursery St, Wolverhampton WV1 1AD, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Donohoe, Holly; Pennington-Gray, Lori; Omodior, Oghenekaro] Univ Florida, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Forde, Shawn D.; Lee, Donna S.; Mills, Cathy; Frisby, Wendy] Univ British Columbia, Sch Kinesiol, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Soyoung; Yoon, Jihyun; Shin, Joongwon] Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Food & Nutr, Foodserv & Mkt Lab, Seoul, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Sangkyun (Sean)] Flinders Univ S Australia, Sch Humanities & Creat Arts, Dept Tourism, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Seongseup (Sam)] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Heinze, Kathryn L.; Zdroik, Jennifer] Univ Michigan, Dept Sport Management, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Pechlaner, Harald; Volgger, Michael] European Acad, Inst Reg Dev & Locat Management, Bozen Bolzano, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Lapan, Chantell; Barbieri, Carla] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Parks Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Mura, Paolo; Tavakoli, Rokhshad] Taylors Univ, Sch Hospitality Tourism & Culinary Arts, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Coles, Tim; Fenclova, Emily; Dinan, Claire] Univ Exeter, Dept Management, Exeter EX4 4PU, Devon, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Ye, Ben Haobin] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Business, Dept Hospitality & Serv Management, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Hanqin Qiu; Goh, Carey] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Andersson, Tommy D.; Getz, Don; Mykletun, Reidar J.] Univ Stavanger, Norwegian Sch Hotel Management, Stavanger, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Andersson, Tommy D.] Univ Gothenburg, Sch Business Econ & Law, Vasagatan 1,POB 610, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Jitpakdee, Rungrawee; Thapa, Gopal Bahadur] Asian Inst Technol, Sch Environm Resources & Dev, Klongluang 12120, Pathumthani, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Prideaux, Bruce; Coghlan, Alexander; Mcnamara, Karen] James Cook Univ, Sch Business, POB 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Schianetz, Karin; Kavanagh, Lydia; Lockington, David] Univ Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Graci, Sonya] Ryerson Univ, Ted Rogers Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Boon, Paul I.] Victoria Univ, Inst Sustainabil & Innovat, Mail Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 8001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Wehrli, Roger; Priskin, Julianna; Stettler, Jurg] Lucerne Univ Appl Sci & Arts, Inst Tourism ITW, Luzern, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Demarmels, Sascha; Schaffner, Dorothea] Lucerne Univ Appl Sci & Arts, Inst Commun & Mkt IKM, Luzern, Switzerland.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Lu] Michigan State Univ, Sch Hospitality Business, 645N Shaw Lane,Room 241, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Melissen, Frans; van Ginneken, Rob; Wood, Roy C.] NHTV Univ Appl Sci, Acad Hotel Management, POB 3917, NL-4800 DX Breda, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Brueckner, Martin] Murdoch Univ, Sch Management & Governance, Ctr Responsible Citizenship & Sustainabil, Perth, WA, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Patiar, Anoop; Wang, Ying] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sandstrom, Jennifer; Swanger, Nancy] Washington State Univ, Sch Hospitality Business Management, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gursoy, Dogan] Washington State Univ, Coll Business, Sch Hosp Business Management, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Tanford, Sarah; Malek, Kristin] Univ Nevada, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, 4505 Maryland Pkwy,Box 456021, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Heenehan, Heather; Basurto, Xavier; Bejder, Lars; Johnston, David W.] Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm, Div Marine Sci & Conservat, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bejder, Lars; Tyne, Julian; Johnston, David W.] Murdoch Univ, Cetacean Res Unit, Sch Vet & Life Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Banki, Mohammed Bala; Ismail, Hairul Nizam] Univ Teknol Malaysia, CIPD, Fac Built Environm, PMB, Skudai 81310, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Mahan, Joseph E., III; Kent, Aubrey] Temple Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Mitrokostas, Evangelos; Apostolakis, Alexandros] Univ Portsmouth, Dept Econ, Portsmouth Business Sch, Portsmouth PO1 3DE, Hants, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Casper, Jonathan] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bendle, Lawrence J.] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, Sch Tourism, Seoul, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Dodds, Rachel] Ryerson Univ, Ted Rogers Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Manning, Robert; Valliere, William; Anderson, Laura; McCown, Rebecca Stanfield; Pettengill, Peter; Reigner, Nathan] Univ Vermont, Rubenstein Sch Environm & Nat Resources, Pk Studies Lab, 81 Carrigan Dr, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Fenclova, Emily; Coles, Tim] Univ Exeter, Ctr Sport Leisure & Tourism Res, Sch Business, Exeter EX4 4PU, Devon, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Ong, Lei Tin Jackie; Storey, Donovan; Minnery, John] Univ Queensland, Sch Geog Planning Environm Management, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Keske, Catherine] Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Inst Livestock & Environm, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Cortes-Jimenez, Isabel] Univ Nottingham, Tourism & Travel Res Inst, Business Sch, Nottingham, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David B.] Griffith Univ, Sch Tourism Leisure Hotel & Sport Management, Tourism Res, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Altinay, Levent] Oxford Brookes Univ, Dept Hospitality Leisure & Tourism Management, Business Sch, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, England.


fullAffiliation:
[del Mar Alonso-Almeida, Maria] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Fac Econ & Business Adm, Business Org Dept, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Bagur-Femenias, Llorenc; Perramon, Jordi] Univ Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Sch Management, Barcelona 08008, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Llach, Josep] Univ Girona, Escola Politecn Super, Dept Org Gestio Empresarial & Disseny Prod, Girona 17071, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Jungsun (Sunny)] Univ Nevada, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, Las Vegas 4505 Maryland Pkwy Box 456013, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Song, HakJun] Pai Chai Univ, Dept Hotel & Convent Management, 14 Yeon Ja 1 Gil, Daejeon 302735, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Jin Young] Kookje Coll, Dept Tourism Management, 56 Janganut Gil, Pyeongtaek Si, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Hwang, Doohyun] Mokpo Natl Univ, Dept Tourism Management, 1666 Yeongsan Ro, Cheonggye Myeon, Jeollanam Do, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Kwok, Linchi; Hu, Lanlan] Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona Cal Poly Pomona, Collins Coll Hospitality Management, Pomona, CA USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Minoli, Dino M.; Goode, Mark M. H.] Cardiff Metropolitan Univ, Cardiff Sch Management, Cardiff Management Bldg,Western Ave, Cardiff CF5 2YB, S Glam, Wales.


fullAffiliation:
[Tekken, Vera; Kropp, Juergen P.] Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, Dept Climate Impacts & Dev, Telegraphenberg A31, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Creedy, Amy; von Massow, Mike] Univ Guelph, Sch Hospitality Food & Tourism Management, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Hadjikakou, Michalis; Chenoweth, Jonathan; Druckman, Angela] Univ Surrey, Ctr Environm Strategy, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Miller, Graham; Li, Gang] Univ Surrey, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Boukas, Nikolaos] European Univ Cyprus, Ctr Sustainable Management Tourism Sport & Events, 6 Diogenes Str Engomi,POB 22006, CY-1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.


fullAffiliation:
[Engelbrecht, W.; Kruger, M.; Saayman, M.] North West Univ, TREES, Private Bag x6001, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Teng, Chih-Ching] Fu Jen Catholic Univ, Dept Restaurant Hotel & Inst Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Kuo, Pei-Jou; Kalargyrou, Valentini] Univ New Hampshire, Dept Hospitality Management, Durham, NH 03824 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Park, Kwangmin] Sejong Univ, Coll Hospitality & Tourism Management, Dept Foodserv Management, Seoul, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Woojin P; Barber, Troy; Tyrrell, Timothy] Arizona State Univ, Sch Community Resources & Dev, 411 N Cent Ave,Suite 550, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Mallen, Cheryl; Chard, Chris] Brock Univ, Dept Sport Management, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Baum, Tom] Univ Strathclyde, Int Tourism & Hospitality Management, Strathclyde Business Sch, Dept Human Resource Management, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Giampiccoli, Andrea] North West Univ, TREES, Potchefstroom Campus,Private Bag X6001, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Tinnish, Susan M.; Mangal, Sapna Mehta] Kendall Coll, Glion Sch Hospitality Management, Chicago, IL 60642 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ziakas, Vassilios; Boukas, Nikolaos] European Univ Cyprus, Ctr Sustainable Management Tourism Sport & Events, Nicosia, Cyprus.


fullAffiliation:
[Browne, Laurie P.] Univ Utah, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism, 1901 E South Campus Dr,Annex C,Room 1085, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Butler, Richard W.] Univ Strathclyde, Strathclyde Business Sch, Curran Bldg,199 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0LG, Lanark, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Wang, Yi; Chen, Wei] Sheffield Hallam Univ, City Campus,Howard St, Sheffield S1 1W, S Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
Univ Stavanger, Norwegian Sch Hotel Management, Norway & Inst Transport Econ, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Beeton, Sue] La Trobe Univ, Sch Sport Tourism & Hospitality Management, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Rezaei, Jafar; Kothadiya, Oshan; Tavasszy, Lori; Kroesen, Maarten] Delft Univ Technol, Fac Technol Policy & Management, NL-2628 BX Delft, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Agyeiwaah, Elizabeth; McKercher, Bob; Suntikul, Wantanee] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhao, Jinlin] Florida Int Univ, Chaplin Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, North Miami, FL 33181 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Huang, Yuti; Coelho, Vania R.] Dominican Univ Calif, Sch Hlth & Nat Sci, Dept Nat Sci & Math, 50 Acacia Ave, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Beckett Univ, Int Ctr Res Events Tourism & Hospitality, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Wu, Tsung-Chiung (Emily)] Natl Dong Hwa Univ, Dept Tourism Recreat & Leisure Studies, 1,Sec 2,Da hsueh Rd, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Wall, Geoffrey] Univ Waterloo, Dept Geog & Environm Management, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Tsou, Liang-Ying] Natl Chiayi Univ, Grad Inst Recreat Tourism & Hospitality Managemen, 580 Sinmin Rd, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Peachey, Jon Welty] Univ Illinois, Dept Recreat Sport & Tourism, 104 Huff Hall,MC-584,1206 South Fourth St, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Eojina] Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Pamplin Coll Business, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Ratnayake, I.; Gnanapala, W. K. Athula Chammika] Sabaragamuwa Univ Sri Lanka, Dept Tourism Management, Colombo, Sri Lanka.


fullAffiliation:
[Scuttari, Anna; Volgger, Michael] European Acad Bozen Bolzano EURAC Res, Inst Reg Dev & Locat Management, Bolzano, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Cardenas, David A.; Harrill, Rich] Univ S Carolina, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanss, Daniel] Univ Appl Sci, Hsch Darmstadt, Fachbereich Gesell Wissensch & Soziale Arbeit, Darmstadt, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Marzo-Navarro, Mercedes; Pedraja-Iglesias, Marta] Univ Zaragoza, Fac Econ & Business, Dept Mkt Management & Mkt Res, Zaragoza, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Carlos Gazquez-Abad, Juan] Univ Almeria, Fac Business & Econ, E-04120 La Canada De San Urbano, Almeria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Huertas-Garcia, Ruben; Dolores Vazquez-Gomez, M.; Casas Romeo, Agusti] Univ Barcelona, E-08007 Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Khazaei, Anahita; Elliot, Statia; Joppe, Marion] Univ Guelph, Sch Hospitality Food & Tourism Management, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Currie, Christine; Falconer, Peter] Queen Margaret Univ, Dept Arts Social Sci & Management, Edinburgh EH21 6UU, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Macris, Luke I.; Sam, Michael P.] Univ Otago, Sch Phys Educ Sport & Exercise Sci, Dunedin, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Ali, Alisha] Sheffield Hallam Univ, Sheffield Business Sch, Sheffield S1 1WB, S Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Schanzel, Heike A.; Brocx, Monique; Sadaraka, Lisa] AUT Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism, Auckland 1020, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Dewald, Ben; Bruin, Barbara Jean] Collins Coll, Cal Poly Pomona, 3801 West Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91768 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lupoli, Christopher Anthony; Morse, Wayde C.] Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Fotiadis, Anestis K.] Dept Entertainment Management, 1 Sec 1,Syuecheng Rd, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Garcia-Rosell, Jose-Carlos] Univ Lapland, Fac Social Sci, Multidimens Tourism Inst MTI, Rovaniemi, Finland.


fullAffiliation:
[McCool, Stephen] Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Dept Soc & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David] Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Tourism Res, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Atay, Lutfi] Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Univ, Sch Tourism & Hotel Management, Travel Dept, TR-17100 Terzioglu Yerleskesi, Canakkale, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Shani, Amir; Belhassen, Yaniv] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Hotel & Tourism Management, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.


fullAffiliation:
[Pereira, Ester M. V.; Mykletun, Reidar J.] Univ Stavanger, Norwegian Sch Hotel Management, Stavanger, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Yuksel, Atila; Yuksel, Fisun] Adnan Menderes Univ ADU, Sch Tourism & Hotel Management, Aydin, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Baddeley, Joanne] Thomas Cook UK & Ireland, Western Maintenance Area, Runger Lane, Manchester Airport M90 5FL, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Int Ctr Responsible Tourism, Studies, Leeds LS6 3QW, W Yorkshire, England.


fullAffiliation:
[McNamara, Karen Elizabeth; Prideaux, Bruce] James Cook Univ, Sch Business, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ines Sanchez, Clara; Eugenia Jaramillo-Hurtado, Maria] Vice Minist Trade Ind & Tourism, Bogota, Colombia.


fullAffiliation:
[Wong, Emma P. Y.; Bauer, Thomas G.; Wong, Kevin K. F.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Alves, Ines; Ramires, Catarina; Subtil, Rui] Univ Algarve, Fac Marine & Environm Sci, Faro, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Han, Heesup] Sejong Univ, Coll Hosp & Tourism Management, 98 Gunja Dong, Seoul 143747, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Garay, Lillis] Univ Oberta Catalunya, Econ & Management Dept, Av Tibidabo,39, Barcelona 08035, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Univ Surrey, Fac Arts & Social Sci, Sch Hosp & Tourism Management, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Pereira-Moliner, Jorge] Univ Alicante, Business Management Dept, Ap Correos 99, Alicante 03080, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Ashok, Smriti] Malviya Natl Inst Technol, Dept Architecture & Planning, JLN Marg, Jaipur 17, Rajasthan, India.


fullAffiliation:
[Behera, M. D.] IIT, Ctr Oceans Rivers Atmosphere & Land Sci CORAL, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India.


fullAffiliation:
[Pechlaner, Harald] Catholic Univ Eichstatt Ingolstadt, Ctr Entrepreneurship, Tourism, Eichstatt, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Saayman, Melville] North West Univ, Tourism Res Econ Environs & Societies, Potchefstroom Campus,Private Bag X6001, ZA-2521 Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Saayman, Andrea] North West Univ, Sch Econ, Potchefstroom Campus,Private Bag X6001, ZA-2521 Potchefstroom, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Miao, Li] Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Hotel & Restaurant Adm, Grad Program Coordinator, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Cohen, Scott A.] Univ Surrey, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Eijgelaar, E.; Nawijn, J.; Barten, C.; Okuhn, L.; Dijkstra, L.] NHTV Breda Univ Appl Sci, Ctr Sustainable Tourism & Transport, Breda, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Jung, SoYeon; Dalbor, Michael] Univ Nevada, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Manuel-Navarrete, David] Arizona State Univ, Sch Sustainabil, 800 S Cady Mall,POB 875502, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Boley, B. Bynum] Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Dept Nat Resources Recreat & Tourism NRRT, Athens, GA 30602 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Munanura, Ian E.] Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Ecosyst & Soc, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Backman, Kenneth F.; Hallo, Jeffrey C.; Powell, Robert B.] Clemson Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Clemson, SC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Xu, Honggang; Zhu, Dan; Bao, Jigang] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Tourism Management, Ctr Tourism Planning & Res, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Yadav, Rambalak; Dokania, Abhishek Kumar; Pathak, Govind Swaroop] Indian Sch Mines, Dept Management Studies, Dhanbad, Bihar, India.


fullAffiliation:
[Cardenas, David A.] Univ S Carolina, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Byrd, Erick T.] Univ N Carolina, Dept Mkt Entrepreneurship Hospitality Tourism, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Passafaro, Paola; Cini, Francesca; Boi, Lorenzo; D'Angelo, Michela; Heering, Maria Sofia; Luchetti, Laura; Mancini, Armando; Martemucci, Valentina; Pacella, Giulia; Patrizi, Fabio; Sassu, Federica; Triolo, Monica] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Fac Med & Psychol, Dept Dev & Social Psychol, I-00185 Rome, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Garrigos-Simon, Fernando J.; Galdon-Salvador, Jose Luis; Gil-Pechuan, Ignacio] UPV Univ, Dept Business Org, Valencia 46022, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Ming-Hsiang] Washington State Univ, Sch Hospitality Business Management, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Marti, Jordi; Rocafort, Alfredo] Univ Barcelona, Fac Econ & Empresa, Dept Comptabilitat, Barcelona, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Jackson, Leonard A.] J Mack Robinson Coll Business, Cecil B Day Sch Hospitality Adm, 35 Broad St,Suite 214, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jepson, Allan] Univ Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire Business Sch, Mkt & Enterprise Div, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Heineke, Janelle] Boston Univ, Sch Management, Dept Operat & Technol Management, Boston, MA 02215 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bhati, Abhishck] James Cook Univ JCU Singapore, Fac Law Business & Creat Arts, 600 Upper Thompson Rd, Singapore 574421, Singapore.


fullAffiliation:
[Isa, Salmi Mohd; Ramli, Lizana] Univ Sains Malaysia, Grad Sch Business, George Town, Penang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Kellison, Timothy B.] Univ Florida, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[McNamara, Karen Elizabeth] Univ South Pacific Suva, Pacific Ctr Environm & Sustainable Dev, Suva, Fiji Islands, Fiji.


fullAffiliation:
[Ghaderi, Zahed] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Housing Bldg & Planning, George Town 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hernandez, Juan M.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Dept Quantitat Methods, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Leon, Carmelo J.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Dept Appl Econ Anal, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Ferris, James M.; Williams, Nicholas P. O.] Univ Southern Calif, Ctr Philanthropy & Publ Policy, Sol Price Sch Publ Policy, VKC Room 379C, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Malhado, Acacia Cristina Mendes; Rothfuss, Rainer] Tuebingen Univ, Human Geog, Ruemelinstr 19-23, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Schweinsberg, Stephen; Wearing, Stephen L.] Univ Technol Sydney, UTS Business Sch, Management Discipline Grp, Kuringai Campus,Eton Rd,POB 222, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Ye; Cole, Shu T.; Chancellor, Charles H.] Indiana Univ, Recreat Pk & Tourism Studies, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Zeppel, Heather; Beaumont, Narelle] Univ Southern Queensland, Australian Ctr Sustainable Business & Dev, POB 4196, Springfield, Qld 4300, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Guillet, Basak Denizci; Yaman, Ruhi; Kucukusta, Deniz] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Kim, Yong Joong; Hancer, Murat] Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Hotel & Restaurant Adm, 210 HES West, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Palakurthi, Radesh] Drexel Univ, Sch Technol & Profess Studies, Hospitality Management Culinary Arts & Food Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Manente, Mara; Minghetti, Valeria; Mingotto, Erica] CISET Ca Foscari Univ, Villa Mocenigo,Riviera San Pietro 83, I-30030 Oriago di Mira, VE, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Cilliers, Elizelle J.; Diemont, Emma; Stobbelaar, Derk-Jan; Timmermans, Wim] Wageningen Univ Appl Sci, Van Hall Larenstein, Wageningen, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Griffin, Kevin; Stacey, Jane] Dublin Inst Technol, Sch Hospitality Management & Tourism, Dublin 1, Ireland.


fullAffiliation:
[Isaac, Rami K.; Hodge, Darlene] NHTV Breda Univ Appl Sci, Ctr Cross Cultural Understanding, Hopmanstraat 1, NL-4817 JTF Breda, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Ryan, Maria M.; Mizerski, Katherine] Edith Cowan Univ, Fac Business & Law, Mkt, Perth, WA, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[De Grosbois, Danuta] Brock Univ, Dept Tourism & Environm, 500 Glenridge Ave, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Evenson, Kelly R.] Univ N Carolina, Bank Amer Ctr, Dept Epidemiol, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, 137 East Franklin St,Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Giannoulakis, Chrysostomos] Univ Nevada, Dept Recreat & Sport Management, William F Harrah Coll Hotel Adm, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Moreo, Andrew; Demicco, Frederick J.; Xiong, Lina] Univ Delaware, Dept Hotel Restaurant & Inst Management, Newark, DE 19716 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Morais, Duarte B.; Dong, Erwei] Penn State Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Management, 228 Mateer Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhu, Cheng; Yang, Guihua] Yunnan Univ, Sch Business & Tourism Management, Kunming, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Hede, Anne-Marie] Deakin Univ, Fac Business & Law, Bowater Sch Management & Mkt, Mkt, Burwood, Vic 3125, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Jago, Leo; Deery, Margaret] Victoria Univ, Ctr Hosp & Tourism Res, Tourism, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Thompson, Benjamin S.; Gillen, Jamie; Friess, Daniel A.] Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Geog, Singapore, Singapore.


fullAffiliation:
[Folgado-Fernandez, Jose A.] Univ Extremadura, Financial Econ & Accounting Dept, Ave Virgen del Puerto S-N, Plasencia 10600, Caceres, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Ramkissoon, Haywantee] Curtin Univ, Sch Mkt, Curtin Business Sch, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ramkissoon, Haywantee] Monash Univ, Behaviourworks Australia, Monash Sustainabil Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Severt, Denver] Univ Cent Florida, Rosen Coll Hospitality Management, Serv Management, Dept Tourism Events & Attract, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Xu, Honggang] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Ctr Tourism Planning, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Guo, Zhanfeng] Northwest A&F Univ, Coll Humanities & Social Dev, 22 XinongRd, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Sun, Li] Delft Univ Technol, Fac Technol Policy & Management, Bldg 31,Jaffalaan 5, NL-2628 BX Delft, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Nguyen, Sheila N.] Deakin Univ, Sch Management & Mkt, Fac Business & Law, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Chen, Xiaoqing; Peng, Qingzhe] Cent South Forestry & Technol Univ, Tourism Sch, South Shaoshan Rd, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Kline, Carol] Appalachian State Univ, Hospitality & Tourism Management, Dept Management, Boone, NC 28608 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Barbieri, Carla; LaPan, Chantell] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Lee, Won Seok] Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Convent Management, 26 Kyungheedae Ro, Seoul 130701, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Jackson, Leonard A.] J Mack Robinson Coll Business, Cecil B Day Sch Hospitality Adm, 35 Broad St,Suite 214, Atlanta, GA USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Arana, Jorge E.; Leon, Carmelo J.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Inst Turismo & Desarrollo Econ Sostenible TiDES, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Blancas, F. J.; Lozano-Oyola, M.] Pablo de Olavide Univ, Dept Econ Quantitat Methods & Econ Hist, Seville, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Chan, Jin Hooi; Iankova, Katia] Univ Greenwich, Sch Business, Old Royal Naval Coll, Greenwich, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Cocolas, Nicole; Walters, Gabrielle; Ruhanen, Lisa] Univ Queensland, Sch Business, Tourism Cluster, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Deville, Adrian; Wearing, Stephen] Univ Technol Sydney, Management Discipline Grp, UTS Business Sch, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Hanks, Lydia; Line, Nathan D.] Florida State Univ, Dedman Sch Hospitality, 288 Champ Way,UCB 4114, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Yudina, Olga] Univ Waterloo, Dept Geog & Environm Management, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Grimwood, Bryan S. R.] Univ Waterloo, Dept Recreat & Leisure Studies, 200 Univ Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Yun, Hee Jeong; Park, Mi Hyeon] Kangwon Natl Univ, Dept Tourism Adm, Chunchon 200701, Kangwon Provinc, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Albaladejo, Isabel P.; Pilar Martinez-Garcia, Maria] Fac Econ & Empresa, Dept Metodos Cuantitativos Econ & Empresa, Murcia 30100, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Cavagnaro, Elena] Stenden Univ Appl Sci, Acad Int Hospitality Res, Stenden Hotel Management Sch, Sustainabil Hospitality & Tourism, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Chhabra, Deepak] Arizona State Univ, Sch Community Resources & Dev, 411 N Cent Ave,Ste 550, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[McKercher, Bob; Mackenzie, Murray] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Sandve, Anethe; Ogaard, Torvald] Univ Stavanger, Norwegian Sch Hotel Management, Stavanger, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Lundberg, Christine; Fredman, Peter; Wall-Reinius, Sandra] Mid Sweden Univ, ETOUR, S-83125 Ostersund, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Marchoo, Witchuta] Prince Songkla Univ, Fac Liberal Arts & Management Sci, Tourism Business Program, Surat Thani 84100, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Butcher, Ken; Watkins, Mike] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Griffith Business Sch, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sandve, Anethe; Marnburg, Einar; Ogaard, Torvald] Univ Stavanger, Norwegian Sch Hotel Management, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Paramio-Salcines, Juan Luis] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Educ Fis Deportes & Motricidad Humana, E-28049 Madrid, Cantoblanco, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Velvin, Jan; Kvikstad, Tor Martin; Drag, Eivind] Buskerud Univ Coll, Dept Business & Social Sci, N-3603 Kongsberg, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Salomea, Lotte Rosalien; van den Heuvel, Mark] Fontys Univ Appl Sci, Tilburg Sch Econ, Tilburg, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Salomea, Lotte Rosalien; van den Heuvel, Mark] Fontys Univ Appl Sci, Fontys Econom Hogesch Tilburg, Tilburg, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Goff, Gianluca] Univ Urbino, Trabajo Reg Marche Italia, Invest & Observat Reg Mercado, Urbino, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Jaafar, Mastura; Yacob, Mohd Firdous] Univ Sains Malaysia, Sustainable Tourism Res Cluster, Georgetown, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Sirakaya-Turk, Ercan] Univ South Carolina, Dept Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Spector, Sam; Chard, Chris; Mallen, Cheryl; Hyatt, Craig] Brock Univ, Dept Sport Management, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Paquette, Justine; Stevens, Julie; Mallen, Cheryl] Brock Univ, Dept Sport Management, St Catharines, ON, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Jamal, Tazim; Camargo, Blanca] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Sci, 2261 TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Pfahl, Michael E.] Ohio Univ, Coll Business, E178 Grover Ctr, Dept Sports Adm, Athens, OH 45701 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Deery, Margaret; Jago, Leo; Stewart, Michael] Victoria Univ, Ctr Hospitality & Tourism Res, POB 14428, Melbourne, Vic 8001, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Liburd, Janne J.] Univ Southern Denmark, Inst Business Commun & Informat Sci, Int Tourism & Leisure Management, Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark.


