# Document

type: J
volume: 17
issue: 2
beginPage: 105
endPage: 117
doi: 10.1002/jtr.1961
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352908500001
year: 2015
authors: Martin, SA, Assenov, I
title:
Measuring the Conservation Aptitude of Surf Beaches in Phuket, Thailand: An Application of the Surf Resource Sustainability Index

docAbstract:
The research seeks to measure the conservation aptitude of nine surf beaches in Phuket, Thailand by employing the Surf Resource Sustainability Index, an assessment methodology comprising 27 social, economic, environmental and governance indicators used to frame and quantify attributes for conservation development. The research identifies and documents key areas of concern for the sustainability of the island's coastal surfing resources and distinguishes steps forward to address emergent issues. The study finds that by improving the awareness, legislative status and management of surfing sites, the overall conservation aptitude for the island could be raised considerably. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Can Hybrid Tourism be Sustainable? White Water Rafting in Songpraek Village, Thailand
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 2
beginPage: 210
endPage: 222
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2013.877045
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000348926500005
year: 2015
authors: Chaiyasain, C, Beeton, RJS, Tirasatayapitak, A
docAbstract:
The paper reports a study from Southern Thailand where white water rafting (WWR) has produced significant community development benefits to Ban Songpraek Village; yet the future is challenging. This study investigates the origins, growth and management of the WWR enterprises and the perceived impacts of tourism on the village. Using qualitative and quantitative methods the results show a complex situation as tourism benefits accrued to the village and the residents' response to these benefits creates dependency. The village is a rear example of partial empowerment of the indigenous community yet to achieve sustainability; the study suggests that villages need to be further empowered to determine the preferred level of tourism growth in the village. To achieve this, the integration of WWR tourism with other resource-based activities and the regulation of the tourism activities is required.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 3
beginPage: 477
endPage: 496
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.969735
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000350175100008
year: 2015
authors: Csete, M, Szecsi, N
title:
The role of tourism management in adaptation to climate change - a study of a European inland area with a diversified tourism supply

docAbstract:
The Carpathian Basin is one of the most vulnerable European regions in terms of potential climate change impacts on biodiversity. Its wide range of tourism activities make it uniquely suitable for assessing the effects of climate change on tourism. This research sought to create a Tourism Adaptation Portfolio (TAP) for the Szentendre micro-region in Hungary and to assemble an adaptation toolbox for current and future use by tourism organizations. The TAP contains practical, easy to implement solutions for key stakeholders in the sector by adaptation type (technology, management, behavior, education, policy). Surveys of local tourism suppliers showed that 70% said they were well informed, largely by the Internet, but 55% admitted to not knowing enough. The methodology outlined here is transferable and the process can be replicated elsewhere, supporting other regions in becoming climate-friendly tourism destinations, creating opportunities for uniquely positioning a region for consumers. The article provides a concise overview of tourism provider attitudes assessed through a questionnaire, shedding light on points of intervention, willingness to pay, main barriers and suitable adaptation instruments. The adaptive capacity of stakeholders is also discussed, which is indispensable for implementing successful practices in adaptation and maintaining the current level of environmental services.


title: Globalization of tourism: Drivers and outcomes
type: J
volume: 40
issue: 3
beginPage: 326
endPage: 339
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2015.1075723
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453406900005
year: 2015
authors: Dwyer, L
docAbstract:
Globalization in tourism is an important area of promise and of concern. This paper first highlights the main drivers of globalization, distinguishing between economic, technological, social, demographic, environmental and political drivers. It then addresses several of the important effects of globalization in the context of tourism. These effects include economic development, employment opportunities, the spread of technical knowledge, the development of new markets and products, new consumer values, environmental and sociocultural changes. The paper concludes that tourism managers need to respond pro-actively to the challenges of globalization, playing an advocacy role if they are to achieve and maintain sustainability in their operations.


title: Enhancing sustainable heritage tourism in Egypt: challenges and framework of action
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 4
beginPage: 357
endPage: 377
doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2015.1029489
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443063800003
year: 2015
authors: Ghanem, MM, Saad, SK
docAbstract:
Prior research on heritage tourism has suggested a set of general guidelines to develop sustainability in heritage sites, but these lack details on implementation and prospective challenges, especially in developing countries. This research studies the practical application of sustainable heritage tourism (SHT) in Egypt. In particular, it investigates the challenges facing the tourism development of the Esna heritage site, and proposes a framework of action. The emergent challenges are related to two main aspects: community (e.g. close urbanization and theft of antiquities) and management (e.g. lack of top management support and commitment, conflict of authorities, lack of awareness and appropriate skills and lack of adequate funding). The study found that the central and most influential factors are those related to management. The suggested framework of actions outlines objectives, related actions and implementation responsibilities. The implementation of the entire suite of actions would enhance the ability of Esna to conserve heritage, develop local community and assist in facing the challenges to SHT development. Generally, this study is a step toward a better understanding of how SHT could be achieved in developing countries. It also gives relevant insights to both researchers and practitioners.


type: J
volume: 1
issue: 1
beginPage: 18
endPage: 35
doi: 10.1108/IJTC-08-2014-0001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000218436300002
year: 2015
authors: Jones, C, Newsome, D
title:
Perth (Australia) as one of the world's most liveable cities: a perspective on society, sustainability and environment

docAbstract:
Purpose - Rankings of the world's cities by a liveability factor have become increasingly significant in the media, among governments and city councils in the promotion of cities, as well as academics interested in understanding the impact of quantifying liveability on urban planning and the relationship of liveability indices and tourism. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach - While examining characteristics of liveable cities according to some of the widely reported liveability indices, such as those produced by Mercer, Monocle magazine and the Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU), the authors provide a snapshot of Perth as a liveable city and consider liveability in relation to urban tourism, sustainability and environment. Perth's liveability ranking is discussed in terms of environmental sustainability, noting that for Perth to retain its position as one of the world's most liveable cities, consideration must be given to sustainable planning and environmental practices at policy, organisational and individual levels, placing the long-term liveability of the environment and Perth's flora and fauna at the forefront of urban, and tourism, planning. Findings - The accessibility of nature in Perth and its surrounds, its outdoor recreational opportunities and warm climate are factors that make it unique. Developing and promoting nature-based tourism would further enhance the accessibility of nature for visitors and residents. While Perth's EIU top ten ranking is justified, its major attributes remain unrecognised by the widely used EIU liveable city assessment framework. Research limitations/implications - Moreover, the notion of a liveable city is open to contention due to the subjective nature of various assessment criteria. Liveability indices should include quantifiable environmental factors such as green space, remnant vegetation, biodiversity, air quality and unpolluted water. Originality/value - This paper thus contributes to the discourse on what constitutes a liveable city, the authors emphasise that liveability is significantly related to the presence of green space and natural areas as well as the opportunity to see and interact with wildlife. Perth has such opportunities for it residents and visitors but as yet the aforementioned natural characteristics are not implicit in international measures of liveability.


type: J
volume: 27
issue: 6
beginPage: 1233
endPage: 1253
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2014-0045
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000360569400010
year: 2015
authors: Kasim, A
title:
Environmental management system (EMS) Postulating the value of its adoption to organizational learning in hotels

docAbstract:
Purpose - The paper aims to discuss the link or relationship between environmental management system (EMS) adoptions with organization learning (OL). It postulates that EMS adoption has the potential to catalyze organizational learning in hotels to make them more dynamic and competitive. Design/methodology/approach - The paper reviewed the literature to link the purpose and steps involved in an EMS adoption with the benefit of managing organizational knowledge and OL. It also uses the literature to identify phases of learning in EMS adoption and the level of employees exposed to the learning. Findings - There are two reasons why more hotels should not be hesitant to adopt EMS: flexibility EMS does not dictate the level of environmental performance a firm should achieve, thus giving hotel firms the flexibility to determine the level of sophistication of their environmental management; and the building of company's dynamism - EMS facilitates organizational learning, leading to enhanced organizational performance. Research limitations/implications - The proposed link between EMS implementation with OL in this paper can only be proven by means of empirical studies. Practical implications - Understanding the OL value of EMS adoption may persuade more hotel practitioners to adopt it. Originality/value - This paper proposes a link between a systematic approach to managing environmental responsibility with knowledge management in hotels.


