# Document

title: Gap analysis of green hotel marketing
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 7
beginPage: 1017
endPage: 1048
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-09-2012-0156
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000325119200004
year: 2013
authors: Chan, ESW
docAbstract:
Purpose - The green marketing concept emerged in the late 1980s, and many hotels have since implemented a variety of green marketing strategies, such as the use of the "green hotel" label to project a green image and attract potential customers. However, some companies that have launched environment-based promotions have been accused of "green washing" by their customers. This study aims to investigate the gap between hotel manager and customer perceptions of the relative importance of green marketing-related activities. Design/methodology/approach - Two sets of 30-statement questionnaires designed for hotel managers and customers were used to gauge respondents' perceptions of a variety of hotel green marketing-related activities. Independent samples t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the significant differences between the ways in which hotel managers and customers rate the importance of these activities. Findings - The two statements that gained the highest level of agreement amongst both hotel managers and customers were: "The internet is an effective channel for marketing a hotel's green initiatives directly to customers"; and "Green hotels can elevate industry members' image and reputation to attract green tourists who demand green accommodation when travelling". Both also perceived: "The environmental claims in advertisements are often met with criticism from competitors and consumer organisations"; "Hotel customers are willing to pay a higher price for eco-facilities"; and "Customers are willing to pay a higher green price if part of the amount paid is donated to green activities" to be the three least important statements. The results also indicated ten over-perceptions and three under-perceptions amongst hotel managers, thus implying that they may require a better understanding of customer expectations. Several demographic differences were also identified. Female hotel managers and customers were found to be more concerned with green hotel products and a green image; hotel managers aged over 59 were found to have reservations about certain green marketing strategies probably because of service quality issues, although green supporters are in general older than average; younger customers aged between 20-29 become more concerned about environmental issues; and customers with a Master degree level of education or above challenged whether hotels are truly innovative in their development of green products and services and had reservations about the use of eco-labels. Research limitations/implications - The results of this study may not reflect the full picture of managerial perceptions of green hotel marketing, as the sample was restricted to hotels on the Hong Kong Hotels Association list. Researchers may thus wish to undertake further studies with larger hotel samples over a longer time period in future. Drawing on the foundations laid by this study, future researchers may also wish to investigate smaller, lower-ranked hotels, which may experience greater challenges in implementing green marketing strategies than those considered here. Originality/value - Few studies to date have investigated green hotel marketing. The findings of this study can be viewed as a preliminary step towards greater understanding of green hotel marketing-related activities.


title: Environmental management decision-making in certified hotels
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 361
endPage: 381
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.530350
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000288676800006
year: 2011
authors: Font, X, Bonilla-Priego, MJ, Najera, JJ
docAbstract:
This paper analyses environmental decision-making against two axes, motivations and decision-making processes, to understand the reasons for pro-environmental behaviour by the managements of Spanish Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)-certified hotels. Mixed methods were used to study perceptions of EMAS and reasons for being certified, with current and lapsed EMAS-certified firms triangulated against expert interviews and documentary evidence. Four groups of hotels were differentiated: Strategic hotels (22%) (with high levels of integrated environmental management), Followers (48%), Greenwashers (11%) and Laggers (19%) (with low levels of integrated environmental management). Most hotels were found to be internally driven in their purpose and ad hoc in their decision-making, with limited understanding of externally driven benefits and motivation for more systematic management systems. This questions the success of EMAS as both a continuous improvement management and as a market-based regulation tool for hotels. Few hotels overall related high environmental standards to the possibilities of gaining market advantage: most wished to avoid legal challenges. The paper also illustrates the ways in which hotels opportunistically switch certification systems to get what they see as a better deal.