fullAffiliation:
[Stone, Chris] Univ Sunderland, ADMC Priestman Bldg,Green Terrace, Sunderland SR1 3PZ, Tyne & Wear, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Taheri, Babak; Farrington, Thomas] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Social Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[O'Gorman, Kevin] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Social Sci, Management & Business Hist, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Maria del Rosario, Reyes-Santiago; Patricia S, Sanchez-Medina] Inst Politecn Nacl, Municipio Santa Cruz Xoxocotlan, CIIDIR Unidad Oaxaca, Hornos 1003, Oaxaca 71230, Mexico.


fullAffiliation:
[Rene, Diaz-Pichardo] Univ Technol Troyes, CNRS, ICD CREIDD, UMR 6281, 12 Rue Marie Curie,BP 2060, F-10010 Troyes, France.


fullAffiliation:
[Shakeela, A.] Griffith Univ, Griffith Business Sch, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Ho, Jo Ann; Ng, Siew Imm] Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Econ & Management, Dept Management & Mkt, Serdang, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Horng, Jeou-Shyan] Jinwen Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Food & Beverage Management, 99 Anzhong Rd, New Taipei 23154, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Liu, Chih-Hsing] Ming Chuan Univ, Leisure & Recreat Adm Dept, Res Ctr Tourism Sch, 5 De Ming Rd, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Chou, Sheng-Fang] Ming Chuan Univ, Dept Hospitality Management, Res Ctr Tourism Sch, 5 De Ming Rd, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Tsai, Chang-Yen] MingDao Univ, Dept Hospitality Management, 369 Wen Hua Rd, Changhua 52345, Taiwan.


fullAffiliation:
[Huxley, Dianne J.; O'Connor, Donna; Larkin, Paul] Univ Sydney, Sydney Sch Educ & Social Work, Sydney, NSW, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Angeles Oviedo-Garcia, M.] Univ Seville, Business Management Fac, Avda Ramon & Cajal 1, Seville 41018, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Castellanos-Verdugo, Mario; Vega-Vazquez, Manuela] Univ Seville, Tourism & Finance Fac, Seville, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Orgaz-Agueera, Francisco] Univ Tecnol Santiago UTESA, Escuela Graduados, Santiago Caballeros, Dominican Rep.


fullAffiliation:
[Chang, Mark Jaewon] SUNY Coll Brockport, Dept Kinesiol Sport Studies & Phys Educ, Brockport, NY 14420 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Connaughton, Daniel P.] Univ Florida, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Bakos, Izabella Maria] Szent Istvan Univ, Fac Econ & Social Sci, Pater K Str 1, H-2100 Godollo, Hungary.


fullAffiliation:
[Becken, Susanne] Griffith Univ, Griffith Inst Tourism GIFT, Griffith Business Sch, Gold Coast Campus, Nathan, Qld, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Higuchi, Yukari] Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Sci, Div Environm Sci Dev, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.


fullAffiliation:
[Yamanaka, Yasuhiro] Hokkaido Univ, Fac Environm Earth Sci, Sect Integrated Environm Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.


fullAffiliation:
[Lu, Lu] Temple Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, 1810 N 13th St,Speakman Hall 111 006-68, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Gursoy, Dogan] Washington State Univ, Carson Coll Business, Sch Hospitality Business Management, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Shim, Changsup] Gachon Univ, Dept Tourism Management, 1342 Seongnam Daero, Seongnam Si 461701, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Kang, Seongjin; Kim, Insin] Pusan Natl Univ, Dept Tourism & Convent, San 30, Busan 609735, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Weaver, David Bruce] Griffith Univ, Dept Tourism Sport & Hotel Management, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Booyens, Irma; Rogerson, Christian M.] Univ Johannesburg, Fac Management, Sch Tourism & Hospitality, Johannesburg, South Africa.


fullAffiliation:
[Kulczycki, Wojciech; Koenigstorfer, Joerg] Tech Univ Munich, Dept Sport & Hlth Management, Munich, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Rogerson, Robert J.] Univ Strathclyde, Inst Future Cities, Technol Innovat Ctr, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland.


fullAffiliation:
[Orams, Mark] Auckland Univ Technol, Fac Hlth & Environm Sci, North Shore Campus, Auckland, New Zealand.


fullAffiliation:
[Holroyd, Amy Twigger] Birmingham City Univ, Birmingham Inst Art & Design, Birmingham, W Midlands, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Suess, Courtney; Mody, Makarand] Boston Univ, Sch Hospitality Adm, 928 Commonwealth Ave,Room 323, Boston, MA 02215 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kulczycki, Wojciech; Koenigstorfer, Joerg] Tech Univ Munich, Dept Sport & Hlth Management, Campus D Uptown Munich,Georg Brauchle Ring 60-62, D-80992 Munich, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Cavagnaro, Elena; Duweke, Anna] Stenden Univ Appl Sci, Rengerslaan 8, NL-8933 AV Leeuwarden, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Wright, Paul M.; Jacobs, Jenn M.; Ressler, James D.] No Illinois Univ, Dept Kinesiol & Phys Educ, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jorgenson, Jake] Univ Montana, Coll Forestry & Conservat, 32 Campus Dr,1234, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Nickerson, Norma] Univ Montana, Inst Tourism & Recreat Res, Coll Forestry & Conservat, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Floeter, Thomas; Benkenstein, Martin] Univ Rostock, Dept Serv Management, Ulmenstr 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Uhrich, Sebastian] German Sport Univ Cologne, Inst Sport Econ & Sport Management, Sportpark Mungersdorf 6, D-50933 Cologne, Germany.


fullAffiliation:
[Lim, Weng Marc] Monash Univ, Sch Business, Malaysia Campus,Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Malaysia.


fullAffiliation:
[Boukas, Nikolaos] European Univ Cyprus, Ctr Sustainable Management Tourism Sport & Events, Tourism & Hosp Management, 6 Diogenous St,POB 2206, CY-1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.


fullAffiliation:
[Ziakas, Vassilios] Univ West London, London Coll Hosp & Tourism, Events Management, S. Marys Rd, London W5 5RF, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Kang, Kyung Ho; Yoo, Changsok] Kyung Hee Univ, Coll Hotel & Tourism Management, Seoul, South Korea.


fullAffiliation:
[Larsen, Svein; Wolff, Katharina] Univ Bergen, Fac Psychol, Dept Psychosocial Sci, 12 Christiesgate, N-5015 Bergen, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Pencarelli, Tonino] Univ Urbino Carlo Bo, Fac Econ, Dept Econ Social & Polit Studies, Via Saffi 15, I-61029 Urbino, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[Cerquetti, Mara] Univ Macerata, Dept Educ Cultural Heritage & Tourism, Ple Bertelli 1, I-62100 Macerata, Italy.


fullAffiliation:
[VanWynsberghe, Robert] Univ British Columbia, Dept Educ Studies, 28-2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Cater, Carl; Low, Tiffany] Aberystwyth Univ, Sch Business & Management, Tourism Program, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales.


fullAffiliation:
[Ziegler, Jackie A.; Dearden, Philip; Rollins, Rick] Univ Victoria, Dept Geog, Marine Protected Area, Res Grp, POB 3060 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Frost, Warwick; Laing, Jennifer] La Trobe Univ, Dept Management & Mkt, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Stumpf, T. S.; Swanger, Nancy] Washington State Univ, Sch Hospitality Business Management, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Kellison, Timothy B.] Univ Florida, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Martin, Steven Andrew] Prince Songkla Univ, Fac Environm Management, Hat Yai 90110, Songkla, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Tirasatayapitak, Aree; Chaiyasain, Chainun] Prince Songkla Univ, Fac Hospitality & Tourism, Phuket 83120, Thailand.


fullAffiliation:
[Ghanem, Marwa Magdy; Saad, Samar Kamel] Suez Canal Univ, Fac Tourism, Dept Tourism Studies, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.


fullAffiliation:
[Osbaldiston, Nick; Duffy, Michelle] Federat Univ Australia, Gippsland Mail Ctr, Sch Appl Media & Social Sci, POB 3191, Mt Helen, Vic 3841, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Panyik, Emese] Univ Portugal UCP, Fac Social Sci, Braga Reg Ctr, Campus Camoes, P-4710 Braga, Portugal.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Chaozhi; Rao, Yong] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Tourism Management, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Chaozhi] UIUC SYSU Int Joint Lab Natl Pk Res Zhangjiajie, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Xiao, Honggen] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Zhang, Chaozhi] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Tourism Management, Tourism, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Ozturki, Ahmet Bulent; van Niekerk, Mathilda] Univ Cent Florida, Rosen Coll Hospitality Management, Orlando, FL 32819 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Jenkins, Laura Dudley] Univ Cincinnati, McMicken Coll Arts & Sci, Dept Polit Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Romanos, Michael] Univ Cincinnati, Sch Design Art Architecture & Planning DAAP, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Valdivia, Corinne] Univ Missouri, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, 214-D Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Barbieri, Carla] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Parks Recreat & Tourism Management, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Leon, Carmelo J.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, UNESCO Chair Tourism Planning & Sustainable Econ, Inst Tourism & Sustainable Dev Econ TIDES, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Arana, Jorge E.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Fac Econ Turismo & Empresa, Las Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Lopez-Sanchez, Yaiza; Ignacio Pulido-Fernandez, Juan] Univ Jaen, Lab Anal & Innovac Turist LAInnTUR, Dept Econ, Campus Lagunillas S-N, Jaen 23071, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Sanchez-Canizares, Sandra M.; Maria Castillo-Canalejo, Ana] Univ Cordoba, Fac Law & Business Adm, Cordoba, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Yang, Xiaotao; Hung, Kam] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Buultjens, Jeremy; Neale, Kate] So Cross Univ, Southern Cross Business Sch, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Lamont, Matthew] So Cross Univ, Sch Tourism & Hospitality Management, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Andersson, Tommy D.; Jutbring, Henrik; Lundberg, Erik] Univ Gothenburg, Sch Business Econ & Law, Gothenburg, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Thapa, Brijesh] Univ Florida, Dept Tourism Recreat & Sport Management, Eric Friedheim Tourism Inst, Gainesville, FL USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Shim, Changsup; Santos, Carla A.] Univ Illinois, Dept Recreat Sport & Tourism, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Valls, Josep-Francesc] Univ Amsterdam, ESADE Univ Ramon Llull, Sch Social Sci, Dept Mkt Management, Amsterdam, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Tunon, Gerard Valls] Univ Amsterdam, Sch Social Sci, Grad Sch Social Sci, Master Int Dev Study, Amsterdam, Netherlands.


fullAffiliation:
[Ayten, Asim Mustafa] Abdullah Gul Univ, Fac Architecture, Dept City & Reg Planning, Kayseri, Turkey.


fullAffiliation:
[Benjamin, Stefanie] Univ South Carolina, Sch Hotel Restaurant & Tourism Management, Columbia, SC USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Hennessey, Sean; Macdonald, Roberta] Univ Prince Edward Isl, Sch Business, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Hennessey, Sean; Yun, Dongkoo; Macdonald, Roberta] Univ Prince Edward Isl, Tourism Res Ctr, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Stensland, Stian; Baardsen, Sjur] Norwegian Univ Life Sci UMB, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, As, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Mackenzie, Murray; Cheung, Catherine; Law, Rob] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Sch Hotel & Tourism Management, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.


fullAffiliation:
[Berker, Thomas; Gansmo, Helen Josok] NTNU, Ctr Technol & Soc, Dept Interdisciplinary Studies Culture, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.


fullAffiliation:
[Cohen, Erik] Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, Sociol Emeritus, IL-91905 Jerusalem, Israel.


fullAffiliation:
[Mihailovich, Philippe] ESLSCA, MBA Programs, Grad Sch Business, 5 Rue Carrier Belleuse, F-75015 Paris, France.


fullAffiliation:
[MacNeill, Timothy] Univ Ontario, Inst Technol, Fac Social Sci & Humanities, 2000 Simcoe St North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.


fullAffiliation:
[Nazimi, Leila; Schilds, Adam; Huveneers, Charlie] Flinders Univ S Australia, Coll Sci & Engn, Bedford Pk, SA 5042, Australia.


fullAffiliation:
[Serra-Cantallops, Antoni] Univ Balearic Isl, Business Econ Dept, Mkt Management & Tourism Mkt, Palma De Mallorca, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Martorell-Cunill, Onofre] Univ Balearic Isl, Business Econ Dept, Finances, Palma De Mallorca, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[Cisneros-Martinez, Jose David] Univ Malaga, Fac Ciencias Econ & Empresariales, Dept Econ Aplicada Estadist & Econometria, Malaga, Spain.


fullAffiliation:
[McCabe, Scott; Fernandez-Morales, Antonio] Univ Nottingham, Nottingham Univ Business Sch, Div Mkt, Nottingham, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Shin, Yeon Ho; Jung, Seung Eun; Severt, Kimberly] Univ Alabama, Dept Human Nutr & Hospitality Management, 434 Russell Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Moon, Hyoungeun] Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Font, Xavier] Univ Surrey, Sch Hospitality & Tourism Management, 04AP02, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England.


fullAffiliation:
[Prince, Solene; Ioannides, Dimitri] Mid Sweden Univ, European Tourism Res Inst ETOUR, Dept Tourism Studies & Geog, Kunskapensvag 1, S-83125 Ostersund, Sweden.


fullAffiliation:
[Ernesto Perez, Victor; Hernandez Santoyo, Alain; Amparo Leon, Maria] Univ Pinar del Rio, Pinar Del Rio, Cuba.


fullAffiliation:
[Jang, Yoon Jung; Zheng, Tianshu; Bosselman, Robert] Iowa State Univ, Dept Apparel Events & Hospitality Management, Ames, IA 50011 USA.


fullAffiliation:
[Warren, Christopher; Becken, Susanne] Griffith Univ, Griffith Inst Tourism GIFT, Gold Coast Campus,Parklands Dr, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.


# Document

type: J
volume: 31
issue: 2
beginPage: 176
endPage: 190
doi: 10.1123/jsm.2016-0129
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000398762800005
year: 2017
authors: Svensson, PG, Seifried, CS
title:
Navigating Plurality in Hybrid Organizing: The Case of Sport for Development and Peace Entrepreneurs

docAbstract:
Sport leaders are redefining organizational paradigms by blending elements from traditional forms of organizing. Leaders of emergent hybrid forms face unique challenges in managing tensions associated with the paradoxical elements they embody. This paper introduces the concept of hybrid organizing and examines its applicability to Sport for Development and Peace (SDP). Specifically, Battilana and Lee's (2014) multidimensional framework is used to examine the core practices, workforce composition, organizational design, inter organizational relationships, and organizational culture of hybrid SDP entities. Findings from this exploratory empirical work with nine organizations indicate SDP hybrids operate under a multitude of legal structures yet are underlined by shared beliefs that these new forms provide better opportunities for achieving social impact and organizational sustainability. Organizational leaders appear to use a multitude of internal mechanisms for managing the seemingly paradoxical nature of hybrid organizing Strengths and challenges associated with these efforts were revealed and are critically examined.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 3
beginPage: 301
endPage: 315
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2016.1250793
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000397997500006
year: 2017
authors: Addinsall, C, Scherrer, P, Weiler, B, Glencross, K
title:
An ecologically and socially inclusive model of agritourism to support smallholder livelihoods in the South Pacific

docAbstract:
The neglect and marginalisation of smallholders in economic and development policy contributes to increasing vulnerability of rural communities. Underinvestment in agriculture, climate change impacts and growing competition for land and water places further pressure on smallholders. In this context, this paper examines the current focus in the South Pacific on strengthening the linkages between tourism and agriculture through agritourism. The paper seeks to merge multiple discourses, by firstly reviewing the development model that is driving tourism and linkages to agriculture in the South Pacific. Secondly, agritourism as it is conceptualised in the tourism literature and thirdly sustainable tourism discourse, to identify economic activities within agritourism that contribute to enhancing smallholders' livelihoods in the South Pacific. An ecologically and socially inclusive model of agritourism is put forward based on principles of sustainable tourism and agroecology - referred to as agroecological tourism. Agroecological tourism strengthens the linkages between tourism and agriculture while fostering sustainability principles.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 1
beginPage: 113
endPage: 129
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1177065
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390123600008
year: 2017
authors: Boley, BB, Ayscue, E, Maruyama, N, Woosnam, KM
title:
Gender and empowerment: assessing discrepancies using the resident empowerment through tourism scale

docAbstract:
While gender equality and empowerment are core components of sustainable tourism, most of the literature has approached the concepts from qualitative perspectives, thus limiting the ability to empirically test for empowerment discrepancies between men and women. With this gap in mind, this study sought to test the widely held notion that empowerment discrepancies exist between men and women in tourism development. Discrepancies in psychological, social and political empowerment were tested for using the 12-item Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS). The RETS was administered across five sample populations, with results revealing that gender discrepancies were present, but surprisingly, not in the direction suggested in previous literature. In all three US samples, there was evidence that women were more likely to perceive themselves being empowered than men. The results from the two Japanese samples did not find any significant differences, which is of interest because Japan is traditionally seen a very patriarchal society. Applications of the RETS can be paired with qualitative research to better understand empowerment success stories and then to apply these best practices to other destinations where empowerment discrepancies are present. Future applications of the RETS are suggested to help initiate gender mainstreaming within the sustainable tourism literature.


title: Evolutionary economic geography: reflections from a sustainable tourism perspective
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 438
endPage: 447
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2016.1274774
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399587400008
year: 2017
authors: Brouder, P
docAbstract:
Evolutionary economic geography (EEG) is receiving increasing attention from tourism geographers with over 30 publications explicitly incorporating EEG into tourism between 2011 and 2016. Many of these contributions are conceptual, which is not surprising given the novelty of EEG within economic geography, in general, and tourism, in particular. However, a sizeable number of these are built on detailed case studies, using EEG as an analytical lens rather than as a conceptual point of departure. Thus, many tourism researchers have found that EEG has great potential for understanding change in tourism destinations. In this Research Frontiers paper I critically reflect on this early research of EEG in tourism geographies from a sustainable development perspective. In the cases presented, EEG offers a fresh understanding of two related challenges in each of two separate aspects of sustainable tourism development. First, pro-growth governance models can be disrupted by engaged local stakeholders in order to make tangible sustainability gains but these gains remain precarious over time as pro-growth governance models prove tenacious in the very long-term. Second, regional institutional legacies hamper new path emergence in two ways - through institutional inertia which keeps the region's focus on past success in other sectors and through the (possibly competing) institutional imperatives of the dominant and emerging tourism sub-sectors or sub-regions. These challenges are illustrated through two complementary Canadian cases drawn from the extant literature - the mass tourism destination of Niagara and the resort community of Whistler. I highlight how a sustainable tourism perspective can also help to critique EEG theory and empirics in line with other recent political economy critiques in economic geography. I conclude that sustainable tourism, at its best, is an established reflexive lens which will help to develop, validate, and challenge aspects of EEG theory within tourism studies, in particular, and economic geography, in general.


title: Reinventing Macau tourism: gambling on creativity?
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 6
beginPage: 580
endPage: 602
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1187585
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399593100003
year: 2017
authors: Greenwood, VA, Dwyer, L
docAbstract:
The paper identifies some major economic, social and environmental effects of gaming-related tourism in Macau, the world's largest gaming location in respect of casino turnover. The main types of effects of casino development are typically those associated with growth machine theory. The paper also identifies major threats to the sustainable development of Macau as a gaming/tourism destination, arising from a narrow industrial base, competing destinations, community alienation, and what is referred to as the 'China factor'. The paper discusses the types of strategies that are required if Macau tourism is to counter these threats and develop successfully as a 'World Centre of Tourism and Leisure'. It is argued that Macau can most effectively achieve this goal if it develops its tourism and gaming industries to be consistent with the key attributes of a creative city.


type: J
volume: 72
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 14
doi: 10.1108/TR-09-2016-0037
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000402936100001
year: 2017
authors: Jalilvand, MR, Vosta, LN, Mahyari, HK, Pool, JK
title:
Social responsibility influence on customer trust in hotels: mediating effects of reputation and word-of-mouth

docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to model and test the relationships between corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate reputation (CR), word-of-mouth (WOM) behavior and customer trust (CT) within the hotel context. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire survey was conducted among 300 hotel guests. Following a two-step approach, a measurement model was estimated and then a structural model was analyzed to test six proposed hypotheses. Findings - The research results show that CSR has a direct and positive effect on CT, CR and WOM; CSR has an indirect and positive influence on CT via CR and WOM as mediating variables; CR is a significant antecedent of WOM; and CR and WOM are positively associated with CT. Originality/value - The research examines the relationship among CSR, CR, WOM and CT, thus contributing to hospitality management literature theoretically. In addition, relevant implications are provided for managers as to how to improve CT in service industries.


title: Lifestyle sports delivery and sustainability: clubs, communities and user-managers
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 107
endPage: 119
doi: 10.1080/19406940.2017.1289236
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000401921100008
year: 2017
authors: King, K, Church, A
docAbstract:
Lifestyle and informal sports have been recognised by policy makers as offering opportunities to increase participation in physical activity, particularly amongst hard to reach groups. Lifestyle sports are, however, double edged in their potential to achieve these goals. Their playful and non-traditional features may attract new participants less interested in traditional sports but the very liquidity of these activities may mean that the engagement of participants is fragmented and not sustained beyond a particular period in their lives. This article presents the perspective of mountain biking usermanagers; those involved in the delivery, clubs and communities of mountain bikers across the United Kingdom. Findings suggest that whilst lifestyle sport communities are dependent on the work of formalised clubs to gain access to the funding and resources they need to sustain their activities, core participants will not always want to have to liaise or become involved formally within a club structure. In addition, clubs will not succeed in delivering sustained activities in line with sport policy to increase and maintain participation by relying on individual grants and without the support of an active informal user community. Accounts highlight the importance of engaging informal user communities with a sense of ownership such as locals to ensure new participants are integrated and the community is able to replenish.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 8
beginPage: 1117
endPage: 1137
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1257011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000402128200005
year: 2017
authors: Pizzitutti, F, Walsh, SJ, Rindfuss, RR, Gunter, R, Quiroga, D, Tippett, R, Mena, CF
title:
Scenario planning for tourism management: a participatory and system dynamics model applied to the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador

docAbstract:
This paper presents a decision-support system based on a system dynamics model designed to examine tourism management in the Galapagos Islands. A participatory approach was used to integrate the views of multiple stakeholders in the Galapagos Islands and to build an understandable, graphical representation of the impacts of tourism and residential population growth. Each subsystem is examined through hypotheses involving three scenarios of tourism growth that are associated with different residential population expansions. A number of integrative and linked social-ecological effects in our model have been shown to severely shock the natural environment of the Galapagos and saturate the capacity of several socio-economic subsystems. Major concerns of the expanding human dimension in the Galapagos are represented by (1) the growing number of introduced species that threaten the Islands' unique natural environment, and (2) the rapid saturation of the Galapagos National Park's tourism reception capacity. The model relies upon real data to specify rules, relationships, and rates of exchange that are derived through statistical functions and/or functions specified in theory or practice. The presented decision-support system is a quantitative scenario-planning tool that can be used by policy-makers to achieve an enhanced understanding of the Galapagos Islands as a coupled human-natural system.