type: J
volume: 27
issue: 6
beginPage: 1157
endPage: 1180
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-02-2014-0060
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000360569400006
year: 2015
authors: Bonn, MA, Lee, KH, Cho, M
title:
Consumer motives for purchasing organic coffee The moderating effects of ethical concern and price sensitivity

docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to investigate consumer choice motives for purchasing organic coffee by applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach and how those are influenced by different degrees of ethical concern and price sensitivity to gain a better understanding about consumer behavior related to the rapidly growing demand for this unique product. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from consumers at cafes (n = 482) located in seven metropolitan cities in South Korea using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings - Results documented that health and environmental protection were predictors of purchase attitude and subjective norm. Environmental protection was found to be a predictor of perceived behavioral control. TPB antecedents were significantly related to purchase intention. Ethical concern and price sensitivity documented the significant moderating roles upon organic coffee purchasing behavior. Research limitations/implications - Findings further contribute to a better understanding about influential choice motives regarding organic coffee and their effect upon consumer purchase behavior. Practical implications - Findings assist in understanding the roles ethical concerns and price sensitivity play upon consumer behavior issues specific to purchasing organic coffee. New research findings assist with marketing and promoting the social benefits associated with organic coffee while also offering pricing strategies for cafe and restaurant businesses to optimize their organic coffee sales revenue potential. Originality/value - This study is one of the first to clarify consumer motives for purchasing organic coffee, and to ascertain whether consumer purchase attitudes and intentions regarding organic coffee are influenced by different degrees of ethical concern and price sensitivity.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1
beginPage: 62
endPage: 76
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2014.934689
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214523400005
year: 2015
authors: Osbaldiston, N, Picken, F, Duffy, M
title:
Characteristics and future intentions of second homeowners: a case study from Eastern Victoria, Australia

docAbstract:
Underpinning much of the literature surrounding lifestyle migration, counterurbanisation and second-home use is the question of motivations and future intentions. In this paper, we explore the characteristics and orientations for future use of land by second-home owners in two locales in Victoria Australia, Phillip Island and Inverloch. Using both qualitative and quantitative survey data we find that there are three areas of second-home governance which ought to be considered strongly for future planning in these areas, health, roads and infrastructure and climate change or sustainability. Using data from permanent residents and second-home owners from these areas in collaboration with demographic data, we argue that underlining these areas is a primary concern, that of ageing. However, while these issues burn brightly for both users of property in these places, the ability for the local government authorities to deal with them is limited because of a lack of resources.


title: Rural Tourism Governance: Determinants of Policy-makers' Support for Tourism Development
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1
beginPage: 48
endPage: 72
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2014.960603
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212853600005
year: 2015
authors: Panyik, E
docAbstract:
Governance is now generally accepted as a convenient conceptual term to characterise contemporary patterns of collective decision-making, particularly in the local public domain. However, there is a dearth of research into the attitudes of rural governance policy-makers towards tourism, despite the influence of the local rural policy arena on tourism development in rural areas. In order to fill this gap, this research aims to explore governance factors that influence rural decision-makers' support for tourism. A cross-sectional field survey was designed and applied on the LEADER(1) network in Hungary and analysed by multivariate data analysis methods. Results highlighted differences in the preferences of local planners regarding the dimensions of integrated rural tourism (IRT). In particular, findings suggest that local rural planners favour those qualities of IRT that enhance complementarity, sustainability, stakeholder and sectoral integration over the scale of IRT.


title: Is certification the answer to creating a more sustainable volunteer tourism sector?
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 107
endPage: 126
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-12-2014-0047
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214508500003
year: 2015
authors: Rattan, JK
docAbstract:
Purpose - The aim of this paper is to provide a background and offer insights of the use of ecolabels and certifications within the tourism industry and their applicability within the volunteer tourism sector. Design/methodology/approach - This study utilizes a comprehensive literature review on tourism ecolabels and certification and presents a discussion about volunteer tourism certification. Findings - The paper finds that it is apparent that changes need to be made in the overall practices of operators within the volunteer tourism sector. Guidelines and evaluation techniques are useful, but are not guaranteed in their applicability. However, neither is certification, unless it is monitored and accountable to its stakeholders. Creating a certification that has real world and tangible aspects for its consumers and subscribers would be more useful than one that is very theoretically dense. It is evident that certification can be used as a powerful tool in the quest to attain sustainability, and should not be ignored as a possible solution for the volunteer tourism sector. Originality/value - This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on volunteer tourism certification and the extent to which a certification scheme would aid in alleviating current criticisms of the volunteer tourism sector and increase its social responsibility.


title: Developing the eventful city in Sibiu, Romania
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 2
beginPage: 89
endPage: 102
doi: 10.1108/IJTC-08-2014-0007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000218438500001
year: 2015
authors: Richards, G, Rotariu, I
docAbstract:
Purpose - Cities are increasingly using events as an instrument for economic and social change and cultural and urban regeneration. Major events help cities to distinguish themselves, and attracting event-related tourism generates income and jobs and increases atmosphere and "liveliness". Many cities have therefore positioned themselves as "eventful cities" or "festival cities" by adopting event-led strategies. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - The effects of the 2007 European Capital of Culture (ECoC) in Sibiu, Romania were evaluated through a decade of longitudinal research including surveys and depth interviews with local residents, stakeholders and tourists to monitor the sustainability of event-related regeneration strategies. Findings - The impacts identified include increased cultural activity, tourism growth, image improvements and increased pride among residents. These impacts have been facilitated by a local growth coalition, and the increased linkage of the city to flows of investment, skills and talent through EU membership. The city has taken some important steps to becoming an "eventful city", in which events are utilised to sustainably increase the quality of life. However, the momentum of eventfulness developed in 2007 has been difficult to maintain, and there are difficulties in separating the effect of event-related activities from wider cultural, social and economic development factors. Originality/value - The research indicates that the Sibiu ECoC in 2007 and the programme of cultural development leading up to it had substantial impacts on the city both in the short and longer term. The ECoC certainly met most of its short-term aims, as there was a significant economic boost from tourism and an improvement in the external image of the city.


title: Tacit knowledge spillover and sustainability in destination development
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 7
beginPage: 1029
endPage: 1048
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1032299
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000359445700004
year: 2015
authors: Zhang, CZ, Xiao, HG, Gursoy, DG, Rao, Y
docAbstract:
This study examines tacit knowledge spillover among lodging firms within a destination and how it contributes to sustainable destination development. Longitudinal data for this study were collected primarily through in-depth interviews with lodging firms' managers and operators in a destination located in southern China. The findings suggest that tacit knowledge spillover in a region may lead to hospitality firm agglomeration. Furthermore, the eco-friendly hotel pioneers' tacit knowledge spillover may, over an extended time period, enhance the eco-friendly initiatives and operations of local hospitality firms, which may contribute to the successful development of sustainable destinations. The findings also indicate that local government's effective interventions tend to encourage and facilitate tacit knowledge spillover through establishing knowledge transfer mechanisms in the community, which is significant in the context of sustainable destination development.


title: Volume or value: A policy decision for Turkey's tourism industry
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 4
beginPage: 193
endPage: 197
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2014.04.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000349567300001
year: 2014
authors: Ozturki, AB, van Niekerk, M
docAbstract:
Turkey has seen an overall increase in both international tourist arrivals and receipts over the past decade. While this would normally be seen unequivocally as a good news story, the simple facts may be deceiving. Although tourist arrival figures and tourism receipts are still increasing, there has been a decline in the rate of growth of both. Moreover, the rate of growth for tourism receipts has decreased more than the rate of growth for tourist arrivals. If this trend continues, it is likely to create a situation where one could begin to question the future economic sustainability of Turkey's tourism industry. Is this reduction in the rate of growth a sign that Turkey has reached the consolidation stage of the destination life cycle or, even worse, the stagnation stage? This regional spotlight takes a historical look at Turkey's nine 'five-year-development plans' and identifies the factors that have caused the rate of growth of tourism receipts to decline. The paper then focuses on how the 'Tourism Strategy of Turkey - 2023' might assist in slowing down, arresting or even reversing this rate of decline. This regional spotlight provides insight to practitioners and academics on how tourism development policies can directly influence the growth of tourism receipts in mature, mass-market tourist destinations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 12
issue: 4
beginPage: 293
endPage: 306
doi: 10.1080/14766825.2014.934377
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000342806300001
year: 2014
authors: Jenkins, LD, Romanos, M
title:
The art of tourism-driven development: economic and artistic well-being of artists in three Balinese communities

docAbstract:
One route from coastal to inland Bali traverses three communities with different types of art, from mass-produced art for beachside tourists in Sanur, through the village of Mas, home to mask and wood carving workshops, to several high-end galleries and renowned museums in Ubud, known for painting. This comparative case study, based on our interviews with artists, museum directors, collectors, community activists and leaders, arts entrepreneurs, and civil servants, focuses on the economic and artistic well-being of artists in three communities. This well-being approach overcomes a preoccupation with authenticity' characteristic of older scholarship on tourism and the arts in Southeast Asia. We conclude that the impact of tourism-driven development on artists' well-being varies tremendously even within one region in Bali and that slow', purposeful arts tourism and forward-looking, hybrid approaches offer the most artistic and economic benefits to local artists. Examples, both positive and negative, provide lessons or strategies for other communities that have distinctive artistic heritages and increasing numbers of tourists.