title: Coastal tourism and shoreline management
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 4
beginPage: 899
endPage: 922
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.02.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000225843900008
year: 2004
authors: Jennings, S
docAbstract:
This paper examines the environmental factors and the policy framework that have driven new approaches to shoreline management since the mid-90s, and how they interact with tourism development. The paper argues that resorts in the rejuvenation stage have limited options for coastal defense strategies due to the value of their economic (built) assets, unless redevelopment allows coastal re-alignment, while resorts placed earlier in the cycle can implement more sustainable strategies that work with the "natural" environment. However, environmental quality is not Coupled to resort cycle stage. It can be enhanced at any stage, but especially so in the earlier and late (rejuvenation) stages. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Hotel employees' perceptions on corporate social responsibility: The case of Hong Kong
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 4
beginPage: 1143
endPage: 1154
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.02.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306448000013
year: 2012
authors: Tsai, H, Tsang, NKF, Cheng, SKY
docAbstract:
This study examines the perceived importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) attributes of Hong Kong hotel employees and their hotels' performance on those attributes, and to determine underlying performance factors that ultimately lead to the perceived overall CSR effectiveness of hotels. The importance-performance analysis results show that Hong Kong hotels generally performed well on 17 out of the indicated 30 CSR attributes. Furthermore, the attribute "promote innovation in products and services" was considered to be overkill, and another attribute, "demonstrates a commitment to the environment," requires the immediate attention of hotels. Six performance factors were extracted and Hong Kong hotels performed best in the area of finance. The factors "state of affairs" and "novelty" positively and significantly affected employees' perceived overall CSR effectiveness of their hotels. Almost 70% of the respondents agreed that Hong Kong hotels had been effective in carrying out their CSR. Hotels in Hong Kong should find our study results helpful in pinpointing CSR attributes considered of various importance and performance levels from the perspective of one of their important stakeholders, their employees. In particular, the relatively low awareness toward the environment of both the employees and the hotels should alert the hotel management to invest greater efforts in environmental protection. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Event tourism governance and the public sphere
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4-5
beginPage: 479
endPage: 499
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.573074
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291812800005
year: 2011
authors: Whitford, M, Dredge, D
docAbstract:
Political and sociological shifts have profoundly affected state, business and civil society relationships. This paper explores governance as a new form of public-private policymaking wherein stakeholders deliberate on and take action to achieve common goals. It examines how different public spheres facilitate (or not) sustainability debates, and specifically facilitate (or not) discussion about sustainable tourism. Using a case study of the 2009 Australian World Rally Championship, the paper explores the development of the public sphere. Tuckman's group development process - forming, storming, norming and performing - is employed as a lens to understand these processes. Key findings include: the way the public sphere is constituted has a major influence on the dialogue that takes place; citizens are currently reactive, rather than strategic and creative in their engagement; the othird wayo project, seeking to empower communities, requires government commitment; there is a blurring of public-private interests; control of knowledge and expertise within the public sphere is largely controlled by corporate and state interests; fast action to secure events prevents debate and engagement; and a discursive public sphere is essential for transparent and accountable governance, and sustainable development, and to move beyond government by powerful corporate interests and extra-local rule systems.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 6
beginPage: 767
endPage: 781
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.544741
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299287800006
year: 2011
authors: Pickering, C
title:
Changes in demand for tourism with climate change: a case study of visitation patterns to six ski resorts in Australia

docAbstract:
Tourism in ski resorts depends on snow cover which is expected to decline with climate change. This paper explores hypotheses about demand side responses to climatic change by analyzing patterns of visitation in recent years with differing snow cover. Snow cover and visitation patterns to six resorts which differ in altitude and size in Victoria, Australia, were compared between a slightly warm and much drier year (2006, + 0.6 degrees C and -50% precipitation to longer-term averages) to a more typical year (2007) and to nine earlier years. Snowmaking partly offset declines in natural snow cover in 2006, although there were still fewer days with snow on the ground. The number of visitor days was much lower in 2006 than the previous nine years for the three lowest-altitude resorts (-69%), while it actually increased (+10%) in the highest altitude resort where there were fewer visitors (-17%), but they stayed longer. Snowmaking is already critical for ski resorts in low snow years. With warmer conditions, lower-altitude resorts may not receive enough income due to reduced visitation to offset snowmaking costs, while higher-altitude resorts may have a short-term gain, but become uneconomical in the longer term.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 6
beginPage: 811
endPage: 828
doi: 10.1080/09669581003690478
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000278922500006
year: 2010
authors: Lee, CF, Huang, HI, Yeh, HR
title:
Developing an evaluation model for destination attractiveness: sustainable forest recreation tourism in Taiwan

docAbstract:
This study explores the opinions of an expert panel on factors affecting the attractiveness of forest recreation tourism in Taiwan. Twenty-three determinants of destination attractiveness were selected by reviewing the relevant literature. The relative importance of these determinants was analyzed by a panel of experts using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. Results show that the uniqueness of forest landscapes and scenery and special climate phenomena are two of the most important attributes determining the attractiveness of forest recreation tourism. The reliability and convenience of access to forest recreation sites owing to their remote location are also highly evaluated. The provision of high-quality accommodation and cuisine is considered an essential component to enrich visitors' recreational experience in forest settings. The major implications for both the public and private sectors to achieve long-term sustainability are threefold: ensuring sustainable use of natural environment, enhancing the reliability of access modes to the destination, and improving the quality of lodging facilities and catering services. Together these three requirements can help create socioeconomic sustainability in remote forest communities with limited alternative employment opportunities.