title: Estimating tourism's contribution to conservation area financing in Mozambique
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 24
endPage: 33
doi: 10.1177/1467358415613119
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390854300003
year: 2017
authors: Rylance, A
docAbstract:
Financial sustainability of conservation areas is one of the cornerstones for enabling effective conservation management. However, the current status of conservation area funding is widely detached from the need, and this disparity is intensified in developing countries. Therefore, identifying and valuing the revenue streams and finance needs of conservation areas is an important step in the process to become financial sustainable. This paper assesses the revenue potential of conservation areas in Mozambique national parks and reserves. The analysis describes the revenue generation of 93 conservation areas in Mozambique in 2013 to (i) the economy, (ii) the Government of Mozambique and conservation area management authorities, as well as (iii) respective communities bordering conservation areas. The analysis determined that the total annual revenue generation within the conservation area network was USD 24.4 million in 2013 from tourism-linked activities. The component of total revenue that accrued to either national Government of Mozambique or conservation area management was USD 3.33 million in 2013, and USD 606,500 of this accrued to communities surrounding conservation areas. The research has demonstrated that revenue generation of the conservation area network contributes approximately 10% to the tourism sector's total contribution to the economy of Mozambique. In addition, this research highlights the difficulties of revenue generation from conservation areas in least developed countries and the effects of a lack of data on justifying the value of a conservation area network from an economic perspective.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 12
beginPage: 1848
endPage: 1864
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1260574
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000418705500010
year: 2017
authors: Slocum, SL
title:
Operationalising both sustainability and neo-liberalism in protected areas: implications from the USA's National Park Service's evolving experiences and challenges

docAbstract:
Following its 2013 Green Park Plan, the US National Park Service (NPS) has sought to achieve more sustainable operations at park level. However, a history of top-down governance, research aversion, contentious community relationships, and a move towards neoliberal governance has created numerous challenges to operationalising the sustainability agenda. Using comparative case study methodology, this paper approaches sustainability through a five-pillar framework that incorporates the economy, environment, society, good governance and sound science. Data from three very different parks, and from the newly formed Division of Climate Change and Sustainability at Park Headquarters, is presented. Using the National Mall in Washington, DC, Shenandoah in Virginia, and Big Bend in Texas, the paper highlights many successful sustainability initiatives. A number of serious problems remain, however, including lack of funding, the slow working budget cycle, the need for inter-park knowledge sharing, the need for behavioural change at both national and local management levels, issues surrounding the whiteness of the visitor mix, and the nature of park visitation, where driving remains the primary transportation mode. Overall, neo-liberalism is placing increased emphasis on concessionaires to encourage sustainable operations, distancing NPS from its core visitor base and encouraging rising visitation levels with their associated impacts.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 7
beginPage: 938
endPage: 956
doi: 10.1080/17430437.2016.1221935
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000400779800015
year: 2017
authors: Trendafiova, S, Ziakas, V, Sparvero, E
title:
Linking corporate social responsibility in sport with community development: an added source of community value

docAbstract:
This paper investigates the attributes of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programmes in sport and their potential for sustainable community development. The gap between sport-related CSR and community development needs to be filled by shifting attention to the capacity building of communities. While the neoliberal foundations of CSR are recognized, it is essential to understand the ideological varieties driving CSR that can enable inclusiveness and collaboration in fostering community benefits of CSR programmes. The paper contributes to the literature on CSR in sport advancing the discourse, and sets the stage for a community-based framework for research: (1) related to sport as a tool for social change; (2) exploring the relationship of organizational motives, stakeholder engagement and CSR programme design/implementation; and (3) evaluating the perceived benefits of CSR programmes, and the extent to which these can help achieve sustainable community development.


type: J
volume: 36
issue: 1
beginPage: 65
endPage: 88
doi: 10.1080/02614367.2015.1037786
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393711400005
year: 2017
authors: Tsaur, SH, Yen, CH, Tu, JH, Wang, CH, Liang, YW
title:
Evaluation of the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition from the perceptions of host-city residents: a new framework for mega-event legacies measurement

docAbstract:
Numerous cities have recently hosted and engaged in mega-events to pursue tourism and urban development. Although ample research has focussed on the effects of mega-events, few studies have addressed the measurement indicators of mega-event legacies. Based on the triple bottom line principle, we developed measurement indicators for mega-event legacies to assess empirically the legacy of the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition based on the perceptions of Taipei City residents. We collected data from 1374 residents who live in Taipei City using the quota sampling method. Based on the study results, we designed a 36-item event legacy scale, comprising 10 mega-event legacy factors. The implications of these findings for managing mega-events and future research directions are discussed.


title: Are millennials transforming global tourism? Challenges for destinations and companies
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 6
beginPage: 603
endPage: 616
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-09-2017-0047
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000416570400004
year: 2017
authors: Veiga, C, Santos, MC, Aguas, P, Santos, JAC
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of the millennials segment that is most likely to cause a significant disruption in the way the tourism sector is currently structured. A profile of this segment has been developed along with an analysis of the marketing implications for destinations and tourismproviders. Design/methodology/approach - The research involved examining academic, institutional and trade literature to provide an overview of the millennials profile and the related developments causing disruptive changes in the tourismsector. Findings - The characteristics of the millennials with the greatest potential to disrupt the tourism sector are their strong digital skills, high degree of permanent connectivity, search for outstanding experiences and altruistic behaviours. The results already present from these characteristics - with a high probability of intensifying in the future - are the practice of volunteer tourism, search for places not connected with tourism and adoption of new, disruptive technologies. Even though volunteer tourism is an act of altruism, it can have harmful implications for tourist destinations in which it occurs. In addition, tourist invasions of places traditionally occupied only by residents can lead to the removal of locals from these places, manifestations of "tourismphobia" and ultimately degradation of these tourists' experiences. Finally, the adoption of disruptive technologies by tourism agents to fulfil the millennials' demands for immediate responses reduces human interactions highly valued by millennials and, therefore, requires close monitoring. Originality/value - This study's value arises from its systematic identification of the millennials characteristics that are most likely to disrupt the tourism sector's functioning, allowing the relevant stakeholders to adopt proactive strategies, minimise potential negative impacts and maximise opportunities.


title: Creating a scale for assessing socially sustainable tourism
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 1
beginPage: 61
endPage: 78
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1173044
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390123600005
year: 2017
authors: Zhang, HQQ, Fan, DXF, Tse, TSM, King, B
docAbstract:
As destinations absorb ever increasing number of visitors, destination managers become progressively more concerned about the longer term viability of tourism from a resident's perspective. However, few studies have examined the application of real-time social sustainability within tourism, particularly how to measure impacts on social sustainability. This study outlines the development of a valid and reliable scale - the Scale of Social Sustainability (SSS) - for tourism that provides an assessment of social sustainability in destination settings. A 10-step procedure was developed drawing upon the related literature. A telephone poll-based survey generated 1839 valid responses from Hong Kong residents. Hong Kong's growing popularity as a destination provides a rich array of host-guest conflict situations. Dimensionality was identified using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Construct validity, reliability, and stability were assessed, and found good, showing that the scale could be used by other destinations worldwide. The theoretical and managerial implications of the scale are discussed, including options for annual surveys giving policy-makers alerts before situations worsen. Detailed host resident viewpoints and the large scale of the survey can help local residents be informed about tourism development and better involved in the policy formation process.


title: WHO IS THE IDEAL TOURIST?
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 2
beginPage: 151
endPage: 182
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000409941900003
year: 2016
authors: Dwyer, L
docAbstract:
Increasing attention is being given to identifying the characteristics of the 'ideal tourist'. While no single definition has the support of all researchers, attributes of the 'ideal tourist' commonly advanced include features such as 'high spending', 'responsible', 'caring', 'involved', 'environmentally aware', 'culturally sensitive', 'seeking meaningful social encounters' and so on. It is argued that different economic measures serve different purposes, and in any case, are insufficient to specify the 'ideal tourist'. A framework for identifying important social and environmental behaviours is presented which, taken together with economic measures, advance both the concept of the ideal tourist and its measurement into the 'sustainability' arena. Some potential evaluation techniques are discussed as are the underlying challenges to operationalise a concept of 'sustainable yield'. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the 'ideal tourist' concept for tourism planning and strategy.


title: Sustainable development in the accommodation sector: A social dilemma perspective
type: J
volume: 20
beginPage: 141
endPage: 150
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.07.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000388107200017
year: 2016
authors: Melissen, F, Koens, K, Brinkman, M, Smit, B
docAbstract:
This paper identifies and analyses a specific psychological barrier that plays a crucial role in explaining why the tourism accommodation sector so far has only made a limited contribution to sustainable development. This barrier represents a so-called social dilemma and relates to behavioural patterns and conflicting interests of relevant stakeholders and their inability to resolve the resulting lock-in. Through presenting and reviewing the outcomes of three empirical studies and relating them to relevant literature, this paper explores the details of this particular social dilemma. It also establishes promising avenues for moving beyond the current stagnation point. The paper concludes that there is an urgent need for more research into the social, cultural and psychological structures and barriers that lock-in the behaviour of relevant stakeholders. However, it is also concludes that actually resolving the dilemma is a shared responsibility of all stakeholders and requires more than just research, for instance setting up galvanising action groups and adjusting tourism and hospitality curricula. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


type: J
volume: 20
beginPage: 38
endPage: 46
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.07.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000388107200005
year: 2016
authors: Zhang, SY, Chan, CS
title:
Nature-based tourism development in Hong Kong: Importance-Performance perceptions of local residents and tourists

docAbstract:
This paper discusses the potential and the sustainability of developing nature-based tourism in Hong Kong based on local resident and tourist perspectives. Two separate demand-side and supply-side indicator sets are empirically tested with two samples of Hong Kong residents (n=97) and tourists (n=93). Both the levels of importance and performance of these indicators are rated by the respondents, and the importance-performance differences are verified. Two resultant grids from the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) present the condition of nature-based tourism in Hong Kong. The performance scores are further entered into regression analysis, which generates two separate demand-side and supply-side models revealing the satisfaction of the locals and the tourists. The findings offer both theoretical construct and policy recommendations for the development and sustainability of nature-based tourism in Hong Kong. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: When less is more: Sustainability messaging, destination type, and processing fluency
type: J
volume: 58
beginPage: 34
endPage: 43
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.07.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383526600004
year: 2016
authors: Hanks, L, Zhang, L, Line, N, McGinley, S
docAbstract:
The purpose of this research is to explore consumer responses to hotel sustainability messages based on the congruence of preexisting cognitive schemas with newly presented information. Based on information processing theory, this research proposes that variations in the processing fluency of a sustainability message will interact with the cognitive perception of the hotel's destination (NBT versus urban) to affect the perception of the message and the attitude toward the hotel. Results suggest that under conditions of low fluency, consumers are less skeptical of messages presented by hotels in NBT destinations than of similar messages presented by hotels in urban tourism destinations. Low fluency messages also generate more positive attitudes toward NBT destinations than toward urban destinations. These results suggest that the most effective sustainability messages depend not only on the presentation of the message, but also on the type of the destination. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 28
beginPage: 31
endPage: 40
doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.04.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000384807800005
year: 2016
authors: Jones, TE
title:
Evolving approaches to volcanic tourism crisis management: An investigation of long-term recovery models at Toya-Usu Geopark

docAbstract:
This study presents an operational example of Toya-Usu's recovery strategy from a volcanic eruption in 2000, focussing particularly on the geopark movement which symbolizes the long-term recovery. Findings showed that Toya's millennial response differed significantly from the 1977 eruption, as a crosssection of local residents, tourism operators and officials utilized social capital to create new networks such as the Toya-Usu Volcano Meister, and new management approaches have preserved parts of the debris as disaster 'heritage'. (C) 2016 The Authors.


title: Does the restaurant type matter for investment in corporate social responsibility?
type: J
volume: 58
beginPage: 24
endPage: 33
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.07.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383526600003
year: 2016
authors: Youn, H, Song, S, Lee, S, Kim, JH
docAbstract:
This study investigates the impact of CSR on firms' performances within the restaurant industry context in the U.S. Contrary to findings from previous studies, this study finds positive main effects of overall CSR and positive CSR (PCSR) on restaurant firms' value as measured by Tobin's q. This study also argues that restaurant type moderates the effect of CSR on firms' value and the analysis supports the argument. The positive effects of CSR and PCSR initiatives are greater for fast-food restaurants than full-service restaurants. The study provides empirical evidence that values of companies in the fast-food sector are more susceptible to CSR activities and this result is probably due to the increasing health and obesity concerns prevalent in the U.S. restaurants. The study also confirms these findings with a sensitivity analysis accounting for a potential endogeneity problem. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 4
beginPage: 793
endPage: 808
doi: 10.1177/1354816616654252
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000380945600009
year: 2016
authors: Neuts, B, Romao, J, Nijkamp, P, Shikida, A
title:
Market segmentation and their potential economic impacts in an ecotourism destination: An applied modelling study on Hokkaido, Japan

docAbstract:
In a heterogeneous tourist market, segmentation is a valuable marketing tool to focus attention on the most advantageous clusters of visitors. In an ecotourism destination, the attractiveness of tourists may be defined by their ecological awareness, but also their (potential) economic impact, since there is a need to balance ecological sustainability and economic viability. This article proposes a model-based latent class analysis of visitors' preferences and choices in order to identify different demand clusters in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Japan. The method yields four distinct clusters, each differing in motivations, information search and activities undertaken. We also describe how our approach can be used to make informed decisions about management strategies on tourist heterogeneity in order to maximize benefits for the local economy.


title: The formation of interorganisational cliques in New Zealand rugby
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 266
endPage: 278
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000378666200002
year: 2016
authors: Meiklejohn, T, Dickson, G, Ferkins, L
docAbstract:
A commonly held assumption within a sports league setting is that league affiliates interact with each other equally and that these engagements are largely facilitated by the league governing body or Federated Management Organisation (FMO). This study looked at the possibility of higher levels of affiliate-driven interaction among subsets of provincial rugby unions in the form of cliques that participated in New Zealand's pre-eminent national provincial rugby competition (ITM Cup). In particular, we sought to identify the existence of cliques and to highlight the motives and conditions that underpinned their formation. Theories and concepts relevant to the formation of interorganisational relationships (IORs) provided the conceptual basis for the design and analysis of the study. Using a qualitative approach involving 19 interviews with CEOs of provincial rugby unions, we identified two cliques within this league highlighting that affiliate members will 'hunt in packs' to achieve specific outcomes. Commercial sustainability, access to scarce resources, such as, knowledge and political lobbying were illuminated as key drivers for clique formation. Two new concepts, 'primary cliques' and 'reactionary cliques' are introduced, and would benefit from further investigation. (C) 2015 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 57
issue: 2
beginPage: 202
endPage: 210
doi: 10.1177/1938965515619489
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376188400009
year: 2016
authors: Kahn, ME, Liu, P
title:
Utilizing "Big Data" to Improve the Hotel Sector's Energy Efficiency: Lessons from Recent Economics Research

docAbstract:
Hotel chains have access to a treasure trove of "big data" on individual hotels' monthly electricity and water consumption. Benchmarked comparisons of hotels within a specific chain create the opportunity to cost-effectively improve the environmental performance of specific hotels. This paper describes a simple approach for using such data to achieve the joint goals of reducing operating expenditure and achieving broad sustainability goals. In recent years, energy economists have used such "big data" to generate insights about the energy consumption of the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Lessons from these studies are directly applicable for the hotel sector. A hotel's administrative data provide a "laboratory" for conducting random control trials to establish what works in enhancing hotel energy efficiency.


title: An investigation of factors determining industrial tourism attractiveness
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 184
endPage: 197
doi: 10.1177/1467358415600217
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372521300007
year: 2016
authors: Lee, CF
docAbstract:
This study explores the opinions of an expert panel on the factors determining the attractiveness of industrial tourism generally and factory tours in particular. Thirty-four determinants were derived from previous studied conducted about visits to both operational and nonoperational industrial sites. They were then categorized in a four-level hierarchical structure based on 4 A's of tourism destination management practices, namely, attractions, access, amenities, and ancillary services. The relative importance of these determinants was analyzed by a panel of experts using the analytical hierarchy process method. The expert panel was composed of government officials, industry practitioners, and academic researchers who are knowledgeable of the subject matter being studied and their evaluations could offer the highest degree of accuracy. Given that the sample was limited to such particular subgroups of the population, snowball sampling was undertaken in order to recruit a wide range of key informants. The results showed that on-site attractions, safety and security systems, and external access are the major dimensions in determining industrial tourism attractiveness. While the observation of production process is an essential and important component of tourism factories, the provision of transport services and on-site restaurants constitutes a supporting role in enhancing industrial tourism attractiveness. It is concluded that Taiwan has a strong industrial base and its industrial sites, either operational or nonoperational, represent an opportunity to develop sustainable forms of tourism. The integration of industrial sites in tourism would not only strengthen the island's economic and environmental sustainability, but also diversify its tourism offering, enhancing its profile as one of Asia's leading tourism destinations. The major implications are threefold: enhancing the availability of transport services, providing visitors with more diverse experience packages, and ensuring on-site safety and security.


title: Renovation strategies for accommodation at mature destinations: A tourist demand-based approach
type: J
volume: 54
beginPage: 127
endPage: 138
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.01.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000374919200014
year: 2016
authors: Medina-Munoz, DR, Medina-Munoz, RD, Sanchez-Medina, AJ
docAbstract:
This study aims to identify the different needs for accommodation renovation at mature destinations, as well as to analyse the effect of these needs on a tourist's overall impression regarding the need to renovate the accommodation. From the literature review, six categories of accommodation renovation are identified and tourist attitudes towards them are assessed using the case of Gran Canaria, a mature coastal destination in Spain. Results include a model explaining tourists' overall impression concerning the need to rejuvenate the accommodation based on the different categories of renovation. A significant negative association between a tourist's evaluation of the overall need for renovation and his/her overall satisfaction is also confirmed. Professional implications in terms of policies and strategies for rejuvenating accommodation on Gran Canaria are suggested, most of which could be of interest for other mature destinations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Peak Oil: a hidden issue? Social representations of professional tourism perspectives
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 1
beginPage: 31
endPage: 51
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1042484
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000365762200003
year: 2016
authors: Becken, S
docAbstract:
Peak Oil, the peaking of global oil production, is a collective risk highly relevant to the tourism sector. Public discourse on Peak Oil, however, is limited. To better understand what sense tourism experts make of Peak Oil, and provide a platform for future debate and action, this research used the theory of social representation to explore core and peripheral elements that constitute Peak Oil representations and help tourism stakeholders to conceptualize and address this issue. Using free association methodology, 101 tourism experts worldwide provided up to five words and three mental images describing their thoughts and feelings about Peak Oil. The analysis highlights the importance of economic impacts and alternative energy sources, as well as anchoring effects to more established concepts such as sustainability and climate change. Notably, each of the four professional sub-groups approached (academics, consultants, government and industry representatives) had markedly different core beliefs. There was no agreement on whether Peak Oil was concerning or not, and whether action is required by the tourism sector to address negative impacts. This was particularly evident with the industry sub-group. Future research and policy implications are outlined, including the role of the media, and its responsibility to facilitate this discourse.


type: J
volume: 35
issue: 4
beginPage: 389
endPage: 405
doi: 10.1080/02614367.2014.962585
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379432500001
year: 2016
authors: Bell, HL, Gibson, HJ, Tarrant, MA, Perry, LG, Stoner, L
title:
Transformational learning through study abroad: US students' reflections on learning about sustainability in the South Pacific

docAbstract:
As leisure studies and higher education more generally embrace the themes of sustainability and global citizenship, it is important to investigate educational initiatives that purport to achieve these goals. Using transformational theory of transformative learning, this study examined the experiences of 150 US university students who participated in three interdisciplinary short-term study abroad programmes that focus on sustainability in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. The programmes are highly experiential with the curriculum structured around modules targeted at a particular destination, visited on a specific programme. At the conclusion of the programmes, the students were asked to reflect on their experiences in response to four open-ended questions. The data were coded by the research team, and guided by the tenets of sustainability and transformative learning theory. Four themes were identified: a new sociocultural understanding; a new connection with the natural world; economic considerations; and making changes. The findings provide insights into some ways US students have been introduced to the need for, and importance of, sustainable practices in daily life. In turn, support is provided for the supposition that programmes that are highly experiential and involve critical reflection have the potential to shift students' worldviews.


title: Heritage, heritage tourism and climate change
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 9
doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2015.1082576
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443064200001
year: 2016
authors: Hall, CM
docAbstract:
Climate change is increasingly recognised as a major threat to the sustainability of tourism, including heritage tourism. Yet, despite growth in literature on climate change and heritage, there is little specific literature on the relationship between climate change and heritage tourism. The paper introduces a special issue on heritage tourism and climate change. It briefly outlines the future challenges of climate change before commenting on tourism's role in climate change and the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using UNWTO tourism estimates, a tentative figure of half of all emissions of tourism could be ascribed to heritage-related tourism.


title: Corporate Social Responsibility in Macau's Gambling Industry
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 3
beginPage: 237
endPage: 256
doi: 10.1080/1528008X.2015.1023880
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000382394000001
year: 2016
authors: Luo, JM, Lam, CF, Li, X, Shen, HW
docAbstract:
2012 was a critical year for gambling operators in Macau. This article examines the process of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Macau Gambling industry. Research results were based on a triangulation between in-depth document review, content analysis of information from the company's websites, and site visits. The purpose of this article is to offer a preliminary case study regarding the Corporate Social Responsibility issues being addressed by Macau's major gambling operators. This study compared different types of Corporate Social Responsibility employed by Macau's gambling operators. This study identified "Leadership, Vision and Values," "Workforce Activities," and "Community Activities" as the most popular CSR practice areas. Meanwhile, "Supply Chain Activities," "Marketplace Activities," and "Stakeholder Engagement" were identified as the CSR practices that need to be improved among Macau's gambling operators. Furthermore, this study further suggested the implications for policy makers and practitioners.


title: Tourism conversion and place branding: the case of the Olympic Park in Montreal
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 1
beginPage: 77
endPage: 93
doi: 10.1108/IJTC-08-2015-0020
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393451700005
year: 2016
authors: Roult, R, Adjizian, JM, Auger, D
docAbstract:
Purpose - Many Olympic cities are faced with the challenge of converting various remaining infrastructures after the Games have been held. These infrastructures, often imposing and highly specialized, require local actors to innovate and engage in an urban renewal process that can be very complex and expensive when trying to give them a second life as tourism sites. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - Based on an online survey administered to international travellers (n = 5,553) and 36 semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders, this study shows that the Olympic Park, mainly through the stadium, has international recognition. Findings - However, the sustainability and development of these attractions will need a major overhaul with its welcoming amenities and the integration of the surrounding neighbourhoods in the regeneration plan. Originality/value - Among these facilities, we have the Montreal Olympic Stadium, which is often identified as the architectural jewel of the games and is used as an urban flagship in tourism development strategies. This situation raises several questions not only in the field of tourism, but also the fields of urban studies, leisure and sociology. This paper will examine the case of the Olympic Park in Montreal and its urban regeneration concepts and place branding that have been integrated into the tourism strategies since the early 2000s.


title: An Exploratory Study of Chinese Tourists on Kenya Safari Tours
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 2
beginPage: 232
endPage: 251
doi: 10.1080/19388160.2016.1227290
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000452514200005
year: 2016
authors: Suntikul, W, Tang, CZ, Pratt, S
docAbstract:
In 2012, over 40,000 Chinese tourists visited Kenya. Owing to the Close cooperative relationship between Kenya and China and the improvement of accessibility, the total number of Chinese visitors is expected to exceed 100,000 by 2016. This paper investigates the profile of Chinese tourists participating in safari tours in Kenya in order to understand who they are, their motivations for going on safaris, their perceptions of the safari experience, and their perception towards wildlife and conservation. The research examines whether the safari experience affects these tourists' attitudes towards wildlife conservation, and whether such changes in perceptions can raise concern for conservation issues among tourists from China. The findings show contradictions between Chinese safari tourists' perceptions of themselves as ecologically friendly tourists and their opinions on conservation issues and tourism behavior. This may be in part between differing conceptions of the human-wildlife relationship in (Western) ideas of sustainability and Chinese culture's conception of the place of humans in nature.


title: Resident Support for a Landfill-to-Park Transformation
type: J
volume: 33
issue: 4
beginPage: 32
endPage: 50
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442901800003
year: 2015
authors: Vogt, CA, Klenosky, DB, Snyder, SA, Campbell, LK
docAbstract:
Globally, landfills are being transformed into other uses because land resources are scarce, property values are increasing, and governments seek to reduce urban blight and adaptively reuse space. Park planners and city managers are likely to find that gauging public perceptions of a landfill-to-park transformation and promoting such sites to potential visitors as highly challenging tasks, but important components of sustainability efforts. A landfill-to-park project currently underway is the transformation of the former Fresh Kills landfill in Staten Island, New York into Freshkills Park. Understanding supporters of and visitors to the park can inform the implementation of the transformation. The present research draws from consumer behavior, urban geography, and park studies to examine how residents place attachment, familiarity with, attitude toward, intent to visit, and support for the site varies by proximity to and experience history with the site. A mail survey to a random sample of Staten Island households was implemented to study early adoption of a former landfill as a recreation site. The survey results showed those living close to the site were more familiar with the new park and had stronger intent to visit once opened, compared to those living further away; a finding consistent with past research. As hypothesized, residents with the least history with the site were found to be less familiar with the site and hold less place identification with Staten Island. Longtime residents, going as far back as the pre-landfill era, were most familiar with the areas parks and the Fresh Kills site and held the highest place identity with Staten Island. Support for the landfill-to-park transformation was generally positive across all respondent subgroups. Overall, this research shows that proximity and experience history were relevant in understanding area residents familiarity with, attitudes toward, support for, and intent to visit the park site. This research is helping New York City planners and recreation managers reach local residents and connect them to the site. Urban park professionals can draw from this research by examining distance from park and length of residency to understand how low levels of support or intent to visit may be related to concerns about recreating at former landfill sites.