title: Vehicle electrification: On the "green" road to destination sustainability
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 137
endPage: 139
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2014.06.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000349567200002
year: 2014
authors: Fjelstul, J
docAbstract:
Energy security is a significant concern to the travel and tourism industry, this especially being the case in the United States (US). In response, one of the largest destinations in the country has spearheaded two initiatives supporting changes in travel patterns. This regional spotlight commences with an overview of US environment and energy security concerns. It then reviews government-based policies supporting green practices before showcasing Drive Electric Orlando and Green Destination Orlando as exemplar initiatives promoting destination sustainability at the local level. The spotlight paper concludes by highlighting the efforts of the transportation sector in contributing to destination-wide sustainability. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 275
endPage: 291
doi: 10.1386/hosp.4.3.275_1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219808800004
year: 2014
authors: Kosnik, E
title:
Work for food and accommodation: Negotiating socio-economic relationships in non- commercial workexchange encounters

docAbstract:
The concept of `work for food and accommodation' is part of a significant social trend in contemporary societies, of the slow food, sustainability and back-to-theland movement. It is an alternative form of travelling and hospitality as much as it is part of an alternative economy that deliberately avoids encounters governed by the logics of the market, where people seek alternative ways of engaging with, and relating to, others. Taking the international World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF) movement as my empirical context, I investigate the nature of hospitality in the work-exchange relationship by analysing how participants negotiate their social and economic relationships through food and reciprocity. Based on ethnographic research, this article discusses power and boundaries, social control, inclusion and exclusion, and exchange and reciprocity between hosts and helpers, demonstrating how the host-guest dichotomy dissolves when the boundaries between production and consumption become blurred. I argue that food and beverage, hospitality and mutual help play a significant role in establishing, negotiating discussions of hospitality 'as a way of relating', the article aims to contribute new ways of understanding and theorizing the work-exchange encounter.


title: How deep are scuba divers' pockets?
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 4
beginPage: 813
endPage: 829
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0299
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344076900007
year: 2014
authors: Saayman, M, Saayman, A
docAbstract:
More than 60,000 divers annually visit Sodwana Bay in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, one of the world's top diving sites. A survey was conducted during March and April 2012 to identify factors that influence the spending behaviour of divers. Data from 402 questionnaires provided information about spending per person, socio-demographic profile, diving behaviour and motives, and environmental awareness. A quantile regression approach was used to analyse the determinants of spending. The inclusion of environmental awareness as a factor that might influence spending behaviour is an advance on previous studies of determinants of spending, and this factor was found to increase spending significantly. Knowledge about the relationship between environmental awareness and spending could be valuable for policy aimed at both economic and ecological sustainability.


title: Agritourism as a sustainable adaptation strategy to climate change in the Andean Altiplano
type: J
volume: 11
beginPage: 18
endPage: 25
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2014.02.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217973100003
year: 2014
authors: Barbieri, C, Valdivia, C
docAbstract:
The Andean Altiplano has a diversity of landscapes supporting rural livelihoods. Climate change historical trends and projections point to disruptions in the livelihoods of farmers in this region. This context of climate change requires system-wide analysis to determine socio-ecological adjustments. In response, we conceptualized agritourism as a climate change adaptation strategy capable of supplementing agricultural incomes and sustaining rural livelihoods in the Andean Altiplano. We operationalized the framework of change with data gathered from134 households in Ancoraimes (Bolivian Altiplano) to identify attributes that could enable or constraint agritourismdevelopment at five intervention scales: production, livelihood, community/watershed, landscape/ecosystem, and government. By assessing the climate and socio-economic drivers and dynamics of change, and the local assets enabling agency in rural communities, agritourism is presented as a short-term strategy to increase household's revenues, reduce risks associatedwith agricultural production, and decrease the depletion of natural resources (soils, water, biodiversity) for the long-term sustainability of Andean agriculture-based livelihoods. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 3
beginPage: 493
endPage: 507
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0292
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344076300003
year: 2014
authors: Leon, CJ, Arana, JE
title:
Impact of different dimensions of corporate social responsibility on tourism demand: does the status quo matter?

docAbstract:
The authors, using discrete choice experiments, study the economic valuation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy measures in sun-and-beach tourist destination demand. They also examine the role of the status quo effect on CSR actions in tourist destinations. The status quo effect occurs because people generally place much more value on avoiding a loss than on acquiring a gain. Visitors to Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) were presented with alternative profiles of CSR measures and were given one of two treatments that varied according to the definition of the status quo alternative and the valuation question. The design of the experiments enabled the authors to compare the respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) a higher price for their holiday in a destination that has in place several CSR measures and willingness to accept (WTA) a lower price for the same destination with a lower CSR profile. The data are modelled using a flexible approach that allows for the consideration of alternative decision rules in the visitor's decision process. The results show that tourists care about CSR attributes and are likely to make their vacation choices on the basis of such attributes. Moreover, in this context the standard economic theory assumption of preferences symmetry is not satisfied. In other words, the cost of not implementing CSR actions is higher than the benefits of implementing them. When a destination increases CSR actions the number of visitors and their WTP for their visit are likely to increase, but at substantially lower rates than the WTP for alternative destinations (WTA) when the destination reduces its CSR actions. These results may explain why conventional studies find ambiguous effects of CSR action on tourist choice.


title: Incorporating sustainability into tourism policy: A strategic agenda for Spain
type: J
volume: 7
beginPage: 57
endPage: 78
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000215074000005
year: 2014
authors: Pulido-Fernandez, JI, Lopez-Sanchez, Y
docAbstract:
Recent literature recognises that sustainability, as well as a shifting approach to responsibility in tourism production and consumption, may be a differentiator in the positioning of destinations in tourism markets, especially in the most demanding ones. Likewise, it is acknowledged that it will be difficult to make progress in tourism sustainability without a direct, clear and resolute involvement of policymakers in destinations management. Therefore, the incorporation of the paradigm of sustainability in tourism policy is a key issue. This paper proposes a methodology for incorporating sustainability into tourism policy. Using qualitative analysis techniques (Delphi and focus group), an assessment is carried out, leading to the subsequent design of a strategic agenda for incorporating sustainability into Spanish tourism policy. Spain has been chosen as one of the world's top tourism destinations, which is also currently undergoing a restructuring process of its tourism model, too dependent on coastal tourism, which is considered exhausted, obsolete and lacking in competitiveness. (C) 2014 International University College. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 127
endPage: 148
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2013.864990
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212850000001
year: 2014
authors: Martin, SA, Assenov, I
title:
Investigating the Importance of Surf Resource Sustainability Indicators: Stakeholder Perspectives for Surf Tourism Planning and Development

docAbstract:
The sustainability and conservation of coastal surfing resources have gained considerable attention in the twenty-first century. Scholars, graduate students, not-for-profit organizations, and commercial and governmental sectors have entered the surf tourism research field in order to better understand and manage surf sites. This research investigates the significance of 27 social, economic, environmental, and governance indicators outlined in the Surf Resource Sustainability Index, a contemporary methodology for measuring the conservation aptitude of surf sites. Twenty-one highly experienced surfers from diverse backgrounds were chosen for in-depth interviews based on their position as key stakeholders and for their practical experience, knowledge, and interaction with the resource. The study finds that surfers placed the highest importance for conservation aptitude on beach quality, water quality, legislative status, biodiversity, and history. Overall, environmental and governance indicators were slightly more significant than social indicators, and economic indicators were the least significant. Stakeholders' comments and corresponding ratings are listed for each indicator and provide insight to their perspectives and evaluations. The research contributes to surf tourism planning and development though the clarification of sustainability indicators and the discernment of indicator importance by surfers. A surf resource conservation action matrix is developed for future policy design and management.