title: The village as a social entrepreneur: Balancing conservation and livelihoods
type: J
volume: 16
beginPage: 100
endPage: 106
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.07.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217981700012
year: 2015
authors: Sarkar, R, Sinha, A
docAbstract:
This study seeks to understand some complexities of the business model underlying ecotourism that is focused on generating supplementary incomes for poor rural communities in a community-based home-stay arrangement. We discuss aspects of financial viability, distributional equity and compatibility of ecotourism with the objective of conservation of natural resources and local culture. Through a case study, this paper highlights the essential tension between livelihood and conservation, and suggests that ecotourism represents a trade-off between environmental sustainability and financial success. This trade-off would be even sharper where the involvement in ecotourism is an outcome of the pressures for generating livelihood and incomes rather than from an inherent concern for nature and its preservation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Factors affecting success of small business enterprises in the Polish tourism industry
type: J
volume: 63
issue: 3
beginPage: 365
endPage: 381
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213679400006
year: 2015
authors: Zapalska, AM, Brozik, D, Zieser, N
docAbstract:
The study analyzes the factors affecting growth and success of small entrepreneurial firms owned and operated by ten female entrepreneurs in the Polish tourism industry. The motivation behind this study is to form an understanding of leadership and innovative strategic behavior exhibited by female entrepreneurs and to analyze the factors that are crucial to promotion, development, and success of small size entrepreneurial firms within the tourism industry. The paper argues that leaders of successful business organizations are required to effectively communicate a vision conducive to creativity through available formal and informal channels while encouraging their employees to act and perform in order to have a positive influence on the organization's success. Conclusions are drawn concerning the leadership practice, innovation, and sustainability of the industry's entrepreneurial activities that have proven critical to the success of business. The findings provide insights on leadership and policy making regarding business innovation and leadership strategies for entrepreneurial development and growth in the sector of tourism industry that has an environmental or sustainability focus. Leadership characteristics and innovation strategies presented provide practical implications for smaller organizations and help bring about positive social change in other countries where female leadership within SMEs has not been significantly recognized.


title: Assessing the sociology of sport: On media, advertising and the commodification of culture
type: J
volume: 50
issue: 4-5
beginPage: 490
endPage: 495
doi: 10.1177/1012690214565220
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000354267800024
year: 2015
authors: Jackson, SJ
docAbstract:
On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, a key scholar in developing meshed understandings of sport, media, globalization and nation, Steven Jackson, considers inquiry on media, advertising and the commodification of culture within the sociology of sport. By virtue of focus on the notion of a sport/media complex', key early works on media and sport posed the ongoing need to understand the relationships, complexities and contradictions in the life of cultural commodities associated with sport. In focusing on the sport media promotional culture nexus', understandings of advertising as a pivotal link between production and consumption are central to broader questions about sport, including the roles of global media, mega-events and corporate nationalism as they relate to both identity formations and politics. Future research on sport, advertising and commodification will play an important role in understanding how consumer capitalism has transformed citizenship and how effective responses to both sport and media in an increasingly globalized context may be mobilized in the larger struggle for social justice and human rights.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 5
beginPage: 726
endPage: 747
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1008498
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352584200005
year: 2015
authors: Lupoli, CA, Morse, WC, Bailey, C, Schelhas, J
title:
Indicator development methodology for volunteer tourism in host communities: creating a low-cost, locally applicable, rapid assessment tool

docAbstract:
Two prominent critiques of volunteer tourism are that it is a top-down imposed form of development treating host communities as passive recipients of international aid, and that the impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities are not systematically evaluated. To address this we identified a pre-existing participatory methodology for assessing community sustainability (the compass of sustainability) and adapted it as a rapid low-cost indicator tool for volunteer tourism impact evaluation. We created and tested a development methodology that could be applied through local community workshops by local people and sending organizations within each unique host community, and repeated over time. Testing took place in five contrasting communities hosting volunteer tourism in Ecuador and Costa Rica. Each workshop generated and organized numerous indicators of community welfare, categorized into nature, economy, society and personal well-being. Interrelations were identified among the indicators to promote a systemic understanding of community well-being. Indicators were prioritized and strategies for measuring impacts were discussed to encourage the establishment of accomplishable goals. Evaluation of the compass method as a tool for community participation in indicator development is discussed as a potential facilitator for local voices and the construction of third spaces in volunteer tourism.


title: Negative Effects of Perceived Crowding on Travelers' Identification with Cruise Brand
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 3
beginPage: 241
endPage: 259
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.892469
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000353773300006
year: 2015
authors: Hyun, SS, Kim, MG
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of perceived crowding on cruise ships on passengers' perceived luxury brand value and brand identification. Based on the results of previous studies, we propose some causal relationships and test our proposed hypotheses using empirical data collected from 342 luxury cruise passengers. The results indicate that perceived crowding has a negative effect on perceived luxury brand value, thereby hindering brand identification. In addition, a psychological variable - the need for uniqueness - moderated the relationship between perceived luxury brand value and brand identification. We conclude by delineating important theoretical and managerial implications.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 1
beginPage: 43
endPage: 69
doi: 10.1386/hosp.5.1.43_1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373160600004
year: 2015
authors: Kalargyrou, V, Woods, R
title:
An exploratory study of child commercial sexual exploitation in the hospitality industry in the United States

docAbstract:
This study examines the phenomena of child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation as well as how the hospitality industry can be proactive in fighting for human rights in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Seven hospitality companies have signed End Child Prostitution and Trafficking (ECPAT)-USA's Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism, also referred to as The Code. The initiative of seven hospitality companies and the purpose of The Code is to provide awareness and tools to fight against the sexual exploitation of children in the hospitality and tourism contexts. Whether and how to become involved with this movement tests hospitality companies' approach to strategic CSR. These companies can gain a competitive advantage by creating a safe and socially sustainable environment for their guests, employees and their community, as well as a good reputation by investing in strategic and long-term positive social responsibility activities related to combating child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 1
beginPage: 42
endPage: 61
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352178000004
year: 2015
authors: Mourao, PR, Cima, C
title:
Studying the Golden Generations' Effects and the Changes in the Competitive Balance of the Portuguese Soccer League

docAbstract:
Competitive balance is recognized as an important source of market efficiency, a fact found to be true of soccer markets, studied here. In this paper, we measure the competitive balance of the Portuguese Soccer League "Primeira Liga" using data compiled since the 1980/1981 season. Employing different measures of competitive balance, we test for trends in competitive balance using the most appropriate (considering that we are working with time series) techniques and explore how this trend had changed because of the existence of the Golden Generation of soccer players (e.g. Figo, Rui Costa, or Joao Vieira Pinto). We conclude that competitive balance in the Portuguese Soccer League does not exhibit a regular trend and that the Golden Generation contributed to more balanced seasons. This finding has several important implications, among them the need for Portuguese soccer leagues to increase competitive balance to ensure the sustainability of soccer wages, revenues and profits by putting special effort into the development of highly-skilled, young soccer players.


title: Rural Tourism Development in Connemara, Ireland
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1
beginPage: 73
endPage: 86
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2014.965844
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212853600006
year: 2015
authors: Anderson, E, Bakir, A, Wickens, E
docAbstract:
Since the publication of the Brundtland Report, Our common future (1987), there has been a proliferation of guidelines on sustainability in rural areas at the international level that have gradually made their way to the centre of national policies. In this paper, thematic analysis is applied to establish the current situation in relation to sustainable tourism development in Connemara, a popular rural tourism destination on the west coast of Ireland. The area is economically highly dependent on tourism, and the environment plays an important role in attracting visitors. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of organisations in the public and private sectors. The study shows little evidence of the adoption of a sustainable approach to tourism development at the local and regional levels. A key finding was lack of evidence of networking or opportunities for locals' participation in tourism decision-making. Furthermore, the apparent absence of strong leadership and a reactive approach to development were not conducive to sustainability.


title: Sustainable tourism and resulting resident satisfaction at Jammu and Kashmir, India
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 5
beginPage: 486
endPage: 499
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0024
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214511200007
year: 2015
authors: Hussain, K, Ali, F, Ragavan, NA, Manhas, PS
docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to examine the relative influence of four sustainability dimensions (environmental, economic, socio-cultural and institutional) in predicting resident satisfaction with the development of sustainable tourism. Prior literature focused mainly on the conceptualization and examination of tourist satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from a sample of 300 residents near two sustainable tourist sites of Gharana Wetland and Ramnagar Wildlife Sanctuary in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The partial least squares structural equation modelling method was performed to test the proposed relationships. Findings - Empirical evidence supported the positive and significant effect of environmental, economic, socio-cultural and institutional dimensions on residents' satisfaction. Findings indicate that all four dimensions of sustainability should be considered as part of a holistic approach towards planning and monitoring sustainable tourism development. Research limitations/implications - There are a number of limitations associated with this study. First, the findings were based on data from residents near two sustainable tourism sites. Second, the study focused on a relatively small sample of residents. Third, only the impacts of the four dimensions on residents' satisfaction were assessed, which might have excluded other factors that may influence residents' satisfaction. Originality/value - This study used the prism of sustainability in the context of sustainable tourism sites in the Jammu and Kashmir region of India and evaluated its effect on residents' satisfaction.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 45
endPage: 60
doi: 10.1080/15470148.2014.986780
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435293000009
year: 2015
authors: Lee, S, Slocum, S
title:
Understanding the Role of Local Food in the Meeting Industry: An Exploratory Study of Meeting Planners' Perception of Local Food in Sustainable Meeting Planning

docAbstract:
The growth in socially conscious and sustainable business models has fueled the promotion of green meetings. This fact-finding article explores the viability of sourcing local food to the meeting industry through an investigation of current meeting planning priorities and sustainability values. The results show that there is a viable demand by meeting planners for locally sourced food, that meeting planners have the contractual flexibility on food selection, and that there is a willingness to pay a price-premium for local products. However, an increase in the knowledge of the benefits for both meeting planners and meeting/event attendees is needed to encourage the use of local foods.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 35
endPage: 52
doi: 10.1080/19388160.2014.908758
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435281900003
year: 2015
authors: Li, HY, Goh, C, Zhang, ZL
title:
Is the Growth of Tourism-specialised Economies Sustainable? A Case Study of Sanya and Zhangjiajie in China

docAbstract:
Despite the relatively high economic growth in tourism-specialised destinations, the long-term sustainability of such growth has rarely been studied. This paper investigates sustainable growth using Sanya and Zhangjiajie as two special cases and applies an accounting growth model to measure the contributions of different input factors and of the total factor productivity to economic growth. The economic growth of Sanya and Zhangjiajie is found to be capital-driven, with small contributions from the labour force and a negative contribution from the total factor productivity, which implies that extensive tourism specialisation cannot promote long-term economic growth.


title: Drivers of Success in Implementing Sustainable Tourism Policies in Urban Areas
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1
beginPage: 37
endPage: 47
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2014.960599
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212853600004
year: 2015
authors: Maxim, C
docAbstract:
The existing literature in the field of sustainable tourism highlights a number of barriers that impede the implementation of policies in this area. Yet, not many studies have so far considered the factors that would contribute to putting this concept into practice, and few address the case of urban areas. The concept of sustainability has only received limited attention in urban tourism research, even though large cities are recognised as one of the most important tourist destinations that attract vast numbers of visitors. Adopting a case study approach, this paper discusses a number of drivers of success identified by policy-makers in London to contribute to the implementation of sustainable tourisms policies at the local level, and briefly looks at the relationship between these drivers and the constraints perceived by the respondents to hinder the implementation of such policies in practice. These findings may help policy-makers in other large cities to successfully develop and implement policies towards sustainable development of tourism in their area.


type: J
volume: 9
issue: 3
beginPage: 241
endPage: 260
doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-06-2015-0067
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000359729100002
year: 2015
authors: Milman, A
title:
Preserving the cultural identity of a World Heritage Site: the impact of Chichen Itza's souvenir vendors

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of the Maya-descent souvenir vendors in sustaining the socio-cultural heritage of Chichen Itza, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site (WHS). The study aims to understand the souvenir vendors' social and economic position within the diverse stakeholder groups involved in the tourist attraction and their impact on visitors. Design/methodology/approach - The exploratory study applied a combination of unobtrusive participant observation and photography methods conducted throughout the site's monuments. The data were complemented with an analysis of social media comments posted by the WHS visitors. Findings - The findings revealed that the excessive retail presence throughout the site, coupled with the souvenir vendors' continual harassment, have negatively impacted the patrons' visiting experience. The vendors' retail activity was not regarded as culturally authentic and did not contribute to the socio-cultural sustainability of the host community. Research limitations/implications - The findings may lack generalization, and consequently, additional research is necessary to test the propositions presented, both at Chichen Itza and other WHS. Practical implications - The paper recommends adopting new reforms that will benefit all stakeholders involved with the site's operation, including negotiating culture, identities and "being Maya" within the contemporary Mexican society. Re-evaluating all stakeholders' socio-economic benefits and securing the government's control of the site were also recommended. Originality/value - This study presents a unique case study approach that reports the tactics adopted by the souvenir vendors at the WHS site. The conversion of culture and heritage into purely economic values coupled with political power might impact the long-term sustainability of the site.


title: To Repair or Not to Repair: What is the Motivation?
type: J
issue: 26
beginPage: 1
endPage: 31
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000420685600001
year: 2015
authors: Scott, KA, Weaver, ST
docAbstract:
As researchers and policy makers explore ways to promote consumption decisions that are beneficial for consumers and sustainable for the environment, one important avenue is frequently overlooked: lengthening product lifespans via repair. If repairing products is able to have positive effects on consumers and the environment, then the motivations of repair decisions should be assessed to determine how to encourage the behavior. However, despite the importance of repair decisions for consumers and for the environment, little research has examined the usage stage of the product life cycle, especially in regards to repair propensity and its motivational factors. This research attempts to fill this gap by developing a repair propensity scale and investigating the market, product, and consumer factors related to repair propensity among consumers with higher and lower levels of repair propensity. Results show only three differences existed between the two samples: replacement cost and initial item cost was significant for the average repair propensity sample while attachment to a product was significant for the high repair propensity sample. For both samples, inconvenience of repair, stewardship and innovativeness were significantly related to repair propensity, with stewardship and innovativeness being the strongest predictors. All three categories of factors (market, product, consumer) contributed significantly to repair propensity. The findings of this study provide interesting insights into repair behavior which will be valuable to marketers and policy makers, especially those concerned with enhancing consumer well-being and environmental sustainability.


title: Marketing and communication of responsibility in volunteer tourism
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 159
endPage: 180
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-12-2014-0050
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214508500006
year: 2015
authors: Smith, VL, Font, X
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to test whether volunteer tourism organisations are prepared to learn from feedback on the quality of their responsibility communications, and consider whether analysis and communication of results can influence market improvement. Design/methodology/approach - A purposive sample of five influential website pages of eight volunteer tourism organisations are scored across 19 responsible voluntourism criteria, and compared against the results of two years previously. Findings - The authors report mixed results on how communicating results has encouraged change and industry improvement in responsibility, based on previous research that showed responsibility to be communicated inconsistently at best, potentially greenwashing at worst, across organisations, product types and responsible values. Research limitations/implications - The paper applies sustainability marketing literature to explain the changes in responsibility communication performance using an innovative tool to benchmark and audit responsibility in online marketing content and providing insight into how best practice marketing necessitates responsible operations. This paper considers whether and how, when presented with evidence, organisations choose to improve for a more responsible voluntourism offer. Originality/value - The paper is original in providing a practical, industry-informed analysis of the reasons why volunteer operators communicate in the way they do, and the ability to influence their communications to be more reliable, in the context of increased criticism for shallow volunteering. This experiment allows industry associations and lobby groups to influence industry practice based on the evidence that improved communications are possible when specific, tailored advice is provided.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 18
doi: 10.1080/19406940.2013.852124
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214498800001
year: 2015
authors: Vanwynsberghe, R
title:
The Olympic Games Impact (OGI) study for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games: strategies for evaluating sport mega-events' contribution to sustainability

docAbstract:
This paper aims to contribute to a burgeoning dialogue on evaluating the sustainability of sport mega-events by introducing three strategies for implementing the International Olympic Committee's (IOC's) Olympic Games Impact (OGI) study. The three techniques are bundling/leveraging, before-after control and sustainability scorecards. This paper begins by offering a twofold definition of OGI, one based on the OGI Technical Manual and one based on the author's experience undertaking this initiative. Second, it presents and discusses the OGI critiques that exist in the sport mega-event impact literature. Although only recently implemented, critical analyses of the OGI methodology have already produced a handful of critiques. Third, the experience of applying OGI in an examination of the 2010 Games is the grounds for suggesting two new critiques. Fourth, the paper describes, using empirical data from 2010, how the OGI researchers have addressed the methodological critiques by: (1) connecting indicator data to public policy objectives; (2) positing a provisional means to create a sustainability standard; and (3) comparing changes in the indicator data in the host to non-host jurisdictions. This article would be of interest to future prospective Olympic host cities, researchers of mega-events and their impacts and practitioners who evaluate urban sustainability.


title: Hong Kong's Destination Image in the Eyes of Residents
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 4
beginPage: 440
endPage: 460
doi: 10.1080/19388160.2015.1111182
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435282400005
year: 2015
authors: Xu, J, Hui, CKT, Chan, EAH
docAbstract:
Hong Kong's tourism is facing the challenge of sustaining its position among destination competitions. A destination's image is crucial to its marketing success; therefore, seeking an understanding of the nature of images is important to build a more favorable image and enhance a destination's attractiveness. This study examined the perceptions of local residents about the image of Hong Kong as a tourist destination. Three-hundred and four local residents were surveyed to determine their perceptions of Hong Kong's destination image. The overall perceived image of Hong Kong in the view of its residents was positive. Residents felt that convenient transport, freedom from threats of terrorism, and safety and security were the most important image. This study has also provided insightful implications for achieving the future sustainability of Hong Kong's tourism development.


title: Keeping it pure: could New Zealand be an eco paradise?
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 1
beginPage: 19
endPage: 35
doi: 10.1108/JTF-12-2014-0017
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435758100003
year: 2015
authors: Yeoman, I, Palomino-Schalscha, M, McMahon-Beattie, U
docAbstract:
Purpose - The world is changing and key change agents include climate change and scarcity of resources. The purpose of this paper is to address how New Zealand and tourism could address the future and generate appropriate strategic responses. Design/methodology/approach - Using the process of scenario analysis and drawing upon recent research from the www.tourism2050.com project, this paper describes the circumstances, drivers, economic consequences and key decisions that New Zealand would have to take in order to position itself as an eco paradise. The background to the scenario presumes overarching behaviours in a cooperative world in which resources are scarce. Findings - The scenario portrays a future of collective individualism, where a high degree of personal freedom exists but within the constraints of a world in which there is a scarcity of resources. A communitarian ethos drives policy making with an emphasis on efficient resource use and waste minimisation. New Zealand is a nation favoured by climate change. Environmental intellectual property is one of the nation's key resources and in the spirit of achieving a global environmental equilibrium these technologies are shared with the rest of the world. Life is simple. Competitive individualism is equated with excess and resource waste, while cooperation, harmony, and the continuation of a global cooperative psyche are seen as the foundation stones of the continued, relatively comfortable survival of humanity. Tourism is a luxury and activities are environmentally ethical. Visitors are well-off, purposeful, highly respectful and careful to prove their worth. Originality/value - Eco paradise represents the classic tale of a prisoner's dilemma in which decision makers and consumers ponder the betterment of humankind against individualism. The scenario concludes with a strategic map of the core decisions New Zealand's tourism industry would have to take. The significance of the paper is its portrayal of a possible future to industry leaders, researchers and stakeholders thereby facilitating decision making in order to adapt to this future.


title: Sustainability Everywhere: Problematising the "Sustainable Festival" Phenomenon
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1
beginPage: 6
endPage: 19
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2014.960600
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212853600002
year: 2015
authors: Zifkos, G
docAbstract:
This conceptual paper focuses on the recent introduction of the idea of "sustainability" in a specific segment of enquiry within the tourism and events research, namely the festival sector. It considers "sustainable" music festivals as conceptually different-although quite akin-to "green" cultural events, because sustainability should mean much more than merely embedding "green" or "eco-friendly" practices into the festival management. The paper provides an initial attempt to: (i) review literature on sustainable festival practice; (ii) locate sustainable performing arts festivals around the world; (iii) elicit the way in which sustainability is interpreted in that context, and;(iv) establish an ideological critique of the "sustainable" festival phenomenon. Selected interpretations of sustainability in this context are quoted, and pathways for future research are recommended.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 530
endPage: 545
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344830600012
year: 2014
authors: Parris, DL, Troilo, ML, Bouchet, A, Peachey, JW
title:
Action sports athletes as entrepreneurs: Female professional wakeboarders, sponsorship, and branding

docAbstract:
This teaching case explores the sport of wakeboarding to examine how its female practitioners need to become entrepreneurial in order to make a living from the sport. Students ponder the financial pressures of becoming a professional female wakeboarder, and how to sustain momentum once one turns professional. The significance and interrelationship of sponsorship and self-branding/promotion figure prominently. Costs of competing are high in the best of circumstances, and nearly insurmountable without corporate backing. Obtaining such support requires a healthy degree of marketing oneself. The female riders offer a number of anecdotes and recollections providing salience to issues concerning sustainability and gender inequity. Male riders may earn up to four times more on tour than female riders and there is pressure to adapt to the "boys' club" to advance one's career. Earning a living through involvement in wakeboarding is difficult for women. Models of entrepreneurism are provided to guide student discussion in developing strategies to overcome issues for female wakeboarders making the sport financially attractive for female competitors. (C) 2014 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Green Meetings - Do They Matter to their Closest Stakeholders?
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 3
beginPage: 211
endPage: 233
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2014.946229
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341582400003
year: 2014
authors: Mykletun, RJ, Bartkeviciute, M, Puchkova, Y
docAbstract:
The meeting industry may have negative influence on the environment; however, the research in this field is limited. The current study contributes to the gap by being the first to compare the perceptions of green meetings, their importance, and behaviour intentions by three main stakeholder groups: meeting venue managers, meeting organizers, and meeting delegates. A cross-sectional questionnaire study sampled 199 well-educated respondents aged 21-66 years. Role distribution included 39 meeting venue mangers, 43 meeting organizers, and 117 meeting delegates. Green meetings were perceived positively. Female delegates perceived green meetings more positively than did males. Venue managers perceived green meetings more positively compared to meeting delegates while organizers' perceptions fell between the two and did not differ significantly from the perceptions of others. Next, stakeholder perceptions of green meetings and behaviour intentions in relation to green meetings predicted the importance of green meetings. Finally, the importance of green meetings and the frequency of attending such meetings (low attendance predicted strong behaviour intentions) predicted behaviour intentions in relation to green meetings. Industry's stakeholders intended to adopt environmental practices, follow the guidelines of environmental codes of conducts required of the convention business, and personally contribute to the environmental benefits.


title: Research note: Corporate social responsibility and equity financing in the global tourism industry
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 4
beginPage: 869
endPage: 883
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0313
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344076900010
year: 2014
authors: Feng, ZY, Wang, ML, Huang, HW
docAbstract:
This paper examines whether the performance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects the cost of equity capital for the tourism industry, and whether there are any regional and cultural differences in this respect. Using data from a global sample of tourism-related firms, the authors find that, on average, CSR performance is associated with a lower cost of equity for firms in Western countries, but not for firms in Asian countries. The results suggest that there are different concerns with regard to CSR investment for tourism-related firms in different regions, due to the variations in investors' perceptions, culture, institutional environment and managerial beliefs.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 2
beginPage: 73
endPage: 85
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000411480600003
year: 2014
authors: Ko, YJ, Rhee, YC, Kim, YK, Kim, T
title:
Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility and Donor Behavior in College Athletics: The Mediating Effects of Trust and Commitment

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to advance our understanding of the role of perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the donor decision making process in college athletics. A research model was developed to examine theoretical relationships among perceived CSR, trust, commitment and donation intention. The proposed research model was tested using 644 donors from a college booster club in the US through simultaneous equations. It was concluded from the results that donors' perceptions about CSR activities significantly influenced trust and commitment toward the organization. Trust and commitment played a mediating role in explaining the relationship between CSR perception and donor behavior. This study not only makes a theoretical contribution to CSR literature by providing an expanded view of CSR and its impact on donor behavior, but also offers meaningful implications to managers.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 9
beginPage: 1204
endPage: 1219
doi: 10.1080/17430437.2013.856592
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213261000008
year: 2014
authors: Byrne, C
title:
Relationship of convenience? The diplomatic interplay between the Commonwealth Games Federation and the Commonwealth Games host city

docAbstract:
This paper analyses the diplomatic dynamics that define and underpin the relationship between the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) and the Commonwealth Games host city. For the host city, the Commonwealth Games holds out the promise of global visibility, urban regeneration, improved economic activity and social cohesion. For the CGF, the appeal of the host city can improve athlete participation in the event, enhance the appeal and longevity of the sports involved and strengthen the sustainability of the sporting institution itself. The relationship is thus one of mutual convenience through which both actors seek to leverage the global appeal of the other to maximize their own interests and to advance their respective public diplomacy agendas. However, the benefits and opportunities are balanced by risks and challenges arising from distinct asymmetries in the power, interests, accountabilities and long-term engagement of the two key actors. Findings suggest that it is the host city, rather than the CGF, that is the more vulnerable player in the relationship.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 8
beginPage: 1179
endPage: 1199
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-03-2013-0115
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000348442500004
year: 2014
authors: Dhanda, KK
title:
The role of carbon offsets in achieving carbon neutrality An exploratory study of hotels and resorts

docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to explore the area of carbon offsets and carbon neutrality within the context of hotels and resorts. In theory, carbon markets assist organizations in reducing their carbon footprint by purchasing carbon offsets. This conceptual paper aims to explore this market, analyze its operations and evaluate the participants. The expectation is that this original research will provide a foundation for analyzing this market to make sense of the widely disparate views about carbon neutrality held by companies in the hospitality sector. Design/methodology/approach - The research study aimed to uncover what claims are currently made about carbon neutrality, what properties are making these claims and are these claims legitimate? A broad Internet search was conducted to collect a sample of hotels and resorts that marketed carbon neutrality as a feature of their properties. Next, a five-point Likert type scale was constructed to analyze every hotel and resort in terms of legitimate reflection of market performance challenges or dimensions. In this study, the hotels that claim to be "Carbon Neutral" were scored according to four market performance dimensions: project quality, carbon calculations, quality information of providers and price per ton of carbon offset. Findings - The paper's findings offer a twofold contribution. First, hotels and resorts interested in entering the offset market can use the results as strategic information to bolster efforts to achieve legitimacy and viability in this market. Second, the findings offer a benefit to consumers concerned to reduce their carbon footprint, as the results include a determination of the best hotels and resorts in terms of carbon neutrality. Research limitations/implications - This research found that the claim "carbon neutral" is used often to attract green consumers. The spectrum of claims ranged from hotels presenting comprehensive carbon management plans or online carbon footprint applications, to hotels that had minimal information and used the "carbon neutral" for marketing purposes only. In numerous cases, the claim of carbon neutrality is not substantiated and, in this case, might be construed as greenwashing. Practical implications - The findings indicate that claims of carbon neutrality can be exaggerated and that the consumers must themselves be educated to be aware of claims that are unfounded. Originality/value - Given the large and rising number of offset providers in the unregulated carbon offset industry and the hotel industry, this contribution promises to offer value. This study is one of the first formal analyses of carbon offsets in the hospitality market. The author hopes that this study will encourage others to research the growing market of voluntary carbon offsets further.


type: J
volume: 7
beginPage: 92
endPage: 108
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000215074000007
year: 2014
authors: Eslaminosratabadi, H
title:
An investigation on green attitudes and demographics: Understanding the intention of international tourists in Malaysia to pay a premium for green hotels

docAbstract:
Lodging industry is one of the most crucial segments that consume a large amount of non-renewable resources. The extant literature shows that a large number of hotels are conducting green performances to offset the shift in customers' buying behaviour from conventional hotels towards green hotels. Thus, an empirical investigation on hotel customers' demographic as well as eco-friendly attitudes and intentions can help hotel operators better predict green buying behaviour of their potential/current customers. In this regard, the author conducts a series of multiple regression analyses in order to find any relationships between green attitudes and the intention to pay a premium for green hotels in Malaysia. A total of usable responses were used for data analysis. In general, findings reveal that except for seriousness of environmental problems (SEP), all other green attitudes, applied in this study, have a significant impact on the intention to pay a premium for green hotels. In addition, results of ANOVA indicate a variety of differences in intention to pay a premium for green hotels across different demographic characteristics. Finally, findings of this study not only affirm the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) by Ajzen (1975), but also provide managerial implications for hoteliers, marketers, and tourism ministries for better sustainability, segmentation, positioning, and resource allocation. (C) 2014 International University College. All rights reserved


title: Responsible tourism in Cyprus: the rhetoric and the reality
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 1
beginPage: 10
endPage: 26
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-10-2013-0041
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214502000003
year: 2014
authors: Farmaki, A, Constanti, P, Yiasemi, I, Karis, P
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to provide an overview of the approaches that industry stakeholders follow towards responsible tourism in Cyprus and to address the challenges that responsible tourism management faces in a mass tourism destination. Design/methodology/approach - In doing so, the paper discusses the concept of responsible tourism and its application in the hospitality and tourism industry. A qualitative research approach was followed whereby roundtable discussions between industry leaders and hospitality educators were initiated in order to identify key challenges. In addition, secondary research was performed with relevant data presented in the paper being previously collected by the CSTI (Cyprus Sustainable Tourism Initiative). Findings - Findings reveal that responsible tourism adoption in Cyprus is minimal. Several challenges have been identified as barriers to adoption and successful implementation including poor understanding of the concept, lack of awareness, limited budget, lack of coordination of activities and the absence of an integrated system to ensure cooperation and of a monitoring mechanism. Practical implications - The paper will be of immense value to industry practitioners as it represents a holistic understanding of the challenges facing hospitality and tourism industry stakeholders in terms of the implementation of responsible tourism practice. Propositions are made regarding the maximisation of the benefits of responsible tourism. Originality/value - The paper draws on sustainability issues in an attempt to shed light on the role of responsible tourism in the hospitality and tourism industry in Cyprus and consequently advances knowledge on responsible tourism management offering value to academics practitioners and students alike.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 6
beginPage: 1449
endPage: 1460
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0252
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329414300013
year: 2013
authors: Chen, LF
title:
Research note: A sustainable hypothesis for tourist hotels: evidence from international hotel chains

docAbstract:
This paper takes a brief empirical look at a sustainable hypothesis in terms of the Malmquist-Luenberger (ML)(1) index, using data from the island of Taiwan. The findings suggest that international hotel chains (ITH)(2) have better average energy efficiency when globally accounting for carbon emissions reductions. Thus it is recommended that public policymakers promote green hotel policies and encourage independent hotel operators to become contracted members of international hotel chains for sustainable development with fewer carbon emissions.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 3
beginPage: 242
endPage: 256
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2013.818188
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000325244300007
year: 2013
authors: Sandve, A, Ogaard, T
title:
Understanding Corporate Social Responsibility Decisions: Testing a Modified Version of the Theory of Trying

docAbstract:
This study investigates the decision-making processes of managers in small- and medium-sized hospitality enterprises toward corporate social responsibility. Drawing on attitude-behavior theory we use a revised version of the theory of trying to examine these decision-making processes. A scenario-based experimental design was employed, presenting four different CSR-related choices to the respondents. Standard multiple regression analysis was run to test our revised model. The results indicate that the model receive moderate empirical support when examining the explanatory power of the theory of trying on the decision-making processes toward CSR. Attitude toward trying, self-efficacy, subjective norms and past behavior are all to a various extent predictors of the decision-making processes, with attitude toward trying having the strongest influence on the processes.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 285
endPage: 295
doi: 10.25145/j.pasos.2013.11.018
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212576400002
year: 2013
authors: Carbone, F, Oosterbeek, L, Costa, C
title:
Paideia approach for heritage management. The tourist enhancement of archaeological heritage on behalf of local communities

docAbstract:
The archaeological heritage and the knowledge produced through its study may be a key component in the local communities' development process and intercultural dialogue. PAIDEIA approach for heritage management, inspired by the Socratic idea of pi alpha iota delta epsilon i alpha, represents the theoretical contribution of our research: we believe this idea should be applied in the management of heritage as a new approach to development. This proposal falls within the current debate on the need for new paradigms of development: the socio-economic global imbalances show that the paradigms adopted to date have been inadequate. This article presents the work leading to PAIDEIA APPROACH, illustrating the revised concept of alliance between archaeology, tourism, development.


title: Tourism and the Green Economy: A Place for an Environmental Ethic?
type: J
volume: 38
issue: 1
beginPage: 3
endPage: 13
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2013.11081725
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453396600001
year: 2013
authors: Holden, A
docAbstract:
Tourism has been recognized by major multilateral world agencies, the World Bank, IMF and United Nations, as a key economic sector for achieving a global transition from a brown to a green economic system. This transition includes an incumbent ethical mission, seeking to improve 'human well-being and sodal equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities' (UNEP 2011: 1-2). Nevertheless, five key challenges have been identified to tourism playing its part in fulfilling the aims of a green economy, four of which are directly related to its interaction with the natural environment and encompass a strong behavioural component. They are: a consumer trend to travel further for shortening durations of time; a preference for energy-intensive transportation based upon non-renewable fuel usage with an accompanying growth in GHG emissions; excessive water consumption; and damage to marine and terrestrial biodiversity. Simultaneously, the United Nations Environment Programme holds that the driving force of the greening of the tourism industry is consumer demand. The favoured approach from the World Bank and IMF to change environmentally destructive behaviour and reflect the full costs of an increasing ecological scardty is through price and market correction. Other favoured approaches place a reliance on the greening of technology as a solution to environmental problems. This paper argues that these measures will not be sufficient to deal with the environmental challenges facing the tourism industry and system, and that without a stronger environmental ethic in the market it will be difficult to impose controls on tourists behaviour designed for environmental conservation. It subsequently analyzes the conceptualization of environmental ethics, the rationale for the evolution of an environmental ethic in society and evaluates its relevance to the tourism market.


title: Broadcasting and socially responsible rural tourism in Labuan, Malaysia
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 4
beginPage: 398
endPage: 411
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-03-2013-0019
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214500400009
year: 2013
authors: Ponnan, R
docAbstract:
Purpose - This article aims to provide a case study of rural tourism in the island of Labuan, Malaysia from the broadcasting and business perspectives. It explores the collective social responsibilities of the local stakeholders and the related local authorities. Design/methodology/approach - The study uses a mixed mode of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and a framework of the five dimensions of sustainable rural tourism and corporate social responsibility to explain how radio broadcasting and the business communities' initiatives are socially responsible towards tourism. Findings - The research reveals that locals and stakeholders receive sufficient information from the media, especially Labuanfm, but stakeholders could be more responsible and efficient in channeling the required information for the continued sustenance of rural homestay tourism as a viable economic activity. Practical implications - The study recommends that stakeholders offer additional commitment as formal assistance for homestay entrepreneurs is not a healthy option in the face of competitive development of modern hotel accommodation. Originality/value - For the first time, an evaluation of stakeholders' CSR has been undertaken. This study should raise government awareness of Labuan's rural livelihood and the need for a communication strategy that disseminates an actionable communication plan.


title: Ballyhoura-A Case Study of Cohesive Rural Tourism Planning in Ireland
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 3
beginPage: 307
endPage: 318
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2012.747988
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212844700005
year: 2013
authors: Robinson, J, O'Connor, N
docAbstract:
The restructuring of the agricultural industry has been a central objective of many policies in Ireland. The central premise of these policies has been the diversification of the rural economy in order to prevent the decline of Ireland's rural communities (Rural Development Programme 2007-2013). This paper highlights these policies and outlines their importance with regard to diversifying from an agrarian base to tourism development in Ballyhoura Country, Ireland. Discussions are directed to assist in understanding the significance of rural planning so as to ascertain its importance and understand its link with regard to cohesiveness among organisations in the Ballyhoura Country region. The area of literature reviewed with regard to Ballyhoura has reiterated the importance of planning and community involvement in order to successfully diversify from an agrarian base to a thriving rural tourism hub. Ballyhoura has been future-focused and proactive with regard to formulating strategies and securing funding for development. This funding has been utilised to carry out research in relation to tourism development in the region-Ballyhoura Attractions Cluster Development Strategy, 2003, Ballyhoura International Walking Festival Visitor Survey, 2006, Galtee Mountains: Tourism Development Facilitation and Project Management Initiative 2011, Approaches to Participative Community Based Socio Economic Planning: Developing a Model to Underpin the Sustainability of Ireland's Local Communities, 2011, Research on Mountain Biking Trails, 2011, Slieve Felim Concept Plan, 2011. These reports highlight the importance of undertaking a detailed audit of existing tourism infrastructure within a region and ensuring community buy-in before creating or developing strategies and plans.


title: Green Certifications and Ecolabels in the MEEC Industry: Which Are Really Worth It?
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 2
beginPage: 162
endPage: 172
doi: 10.1080/15470148.2013.782832
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435289900005
year: 2013
authors: Strick, S, Fenich, GG
docAbstract:
The meetings, expositions, events, and conventions industry (MEEC), like most of the world, is embracing greening and sustainability. In alignment and support of sustainability, a multitude of certifications have sprung up. The research at hand ascertained that, while these certifications are laudable, there is currently no mechanism for event professionals to evaluate one certification against another. Thus, event professionals must employ the concept of caveat emptor.


title: Adding environmental sustainability to the management of event tourism
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 175
endPage: 183
doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2013-0024
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213924300007
year: 2013
authors: Yuan, YY
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify the management principles of environmental sustainability for event tourism. Design/methodology/approach - The paper takes a meta-synthesis approach to review and to analyze collected papers in this subject. Findings - To manage environmental sustainability in the context of event tourism is to minimize the negative impacts on critical natural capital. The environmental sustainability consists of these three interconnected components: the event organization, a place to host the event and the host community, and event-goers. One should follow three management principles in attempting to add environmental sustainability to the management. First, sustainable event management requires careful planning prior to events. Second, taking responsibility in event management is crucial in achieving sustainability. Third, offering information and education to raise the awareness of event goers is the key to putting sustainability into practice. Originality/value - A limited number of papers specifically address the importance of environmental sustainability in the management of event tourism and what their management principles should be. This paper brings together, integrates and synthesizes the different studies. Event organizers and practitioners can have a better understanding of environmental management in the context of event tourism and follow the three managerial principles to build a truly sustainable event.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 2
beginPage: 3
endPage: 16
doi: 10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.022
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212572500002
year: 2012
authors: Kimbu, AN
title:
Attainment of MDGs through tourism in the Central African sub-region: Implications for local economic development in Cameroon

docAbstract:
This paper examines the role and contribution of tourism to local economic development and in the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals one and seven dealing with extreme poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability in the biodiversity endowed Central African sub-region. The concepts of sustainable tourism development and local economic development (in sub-Saharan Africa) are examined. Through field observations and semi-structured interviews with 21 tourism industry stakeholders in Cameroon, an analysis of tourism's role and future in LED and in the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals 1 & 7 is undertaken. The core challenges presently inhibiting tourism's development thereby limiting its contribution to local economic development and the attainment of these goals in Cameroon are identified and a framework within which tourism's contribution can be increased is proposed.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 5
beginPage: 643
endPage: 657
doi: 10.3727/108354212X13485873914001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213840700007
year: 2012
authors: Alonso, AD, Bresan, A, O'Shea, M, Krajsic, V
title:
TO WHAT EXTENT DO WINERIES STUDY THEIR CONSUMERS AND VISITORS? IMPLICATIONS FOR WINE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

docAbstract:
In their quest for long-term sustainability and financial success, winery entrepreneurs increasingly perceive wine tourism and tourism-related enterprises as important facets of their business strategy. However, to benefit from wine tourism activities, winery operators will need to develop new skills and business capabilities. In this context, learning from and understanding consumers and visitors' preferences and expectations is of paramount importance to wineries' long-term sustainability and, importantly, their financial success. This study examines the extent to which winery owners and managers "study" their visitors, gathering data from 451 Italian, Spanish, and New World small and medium wineries. The majority of respondents indicate studying visitors to some extent; however, one third do not actively engage in activities that enable them to learn about visitor preferences and experiences, while over 40% would like to learn more about them. In addition, while respondents generally perceive studying visitors as beneficial, others are either skeptical or consider their current efforts sufficient. At a time when consumers have numerous leisure choices available to them, wineries and wine labels are operating in a highly competitive and increasingly sophisticated environment, these findings have significant implications for wine tourism specifically, as well as the hospitality and wine sectors generally.


type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 65
endPage: +
doi: 10.4087/FOUNDATIONREVIEW-D-12-00011.1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408993200004
year: 2012
authors: Daun-Barnett, N, Lamm, H
title:
Investigating the Roles of Community Foundations in the Establishment and Sustainability of Local College Access Networks in Michigan

docAbstract:
The authors use the FSG collective impact model as a framework to examine the role of community foundations in the creation and establishment of local college access networks across the state of Michigan. Their findings illustrate that community foundations have played a variety of roles, from fundraising to convening to cheerleading. The challenge for most communities is how to develop a plan for sustainability while allowing others to provide leadership for these evolving organizations for social change.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 27
endPage: 41
doi: 10.3727/108354212X13330406124016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213837300003
year: 2012
authors: Hadock-Fraser, J, Hampton, MP
title:
MULTISTAKEHOLDER VALUES ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DIVE TOURISM: CASE STUDIES OF SIPADAN AND PERHENTIAN ISLANDS, MALAYSIA

docAbstract:
The impact on the marine environment of the rapidly growing dive tourism industry in less developed countries is increasingly understood, but little research currently exists on its impact on overall sustainability at host sites. This article applies Social Exchange Theory to assess multistakeholders' perspectives of dive tourism for two Malaysian islands: the Perhentians and Sipadan. We argue that multiple interest groups exist within the sites, with heterogeneous attitudes relating to dive tourism. We found that dive instructors (most knowledgeable and engaged) have the most polarized views and clearly identify links between environment, society, and development. Nondive businesses show greater engagement with economic development impact, but may not link this to environmental preservation. Tourists were surprisingly indifferent-highlighting their lack of loyalty to "place" per se or opportunities for alternative travel choices.


title: Event sponsorship by alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks businesses in India
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 2-3
beginPage: 289
endPage: 311
doi: 10.1108/09596111211206187
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000305050000007
year: 2012
authors: Moital, M, Whitfield, J, Jackson, C, Bahl, A
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to examine event sponsorship decision making by the Indian drinks industry, comparing the non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks sectors. Design/methodology/approach - Data regarding event sponsorship activity, perceptions of event sponsorship, motives to sponsor, form of investment and structure of sponsorship was obtained from a sample of 61 drinks producers in India through a questionnaire. Mann-Whitney and logistic regression were employed to compare the alcoholic and the non-alcoholic sectors. Findings - The results suggest that the alcohol and non-alcohol drinks sectors sponsored a similar level of events, but in investment volume terms, sponsorship from the non-alcoholic sector is far greater than that of the alcoholic sector. While the two sectors are similar in many ways, the emphasis placed on certain motives for sponsoring events was different, with alcoholic drinks businesses placing greater importance on reaching niche audiences and increasing media coverage than non-alcoholic ones. Research limitations/implications - A limited number of areas of the sponsorship decision-making were covered, yet the study provides insights into the decision making of one of the key sponsoring industries: the drinks industry. Practical implications Securing sponsorship is becoming more difficult and complex. By understanding how sponsors make decisions, including potential variations between companies within an industry, event organisers will be in a better position to tailor sponsorship proposals, enhancing the likelihood of obtaining the desired sponsorship contracts. Originality/value - Most sponsor decision-making research focuses on how sponsorship decisions can be improved so that they work better for the sponsor. This paper, in contrast, emphasises that by understanding how clients make decisions (i.e. sponsors), sellers (i.e. the sponsored) will be in a better position to win over competition and secure the desired sponsorship deals.


type: J
volume: 29
issue: 3
beginPage: 55
endPage: 69
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442884300005
year: 2011
authors: Schuster, RM, Sullivan, LE, Kuehn, DM, Morais, DB
title:
Relationships among Resident Participation in Nature and Heritage Tourism Activities, Place Attachment, and Sustainability in three Hudson River Valley Communities

docAbstract:
Many rural coastal communities face challenges in retaining stable local economies and have come to depend on tourism as the basis for economic viability. Local residents often see nature-based recreational opportunities and the local character marketed to tourists as attributes that support attractive and livable communities. This research investigates the relationships among resident engagement with local, nature-based and heritage resources, length of residency, place attachment, and support for local tourism in three Hudson River Valley, New York communities. Based on the findings of this research, the following five points are posited about sustainability generally and specific to the studies communities. (1) Place identity is a more effective longitudinal indicator of sustainability than place dependence. (2) Place attachment did predict tourism support. (3) The cultural activities factor was the only individual, statistically significant activity predictor of place attachment. (4) Cold Spring Village residents may perceive the current level of tourism to be sufficient. Specifically, there may be a tourism development saturation point that is being reached. And finally, (5) tangible amenities were not a prominent concern for residents recommending the communities to potential visitors.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 1
beginPage: 61
endPage: +
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000438888300008
year: 2011
authors: Weight, EA, Cooper, CG
title:
Bridging the gap: The perceptions of athletic directors and coaches regarding nonrevenue program discontinuation decisions

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of athletic directors and coaches regarding wrestling program discontinuation decisions. In the past few decades, an alarming number of NCAA men's wrestling programs have been eliminated throughout the United States (Student-athlete, 2006). Historically, the educational value offered through intercollegiate athletics was enough to justify financial funding of these programs; however, the marked trend toward the discontinuation of sports that are nonrevenue in nature support the notion that this justification may no longer be sufficient in today's big-time intercollegiate athletic environment. In order to ensure the sustainability of programs that do not have the financial lure of big-time football and basketball, it is essential for primary program advocates (coaches) to understand the criteria employed by athletic directors when eliminating these programs. Utilizing a multiple-embedded case study (n = 4) with the use of survey, athletic directors (n = 20) and wrestling head coaches (n = 24) of Football Bowl Subdivision universities who have sponsored wrestling within the past ten years were studied in order to explore perceptions regarding the criteria utilized in program-termination decisions. Findings suggest that athletic directors utilize budget shortages and financial strain of the program as primary discontinuation criteria followed by gender equity implications, success on the mat, and regional sport popularity. In contrast, the coaches indicated they felt gender equity, regional sport popularity, donor support, athletes' actions off the mat, and athletes' academic performance were the primary reasons for program eliminations. Thus, the results illustrated that athletic directors and coaches had varying perceptions for the reasons why nonrevenue programs such as men's wrestling are eliminated. The study provides a unique opportunity to understand the underlying reasons why men's wrestling programs are eliminated, and what coaches of nonrevenue sports might do to sustain their programs.


title: Environmental management in the Caribbean accommodations sector
type: J
volume: 59
issue: 2
beginPage: 145
endPage: 168
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213661200002
year: 2011
authors: Best, MN, Thapa, B
docAbstract:
This study focused on the implementation of environmental management (EM) in the Caribbean accommodations sector based on diffusion of innovations theory. More specifically, it examined the status of EM and the differences between adopters and non-adopters in terms of hotel characteristics, attitudes to the natural environment, familiarity, and the constraints to implementation. This study was conducted among general managers and owners of various types of accommodations within the 19 English-speaking countries of the Caribbean. Data were collected via an online user-administered questionnaire due to the wide geographic range. There were 197 completed questionnaires with at least one respondent from each country. Based on the results, four different levels of EM have been implemented and have diffused to two thirds of the sector throughout the region, though some countries exhibited a higher proportion of adopters. Generally, adopters were small properties 75 rooms or less. Adopters and non-adopters were compared to determine differences and there were very few variations between adopters and non-adopters. However, given that adoption of EM is still in the growth segment of the diffusion curve, the number of non-adopters may decrease over time as some of the non-adopters have indicated that they were relatively new properties and/or intended to implement EM in the future. Overall, the results have implications for hoteliers, local and regional hotel associations, and policy makers.


title: Sustainable Tourism in the USA: A Comparative Look at the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria
type: J
volume: 36
issue: 3
beginPage: 215
endPage: 229
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2011.11081668
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453385600003
year: 2011
authors: Bricker, KS, Schultz, J
docAbstract:
This study compares the Global Sustainable Tourism Council's Criteria (GSTC criteria) with the operations of voluntary statewide sustainable tourism certification programmes in the United States. The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) established 37 criteria representing the minimum requirements that any tourism business should reach to protect and sustain the world's natural and cultural resources while ensuring tourism meets its potential as a tool for conservation and poverty alleviation. To determine the extent to which state sustainable tourism certification program participants associate with the GSTC criteria, we visited state certification websites to secure lists of certification program participants. Twenty-three statewide certification program were identified, of which 13 are represented in this study. Using the GSTC criteria, we found respondents' support (to some degree), the GSTC criteria surrounding planning, socio-cultural and environmental aspects of sustainable tourism operations. However, certain criteria were also identified as "not applicable" or in low agreement. These results raise questions of the universal applicability and understanding of some specific aspects of the criteria, including a need for additional education and training, increased access to resources to support operational changes and information. In addition, for some respondents, the relevance of socio-cultural elements to sustainability was not understood, or there was lack of understanding on how to achieve these criteria. The overwhelming congruency with GSTC criteria may be due to a number of factors including, but not limited to the knowledge base of tourism businesses within sustainable tourism operations, and the guidance and support of certification programmes addressing sustainability within the tourism industry.