title: Community-based island tourism: the case of Boa Vista in Cape Verde
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 2
beginPage: 219
endPage: 233
doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2012-0015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213928600010
year: 2014
authors: Sanchez-Canizares, SM, Castillo-Canalejo, AM
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper tries to explore the possibilities of developing sustainable, community-based tourism (CBT) in Boa Vista in Cape Verde, Africa. Island territories are generally considered preferential tourist destinations. However, the negative effects of tourism in these destinations should not be overlooked, among them environmental concerns and impacts on the culture of the island's inhabitants. The development of CBT takes on special relevance, as it based on planning schemes in conjunction with the local community who share the positive effects derived from tourism. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology used consisted in designing two surveys: one focusing on the supply side and another on the demand side of tourism to define and analyse the current status of this sector in Boa Vista. The survey on tourism supply was distributed among a panel of experts formed by tourism service providers located in Boa Vista. The statistical results of the responses and the discussion carried out by the panel of experts permitted the development of a SWOT matrix. The survey on demand was administered to foreign tourists in different parts of the island. A total of 202 valid surveys were obtained. Findings - The main results of the fieldwork are twofold. On the supply side of tourism, the community is making an enormous effort to actively participate in the development of sustainable tourism, efforts which are often constrained by the geographical barriers of Boa Vista (sandy soil, poor accessibility to other islands) and the institutional and political situation of the island. As regards the demand side of tourism, the vast majority of tourists stay at the island's all-inclusive resorts, whereas few tourists require the services provided by the community, mainly because they are unaware that such services exist. Originality/value - Certain island destinations are more appropriate for tourists wishing to flee mass tourism enclaves due to their natural environment, relative isolation and the traditional culture of their inhabitants. For this reason, it is important to develop a CBT model for these destinations in which initiatives are planned in conjunction with members of the local community who participate in decision-making processes and benefit equally from the positive effects of tourism. Although several case studies have been reported in the research on CBT initiatives, few studies have been carried out on CBT in island territories. This is the main contribution in this paper.


title: Poverty alleviation via tourism cooperatives in China: the story of Yuhu
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 6
beginPage: 879
endPage: 906
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-02-2013-0085
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000343324200005
year: 2014
authors: Yang, XT, Hung, K
docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to understand whether poverty alleviation can be realized in tourism via tourism cooperatives. As a fast growing industry in the world, tourism has accelerated economic development in many participating places. A large number of tourism cooperatives have emerged to capture conspicuous economic benefits from tourism in many rural areas of China. The role of tourism cooperatives has not yet been explored from the poverty alleviation perspective. Design/methodology/approach - Two field trips to Yuhu Village, Lijiang, China, which included in-depth interviews, were conducted during August and December 2011, aiming at understanding the roles of tourism cooperatives in poverty alleviation. In-depth interviews with villagers (45) and mangers of tourism cooperative (5) were conducted. A systematic coding procedure including open, axial and selective coding was conducted with the software assistance of ATLAS.TI6.2. Findings - Evidence from Yuhu suggested that resources and power changes, both of which are further divided into both individual and collective levels, are the main contributors to substantial improvements of the poor. Material and social resources were significantly accumulated. In addition, empowerment, referring to the improvements in status, legitimacy and capability/knowledge, facilitated villagers to obtain favorable policies. By embracing a more broad understanding of poverty, the tourism cooperative is proven to effectively alleviate the poverty suffering of Yuhu villagers. Originality/value - Understanding poverty from a multi-dimensional perspective is deemed to be critical to reveal the actual story, as evidenced in this study, with analyzing resource flows and power changes at different stages of tourism development. By embracing a more broad understanding of poverty, the role of tourism cooperatives in poverty alleviation was able to be noticed and emerged from in-depth interviews. Asystematic scrutiny has been carried out to examine the pro-poor effects brought about by tourism cooperatives.


title: Hosts, guests and a drug culture in a destination: A case study of Nimbin, Australia
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 3
beginPage: 185
endPage: 195
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.08.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000209272000008
year: 2013
authors: Buultjens, J, Neale, K, Lamont, M
docAbstract:
Host and visitor interactions are important in determining a destination's sustainability. According to social exchange theory, negative outcomes from deviant tourism-related behaviours such as illicit drug-related activities can result in reduced host and guest support for tourism. While drug use may attract some guests it can also deter others and may also result in an inauthentic experience. Thus, reconciling host and visitor perceptions and aspirations can often be problematic. This paper examines how hosts and guests in Nimbin, Australia, a destination with a reputation for a relaxed attitude towards illicit drug use, view tourism. The paper draws upon three studies - an online content analysis, a survey of guest expectations and behaviours, and a stakeholder workshop of hosts - undertaken between 2007 and 2010 to demonstrate how the drug culture image of the town is affecting the host-guest nexus. Online discourse strongly emphasised a permissive drug image within Nimbin while the stakeholder workshop revealed that many hosts are unhappy with this emphasis. A substantial majority of guests to Nimbin are attracted by the town's reputation/image however they appear to be less interested in the drug culture than in the alternative lifestyle. Residents also expressed a desire to lessen the emphasis on drugs to focus on the destination's alternative lifestyle. However, the partially industrialised nature of tourism undermines efforts to achieve a change in destination image. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 224
endPage: 235
doi: 10.1108/IJEFM-06-2013-0015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214036800005
year: 2013
authors: Jutbring, H, Lundberg, E, Andersson, TD
title:
When a music festival goes veggie Communication and environmental impacts of an innovative food strategy

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is first to describe and discuss an innovative strategy, pursued by a music festival, to reduce the environmental impact by allowing only vegetarian food in the festival area. A second aim is to discuss the effects of the vegetarian strategy for the festival in terms of branding and communication impacts. A third aim is to assess the effect on the ecological footprint of the festival from the vegetarian food strategy. Design/methodology/approach - Festival visitors' food consumption was surveyed in 2010 (719 responses) and again in 2012 when only vegetarian food was served on festival premises (663 responses). The EPA event calculator, developed in Australia, was used to calculate the ecological footprint of the festival. The implementation and the impacts were studied from the festival organisers' perspective through two (one hour long) interviews with one of the festival managers. Findings - For the festival brand, the vegetarian strategy proved to be extremely successful in terms of media attention and an enhanced "green" image of the festival. An analysis of the environmental impact of the vegetarian strategy indicates a remarkable drop of 40 per cent in the size of the ecological footprint. Practical implications - Based on the results of this study, a vegetarian strategy can be recommended as an innovation for festivals that have core values and a brand image grounded both in sustainability and the reduction of environmental impacts and that are truly concerned about the environment. Originality/value - Festival Footprint Analysis.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 6
beginPage: 945
endPage: 964
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2012-0007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000323807200009
year: 2013
authors: Xiao, Q, Hua, N, Yost, E
title:
An empirical framework of financial characteristics and outperformance in troubled economic times Evidence from the restaurant industry

docAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the financial characteristics associated with outperformance of US public restaurant firms in challenging economic times and the empirical measure of outperformance proposed herein. Design/methodology/approach - This study utilizes a Logit model and considers the relevant financial variables in annual deviation forms to explore an empirical model that explains financial outperformance in troubled economic times for the restaurant industry. Findings - The results of the study indicate that larger market share, asset turnover, and profit margin, combined with lower leverage, BM, earnings variance, and size, in addition to franchise utilization, appear to produce collectively a fine balance for success in difficult economic times. Research limitations/implications - This paper does not address the fine balance between short-term financial performance and long-term sustainability. Further, the employed contemporaneous modeling framework may limit generality of findings of this paper. Originality/value - This study provides systematic evidence on an empirical framework linking financial characteristics and outperformance of restaurant firms in difficult economic times. Its results have timely and significant implications for practitioners, researchers and other parties of interest.


title: The politics of world heritage: a case study of the Pitons Management Area, St Lucia
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 1
beginPage: 37
endPage: 48
doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2013.765747
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442839400004
year: 2013
authors: Thapa, B, Nicholas, L
docAbstract:
As a small island developing state, St Lucia is faced with a major challenge of striking a balance between its economic and conservation goals. The inscription of the Pitons Management Area (PMA) as a World Heritage Site has intensified this challenge. Inscription of a site not only heightens conservation sensitivity, but also elevates the profile of the site as a viable development option, thereby stimulating demand. Previous research found that the integrity and sustainability of the PMA was in large part threatened by an apparent lack of commitment, coordination and political will in the public sector. This study serves as to further examine trends and patterns in the discourse on the PMA. Given the significant role played by the media, in light of the small size of the island, a content analysis of news articles about the PMA in the country's two leading newspapers were conducted. Analysis identified that more attention has been placed on addressing problems and issues rather than capitalizing on opportunities to gain from the inscription of the site. Findings revealed the primacy of politics in the management of the site, as issues centred on the quandary of development have persisted since the inscription and has continued.


title: Mailing as a Leisure Activity in South Korea
type: J
volume: 45
issue: 3
beginPage: 367
endPage: 392
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000318580500005
year: 2013
authors: Shim, C, Santos, CA, Choi, MJ
docAbstract:
To understand the ever-increasing connection between leisure and consumption in the urban context, this study explores the Korean fascination with shopping malls and mailing as a contemporary leisure activity and experience. Employing a mixed-methods approach, it examines mall visitors to the COEX-Mall in Seoul, South Korea by addressing three research questions: Do Koreans view mailing as a leisure activity?, What makes mailing distinct from other types of shopping experiences?, and What specific aspects of mailing make it an attractive leisure activity for Koreans? Findings call for further conceptualization of the nexus between leisure and consumption in the urban context, particularly in East Asian countries where shopping malls are increasingly utilized and perceived as leisurescapes.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 89
endPage: 105
doi: 10.25145/j.pasos.2013.11.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212575200006
year: 2013
authors: Valls, JF, Banchini, S, Falcon, L, Tunon, GV
title:
Repositioning of Barcelona's Image in the Light of a Redefinition of the Urban Tourism Planning Model

docAbstract:
Barcelona's city tourism model over the last fifteen years has chalked up many successes in terms of soaring tourist numbers, overnight stays, cruise liner passengers, hotel beds and visits to priced sights. Growth in city breaks has soared to the point where Barcelona has become one of Europe's most visited cities. But this growth has come at a heavy price: mass tourism, concentration in certain neighbourhoods, competition for space between tourists and residents, lack of adequate inter-modal transport. All of these problems threaten Barcelona's competitive position. The paper reviews the city's competitiveness, comparing Barcelona to ten other European cities. Starting out from a qualitative analysis of internal players and a Delphi Study with external players, we find the city's tourism model needs correcting. We also identify the vectors and most important factors for achieving this repositioning. The vectors reinforce the competitiveness concerning the model's sustainability, integrated management and governance, and client orientation. The proposed strategic repositioning will allow Barcelona to continue competing with Europe's main cities.


title: The role of spatial planning for sustainable tourism development: A theoretical model for Turkey
type: J
volume: 60
issue: 4
beginPage: 431
endPage: 445
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213667800006
year: 2012
authors: Dede, OM, Ayten, AM
docAbstract:
Planning concept is an important concept for realizing the benefits of the tourism sector for localities, public and environment. Planning is a broad term covering several stages from national strategic decisions to unique design applications. Spatial planning is an important aspect of planning with a focus on physical planning in various sectors as well as tourism. The importance of planning has increased with the prominence of a second concept; sustainability. Since the 1970' s, sustainability has continuously gained importance in all socio economic aspects of human beings. It is also important for the tourism sector as this sector has effects on the environment. This article tackles the role and importance of physical planning for the development of sustainable tourism concept. For this reason, a model is built for sustainable tourism development in Turkey as Turkish legislation system regarding planning and tourism should be improved in terms of sustainability. The aim of the article is to determine how to integrate spatial planning to sustainable tourism development and to decide the possible pathways within sustainable tourism development. The model considers all stages from large scale decisions to architectural design within a comprehensive manner. This model could be utilized to deal with all aspects of planning, such as policies, strategies, spatial decisions, building structuring, density, site planning and architecture.


title: FILM TOURISM EVENT LONGEVITY: LOST IN MAYBERRY
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 139
endPage: 150
doi: 10.3727/154427212X13485031583939
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214359300006
year: 2012
authors: Benjamin, S, Schneider, PP, Alderman, DH
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine a US festival widely known for attracting television fan tourists, build a traveler profile or typology of festival goers, and reflect on how the behavioral segmentation of these tourists may affect the longevity of the film tourism event and the broader planning of the destination community. Specifically, this study examines the Mayberry Days Festival, an annual event held in Mount Airy, North Carolina. Mount Airy is the birthplace and boyhood home of actor, Andy Griffith, whose television series (The Andy Griffith Show) was set in the fictional hamlet of Mayberry. Online survey invitation cards were distributed during the 2010 Mayberry Days Festival to gather data on the sociodemographic characteristics, motivations, perceptions, and economic impact of the attendee to comprehend how sustainable the Mayberry Days Festival will be for Mount Airy. Results suggest that visitors are drawn to Mount Airy for a variety of reasons and that The Andy Griffith Show is not necessarily the main motivator. It is important for the town's tourism promoters not to get "lost in Mayberry" as they plan for alternative marketing and attraction development in the future.


title: Simple living and tourism in times of 'austerity'
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 3
beginPage: 275
endPage: 279
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.556246
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000303559200008
year: 2012
authors: Caletrio, J
docAbstract:
The sharp increase in domestic tourism in the UK in 2009 and 2010 has prompted speculations about an embryonic quest for 'simpler pleasures' and greener, less exotic holidays. Absent from these debates is a more thorough reflection about the complex ways through which people negotiate everyday senses of normalcy, simplicity and excess in consumption and travelling. This is important to understand the political, economic, cultural and technological contexts that may facilitate a shift towards simpler, sustainable lifestyles. The paper presents results of fieldwork looking at ways in which tourists negotiate what is normal and excessive in holidaymaking. Data suggest that tourism is a highly valued symbolic aspect of modern life which few people are ready to sacrifice on environmental grounds and which is inextricably entangled with contested notions of accessibility, citizenship, equality and fairness.


title: Segmenting the market of first-time visitors to an island destination
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 2
beginPage: 154
endPage: 172
doi: 10.1108/17506181211233081
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213920500006
year: 2012
authors: Hennessey, S, Yun, D, Macdonald, R
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to segment the market of first-time visitors based on the activities travelers engage in while at a destination using demographics, socio-economic variables, and trip-related characteristics. Design/methodology/approach - The research analyzes 1,104 exit surveys completed by first-time visitors to the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island. Clustering analysis identifies three segments that are refined and tested by multivariate and bivariate analyses. Findings - The results indicate that there are three distinct segments of first-time visitors based on travel activities: culture-oriented (26 percent of the market), active (37 percent), and casual (37 percent). The key differences among the three segments are demographic, socio-economic, trip-related characteristics, and spending patterns. These results confirm the sustainability and profitability of the market segments. Practical implications - Segmenting markets for products or services, in any industry, is vital to gain a better understanding of the customer, and to better allocate scarce tourism resources to product development, marketing, service, and delivery. Therefore, all tourism industry stakeholders must be aware of the market segments that are currently visiting the destination. Originality/value - Tourist segments based on activities are not absolutes, but a continuum. The majority of first-time visitors to a destination engage in a variety of travel activities across the segments, running from more to less involved. Successful tourism destinations are those that meet the various activity needs of their segments in both their marketing and on the ground.


title: The good souvenir: representations of Okinawa and Kinmen islands in Asia
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 1
beginPage: 81
endPage: 99
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.586571
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000302146200006
year: 2012
authors: Hunter, WC
docAbstract:
Representations of indigenous Okinawa shisa (Japan) and Kinmen wind lion totems (Taiwan) are popular tourist souvenirs. They are also commonly used in destination tourism promotion as logos or mascots. Some tourism research describes these practices as exploitative and damaging to local culture. Other research suggests that resident consensus, local production and government sponsorship can produce a good souvenir that benefits local identity and economy. This paper reports on a semiotic analysis of these cultural representations as found onsite at these two destinations. Photographs are interpreted as index, icon and symbol according to Peirce's semiotics compared. Seven types of representations were found that indicate complex relationships between original totems and their variations. The representations are the same for both destinations. This comparative research finds that each type of representation has a unique place in the tourism economy, but all are held together as a coherent whole by the form and location of the original totems. The good souvenir is a product of creative marketing and sponsorship and vigilant preservation of cultural heritage. The original totem form should be immutable; its value and significance increases over time. As commercial duplications proliferate, government policy should protect the originals and fix them in their physical locations.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 1
beginPage: 81
endPage: 100
doi: 10.1108/17582951211210951
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214029000007
year: 2012
authors: Khodr, H
title:
Exploring the driving factors behind the event strategy in Qatar A case study of the 15th Asian Games