title: REVISITING BOTSWANA'S HIGH-VALUE, LOW-VOLUME TOURISM
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 203
endPage: 210
doi: 10.3727/108354211X13014081270486
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213825900008
year: 2011
authors: Magole, LI, Magole, L
docAbstract:
Botswana has adopted a high-value, low-volume tourism strategy in a bid to minimize negative environmental impacts on pristine wildlife areas while maximizing socioeconomic benefits. This implies sustainable development/tourism. While conservation of biological diversity appears to be on course, visitation and hence revenue has remained stunted in most parks and reserves. Moreover, the high-value, low-volume tourism strategy appears to have contributed towards enclave tourism, with a large foreign ownership of tour operator companies and repatriation of profits from Botswana. This compromises yet another principle of sustainability, social equity. It would appear that the high-value, low-volume tourism strategy is antisustainability and hence not suitable for a developing country like Botswana with a large rural population that is still highly dependent on natural resources. This article utilizes secondary data to evaluate the effectiveness of the high-value, low-volume strategy in achieving sustainable tourism development in Botswana.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 373
endPage: 384
doi: 10.1080/19406940.2011.596154
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214487700006
year: 2011
authors: Persson, HTR
title:
Good governance and the Danish Football Association: between international and domestic sport governance

docAbstract:
The Danish Football Association (FA) is about to become the first Danish sport governing body to adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR). This article identifies a number of governance events in Danish sport and football over the last 4 years in order to provide a picture of the current governance climate. Professionalization, value- and norm-based leadership, transparency, ability and democracy, together with law and order as well as a concept of social responsibility, are all central to the overhaul of Danish sport governance. It is argued that they are all part of building trust and that governance practices are therefore to be viewed through a lens integrating 'good governance', CSR and social capital in the context of multi-level governance. 'Good governance' is consequently seen as embedded in the context of its economic actions and social relations in and with society at large.


title: Capturing Intangible Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Aboriginal Land in Australia's Kimberley Region
type: J
volume: 36
issue: 3
beginPage: 271
endPage: 280
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2011.11081672
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453385600007
year: 2011
authors: Scherrer, P, Doohan, K
docAbstract:
This paper highlights the gap in current indicator-based approaches to address intangible cultural impacts and traditional owner values and ontologies in the development and management of tourism. Present approaches to management and assessment of tourism impacts on indigenous land and sea country (where "country" denotes Aboriginal space and place) are heavily influenced by "objective" science-driven approaches which rationalize and instrumentalize human-nature relationships into measurable units and quantifiable methods and indicators. They reflect a western Eurocentric cultural framework that erases indigenous peoples' worldviews, associations and relationships, viewing indigenous spaces as ecological landscapes rather than as culture-scapes in which "nature" and "culture" are inseparable and rules for access apply. Based on a case study from the Kimberley coastal region of Australia, this paper finds that the "wicked problem" of tourism access without traditional owner permission, a long-standing unresolved issue, continues to be the overarching cultural impact on traditional owners and precludes the finer scale assessment of site-based impacts. The manifestations of the impacts of unsanctioned access range from the scale of individual persons to regional climatic effects and are deeply embedded in the traditional owner ontology. It concludes that, first, there are essential prerequisites to the development of effective local-scale sustainability indicators of intangible cultural impacts of tourism. Second, the paper highlights an urgent need for working within (rather than on) indigenous ontologies in order to overcome the continuing embeddedness of colonizing practices in reductionist indicator-based approaches.


title: Tourism-dependent development: the case of Lijiang, Yunnan province, China
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 1
beginPage: 63
endPage: 86
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2011.539382
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214511400005
year: 2011
authors: Wu, YF, Xu, HG, Eaglen, A
docAbstract:
This paper explores the effectiveness of tourism as a development policy through a case study of Lijiang, one of the most popular tourism destinations in China. Using both primary and secondary data, the study evaluates the consequences of external investment, external migrant entrepreneurs, and non-local companies acting as major influences on local tourism development. Two theoretical frameworks are drawn upon: the dependent paradigm and the informal-formal dichotomy. Major issues are observed that challenge the sustainability of current developments. These include: the mass tourism development model together with spatial concentration of the tourist market; market channels controlled by external travel corporations; heavy reliance on external investment in real estate and infrastructure development; outsiders' domination of Lijiang's ancient town commercial sector; a mitigating contribution by external migrant enterprises to the local community; and an uneven distribution of benefits among the locals. It is implied from this research that planned and targeted governmental intervention and institutional adjustments are prerequisite conditions for indigenous and ethnic people to obtain greater benefits from tourism development. It also suggests that a reconsideration of the justification of tourism as a vehicle for development in the peripheral areas of China might be appropriate.


title: Place-based heritage regeneration in Madaba, Jordan
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 267
endPage: 277
doi: 10.1080/14766825.2010.521247
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208152700005
year: 2010
authors: Al Rabady, R
docAbstract:
While image-based heritage regeneration, emphasizing the preservation of the immediately visible environment, has dominated efforts in most Islamic and developing countries, this article uses a case study of Madaba, Jordan to highlight the advantages of place-based regeneration approaches that focus on the preservation local users and uses built environments and spaces. As Jordan continues to face economic challenges, officials have focused on image-based regeneration projects refurbishing high-profile sites with more potential earners while giving little consideration to less well-known sites such as the town of Madaba. This study traces the spatial, functional, and symbolic values of outdoor courtyards (ahwash), as a common feature of vernacular architecture of dwellings in the town known for its Byzantine-era churches. The article analyses forces threatening their sustainability and suggests that policy-makers reorient the county's heritage regeneration policies away from image-based practices towards place-based ones. The article offers a theoretical framework for place-based heritage regeneration and argues such approaches would promise to uncover the human face of cities and their particular social and cultural features. These could better help enhance urban liveability, increases tourist satisfaction, and augments local economic viability.


title: How Green Will My (Lea) Valley Be? Olympic Aspirations: Rhetoric or Reality
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 16-18
beginPage: 2677
endPage: 2709
doi: 10.1080/09523367.2010.509054
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000290396200004
year: 2010
authors: Horton, P, Zakus, DH
docAbstract:
Much debate surrounds the nature and reality of the legacy left to host cities after they hold an Olympic or a Winter Olympic Games. We argue and provide evidence that the debate is more about sustainability. The sustainability of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as an organization and of the games that deliver the aspirations and goals of the Olympic movement are central issues in this debate. The IOC identifies its aspirations and goals in the Olympic Charter and within it the philosophy of Olympism. To realize these, the IOC must select a bid submitted by various city, country and national Olympic committee consortia to deliver the games. There are two separate issues here. First, that the host city must meet IOC demands contained in the OC and hosting contracts; that is, that the IOC's aspirations and numerous contractual stipulations are met and that sufficient revenues from operating the games are met. Second, the delivery of the games is to leave a 'legacy' (sustainable outcomes) from delivering the games. Two issues arise about whether host cities can do both - deliver a successful games, within the confines of the agreements, towards achieving IOC aspirations and goals and also deliver sustainable environmental, social and economic outcomes - thereby sustaining the IOC, the Olympic movement, Olympism and the lofty aspirations and goals of the Olympic Charter.


title: Academia and the Evolution of Ecotourism
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 1
beginPage: 15
endPage: 26
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2010.11081615
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453378400003
year: 2010
authors: Mckercher, B
docAbstract:
This review paper traces the evolution of ecotourism and the role academia has played in that evolution. Ecotourism arguably would not exist, and certainly would not exist in the form it is now, were it not for the active involvement of the academic community. Academics and academia have played a critical stewardship role in the conceptualization and operationalization of this activity, more so than any other form of tourism. Ecotourism has evolved, and is still evolving through three phases. The 'New Dawn' phase is typified by idealism, hyperbole and hope. It is followed quickly by a 'Crisis of Legitimacy,' where critics illustrate that the ecotourism largely fails to meet its social, economic and ecological ideals, that has not yet been resolved fully. Finally, ecotourism reaches maturity when it achieves the 'Sustainable Product Niche' phase where a realistic understanding of what it can and cannot do, emerges.


title: THE FUTURE OF TOURISM IN ZIMBABWE: TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY?
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 3
beginPage: 387
endPage: 391
doi: 10.3727/108354210X12801550666349
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213819900009
year: 2010
authors: Mkono, M
docAbstract:
Before the political events after 2000, notably the Land Reform Program, Zimbabwe was a leading tourism destination in the Southern African region. However, political upheavals and consequent economic crises in the last decade damaged the attractiveness of the country as a tourist destination. Arrivals dropped drastically as the country was seen as unsafe for tourists. With the recent formation of the inclusive government in September 2008, and the gradual stabilization of the political and economic environments, it is hoped that the country's tourism industry can be restored to its former competitiveness. This article discusses the struggles and dilemmas that the tourism industry continues to face as it aspires towards sustainability.


title: Tourism strategies for "advantaging" the Amazon rainforest region The Ecuador model
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 163
endPage: 172
doi: 10.1108/17554211011037859
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214482200008
year: 2010
authors: Reyes, MV
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the work in progress by the Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) in Ecuador, in collaboration with other national and international entities, to develop a sustainable tourism product in the Amazon region of the Republic of Ecuador. Design/methodology/approach - The paper discusses the main tourism trends in Ecuador over the past decade and then gives quantitative data regarding tourism resources in the six provinces of the Ecuadorian Amazon. This is followed by a discussion of the partnerships, national, and international, enacted by the MINTUR to advance the development of sustainable tourism. The paper ends with an insight into the form of tourism deemed most desirable as a means of creating economic and human welfare benefits as well as environmental sustainability. Findings - The paper is a clear presentation of a country committed to the task of "advantaging" a particular region - the Amazon - through the adoption of policies and the implementation of a strategic plan that aims at optimizing development based on the natural, ecological, and cultural wealth of the region. Practical implications - Tourism planners, entrepreneurs, and operators would derive much benefit from the concepts advanced and strategies explained in this paper. Originality/value - With its discussion of the strong Ecuadorian base in community and ecological tourism this paper offers some fresh perspectives on the planning complexities to be addressed in the development of sustainable tourism as a mechanism for rainforest protection.


title: Explaining Factors for Train Use in European Long-Distance Travel
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 1
beginPage: 21
endPage: 37
doi: 10.1080/14790530902847038
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212813400003
year: 2009
authors: Van Goeverden, CD
docAbstract:
The desire to travel more imposes an increasing pressure on sustainability. The European policy is directed to revitalizing railways. This policy demands for knowledge on long-distance travel, in particular modal choice between the train and its alternatives. This paper contributes to this knowledge by analysing factors that influence train use in long-distance travel in Europe. The focus is on tourist travel. Both background variables relating to characteristics of the traveller, household and journey, and quality variables relating to the service levels of the train and alternative modes play a role. The analysis produced a long list of significant background variables, most important are number of participants in the journey, car ownership, size of the destination city, home country and need to cross national borders. Significant quality variables are time and costs of both train and car, and number of interchanges. There is also evidence about significant influences of the obligation to reserve a seat on a particular train. Frequency has no significant influence. The analysis demonstrates that tourists do not differ significantly from all long-distance travellers, partly because they account for the major part of all long-distance travellers.


title: Religious Events as Special Interest Tourism. A Spanish Experience
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 419
endPage: 433
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212550500003
year: 2008
authors: Gil, AR, Curiel, JD
docAbstract:
This paper contributes to the development of the theoretical understanding in the field of religious tourism management by considering the Pilgrimage of the Dew as an alternative paradigm of analysis, which has been constituted in a destination able to host a very large number of travellers (pilgrims), in a very short period of time (3 days), without damaging the environment, ecologic and social, due to the own anthropologic characteristics of this form of travelling that gives priority to the human experience more than the market consumption. Thus, the model researched in this paper through the concept of "social capital" is opportune due to the confluence in the analysis of different social sciences (anthropology, economy and sociology) and from the theory and technique of tourism, concluding that the maintenance of the authenticity and sustainability of this form of religious tourism should be planned not on the basis of a real state model as currently, but on the unseasonality and a much better and regulated quality of the services provided.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 257
endPage: 276
doi: 10.1080/14790530802550492
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212812500006
year: 2008
authors: Tremblay, P, Pearson, D, Gorman, J
title:
Destination Planning and the Sustainability of Wildlife Tourism Resources: Ongoing Challenges for Knowledge Integration

docAbstract:
Despite the fact that the interface between wildlife and tourism has attracted increasing academic scrutiny, it has also been recognized that destination-level strategic marketing and planning constitute the least developed aspect of wildlife tourism management. The paper argues that this is partly due to ongoing challenges linked with integrating the needs of a tourism industry management perspective with those of wildlife resources planning, in particular when the diversity and distinctiveness of wildlife tourism destination types is acknowledged. The paper uses the findings emanating from the recent wildlife tourism literature (in particular on the nature of motivations of tourists participating in wildlife viewing experiences) to examine the basis for destination competitiveness in that area, and to investigate ensuing planning challenges. Subsequently, the paper examines a simple case study (wildlife-viewing in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia) where knowledge integration issues for wildlife tourism planning have been explicitly tackled with a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach.


type: J
volume: 4
issue: 1
beginPage: 3
endPage: 21
doi: 10.1080/19388160802099428
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435268900002
year: 2008
authors: Yan, J, Barkmann, J, Zschiegner, AK, Marggraf, R
title:
The Sceptics' Challenge for Sustainable Tourism in the Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot: A Choice Experiment Approach

docAbstract:
To identify opportunities and challenges for sustainable tourism in southwest China, this study investigated domestic consumer attitudes and economic preferences on sustainable tourism services (STS) regarding destinations in the southwest China mountains, one of 25 global biodiversity hotspots, and a focus area of Chinese tourism development. Factor analysis revealed three main attitude dimensions: in favor of sustainability, concern for losing tourism opportunities, and sceptical attitude towards sustainable tourism services. Only sceptical attitude was (negatively) correlated with preferences for STS (p=0.001). The supportive attitudes toward sustainable tourism currently do not translate into sustainable consumption and production opportunities, as sceptical notions regarding the effectiveness of STS prevail. Carefully targeted marketing strategies may be called for that address the scepticism regarding sustainable tourism services.


type: J
volume: 12
issue: 3
beginPage: 175
endPage: 190
doi: 10.3727/108354207781626785
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213801100004
year: 2007
authors: Hussain, K, Alipour, H, Altinay, M, Sheikhani, N
title:
PERCEPTIONS OF THE BEACH USERS: A CASE STUDY OF THE COASTAL AREAS OF NORTH CYPRUS TOWARDS ESTABLISHMENT OF A "CARRYING CAPACITY"

docAbstract:
Within the main elements of economic sustainability, sociocultural sustainability, and environmental sustainability, the criteria of "carrying capacity" have been emphasized through residents' perception analysis to explore practical methods towards the application and implementation of such criteria. As data analysis revealed, the main tourist resources in the case of North Cyprus-the coast and the beach-have a certain capacity to sustain the impact and pressure. Despite the significance of the indigenous environment and with respect to the residents' perception of optimum carrying capacity levels, the study explores that this issue has not been given a due consideration. This has resulted in a process of coastal development that bypasses any measure towards the application of a standard to harmonize the degree of physical development and the capacity of the beach. The main objective is to establish the concept of carrying capacity as the means to achieve the reconciliation of environmental impacts with tourism development. The study concludes that, if carrying capacity measurement and its implementation are not incorporated into the planning decision as a clear policy, there will be grave negative consequences for the very resources that attract the visitors.


title: Tourism golf scenarios: The Algarve case
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 179
endPage: 196
doi: 10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212187300003
year: 2006
authors: Correia, A, Videira, N, Alves, I, Ramires, C, Subtil, R, Martins, MV
docAbstract:
Sport tourism, in particular golf, is an emerging form of tourism. This is the case in the Algarve region where golf has significant economic, social and environmental impacts. This paper presents a sustainability assessment framework developed for the Algarve's golf courses. Sustainable golf development (SGD) was analysed from an integrated perspective: economic, financial and environmental. A scenario methodology was used to measure the long-term golf development impacts at different supply levels, given the core indicators defined for each dimension of analysis. It was concluded that SGD in the Algarve should be framed within high service and environmental quality standards, with a supply of between 29 and 41 golf courses.


title: SUSTAINABLE INNOVATIONS AT TOURIST DESTINATONS
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 1-2
beginPage: 113
endPage: 124
doi: 10.3727/154427206779307213
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213637100012
year: 2006
authors: Krozer, Y, Christensen-Redzepovic, E
docAbstract:
This article discusses how and why tourist destination can generate income without risking environmental degradation. It is based on a small island in the Netherlands that attracted mass tourism, generated high income, and satisfied tourists' and experts' opinions about environmental quality of the island over the past century. General lessons are drawn. The key in the development has been the community's strategy that presented the environment as a destination of high value. The strategy enabled regulations and sustainable innovations to maintain environmental quality as a common good of the island. Stakeholders opt for use of environment in marketing, better facilities, cleaner and safer mobility, and agrotourism. Tests in water saving and marketing indicate benefits of the options. A model on innovators' decision making shows how community determines sustainability of the destination.


title: Visitor Preferences in Kruger National Park, South Africa: The Value of a Mixed-Method Approach
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 2
beginPage: 21
endPage: 35
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415536100002
year: 2005
authors: Leberman, SI, Holland, JD
docAbstract:
South African protected area managers are increasingly being forced to ask strategic questions regarding the economic sustainability of the reserves they administer. To do this, managers need to know more about what visitors expect from their visits to protected areas and, for the strategy to succeed, visitors need to understand the objectives of environmental managers. In this research a mixed-method approach, using conjoint analysis and visitor comments, provides empirical data on the underlying determinants of visitor preferences in Kruger National Park. This data will assist park authorities in making better-informed planning decisions. The conjoint analysis results showed that accommodation type and cost were the most important variables to visitors, when making decisions on visiting Kruger National Park. Accommodation cost alone was seen as more important than the combined importance of animal viewing, activities, and facilities. This finding was more prevalent for international visitors than South Africans. The qualitative visitor comments indicated that service in terms of staffing, maintenance, and information flow was poor. The value of using a mixed-method approach is that is provides park managers with a more complete picture of visitor preferences, rather than relying on numbers or comments alone. Park management can now implement appropriate strategies to meet visitor preferences, in terms of concentrating its limited resources on improving the standard of service and reviewing accommodation type and cost.


title: Exploring the Economic Sustainability of the Small Tourism Enterprise: A Case Study of Tobago
type: J
volume: 30
issue: 1
beginPage: 55
endPage: 72
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2005.11081233
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443914500005
year: 2005
authors: Roberts, S, Tribe, J
docAbstract:
Within current discussions on sustainable tourism development, small tourism enterprises are often regarded as one of the vehicles through which positive economic benefits can be spread within destinations. However, omitted from these discussions is that many small tourism enterprises operate within a peripheral or developing country context which may often limit their ability to impact upon the larger economy and society. Against this background, this paper examines the extent to which small tourism enterprises in the island of Tobago contributes to economic sustainability. By employing indicators of sustainable tourism relevant to small tourism enterprises within a survey, the data shows that small tourism enterprises' contribution to economic sustainability varies between poor and moderate. Drawing on qualitative data also, it is suggested that inter alia the peripheral position of Tobago, and indeed small tourism enterprises within the twin-island republic as well as the larger global economy militates against these entities' potential to make a more significant economic contribution.


title: Natural disaster and destination management: the case of the Caribbean and hurricane Irma
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 21
endPage: 28
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2017.1422483
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000451133000004
year: 2019
authors: Seraphin, H
docAbstract:
This current issue in the Caribbean raises the topic of destination management and more particularly the importance of considering natural phenomenon when planning and developing a tourism product. The impacts of Irma on some Caribbean islands such as Saint-Barthelemy, Saint-Martin, Barbuda and Anguilla show that hurricanes are major risks for the tourism industry of the islands. This risk could be said to be absolute in the Caribbean but the negative impacts can be mitigated by appropriate strategies. To some extent, natural disasters provide tabularaza that give destinations opportunities to reinvent themselves sustainability.


title: An assessment of adopting lean techniques in the construct of hotel supply chain
type: J
volume: 69
beginPage: 553
endPage: 565
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2018.06.030
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000441681400051
year: 2018
authors: Al-Aomar, R, Hussain, M
docAbstract:
This paper assesses the adoption of lean techniques across the supply chains of hotels. Literature indicates a growing awareness of sustainability issues and lean adoption for value creation in the hospitality industry. However, there are limited exploratory studies that outline sustainability in terms of lean techniques in the context of a hotel supply chain. This paper addresses this gap using a structured study plan with specific research questions. To this end, a theoretical framework of lean assessment for value creation is first developed and a SIPOC-based construct of a hotel supply chain is used to identify and categorize hotel waste. An empirical study is then conducted to answer research questions and assess the extent of using lean techniques. Study results and the developed framework can be subsequently used by practitioners and researchers in conceptualization and assessment of lean adoption across the supply chains of hotels in different contexts.


type: J
volume: 57
issue: 6
beginPage: 824
endPage: 838
doi: 10.1177/0047287517720119
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000436058800009
year: 2018
authors: Tang, CZ, Weaver, D, Shi, FF, Huang, MF, Burns, K, Sheng, A
title:
Dark Tourism, Emotions, and Postexperience Visitor Effects in a Sensitive Geopolitical Context: A Chinese Case Study

docAbstract:
Engaging the neglected intersection between dark tourism, the visitor postexperience and geopolitics, this research reports the findings from a survey of 1,082 domestic visitors to Lushun Prison Museum in Dalian, China, a Japanese-era incarceration and punishment site that projects hegemonic anti-Japanese social representations. Most respondents reported strong emotional reactions and elevated patriotism along with worsened attitudes toward Japan, Japanese products and, to a lesser degree, Japanese people, suggesting negative implications for the increasingly tense China-Japan bilateral relationship. However, sample diversity is indicated by the revelation of small Japan-neutral clusters whose members are more likely to express contemplation and pity as dominant emotions rather than the anger and hate of the majority, and who qualify the dominant social representations accordingly. Communist Party membership, age, lack of student affiliation, and not having Japanese friends or knowing any Japanese people were all associated with Japan-negative perceptions and intentions.


title: Barriers to Environmental Technology Adoption in Hotels
type: J
volume: 42
issue: 5
beginPage: 829
endPage: 852
doi: 10.1177/1096348015614959
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000432619800008
year: 2018
authors: Chan, ESW, Okumus, F, Chan, W
docAbstract:
This study investigates potential barriers to the adoption of environmental technologies used in Hong Kong hotels. Data were collected via in-depth semistructured interviews with senior hotel professionals including general managers, financial controllers, directors of engineering department, and environmental management system managers. The research findings illustrate several specific barriers to adoption of environmental technologies which are grouped under three categories: (1) product-related barriers, (2) external barriers, and (3) internal barriers. The study findings are discussed and specific recommendations for overcoming these barriers are put forward. Conclusions and suggestions for future research are also provided.


title: A qualitative system dynamics approach to understanding destination image
type: J
volume: 8
beginPage: 14
endPage: 22
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.09.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000436916000002
year: 2018
authors: Becken, S, Tegegne, WA, Moyle, BD
docAbstract:
Destination image formation is a complex, multifaceted process that has been examined extensively by tourism scholars. However, previous studies often used a predetermined list of tourism-specific attributes to measure destination image, leading to a lack of empirical research on destination image as a holistic concept. Consequently, this paper employed a qualitative system dynamics approach to investigate the destination image of Ethiopia in Japan. Results indicated that the Japanese had a positive image of Ethiopia focused primarily on diverse products, friendly people and culture, coffee and great marathoners. In contrast, the results also indicated negative image due to concerns over poverty, peace and security, as well as poor service and infrastructure. Based on this study, a qualitative system dynamics conceptual model of destination image was designed for system analysis, problem identification and system intervention towards a desired outcome in market positioning. Future research should focus on testing and validating components of the qualitative system dynamics model, specifically to explore the relative utility of the technique in other tourism contexts.