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify the main driving factors behind the recent increase in the event market size in Qatar from a public policy perspective. It reports on a case study of the 2006 15th Asian Games that assisted in further examining both the underlying and implicit motives behind the phenomenon as well as its expected policy implications. Design/methodology/approach - This exploratory paper uses a case study approach in which two complementary types of data sources are employed. The qualitative data was mainly obtained from in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with 26 key stakeholders ranging from middle to senior professionals, academicians, high-ranking officials from the local tourism/sports authorities, and representatives from the private sector. The data was further enhanced by an extensive review and analysis of related documents available in the public domain. Data was analyzed using an iterative thematic content analysis whose findings served to illustrate the theoretical perspectives in the relevant prevailing literature. Findings - Findings suggest that Qatar is using events as a way to reimage and position itself as a destination and increase its profile internationally in addition to gaining a competitive edge regionally. Other explanatory factors include: economic sustainability and diversification plans and tourism-related policies as well as social development strategies. Another identified driver is linked to globalization and modernization trends. These driving factors are consistent with the ones acknowledged in the literature on national and urban event strategies and their purpose. Originality/value - The analysis conducted in this paper laid the foundation for much needed future evaluation studies on the country's tourism strategies and trends as well as events' impacts. The treatment of this subject from a governmental policy angle has not received nearly enough attention among scholars of tourism policy and events management. Moreover, considering the growing event market in Qatar, this paper fills the gap in the literature in terms of analyzing the driving forces behind this growth and highlights important issues specific to a relatively unexplored region undergoing rapid development.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 4
beginPage: 627
endPage: 644
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.629050
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304409400007
year: 2012
authors: Stensland, S, Baardsen, S
title:
The effects of property and landowner characteristics on profit efficiency in salmon angling tourism in Norway

docAbstract:
This paper analyzes how different property and landowner characteristics and other factors affect landowners' profit efficiency from salmon angling tourism. The paper helps correct a lack of studies on the economic aspects of the triple bottom line approach to sustainability and suggests new areas of rural tourism research. A stochastic profit frontier function with an inefficiency module was estimated based on survey responses from 203 landowners along four Mid-Norway rivers. Profit efficiency decreased as the revenues from off-property and on-property activities increased relative to angling tourism. Factors increasing efficiency were long-termrenting of fishing instead of permit sale or selling fishing packages with additional services and common property ownership instead of simple fee ownership. Cooperation, by merging several fishing rights into one unit rather than fishing on a single property basis, decreased efficiency. This study did not distinguish between different forms of cooperation; mandatory cooperation in the form of common property and voluntary cooperation between private properties are issues for further research. If sustainable economic efficiency is a public goal, policies should ensure a predictable economic environment for landowners specializing in salmon angling tourism and promote long- term renting, with a 10-year minimum period for the lease of fishing rights.


title: The Response of Hotels to Increasing Food Costs due to Food Shortages
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 4
beginPage: 395
endPage: 416
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.588869
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299266300003
year: 2011
authors: Mackenzie, M, Law, R, Cheung, C
docAbstract:
During 2008-2009 the hotel industry in Hong Kong had to respond to a steady price increase in general food items and in basic food commodities. As most hotels in Hong Kong predict their food cost budgets a year in advance, these sudden and unexpected increases in food commodities came at a time when there was a downturn in the global economy in the wake of the financial crisis and a worldwide influenza A (H1N1) epidemic. There have been articles published in hospitality and tourism journals that have discussed the issue of food cost and control in hotels resulting from poor storage and purchasing, portion control, and preparation and production methods. However, none of the previous studies has examined the sudden and rapid increases in the cost of foods and the impact that this has had on the hotel industry. The measures adopted by Hong Kong hotels of different tiers to control or reduce expected food costs are analyzed in this study. This study employed a cross-sectional exploratory design, encompassing in-depth personal interviews with food and beverage managers and executive chefs in high-, mid- and low-tier hotels in Hong Kong. Empirical findings revealed that mid- and low-tier hotels found the increases in commodity prices challenging and thus employed innovative methods to combat rising food costs. High-tier hotels were more concerned about satisfying customers' needs by maintaining high-quality food products and services. The findings indicate that hotels and restaurants at all points of the market adopted functional strategies to increase their efficiency and profitability. Based on the operating experience of existing hotels, this study demonstrates that enhancing the quality of suppliers' commodities, good staff communication and training practices, and innovative ideas can improve a hotel's financial situation.


title: Moving towards responsible events management
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 258
endPage: 274
doi: 10.1108/17554211111142211
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214490600009
year: 2011
authors: Musgrave, J
docAbstract:
Purpose - This article attempts to provide a concise overview of the approaches towards managing events in a changing market environment and summarises issues of responsibility, sustainability and quality management within events organisations. Design/methodology/approach - In doing so, the paper will reconcile elements of corporate social responsibility and sustainable development within organisations. Whilst within a context of the events industry, the article will synthesise total responsible management and concepts of sustainable events management and provide an introduction towards a premise of responsible events management. Findings - A mapping of management models found parallels that can be drawn upon to create a responsible event management approach, embedded by an amalgamation of quality management and sustainable principles. Practical implications - In essence, the combination of approaches enables a business value and ethical led development towards responsible management and one which represents a holistic understanding and strategic intent to reduce event organisation impacts. Originality/value - This article represents a theoretical introduction to concepts that underpin the development of knowledge towards sustainable management within the events industry and will allow students, academics and practitioners to develop an introductory awareness.


title: Actualizing environmental sustainability at Vancouver 2010 venues
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 184
endPage: 196
doi: 10.1108/17582951111136595
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214027100007
year: 2011
authors: Ponsford, IF
docAbstract:
Purpose - Philosophical espousal of the sustainability rubric is becoming widespread in the event industry. A business systems-oriented literature has emerged that helps event organizers plan for and measure success of more environmentally responsible or sustainable events. While top-down approaches to sustainability are increasingly well established, the practical application of these programs in the unique event planning and management context is less well understood. This paper aims to build understanding of operations-level opportunities and constraints that may be faced by environmental practitioners in event organizations. Design/methodology/approach - Semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of the Vancouver 2010 Organizing Committee's (VANOC) Environmental Management Team (EMT), a group of environmental professionals embedded in VANOC's venue infrastructure business unit. Findings - Several organizational strategies are described but intra-organizational relationships are found to be the medium by which the environmental sustainability concept is actualized at venues. Originality/value - Although the EMT operated within the standardized event delivery model established by the International Olympic Committee, it is hoped the Vancouver 2010 experience will be useful for other event organizers instituting and delivering environmental programs.


title: Discretionary corporate social responsibility: introducing the GREENER VENUE
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 170
endPage: 183
doi: 10.1108/17582951111136586
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214027100006
year: 2011
authors: Whitfield, J, Dioko, LAN
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual comparative framework measuring the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) within the UK conference sector. Design/methodology/approach - A self-administered internet-based survey was conducted to examine the implementation of ten environmental policy initiatives, expressed by the acronym "GREENER", using a CSR response scale, expressed by the acronym "VENUE". Findings - The greatest proportion of UK venues can be classified as "Eager", with a quarter of respondents being deemed as "Unmotivated" or in "Eternal denial" regarding their implementation of CSR. It was also found that both size of venue space and venue type have significant effects on the level of CSR implementation. Research limitations/implications - Environmental performance indicators are not the only components of CSR, there are others, including social, economic and ethical. Further research may expand the framework from a uni-dimensional environmental framework to a multi-dimensional framework, through the inclusion of some or all of these CSR components. Originality/value - The GREENER VENUE framework contributes to two important areas hitherto overlooked in the CSR literature: first, it develops a framework with emphasis toward discretionary practices and illustrates the strength of this method through application to the sizeable and rapidly growing UK conference industry. Second, the framework exhibits conceptual and psychometric properties that enable its application to broad and diverse contexts. It is theoretically grounded but at the same time practical, easy to implement, easily understandable and highly relatable to organisational managers, frontline employees and many other key stakeholders of any industry.


title: Have structural issues placed New Zealand's hospitality industry beyond price?
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 695
endPage: 713
doi: 10.5367/000000010792278428
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000281710300015
year: 2010
authors: Moriarty, JP
docAbstract:
Hospitality is a principal tourism characteristic group, yet its recent economic performance in New Zealand has not been exemplary Increased hospitality prices have been advocated, unsuccessfully, for many years as a means of improving economic performance This paper compares economic sustainability measures between divisions of New Zealand's hospitality industry and national tourism exemplars. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to establish relative technical efficiencies and capacity utilization of hospitality divisions. The outcome correlates indicators of economic sustainability and the capacity utilization of hospitality division resources to suggest that improved performance requires strategies beyond those entailing price increases


title: Sustainable urbanisation? Norwegian cabin culture in transition
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 3
beginPage: 172
endPage: 182
doi: 10.1080/14766825.2010.510910
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208152600004
year: 2010
authors: Berker, T, Gansmo, HJ
docAbstract:
In this article, we explore a cultural change which has made the desire to live close to nature from a core tenet of Norwegian culture to an unsustainable threat to nature. During the last two decades, Norwegian cabin tourism has moved from 'hard' forms (few, prolonged stays, strong identification with the site) of ecotourism to 'softer' ones (shorter, more frequent stays, commercialisation of the site). These changes, we argue, have led to a situation in which the image of an ideal cabin which echoes hard ecotourism is perpetuated within new, softer practices. Unfortunately, this new kind of nature tourism, which is characterised by many short stays of many uncoordinated visitors spread over preferably 'pristine' nature, is inherently unsustainable. As an alternative, we propose more cautious transitions to more coordinated and 'denser' forms of tourism, which are exemplified in two cases.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 4
beginPage: 312
endPage: 324
doi: 10.1057/pb.2009.23
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415257800006
year: 2009
authors: Lee, HJ
title:
Dubai's brand assessment success and failure in brand management - Part 2 : Negative factors reduce Dubai's competitiveness

docAbstract:
This study attempts to identify elements that negatively affect the brand image and perception of Dubai. For this research, I undertook fieldwork twice in Dubai and conducted an analysis of documents, including academic literature, journalistic information, and interview and focus group reports. This research focuses on the internal problematic situations and the necessary conditions for sustainable branding development in Dubai. The study covers three main topics: (1) Dubai's pricing dilemma, (2) the city's inadequate infrastructure and (3) privacy and liberalization issues. Dubai should consider overcoming these barriers to improve brand-building strategies and to achieve brand equity. I also found evidence consistent with these issues in Dubai's micro data, as well as in my fieldwork experience. Overall, this analysis awakens us to the immediate need for the establishment of positive branding sustainability in Dubai.


title: Spirit Possession and Tourism at Thai Festivals A Comparative Study
type: J
volume: 34
issue: 1
beginPage: 45
endPage: 54
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2009.11081574
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453374300005
year: 2009
authors: Cohen, E
docAbstract:
Spirit possession festivals are of particular interest for tourism studies, since they are not staged specifically for tourism, but appeal to tourists for their 'exoticism.' Two spirit possession festivals in Thailand, differing considerably in their respective scope and duration, the Chinese Vegetarian Festival in Phuket and the so-called 'Tattoo Festival' in a Buddhist temple in Central Thailand are compared, with respect to differences in the extent of their promotion, the status of foreign tourists, the tourists' conduct and their effect on the sustainability of the festivals. Considerable differences between the two festivals have been revealed, the principal being that the Vegetarian Festival is a 'spectacle,' a performance by spirit mediums for an audience, to which tourists are invited as 'guests,' while the Tattoo Festival is a 'ritual': possessed adherents are oblivious of their surroundings, and do not perform for an audience; hence tourists are not invited, but only suffered as "intruders." While both festivals remain sustainable, they differ in their sensitivity to tourist numbers: the Vegetarian Festival is capable of absorbing big numbers of visitors, but the Tattoo Festival, visited by few foreigners, might be seriously disturbed by even a small increase in their numbers.


title: Kinship branding: A concept of holism and evolution for the nation brand
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 3
beginPage: 229
endPage: 247
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415242700006
year: 2006
authors: Mihailovich, P
docAbstract:
Branding is finally understood to play a critical role in the national and international success not only of firms but also of countries. Unlike the brand of a firm, a place brand is not created to be sold or to increase in value on the stock market. Altruistic goals such as sustainable, long-term employment and prosperity are primary objectives. A coherent place brand architecture is fundamental to an emerging nation's growth strategy as it provides a structure for forging powerful alliances and driving the country's overall development strategy. This paper examines the extent to which nations can learn from successful companies and countries, and outlines the critical success factors providing foundations for a successful place brand strategy. It considers the case of repositioning a damaged nation brand, and emphasises the importance of branding through all aspects of a place - its commodities, citizens, industry and even regions beyond its borders - through culture and all forms of cluster and kinship alliances. It seeks to suggest an approach that could help developing countries to make their mark on the world map so as to compete with vigour and confidence. It also highlights the potential threat of new forms of colonialism that could possibly be posed through foreign direct investment by global brands, and suggests instances where nation branding and even the simplistic strapline approach to nation branding could backfire.


title: The economic, social, and environmental impacts of cruise tourism
type: J
volume: 66
beginPage: 387
endPage: 404
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000426231600032
year: 2018
authors: MacNeill, T, Wozniak, D
docAbstract:
We use a unique multi-method natural experiment to measure economic, social, and environmental impacts of cruise tourism on a local community. Through the measurement of multidimensional indicators before and after the opening of a cruise ship port, and using control groups, we compare community impacts with greater detail and control than previous studies. Although theory and industry multiplier estimates predict gains in employment, income, and related measures, we find little evidence of improvement. The ability of the local population to provide for necessities and obtain sufficient food worsened, corruption increased, and there were substantial negative environmental impacts. One observed benefit to communities was a decrease in crime due to an increase in government expenditure on policing. Our results show that in low taxation and regulation environments with an absence of community development and involvement initiatives, large cruise tourism projects can fail to provide benefits for local populations. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Comparison of industry-based data to monitor white shark cage-dive tourism
type: J
volume: 66
beginPage: 263
endPage: 273
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000426231600022
year: 2018
authors: Nazimi, L, Robbins, WD, Schilds, A, Huveneers, C
docAbstract:
Although wildlife tourism is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, the industry has a potential to affect the fauna it targets. A variety of methods are used to monitor the activities and impacts of wildlife tourism. In South Australia, mandatory logbook reporting and the ability to photograph and identify individual sharks provides two industry-based data sources to monitor how cage-diving tourism may impact white sharks. Findings show that both methods can assess shark populations, and detect seasonal sex-biased changes in white shark abundance. Photo-ID significantly underestimates effort days and number of sharks sighted, and is considerably more labour-intensive, but allows accurate identification of individual sharks, facilitating additional analysis. The continued use of logbook reporting is the optimum long-term monitoring method, although we recommend the maintenance of a photographic database for periodic extraction of individual information. Combining these methods will facilitate an ongoing adaptive management framework, aiding the long-term sustainability of the industry. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Progress in Research on CSR and the Hotel Industry (2006-2015)
type: J
volume: 59
issue: 1
beginPage: 15
endPage: 38
doi: 10.1177/1938965517719267
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000418694300004
year: 2018
authors: Serra-Cantallops, A, Pena-Miranda, DD, Ramon-Cardona, J, Martorell-Cunill, O
docAbstract:
This study reviews and synthesizes the contemporary literature focusing on the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the hotel industry over the period 2006-2015. The revision process has covered articles meeting two conditions: first, articles focusing exclusively on the hotel industry (not on the tourism sector as a whole) and, second, the issue of CSR is addressed from a broader perspective (economic-social-environmental) and not only environmental. A total of 48 papers have been identified and grouped in three streams of research: CSR-Practices, CSR-Reporting, and CSR-Impacts; the last one been divided into two sublines of research: one from the consumer perspective (Marketing) and the second from the company's perspective (Firm Business-Performance). For every line, the variables and topics studied are also established. The research lines Practices and Impacts have received a similar amount of research interest although there is a growing research interest in the impacts of CSR during recent years, either internal or external. Despite this fact, consumer reactions to CSR and the link between CSR and corporate financial performance (CFP) are still important gaps regarding research on CSR in the hotel industry. It is also worth to highlight that a key CSR stakeholder for hotels, like the local community, is particularly underresearched. Additional gaps of research are identified and suggestions for future lines of research are provided.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 1
beginPage: 85
endPage: 107
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1319844
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000423682500006
year: 2018
authors: McCabe, S, Cisneros-Martinez, JD, Fernandez-Morales, A
title:
The contribution of social tourism to sustainable tourism: a case study of seasonally adjusted programmes in Spain

docAbstract:
Recent policy from the European Union has attempted to justify social tourism initiatives on the basis that they lead to a more sustainable tourism industry. However, the majority of latest research in the field has been focused on the benefits for participants, with the addition of some evidence on the economic impacts of such programmes on destinations, which have pointed towards sustainability outcomes including: a longer tourism season, more even spread of demand, and longer periods of employment for tourism workers. Yet there is a lack of direct evidence linking such programme to these outcomes. This paper aimed to explore this important disconnect between policy assumptions and evidence-based outcomes through an analysis of the deseasonalising effects of the Spanish social tourism programme for older people. The research found that this programme does have an effect on the seasonal nature of employment and economic activity in most regions studied, but that the huge volume of demand from international tourists in the high seasons masks the quantitative effects in the regions with the highest seasonal concentration of international tourists. Recommendations for policy and practice in sustainable tourism are made that are transferable to many countries and regions that adopt social tourism programmes.