type: J
volume: 65
beginPage: 303
endPage: 316
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.10.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000418972600027
year: 2018
authors: Huang, CW
title:
Assessing the performance of tourism supply chains by using the hybrid network data envelopment analysis model

docAbstract:
Although the importance of cooperation and coordination in tourism supply chains has been emphasized in previous research, studies continue to focus purely on the performance of a particular division within a given tourism supply chain. The primary aim of this study was to establish a hybrid network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model for measuring integrated and divisional performance within the supply chain. The main factor distinguishing the DEA model from previous network models is the assumption of input types; variable and semifixed inputs are respectively measured using radial and nonradial assumptions in mathematical plan programming. Another significant difference between the hybrid network DEA model and previous supply chain efficiency models is that the hybrid model contains a measurement defining the overall efficiency of tourism supply chains. To test the proposed model, the performance of the tourism supply chain across 30 regions in China was evaluated. The empirical results provide several practical insights for tourism supply chain management. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 2
beginPage: 160
endPage: 175
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000431934300005
year: 2018
authors: Peachey, JW, Cohen, A, Shin, N, Fusaro, B
title:
Challenges and strategies of building and sustaining inter-organizational partnerships in sport for development and peace

docAbstract:
While sport management scholars have explored inter-organizational partnerships and their associated challenges, they have devoted less attention to inter-organizational partnership development and sustainability in sport for development and peace (SDP), particularly across a wide range of organizations with varied missions and foci. Hence, the purpose of this qualitative study was to examine challenges faced by SDP organizations when forming and sustaining inter-organizational partnerships across contexts and partnership types, and to uncover strategies they have employed to overcome these challenges. Common challenges encountered across 29 SDP organizations included competition for resources, skepticism of sport as a development tool, unequal power relations, misaligned goals and mission drift, and implementation issues. Strategies included focusing on building relationships and networks, demonstrating benefits to partner, starting small then diversifying, keeping focused on mission and goals, involving partner, and treating the partnership as a business relationship. Theoretical extensions and practical implications are discussed, along with directions for future research. (C) 2017 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Host community perceptions of cruise tourism in a homeport: A cluster analysis
type: J
volume: 7
beginPage: 170
endPage: 181
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.08.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000429392300018
year: 2018
authors: Del Chiappa, G, Lorenzo-Romero, C, Gallarza, M
docAbstract:
This study applies a factor-cluster analysis to a sample of 321 residents in the city of Valencia based on their perceptions of the impacts of cruises on their city. Three clusters of residents were identified, namely 'pessimists', 'cautious supporters' and 'optimists'. Overall, the findings reveal that most respondents doubt the magnitude of positive impact in terms of welfare, social, economic and heritage aspects. Furthermore, there are significant differences between the three clusters, based on age and geographical proximity to the tourist area and port. No significant differences were found based on gender, level of education, numbers of members in household, occupation, length of residency and economic reliance on cruise tourism. This provides contradictory insights when compared to previous studies and sheds light on the fact that studies applying the community-based tourism approach in the context of cruise activity are highly site-specific and hardly generalizable. Hence, contributions to the body of knowledge and managerial implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are given.


title: Environmental management best practices: Towards social innovation
type: J
volume: 69
beginPage: 14
endPage: 20
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000423639900003
year: 2018
authors: Batle, J, Orfila-Sintes, F, Moon, CJ
docAbstract:
This research investigates exploratory environmental initiatives in tourism companies in Mallorca over five years, with special consideration to those involving partnerships and synergies with other parties (including academic ones), in an exploration of Social Innovation (SI) approaches in the industry. The paper starts with an outline of the growing importance of sustainability within the hospitality industry and its inherent relation with SI. The study draws its empirical material from ten innovative practices on sustainability from small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and a big hotel chain in Mallorca. The data were collected by means of questionnaires and interviews. All cases incorporated SI features (partnerships, synergies, circular processes, systemic approach), developing, therefore, towards an integrated system of SI policy and practice. The study indicates that embracing environmental principles alongside social and economic concerns can lead to a systemic approach and these commitments can be regarded as a more solid model of sustainability.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 6
beginPage: 873
endPage: 889
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1423318
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000433146600002
year: 2018
authors: Baum, T
title:
Sustainable human resource management as a driver in tourism policy and planning: a serious sin of omission?

docAbstract:
This paper focuses on the neglect of an employment or workforce focus in policy engagement and planning for sustainable tourism. Tourism is of interest here because there is an established role for government and the private sector in policy engagement and strategic planning with respect to product development, infrastructure, marketing and human resource capacity and the focus has increasingly emphasised sustainable goals within this process. The discussion addresses the central role of people and work within concepts of sustainability and sustainable communities and questions why this has been, substantially, ignored in tourism. The paper starts by recognising the interconnectedness of employment in tourism and its workforce concerns with a wide range of inter-linked policy and operational considerations. This, in turn, points to the utility of the sustainable HRM model as a means by which to frame tourism work. Thereafter, this paper introduces new approaches through the proposal of sustainability indicators that have both theoretical and practical policy formation value in relation to the workforce. These sustainable employment capacity, service delivery capacity and service quality capacity with which policy-makers can gauge their readiness for sustainable growth in tourism employment. The research and application implications for this approach are discussed.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 1
beginPage: 38
endPage: 49
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2151
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000419094400004
year: 2018
authors: Isik, C, Dogru, T, Turk, ES
title:
A nexus of linear and non-linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and evidence

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between tourism development, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth in the United States, France, Spain, China, Italy, Turkey, and Germany using an innovative bootstrap panel Granger causality model. The results show that tourism development and economic growth are interdependent in Germany; whereas tourism development induces economic growth in China and Turkey, the reverse is true in Spain. Causal relationships between renewable energy and economic growth give credence to theories of renewable energy-led growth in Spain and growth-led renewable energy in China, Turkey, and Germany. Whereas the Italian and U.S. models demonstrate a bidirectional relationship, the Spanish, Italian, Turkish, and U.S. data show a causal link stemming from tourism development. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed within the realm of macroeconomics and sustainability.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 6
beginPage: 957
endPage: 972
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1423320
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000433146600007
year: 2018
authors: Boley, BB, Woosnam, KM, Landon, AC
title:
Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists' pro-sustainable behaviors: an application of the value-belief-norm model

docAbstract:
Understanding the psychological mechanisms underpinning tourists' voluntary adoption of behaviors that minimize harm to environments and communities that support tourism is critical for the sustainability of the industry. In this study, we examined the internal attributes that lead tourists to adopt three dimensions of pro-sustainable behavior drawing on the value-belief-norm model. We hypothesized that pro-sustainable behavior is reflected in three dimensions of intent related to behaviors that reduce environmental impacts, the consumption of local goods and services, and a willingness to sacrifice time and money to choose sustainable options. Additionally, hypothesized behavior to be a function of altruistic values, beliefs and Personal Norms. Data were drawn from a panel of active US tourists (N = 623). The hypothesized model predicting pro-sustainable behavior was tested using structural equation modeling techniques. Results demonstrate that the model adequately fit the data, and that Personal Norms account for a considerable degree of variance in tourists' pro-sustainable behavioral intent. Biospheric values were found to influence behavioral intent mediated by value-belief-norm model constructs.


type: J
volume: 40
issue: 5
beginPage: 442
endPage: 465
doi: 10.1080/01490400.2017.1305306
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443903400009
year: 2018
authors: Larson, LR, Usher, LE, Chapmon, T
title:
Surfers as Environmental Stewards: Understanding Place-protecting Behavior at Cape Hatteras National Seashore

docAbstract:
Resource-based adventure activities have a unique potential to foster connections to place that may assist park managers in simultaneously promoting enjoyable visitor experiences and achieving environmental sustainability. Our study examined links among recreation, conservation, and place attachment by comparing the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of surfers (n = 52) and other types of recreationists (n = 56) at Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA). Intercept surveys during 2016 revealed that when compared to nonsurfers, surfers were more frequent visitors to CAHA and reported significantly higher levels of place attachment. When controlling for other variables, surfers were also more likely than other recreationists to engage in both high-effort (e.g., participating in environmental groups) and low-effort (e.g., picking up litter on the beach) forms of place-protecting, pro-environmental behavior at CAHA. Managers should consider the potentially powerful role that surfers and other adventure recreationists may play as environmental stewards and park advocates.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 7
beginPage: 1178
endPage: 1203
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1330337
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443900800009
year: 2018
authors: Tuan, LT
title:
Activating tourists' citizenship behavior for the environment: the roles of CSR and frontline employees' citizenship behavior for the environment

docAbstract:
Tourists can serve as contributors to the sustainability of tourist destinations. Thus, tourists' citizenship behavior for the environment (customer CBE), which contributes to the sustainable greening of tourist destinations, should be activated. The primary aim of our research is to assess the predictive role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) for tourists' CBE. This research also seeks to investigate the effect of CSR on employees' organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (employee OCBE). Our research model was tested using the data-set from tour guides and their tourists in tourism industry in the Vietnamese business setting. The findings from our research provided evidence for the positive effect of CSR on customer CBE. In addition, CSR was found to foster employee OCBE, which in turn promoted customer CBE as well as intensified the CSR-customer CBE relationship. Customer CBE was also found to play a role in amplifying employee OCBE as well as the CSR-employee OCBE linkage. The results also lent support for the interactive effect of environmentally specific servant leadership with CSR in predicting employee OCBE.


title: Participation as motif in community-based tourism: a practice perspective
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 3
beginPage: 416
endPage: 432
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1359278
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000427731100005
year: 2018
authors: Mayaka, M, Croy, WG, Cox, JW
docAbstract:
Community-based tourism (CBT) is a diversely interpreted term, which has presented understanding and practice contests. These contests highlight the centrality (or not) of participation in CBT, and even its developmental failure. We attempt to move the conversation away from whether and how much participation exists to focus on emic interpretations of how CBT is experienced. As such, our focus is on how and why communities participate in CBTs, as informed by practice theory. We examine how participation might be understood and explained across three cases from Kenya, namely Il Ngwesi, Lumo Wildlife Sanctuary and Mwaluganje Elephant Sanctuary. The data were obtained through in-depth interviews, participant observation and documented sources. The findings highlighted that CBT was a response to contextual challenges, led by the community elders. Community participation was often through representation, which is interpreted in relation to local practices. Case narratives and thematic analysis demonstrated that community participation appeared across the cases as a recurrent practice, or motif, its different forms influenced by local sociocultural, economic and sometimes political tensions in each case environment. Understanding how community participation takes place in different settings informs possibilities for realizing and enhancing tourism-led community development strategies, freeing participation from apparent Western standards.


title: Have Australia's tourism strategies incorporated climate change?
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 5
beginPage: 703
endPage: 721
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1387121
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000430049500001
year: 2018
authors: Moyle, BD, Moyle, CLJ, Chai, A, Hales, R, Banhalmi-Zakar, Z, Bec, A
docAbstract:
Tourism is widely acknowledged as a key contributor to climate change, but it remains unclear how the tourism industry has been planning for climate change in practice. This paper conducts the most comprehensive critical review of Australia's tourism policy and planning documents to date. The paper explores the complex challenges posed by climate change to tourism and how tourism policy has been adapting over a 15-year period. Drawing on a longitudinal data-set of 477 Australian tourism policy and planning documents at the national, state, regional and local level, this research analyses the strategic discourse on climate change using content analysis and bibliometrics. The findings reveal opportunities, challenges and strategies for the tourism industry to contribute to the sustainable management of climate change. Opportunities include developing more green products, while strategies include establishing and/or participating in collaborative climate change schemes and strengthening dialogue surrounding climate change to aid the implementation of sustainable practices. Future research should consider the broader policy-making environment, such as the stakeholders, power and interest dynamics when analysing tourism strategies in relation to climate change.


title: The boundary of corporate social responsibility reporting: the case of the airline industry
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 7
beginPage: 1043
endPage: 1062
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1423317
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443900800002
year: 2018
authors: Ringham, K, Miles, S
docAbstract:
This paper explores the boundary of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. We present a conceptual analysis of boundary definitions and an empirical analysis of boundary construction in practice. Boundary is an important, yet under-analysed concept, as it specifies the limits of accountability: what activities stakeholders may expect an organization to report on. The adoption of a narrow boundary will omit many impacts from disclosure, reducing the usefulness of CSR reports. Historically, boundary has been unchallenged, based on financial reporting concepts of control and significant influence. Recent thought suggests boundaries should vary on an issue-by-issue basis rather than being applied universally on an organizational level. A thematic analysis of 15 CSR reporting guidelines was undertaken to identify what constitutes boundary within CSR reporting. The emergent 40 determinants were ordered and classified into three boundary constructs: reputation management; ownership and control; accountability. Reporting content of 35 airline companies was coded according to these constructs, on an issue-by-issue basis (using relevant global reporting initiatives [GRI] indicators). Correlation analysis indicates: the adoption of selective, narrow definitions of boundary; an inverse relationship between boundary determination and stakeholder consultation, and; companies that claim compliance to GRI, on average, select narrower boundaries than non-signatories. Implications for research and for practice are highlighted.


title: Costs and benefits of environmental change: tourism industry's responses in Arctic Finland
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 2
beginPage: 202
endPage: 223
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2017.1375973
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000427765400002
year: 2018
authors: Tervo-Kankare, K, Kajan, E, Saarinen, J
docAbstract:
Recent research has focused on the impacts of environmental change to tourism. In particular, the perceived costs of climate change have been increasingly studied. However, the relationship between costs and benefits resulting from the changing environmental conditions for the industry has been less examined. This paper identifies the locally observed changes in the natural and socio-economic environments and aims to analyse the financial costs and benefits to tourism businesses in two tourism-dependent communities in northern Finland. The specific focus is on adaptation and adaptive management in a tourist destination scale. Adaption is understood as an investment creating not only implementation costs, but potentially also benefits for tourism operations. Research materials were collected among tourism and tourism-related businesses through 41 semi-structured thematic interviews. Results indicate that the evaluated benefits of environmental change seem to exceed those of costs. This conforms to the on-going discourse of climate change-tourism relations associated with the Arctic region where both awareness and vulnerability to change are considered relatively high but the level of responses, i.e. adaptation, low. These results can help to further identify the most vulnerable sectors in tourism and assist entrepreneurs preparing for environmental and climate change. However, the paper concludes that while global environmental change, with specific adaptive management strategies, may create local short-term direct benefits for the industry, a long-term sustainability of tourism in the Arctic calls for mitigation responses to climate change.


type: J
volume: 63
beginPage: 135
endPage: 143
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.05.015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408177900016
year: 2017
authors: Dominguez-Gomez, JA, Gonzalez-Gomez, T
title:
Analysing stakeholders' perceptions of golf-course-based tourism: A proposal for developing sustainable tourism projects

docAbstract:
Social interpretations of the impact of development on territories differ according to the socio-political positions of different actors, and especially depending on the degree of power wielded by each actor. These interpretations should be taken into account if the governance of development projects is to be improved, and with it, the sustainability of tourist projects in general. This paper examines a range of stakeholders' perceptions of the impacts of a golf-based tourism development in the south-west of Spain. A mixed methodology is used to analyse the results, highlighting the significance of a social impact assessment. Our findings confirm two differing discourses, one corresponding to influential actors and the other to non-influential, showing unequal degrees of variety and complexity in their argumentation and a clearly distinct capacity for shaping the local socio-environment. Our conclusions indicate that the impact of tourism development is perceived differently in line with stakeholders' socio-political positions. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Creating shared value in destination management organisations: The case of Turisme de Barcelona
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 4
beginPage: 385
endPage: 395
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.06.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000419415200012
year: 2017
authors: Font, X, Serra, J, Ivanova, M
docAbstract:
Creating shared value (CSV) involves connecting company success with social progress. This shared element of CSV resonates with the mandate of destination management organisations to be accountable to all stakeholders for the progress of the destination. This study tests the feasibility of a destination's stakeholders adopting a CSV approach and by doing so, to take responsibility for that destination's future. Semi-structured interviews gathered opinions from 16 members of the General Council, the Executive Committee, and the Steering Committee of the highly acclaimed Turisme de Barcelona (TdB), the official organisation for the promotion of tourism in Barcelona, Spain. The results show that the complexities of changing the organisation's mandate, in a public-private partnership where consensus is needed, would be extremely difficult to navigate. Even if possible, the outcomes would likely step on the toes of other institutions. The feasibility of integrating CSV into the mandate, in order to move destination marketing organisations towards destination management organisations is problematised as a 'wicked' problem using Foucault's notion of power in stakeholder relationships. The results show the inherent difficulties of introducing sustainability values into a multi-stakeholder, public-private partnership, and allow lessons to be drawn about how realistic CSV may be as a guiding philosophy. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 52
issue: 7
beginPage: 801
endPage: 818
doi: 10.1177/1012690215623460
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000414301800002
year: 2017
authors: Lindsey, I
title:
Governance in sport-for-development: Problems and possibilities of (not) learning from international development

docAbstract:
The lack of attention towards issues of governance in both global sport-for-development (SfD) policy and academic literature is placed in stark relief when compared to the significance accorded to such issues in international development. This article addresses this lacuna in sport-for-development by drawing on international development literature as well as interview data from representatives of international agencies, domestic governments and in-country non-governmental organisations involved with sport-for-development in Ghana and Tanzania. As previously recognised in other development sectors, the commonality of narrow, project-based approaches in sport-for-development contributes to excessive donor influence, fragmentation, competition and limits both impact and sustainability. It was in response to similar problems that, from the mid-1990s, Sector-Wide Approaches were instigated within specific sectors in particular countries as a more systematic model of development governance based on leadership by the domestic government and co-ordination among donors and other stakeholders. Although interviewees' perspectives and some exemplar sport-for-development initiatives aligned with key features of Sector-Wide Approaches, significant challenges to their effective instigation in sport-for-development can be identified. Nevertheless, examining the applicability of Sector-Wide Approaches to sport-for-development raises important issues that require further consideration and demonstrates the necessity that sport-for-development, more generally, learns from the longer-established field of international development.


type: J
volume: 21
beginPage: 88
endPage: 100
doi: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2017.08.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415308800010
year: 2017
authors: Liu, CH, Horng, JS, Chou, SF, Huang, YC
title:
Analysis of tourism and hospitality sustainability education with co-competition creativity course planning

docAbstract:
Recently, with the increasing awareness of the importance of environmental protection, a critical need for tourism and hospitality education on sustainability has been widely recognized. This study adapts a pedagogical co-competition strategy, creative problem solving (CPS) and Abbreviated Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking for accurately measures creativity to predict the influences of the learning environment. Questionnaires were collected, with 196 effective anonymous responses from tourism and hospitality students. The results show that co-competition course design may encourage students' critical thinking regarding sustainability and increase student creativity, which should be promoted as a useful tool in sustainability education in the future.


type: J
volume: 24
beginPage: 243
endPage: 251
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.017
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000417279300029
year: 2017
authors: Kato, K, Progano, RN
title:
Spiritual (walking) tourism as a foundation for sustainable destination development: Kumano-kodo pilgrimage, Wakayama, Japan

docAbstract:
Spiritually motivated travels and specifically pilgrimage, have been an important part of tourism, and today carries a much wider connotation beyond religion including health, wellness and self-improvement. Pilgrims, especially those travelling on foot, have specific interests closely related to sustainability and this mode of travel, which may be defined as slow tourism, helps shape the kinds of tourism services provided by surrounding communities and direct destination planning and development. This is observed in the case of the World Heritage nominated pilgrimage trail, Nakahechi, Kumano in Wakayama, Japan. Referring to the evolving meaning of spirituality and tourism globally and in Japan, the paper explores the significance of today's spiritualities in destination management from local communities' perspectives. This is part of an ongoing study that employs critical and hopeful tourism perspectives as a platform, situating spirituality as a basis for sustainability and advocating slow engagement with local place and its people. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Temporary population estimates of mass tourism destinations: The case of Benidorm
type: J
volume: 62
beginPage: 234
endPage: 240
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.012
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000403984600022
year: 2017
authors: Sanchez-Galiano, JC, Marti-Ciriquian, P, Fernandez-Aracil, P
docAbstract:
Benidorm (Spain) is a large-scale tourism destination on the Mediterranean coast, and its temporary population can be divided into users of regulated tourist accommodation and unregistered visitors, as occurs in other destinations. The number of these different types of unregistered temporary inhabitants should be estimated separately to gauge more accurate population figures in tourist destinations which are subject to seasonality. Indicators such as drinking water consumption or solid waste generation are used to estimate the number of unregistered visitors. The results reveal that the average total population of Benidorm at least doubles the registered resident population. Additionally, a population density index has been calculated to assess urban sustainability. The methodology adopted can be applied to other case studies in order to estimate total populations, which is vital for the adequate provision of public services. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Towards a new definition for "visiting friends and relatives"
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 5
beginPage: 477
endPage: 485
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2110
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000409331900001
year: 2017
authors: Munoz, JR, Griffin, T, Humbracht, M
docAbstract:
Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) is a tourism term used in academic and practitioner vernacular that refers to a substantial amount of activity and is yet commonly disregarded. This paper builds on previous literature that has demonstrated how a lack of understanding of what VFR encompasses facilitates the phenomenon to be undervalued and misunderstood. Without a clear conceptual definition, VFR continues to be presented with inconsistent and conflicting parameters, which creates discursive confusion rather than clarity and appreciation. This is important as tourism is often presented as a positive force for economic development in a wide range of communities, and VFR is almost routinely overlooked with high-yield (hotel consuming) markets favoured; this is despite a growing body of literature that has explored the sustainability and positive community impacts of VFR activity and potential. A review of existing definitional work on VFR is provided, and a new conceptual definition is offered. Mobility influenced by a host is first distinguished from other forms of human movement; VFR is then positioned as a form of mobility influenced by a host that includes face-to-face interaction between a host and visitor who have a preexisting relationship. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 196
endPage: 206
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.03.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000412616300005
year: 2017
authors: Segota, T, Mihalic, T, Kuscer, K
title:
The impact of residents' informedness and involvement on their perceptions of tourism impacts: The case of Bled

docAbstract:
The tourism development debate includes many studies on how residents perceive positive or negative tourism impacts, based on sustainability, as understood by a three-pillar concept. However, so far studies were very limited in addressing certain requirements for sustainable tourism, such as informed stake-holders' participation and cooperation, which represent the subject of this study. The survey that was undertaken follows previous ones in using the established three-pillar sustainability concept in order to define impacts of tourism. Further, it adds to tourism research by surveying informedness and developmental involvement. A two-dimensional informedness involvement tourism grid was used to segment residents and their perceptions on tourism impacts in each segment are analysed. The model was empirically applied to the Slovenian lake and mountain destination of Bled. The findings showed that more informed and more involved residents had more positive perceptions of tourism than all other groups, whereas those residents who were less informed and less involved had more negative perceptions of tourism, The study contributes by expanding knowledge on resident perceptions of tourism by adding in the aspects of informedness and involvement. The proposed model can be applied to any destination to help manage residents' opinions and consequently their support for tourism development. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Consumer response to discontinuation of corporate social responsibility activities of hotels
type: J
volume: 64
beginPage: 41
endPage: 50
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.04.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000404319200005
year: 2017
authors: Li, YQ, Fang, SJ, Huan, TCTC
docAbstract:
This study investigates consumer responses to discontinuation of a corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity employing a sort of laboratory experiment method. It involves 3 experiments relating to having a CRS activity: (1) effect of initiation and discontinuation, (2) self-serving versus public-serving discontinuation and (3) passive versus proactive discontinuation. Separate data collection occurred for each experiment. Data collection was from hotel customers. Analysis yields results contributing to theory, practice and methodology. Considering CSR termination leads to quantitative results useful in guiding decisions about having and discontinuing a CSR activity. Having a public serving CSR activity results in improving attitudes toward a hotel but attitudes can be more than reversed by activity termination. Companies need to think about support and termination as part of considering initiating activity. Intending to improve image by having a short-term CSR activity without planning how to discontinue it may have the net result of damage to image. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 20
beginPage: 16
endPage: 26
doi: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2016.12.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000405062400003
year: 2017
authors: Ting, DH, Cheng, CFC
title:
Measuring the marginal effect of pro-environmental behaviour: Guided learning and behavioural enhancement

docAbstract:
This paper aims to examine the pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) outcome and change through student participation and guided learning in an ecotourism-education-based study setting. The authors collected responses from 100 students who visited ecotourism sites as part of their learning curriculum at the end of a semester. The ordered probit model was employed to predict the variables under study. The findings suggest that students' participations, coupled with professional guides, has significant and positive effects on PEB. The findings have the potential to position participatory and guided learning as effective solutions in promoting positive education outcome among individuals.


title: Evaluative event frameworks: A learning destination perspective
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 339
endPage: 348
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2116
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000400681600007
year: 2017
authors: Sadd, D, Fyall, A, Wardrop, K
docAbstract:
This paper introduces the concept of the learning destination as a solution to historical challenges of event evaluation. The paper evaluates its relevance and role in the development of an inclusive and strategic approach to event planning and identifies the process (and context) of the development of a strategic evaluative event framework. Using a case study methodology, evidence is provided from a major visitor-dependent destination to support the development of a strategic framework for the assessment of major events with recommendations advanced for its application and generalizability across other destinations.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 4
beginPage: 395
endPage: 415
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2017.1245168
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000400007200004
year: 2017
authors: Xu, X, Xiao, GS, Gursoy, D
title:
Maximizing Profits Through Optimal Pricing and Sustainability Strategies: A Joint Optimization Approach

docAbstract:
Implementation of optimal pricing and sustainability strategies are among the most efficient approaches for hotels to maximize their profits. This study uses a theoretical modeling approach to identify the joint optimal pricing and sustainability effort levels. In addition, through sensitivity analysis, this study examines how external factors may influence the optimal pricing and sustainability efforts decisions. Findings indicate that customers' willingness to pay a premium is a critical determinant of sustainability action level while price sensitivity of target markets and cost-of-sustainability actions are two main inhibitors of sustainability practices at hotels. Findings further suggest that factors that positively influence demand levels also play critical roles in determining optimal room rates. However, findings suggest that optimal room rate is negatively influenced by price sensitivity of customers, customers' sensitivity to premium charged to cover the cost of sustainability actions, and the unit cost of sustainability actions.