title: Saluting while the ship sinks: the necessity for tourism paradigm change
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 1
beginPage: 29
endPage: 48
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1308372
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000423682500003
year: 2018
authors: Dwyer, L
docAbstract:
The established mindset underpinning tourism planning, development and research is under attack from many quarters on the grounds that business as usual seems impossible to reconcile with sustainability. The paper first highlights key characteristics of the prevailing paradigm associated with tourism industry expansion globally. It then identifies common elements of an alternative sustainable futures paradigm, contrasting its features with those of the established paradigm in relation to seven fundamental elements: neo-liberalism, anthropocentrism, shareholder orientation, growth, price, space and promotion. Next, the paper identifies the implications of the alternative paradigm in terms of the underpinning mindset (attitudes and behaviours) of major tourism stakeholders. Pathways to facilitate the transition to the new sustainable futures' paradigm are identified. The paper concludes with reflections on the power of the new paradigm, and its implications for a global sustainable tourism research and action agenda.


title: Festival and event tourism research: Current and future perspectives
type: J
volume: 25
beginPage: 165
endPage: 168
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2017.11.024
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000428982600023
year: 2018
authors: Laing, J
docAbstract:
This opinion piece considers the future of research into festival and event tourism based on current gaps in the literature and the author's view of key directions that this research is likely to take. Six key areas are highlighted: (1) overcoming the tendency for non-tourism related research on festivals and events to be under-researched, or their links with tourism exaggerated; (2) the need to extend the theoretical foundations of management to festival and event tourism; (3) gaps in sustainability research connected to festivals and events tourism; (4) examining the ongoing relevance of and challenges for traditional festivals and events in a modern, digital age; (5) the importance of understanding sub-cultures, social worlds and serious leisure; and (6) the potential to go beyond disciplinary boundaries and even transcend them, through interdisciplinary and postdisciplinary approaches, as well as the need to explore new methodologies.


type: J
volume: 33
beginPage: 113
endPage: 121
doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.10.010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000416623800012
year: 2017
authors: Shin, YH, Moon, H, Jung, SE, Severt, K
title:
The effect of environmental values and attitudes on consumer willingness to pay more for organic menus: A value-attitude-behavior approach

docAbstract:
While organic food consumption has received recent attention, few studies have focused on consumer behaviors of organic menu selection restaurants. This study aims to fill that gap by investigating consumers' decision-making process with respect to organic menu choices based on the value-attitude-behavior model. Applying the tenet of the model, general sustainability values (i.e., altruistic, egoistic, and biosphere value), pro-environmental attitude, and willingness to pay more for an organic menu were introduced. A total of 467 responses were collected via an online survey, then analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Our results showed that altruistic value significantly affects biosphere values, which in turn influences willingness to pay more for an organic menu via pro-environmental attitude. This study provides the environmental perspectives underlying the impact of sustainability values and attitude on intentions to pay more for an organic menu. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (c) 2017 The Authors.


title: Advertising spending, firm performance, and the moderating impact of CSR
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 7
beginPage: 1484
endPage: 1495
doi: 10.1177/1354816617704739
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000413241900007
year: 2017
authors: Mattila, AS, Assaf, AG, Josiassen, A, Ahn, JS
docAbstract:
This article investigates the potential of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to influence the link between advertising spending and firm performance. Drawing upon the literature of CSR, we hypothesize that CSR positively moderates the relationship between advertising spending and firm performance. We focus on two types of firm performance: sales and firm value. Using two samples from both the hotel and restaurant industries, we found that firms with higher levels of CSR enjoy higher returns on advertising spending than firms with lower levels of CSR. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings and provide direction for future research.


title: What meaning for sustainability? Creating tourism impacts in a slippery policy context
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 2
beginPage: 209
endPage: 215
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2016.1258514
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000399564900007
year: 2017
authors: Font, X
docAbstract:
This section of the journal encourages discussion between several authors on a policy-related topic. The same question may, therefore, be addressed from different theoretical, cultural or spatial perspectives. Dialogues may be applied or highly abstract. This Dialogue starts with this contribution and is followed by three comments by Jim Butcher http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1258512; Fernando Correia http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1258511; Mary G. McDonald http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1258513.


type: J
volume: 60
beginPage: 348
endPage: 356
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000395599600037
year: 2017
authors: Prince, S, Ioannides, D
title:
Contextualizing the complexities of managing alternative tourism at the community-level: A case study of a nordic eco-village

docAbstract:
To shed light on the complexities of fostering sustainability through alternative tourism, we explore the managerial contradictions and difficulties that arise as alternative tourism is developed in the name of sustainability at Solheimar eco-village in Iceland. Following a focused ethnographic approach, we establish that those behind the management of volunteers, students and other guests regularly struggle to coordinate these respective groups in a manner that balances economic objectives with those relating to the environment and social equity. This is because limited human resources and strategic knowledge exist to fulfill all the host community's goals through alternative tourism. The findings reveal the need to conceptualize alternative tourism as a forum for discussion between host and guest over the complexities of generating sustainable development. This highlights the need for knowledge transmission over matters such as conflict resolution, critical reflection and cultural communication associated with the tourist experience at the community. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Measuring the sustainability of Cuban tourism destinations considering stakeholders' perceptions
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 318
endPage: 328
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2114
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000400681600005
year: 2017
authors: Perez, VE, Santoyo, AH, Guerrero, F, Leon, MA, da Silva, CL, Caballero, R
docAbstract:
The aim of this research consists of measuring the sustainability degree for tourism destinations considering the stakeholder's preferences. Their opinions were included in the overall process during the choice of the initial indicators and determining the weights. Additionally, in the aggregation process, a sustainability index was calculated with a multiple criteria decision theory methodology, according to its ability to embrace the participant opinions in the decision-making process. Results allows determining the sustainability degree and the identification of strengths and weaknesses in terms of goals attainment. To corroborate the robustness of the index, an analysis of the rankings was performed.


type: J
volume: 63
beginPage: 101
endPage: 111
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.03.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000400219100011
year: 2017
authors: Jang, YJ, Zheng, TS, Bosselman, R
title:
Top managers' environmental values, leadership, and stakeholder engagement in promoting environmental sustainability in the restaurant industry

docAbstract:
This study examines the role of top managers' values and leadership in advancing environmental sustainability. It also investigates the effects of stakeholder engagement on restaurants' environmental sustainability and assesses the impact of related practices on restaurant performance. A web-based survey was administered to collect data from top-level restaurant managers in the United States. The sample was selected from panels recruited by a research company specializing in panel surveys. Invitation emails were sent to 2500 managers and 240 responses were returned, 218 of which were retained for final analysis (response rate: 8.7%). Structural equation modeling was used for testing hypothetical relationships among key constructs in the proposed research model: environmental values, leadership, stakeholder engagement, environmental sustainability, and restaurant performance. Findings confirmed the significant role of top management values and leadership in advancing environmental commitment. The results also demonstrated the strong impact of stakeholder engagement on restaurants' commitment to environmental sustainability. Finally, they indicated the positive influence of restaurants' environmental sustainability performance on both financial and nonfinancial performance. The study presents a theoretical framework, integrating theories or models from extant literature, and contributes to an enhanced understanding of restaurants' environmental sustainability. The findings suggest several practical implications for managers in the restaurant industry. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Saving energy and water in tourist accommodation: A systematic literature review (1987-2015)
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 289
endPage: 303
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2112
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000400681600003
year: 2017
authors: Becken, S, Warren, C
docAbstract:
Current climate change policy and sustainable tourism goals require tourist accommodation to make substantial resource savings. This integrated energy and water systematic literature review analysed 110 key papers that contribute to understanding savings potentials and new opportunities. Findings identify substantial gaps that suggest that there is insufficient guidance on how to reduce resources and progress sustainability-oriented innovation. Benchmarks for energy and water were compiled alongside potential resource savings. Findings indicate opportunities for stronger collaborative effort particularly in areas of nonhotel accommodation, water savings, and guest behaviour, which are almost unstudied. A research framework to advance energy and water saving innovations is proposed.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 2
beginPage: 429
endPage: 447
doi: 10.5367/te.2015.0510
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000398968100011
year: 2017
authors: Hua, N, DeFranco, AL, Morosan, C
title:
Moderating the impact of e-commerce expenses on financial performance in US upper upscale hotels: The role of property size

docAbstract:
The heavily fragmented hotel industry, embracing the changes in their guests' use of electronic devices, has spent considerable resources to incorporate electronic commerce (e-commerce) practices. The extant literature offers inconclusive findings with regard to the effect of e-commerce on firm performance, especially when firm size is considered. Given the high fragmentation of size in the hotel industry, understanding its role in the deployment of e-commerce could result in substantial benefits for both hotel firms and consumers. Using the financial performance of 689 observations of over 110 hotels during 2007-2012, this study finds that e-commerce expenses positively impact firm performance, and that firm size moderates the relationship between e-commerce expenses and firm performance.