title: Corporate Social Responsibility and Equity-Holder Risk in the Hospitality Industry
type: J
volume: 58
issue: 1
beginPage: 81
endPage: 93
doi: 10.1177/1938965516649052
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000391804400007
year: 2017
authors: Kim, Y, Kim, M, Mattila, AS
docAbstract:
This study examined whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) enhances firm value for shareholders, who ultimately fund a firm's CSR initiatives. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between the CSR activities of a hospitality firm and the risks associated with equity holding of the firm. Using MSCI Environmental, Social, and Governance ratings from 1991 to 2008, we measured the extent of CSR efforts of firms and tested the effect of CSR on two different types of equity-holder risks (i.e., systematic and unsystematic risks) across four segments in the hospitality industry (airlines, hotels, casinos, and restaurants). CSR was found to reduce the systematic risk of restaurants and casinos firms significantly, whereas it had no significant influence on the unsystematic risk in any of the segments. The results of this study have important theoretical and practical implications to the academia and the hospitality industry.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 8
beginPage: 1100
endPage: 1116
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1254221
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000402128200004
year: 2017
authors: Addinsall, C, Scherrer, P, Weiler, B, Glencross, K
title:
Agroecological tourism: bridging conservation, food security and tourism goals to enhance smallholders' livelihoods on South Pentecost, Vanuatu

docAbstract:
Smallholder farmers continue to make up the largest proportion of the world's disadvantaged. Rural smallholders in the South Pacific are particularly vulnerable to climate change, underinvestment and growing competition for land and resources. Strengthening synergies between agriculture and tourism through avenues such as agritourism has been widely discussed; however, very little research has approached these concepts from a sustainability perspective. This case study of rural Ni-Vanuatu smallholders uses the Agroecology and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework (ASRLF) to explore tourism's potential contribution to improved conservation and food security outcomes. Data collection combined participatory methods such as storian sessions with analysis of secondary data.The findings highlight minimal current opportunities for rural Ni-Vanuatu smallholders to gain significantly from the tourism sector in Vanuatu. The shift from traditional gardening systems to cash cropping monocultures is also conflicting with tourism and conservation goals. This paper puts forward agroecological tourism as a strategy for integrating positive conservation, food security and livelihood outcomes for rural smallholders. It defines agroecological tourism as having a primary focus on the interpretation of sustainable traditional agroecosystems which exhibit cultural and heritage significance. Agroecological tourism has potential to support traditional practices, enhance the preservation of cultural knowledge and promote sustainable farming practices.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1
beginPage: 2
endPage: 20
doi: 10.1108/SBM-02-2016-0005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000397949700001
year: 2017
authors: Anagnostopoulos, C, Byers, T, Kolyperas, D
title:
Understanding strategic decision-making through a multi-paradigm perspective The case of charitable foundations in English football

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the efficacy of using a multi-paradigm perspective to examine the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and strategic decision-making processes in the context of charitable foundations. Design/methodology/approach - This paper integrates and synthesizes the micro-social processes of "assessable transcendence" (Anagnostopoulos et al., 2014) with Whittington's (2001) perspectives on strategy. "Assessable transcendence" was achieved from the constant comparison of categories developed through an early iterative process in which data collection and analysis occurred during the same period. In all, 32 interviews were conducted among a sample of key managers in the charitable foundations for the first two divisions of English football. Findings - The present study illustrates empirically that strategic decision making in charitable foundations does not " seat" neatly in any one ofWhittington's perspectives. On the contrary, this study indicates a great deal of overlap within these perspectives, and suggests that conflicting paradigms should be celebrated rather than viewed as signs of theoretical immaturity. Multi-paradigm approaches can potentially reveal insights into the "mechanics" of managerial decision making that are not easily discernible froma mono-paradigmatic perspective. Originality/value - This is the first empirical work that examines CSR in relation to strategy within the context of the English football clubs' charitable foundations, and does so by employing a multi-paradigm perspective on strategy formulation and implementation.


title: Exploring the effect of zoo post-visit action resources on sustainable behavior change
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 9
beginPage: 1205
endPage: 1221
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1257629
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000404854200002
year: 2017
authors: Bueddefeld, JNH, Van Winkle, CM
docAbstract:
Wildlife tourism experiences that convey environmental messages about climate change and sustainability to the public are considered to be important for conservation and promoting environmentally sustainable initiatives. Previous research demonstrates that learning and good intentions often fail to lead to actual sustainable behavior change. This research explores how post-visit action resources, such as printed handouts and email updates, may affect sustainable behavior change after a wildlife tourism experience at a zoo. This mixed-methods field experiment provided treatment group participants with post-visit action resources for a two-month period and examined pre- and post-treatment sustainable behavior differences between the control and treatment group participants using questionnaires and open-ended interviews. Results were conflicting, as treatment group participants felt that their behavior had changed yet there were no significant differences found between the treatment and control groups with regard to specific targeted sustainable behaviors. These findings contribute to our understanding of the contribution of post-visit action resources in learning for sustainable behavior change in free-choice environmental education contexts.


title: An analysis of trends in Ph.D. research in tourism
type: J
volume: 42
issue: 1
beginPage: 32
endPage: 44
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2016.1237412
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453416900004
year: 2017
authors: Carr, N, Hayes, S
docAbstract:
This paper provides an analysis of the research interests of Ph.D. students in the field of tourism. This type of assessment is important as it provides an indication of the research directions, health and diversity of the field. Examining the research interests of Ph.D. students arguably provided a window through which the current research foci of academic interest in tourism and potential future of research in the field can be viewed. The data set on which this paper is based was gathered from 1047 Ph.D. students who joined Trinet between mid-March 2007 and mid-July 2015. The data set was analysed using an abbreviated version of thematic analysis. The four mega-trends identified among the research interests of the Ph.D. students were: marketing, tourist behaviour, destination management, and sustainability. In concluding, the paper calls for academic research gatekeepers to maintain a balance between tourism 'management' and tourism 'studies' to ensure the vitality of the research field.


title: The Applications of Environmental Technologies in Hotels
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 1
beginPage: 23
endPage: 47
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2016.1176975
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000394619500002
year: 2017
authors: Chan, ESW, Okumus, F, Chan, W
docAbstract:
This article investigates the use of environmental technologies in the hotel industry. Data was collected via a series of in-depth, semistructured interviews with hotel professionals. The research findings reveal that the environmental technologies most commonly used in the sampled were light-emitting diode lights, T5 fluorescent tubes, motion sensors, the key-card system, and water-cooled chillers. When not faced with budget or technical constraints, the hotel professionals preferred solar-based renewable energy-related technology, food-waste decomposers, and energy-saving chillers. This study provides a framework for hospitality researchers and practitioners to better understand the use of environmental technologies in the hotel industry. This study offers theoretical and practical implications.


title: Smart Cities and Destination Management: Impacts and Opportunities for Tourism Competitiveness
type: J
volume: 17
beginPage: 7
endPage: 27
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000413402300002
year: 2017
authors: Della Corte, V, D'Andrea, C, Savastano, I, Zamparelli, P
docAbstract:
In the latest years, the smart city theme has been widely discussed in both city planning and academic studies from various perspectives, i.e. technology, sustainability, management and tourism. This is mainly due to the urgency of rethinking the city because of the rapid population growth and the urbanization increase. These challenges are triggering many cities to find smarter management ways. Nonetheless, only a limited number of studies investigated systematically the smart cities phenomenon and its impact on tourism. In this research, we try to understand the smart city concept considering the strategic role of technologies as opportunities in the smart tourist destination, trying to fill the literature research gaps by identifying how cities have to manage urban planning to be labelled as "smart", what can be the applications of smart strategies to tourism, what resources/capabilities smart cities need to possess to catch opportunities and face challenges coming from the tourism market, how the smart city planning and its tourist applications can enhance destinations competitiveness. The empirical analysis tests four successful smart cities: Milan, Singapore, London and Johannesburg. The final part includes some reflections on the integration of tourism development with city planning and its effects on urban smartness. (C) 2017 Varna University of Management. All rights reserved


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 9
beginPage: 1222
endPage: 1239
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1257631
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000404854200003
year: 2017
authors: Dillette, AK, Douglas, AC, Martin, DS, O'Neill, M
title:
Resident perceptions on cross-cultural understanding as an outcome of volunteer tourism programs: the Bahamian Family Island perspective

docAbstract:
This paper examines the perceptions toward volunteer tourism from the viewpoint of Bahamian Family Island residents with a specific focus on cross-cultural understanding as an outcome. Cross-cultural understanding reflects the idea that there is a greater opportunity for exchange between tourists and residents as a result of volunteer tourism. Utilizing social exchange theory (SET), this research examines whether residents' perceived benefits, positive impacts, negative impacts and support for volunteer tourism activities predict their support for cross-cultural understanding. Additionally, this study reveals factors contributing to residents' motivation to participate in volunteer tourism activities within their community. A mixed-method research design that employed face-to-face interviews and quantitative surveys revealed eight major themes: Community Involvement, Empowerment, Sustainability, Education, Dependency, Neglect of Community Needs, Community Involvement and Communication. Multiple regression analysis results suggest partial support for SET and reveal new predictions for the support for cross-cultural understanding. Implications for volunteer tourism programs, host communities and national tourism organizations are discussed. Future research evaluating the volunteer-host relationship is warranted.


title: Visual landscape as a key element of place branding
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 1
beginPage: 23
endPage: 44
doi: 10.1108/JPMD-09-2016-0060
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000396448900003
year: 2017
authors: Vela, JDE, Nogue, J, Govers, R
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to propose an initial, exploratory and tentative theoretical construct related to the current consumption of landscape as a key symbolic and physical element in territorial representation and evocation, and for the deployment of place branding strategy. It constructs a line of argument to support what shall be referred to as "landscape branding", that is, the paradigmatic role of landscape in place branding. It is, therefore, of interest to define the value of landscape as a social and cultural construction, which is why the paper awards importance to the specific analysis of their capacity for visual and/or aesthetic evocation within the context of a general branding strategy for geographical spaces. Design/methodology/approach - To develop a sufficient proposal for sustaining "a theory of landscape branding", the paper deploys a meta-analysis, that is, an extensive review and interpretation of the literature related to visual landscape and place branding, to propose a tentative initial approach to landscape-infused place branding theory. Findings - The relationship existing between landscape images and texts and their possible situating and subsequent interpreting within the context of the political, cultural and economic logics of contemporary society give rise to a renewed analytical framework for cultural geographies (Wylie, 2007). At this point, place branding becomes a recurring argument for the consumption of carefully staged places, representing, to use Scott's terms (2014), the arrival of a cognitive-cultural capitalism characteristic of post-Fordism. Practical implications - From a practical perspective, the landscape branding approach provides several benefits. First of all, regardless of the fact that many commentators have argued that logos, slogans and advertising campaigns are relatively ineffective in place branding, practitioners still seem to be focussed on these visual design and advertising tools. The landscape branding approach facilitates an identity-focussed perspective that reconfirms the importance of linking reality with perception and hence reinforces the need to link place branding to policy-making, infrastructure and events. Social implications - Landscapes' imageability facilitates visual storytelling and the creation of attractive symbolic actions (e.g. outdoor events/arts in attractive landscape and augmented reality or landscaping itself). This is the type of imaginative content that people easily share in social media. And, of course, landscape branding reiterated the importance of experience. If policymakers and publics alike understand this considerable symbolic value of landscape, it might convince them to preserve it and, hence, contribute to sustainability and quality of life. Originality/value - The novelty lies not in the familiar use of visual landscape resources to promote places, but in the carefully orchestrated construction of gazes, angles, representations, narratives and interpretations characteristic of geographic space, which somehow hijack the spontaneous gaze to take it to a certain place. Everything is perfectly premeditated. According to this, the visual landscape represents a critical point as a way of seeing the essence of places through a place branding strategy. In this sense, that place branding which finds in visual landscape a definitive argument for the projection of aspirational places imposes a new "way of seeing" places and landscape based on a highly visual story with which to make a particular place desirable, not only for tourism promotion purposes but also with the intention of capturing talent, infrastructures and investment, among other objectives.


title: An environmental social marketing intervention in cultural heritage tourism: a realist evaluation
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 7
beginPage: 1042
endPage: 1059
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1288732
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000401063900011
year: 2017
authors: Gregory-Smith, D, Wells, VK, Manika, D, McElroy, DJ
docAbstract:
Following Pawson and Tilley's principles of realist evaluation and the context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) framework, this paper conducts a process evaluation of an environmental social marketing intervention in a heritage tourism organisation. Social marketing and employee environmental interventions have received relatively scant attention in tourism. Additionally, prior literature mostly focused on the evaluation of intervention outcomes (i.e. how far the intervention produces precise targeted outcomes) and ignores the importance of process evaluation (i.e. identifying what works, for whom, under which circumstances and how, plus issues of intervention maintenance). This paper fills this literature gap using realist evaluation theory and academic perspectives, as well as via the reflections of practitioners involved in intervention design and delivery. Findings suggest that a good understanding of the tourism and organisational context (regarding the dimensions of structure, culture, agency and relations) and the use of tailored, action-focused mechanisms (for each context dimension) are critical to achieving transformational outcomes in environmental interventions in cultural heritage organisations. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the CMO is a useful framework for assessing environmental social marketing interventions in tourism (both for heritage and other tourism organisations). Implications for tourism practice and further research directions are also discussed.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 3
beginPage: 278
endPage: 294
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.887662
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392625400006
year: 2017
authors: Hazra, S, Fletcher, J, Wilkes, K
title:
An evaluation of power relationships among stakeholders in the tourism industry networks of Agra, India

docAbstract:
Tourism-related businesses require a multitude of resources in order to operate successfully and given these resources can be accrued from more than one source, bases of power become complex. This is an inductive study which critically evaluates the application of stakeholder theory to an analysis of the tourism destination networks of Agra, India. It examines the relationships of power and dependency that exist between individual and group organisations and the way in which they motivate their behaviour towards each other. The key findings show that resource-based power is formed from the power of individual businesses, the power of the ancillary services stakeholders and the power of the authorities and that network-based power is acquired from the power of agents and the power of groups.


title: Sustaining places and participatory sport tourism events
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 8
beginPage: 1084
endPage: 1099
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1253703
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000402128200003
year: 2017
authors: Hinch, T, Holt, NL
docAbstract:
Participant-based sport events like ultramarathons are becoming increasingly popular but little is known about how they influence key stakeholders' understandings of place and how these understandings fit into the tourism discourse on sustainability. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to gain insight into the sustainability of this type of active sport tourism event by examining the way that residents and visiting runners understand place (Grande Cache, Canada) in the context of the Canadian Death Race (CDR) ultramarathon. Interviews about place inclusive of a photo elicitation component were conducted with 15 residents and 20 visiting runners during the 2014 event. Thematic analysis resulted in the identification of four themes including: identity, dependence, physical setting, and social setting. Although they shared basic understandings of Grande Cache as a place of industry surrounded by nature, residents expressed stronger place identity than runners. Runners identified more with the activity of running but were connected to Grande Cache through place dependence and embodied experience. This discrepancy suggests that the sustainability of the CDR is at risk. Runners currently exhibit a high level of place dependence on Grande Cache, but a growing supply of race options poses a substitution threat.


title: DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE RURAL TOURISM
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 26
endPage: 34
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000407001400003
year: 2017
authors: Kantar, S, Svrznjak, K
docAbstract:
This paper presents a sociological view of possibilities for the development of sustainable rural tourism in Koprivnica-Krizevci county, which is located in the north-western part of Croatia. The possibilities for developing rural tourism within the concept of sustainable development have been researched through qualitative empirical research interview method. Research subjects were the owners of tourist farms, decision makers, experts and other stakeholders in the tourism development. Rural tourism represents an alternative to maritime tourism and is relatively undeveloped but important in terms of development of rural areas and family farms. This paper enables an insight into an integrated sustainability of rural tourism which consists of four dimensions: biological-ecological, economic, socio-cultural and political sustainability. In conclusion, integral sustainability in rural tourism is not achieved in all dimensions. Therefore, rural tourism could be a strategy for sustainable development for rural areas and also could be a tool for product differentiation for area that are at stagnation stage.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 12
beginPage: 1877
endPage: 1894
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1314485
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000418705500012
year: 2017
authors: Khazaei, A, Elliot, S, Joppe, M
title:
Fringe stakeholder engagement in protected area tourism planning: inviting immigrants to the sustainability conversation

docAbstract:
Effective and inclusive community participation is an essential and challenging component of sustainable tourism planning and development, especially as communities become increasingly diverse. The establishment of national parks and other protected areas closer to urban areas provides a unique opportunity for investigating community engagement in diverse contexts, as park agencies are mandated to connect with a broader range of community stakeholders. Historically, the engagement of immigrants and minorities with parks and protected areas has focused primarily on visitation, while their role as members of host communities has for the most part been overlooked. This qualitative study, conducted during the development of Canada's first National Urban Park, addresses this need by providing a deeper understanding of immigrants' engagement in planning. In-depth, semi-structured interviews are conducted with planners, politicians, community organizations, and first-generation immigrants who are now community leaders. The study draws upon, and expands on, earlier work by McCool and by Bramwell. It recommends five underlying principles for more inclusive public conversations: adopting an ongoing, long-term, and communicative approach; being open to new perspectives and willing to revisit assumptions; designing parallel strategies and customized tactics; collaborating with community leaders; and engaging in short-term and long-term learning.


title: How fans are engaging with baseball teams demonstrating multiple objectives on Instagram
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 216
endPage: 232
doi: 10.1108/SBM-01-2017-0002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000402937600007
year: 2017
authors: Kim, JK, Hull, K
docAbstract:
Purpose - Using uses and gratifications theory as a guide, the purpose of this paper is to examine how fans are engaging with Major League Baseball (MLB) teams that are utilizing Instagram postings to demonstrate sporting, business, and social objectives. Design/methodology/approach - An analysis of 1,500 photos (50 from each team) was conducted. A content analysis analyzed the content of the photo, and a textual analysis was implemented to examine the use of hashtags by the teams on their Instagram photos. Findings - Posts that overly demonstrated the business and social objectives had some of the lowest numbers of likes and comments, indicating that fan engagement is not often achieved through these methods. Originality/value - Results of this research demonstrate that while MLB teams are able to address their multiple objectives on Instagram, fans are not necessarily interested in all three of these efforts. Posts about on-field action, consumer buying opportunities, and charitable efforts were all created by the majority of teams, but the sporting objective posts had, by far, the highest average number of both likes and comments when compared to the charitable and promotional objectives of the teams. Therefore, the results provide some best practices for teams looking to use the photo and video sharing network.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 5
beginPage: 536
endPage: 551
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.946476
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399592000007
year: 2017
authors: Liang, ARD
title:
Assessing the impact of co-branding of island destination and tourism activities on tourists' reactions

docAbstract:
The aim of this study is to examine the status and images of certain islands based on specific tourism activities. A total of 385 valid samples were obtained from tourists at the islands' main transportation facilities. The results are as follows: (1) different island destinations are promoted differently, which significantly affects the perceptions of tourists. (2) Tourists' familiarity with various tourism activities and the rate of participation in these activities vary significantly between the islands; in addition, tourists display greater familiarity with beach/water activities and participate in these activities in higher proportions. (3) Greater consistency in the matching of island destinations with tourism activities helps produce a co-branding effect, which positively affects tourists' perception of these destinations. From a co-branding perspective, this study demonstrates that the empirical market positioning of island destinations must be consistent with the tourism activities that are possible to produce an optimal experience for the tourists. This comparison of different islands explains why the development of island tourism on such locations should involve the provision of information on rankings and tourism activities.


title: Restaurant Customers' Attitude toward Sustainability and Nutritional Menu Labels
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 8
beginPage: 846
endPage: 867
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2017.1326865
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000418872300004
year: 2017
authors: King, B, Lo, A, Mackenzie, M
docAbstract:
This study investigates the dining behaviors of Hong Kong hotel restaurant customers, their health and environmental consciousness and lifestyles, and their attitudes toward nutritional and sustainability menu labeling. Previous diners of an independent hotel are surveyed online resulting in 1,255 usable responses. Results suggested that respondents eat frequently outside their homes, particularly during weekends. They exhibited heightened health consciousness and environmental awareness than the ratings for healthy and environment friendly lifestyles. In support of the signaling theory, restaurant menu labels are cues that allow customers to understand the nature of the products that they will order and consume. When evaluating menu labeling, customers consider multiple attributes of the menu in dining in a restaurant, and they prioritize nutritional aspects over sustainability. Significant differences were observed between the attitudes of male and female customers toward 14 nutritional and sustainability menu label descriptions, whereas age indicated no significant influence.


title: Examining visitors' experience with Batu Cave, using the four realm experiential theory
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 2
beginPage: 105
endPage: 120
doi: 10.1108/IJTC-10-2016-0037
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000407073100001
year: 2017
authors: Musa, G, Najmin, S, Thirumoorthi, T, Taha, AZ
docAbstract:
Purpose - City has a continuous need to diversify its products and services to ensure longer tourists' stays and a profitable tourism industry. Kuala Lumpur is one of the most popular cities in the world, and within its vicinity, Batu Caves are not only an important Hindu religious site, but also a popular tourist attraction. Guided by the four realms of experience dimensions (Pine and Gilmore, 1998), the purpose of this paper is to analyze 54 essays written by university students, to examine the experience of their visit to Batu Caves. The findings confirmed the application of all the four realm dimensions - entertainment, educational, esthetic and escapist - revealing both positive and negative aspects of the experience. Batu Caves may capitalize on the positive experiences as pointers to create an effective marketing communication, while negative experiences are opportunities to devise appropriate corrective measures, and perhaps further develop tourism products and services that would appeal to the visitors' experience. Design/methodology/approach - This study employed a qualitative research strategy to examine visitors' experiences at Batu Caves using the four realms of experience theory as coined by Pine and Gilmore (1998). A total of 54 undergrads were asked to describe their visit to Batu Caves (Lucia-Palacios et al., 2016) providing a complete insight of their opinions, feelings and perceptions (Juttner et al., 2013) using the essay writing method. Findings - The authors discovered firm evidence of the theory's application, revealing the expected four experiential dimensions in explaining experience at a cultural religious site, extending the description to include its positive and negative aspects, all of which are useful for destination management. The study points out a lot of aspects that must be managed by the site, such as the poor esthetic experience (e.g. smell, rubbish, graffiti, etc.), controlling the animal aggression (i.e. monkeys) and perhaps develop new products and services which could enhance some experiences (e.g. cultural escapism through cultural performances in which visitors could participate). Research limitations/implications - The main weakness of the research is perhaps the qualitative research work in which data were collected from essays written by the university students. Data of this nature prevent us from being able to generalize the findings and reflect on the experience to the general public. Practical implications - Tourist stays in Kuala Lumpur could be enhanced by providing meaningful, deep and memorable experiences. Tourist attractions such as Batu Caves should continuously examine the experience that they provide to the visitors. Batu Caves' management could continuously measure its tourists' experience provisions, as tourists' needs evolve over time. From the results they could revamp their products and services offering to ensure the sustainability of Batu Caves' natural and cultural appeal among visitors and tourists alike. Originality/value - The outcome provides a better understanding of the current tourism product and services at the destination that have an impact on a visitor's experience. The findings will assist the Batu Caves' management to revise and develop the products and service offerings to the visitors.


title: To what extent do European tourist guide-training curricula include sustainability principles?
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 358
endPage: 373
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2017.1330846
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000423263200004
year: 2017
authors: Mykletun, RJ, Pereira, EM
docAbstract:
The present study examines the extent to which the topics of sustainability - considered innovative subjects in guiding - are included in guide training programmes in eight European countries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in Europe. It is assumed that tourist guides have the unique opportunity to improve visitors' knowledge, understanding and appreciation of a destination and thus contribute to sustainability. Data were collected from training institutions in Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway and Spain, all participants of INNOGUIDE, a European Union-sponsored project. Analyses were conducted based on the programmes' documentation and curricula. The programmes vary widely in their content. The issues of sustainability are not sufficiently integrated in tourist guide training programmes. There might be room for improvements of how tourist guides may contribute to visitors' understanding of sustainability issues, both in the place visited and in general. Future research should replicate the present study employing more detailed investigation and larger samples, as well as study how tourist guide training is structured. Managerial consequences include improvements in guides' training programmes; additional contributions of the study include criteria and indicators that may be applied in developing or improving such programmes.