title: Indigenous tourism stages and their implications for sustainability
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 43
endPage: 60
doi: 10.1080/09669580903072001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277591000004
year: 2010
authors: Weaver, D
docAbstract:
This paper assesses the evolution of the relationship between tourism and indigenous peoples. Based on published work on indigenous tourism in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States, a six-stage model of evolution has been proposed. The model begins with (1) pre-European in situ control, characterised by high local control and indigenous theme; (2) in situ exposure occurs in the early stages of colonialism and is followed by (3) ex situ exhibitionism and exploitation as native artefacts are displayed in museums and exhibitions. The opening of remnant indigenous space to tourist visits marks (4) in situ exhibitionism and exploitation, which represents the nadir of indigenous control but fosters strategies of resistance. Reassertions of indigenous control give rise to (5) in situ quasi-empowerment, while the extension of this control to previously occupied territory characterises (6) ex situ quasi-empowerment and the presence of oshadow indigenous tourismo. The empowerment and sustainability implications of the model have also been discussed.


title: Residents' attitudes and perception towards tourism development: A case study of Masooleh, Iran
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 6
beginPage: 1233
endPage: 1236
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000260645200019
year: 2008
authors: Musa, G, Zamani-Farahani, H
docAbstract:
Masooleh, a protected national heritage town of Iran is characterized by the unique architecture of its inhabitants. This research note examines the residents' profile, attitudes, and perception towards tourism development. Based on 250 respondents interviewed, the majority are male, young and married. Even though local people strongly support tourism development, they are involved little with the planning and management of tourism in the region. It is proposed that for the sustainability of tourism development, future planning should consider the inclusion of local people. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 38
beginPage: 20
endPage: 30
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000319311500007
year: 2013
authors: Lee, S, Seo, K, Sharma, A
title:
Corporate social responsibility and firm performance in the airline industry: The moderating role of oil prices

docAbstract:
This study, first, proposes corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions as associated with operation-relatedness (i.e., operation-related [OR] and non-operation-related [Non-OR] CSR activities), following the Carroll CSR framework. In addition, the study examines and compares the effects of OR and Non-OR CSR dimensions on U.S. airlines' performances, and the final examination concerns the moderating effect of oil prices on the relationship between the OR (Non-OR) CSR dimension and firm performance. Findings of this study support a positive main effect from OR on firm performance. In addition, findings support the positive (negative) moderating effect of oil prices on the relationship between OR (Non-OR) CSR dimension. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 32
issue: 5
beginPage: 1050
endPage: 1060
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.09.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291190100010
year: 2011
authors: Mbaiwa, JE
title:
Changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

docAbstract:
The Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) program in Botswana aims at achieving conservation and rural development. In the Okavango Delta, some communities are involved in tourism through CBNRM to improve their livelihoods. However, research has not adequately analyzed changes caused by CBNRM on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles. This study, therefore, uses modernization theory to analyze changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by CBNRM at Sankoyo, Mababe and Khwai villages in the Okavango Delta. Using primary and secondary data sources, results indicate that CBNRM is causing a decline in traditional livelihood activities like subsistence hunting, gathering, crop and livestock farming. As a result, a modern cash economy has emerged. New livelihood activities done by communities include: employment in CBNRM projects, the sale of crafts to tourists and thatching grass to tourism lodges. Income derived from CBNRM affords households to build modern houses, buy foreign foods and household equipment like: four-burner gas stoves, kitchen utensils, and satellite televisions. Conversely, this causes a decline in the consumption of traditional foods and the use of huts and household utensils. CBNRM is thus a modernization tool since it is causing a transformation of traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles. However, even though changes in livelihood activities and lifestyles may be an indication of the dynamism of culture in study villages, sudden change and modernization may increase livelihood insecurity. As such, tourism planning should ensure that modernization is sensitive to traditional economic systems and the need for rural livelihood sustainability. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 46
issue: 4
beginPage: 368
endPage: 380
doi: 10.1177/0047287507308324
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000266554300002
year: 2008
authors: Rodriguez-Diaz, M, Espino-Rodriguez, TF
title:
A Model of Strategic Evaluation of a Tourism Destination Based on Internal and Relational Capabilities

docAbstract:
The complex reality of a tourist destination requires it to be managed as an integrated system. This work presents a strategic evaluation model of tourist destinations that permits their reality at a given moment to be visualized from an overall perspective. To that end, the model, which focuses on tourism supply chain management, specifies the principal attributes determining destination competitiveness. On that basis, this work analyzes the internal and relational capabilities of each attribute represented in a matrix according to their strategic value. This theoretical framework is empirically tested by means of a study to evaluate the tourist destination of Gran Canaria, which reflects the competitive reality of a mature destination. The results indicate that integrating measures based on sustainability must be taken to be able to re-launch the destination.


title: A sustainable supply chain management framework for tour operators
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 298
endPage: 314
doi: 10.2167/jost785.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000258518700004
year: 2008
authors: Font, X, Schwartz, K, Tapper, R
docAbstract:
This paper presents a framework for tour operators to use in the implementation of supply chain management processes to improve sustainability performance. This is critical for a sector that historically has treated impacts as externalities and suppliers as commodities, and in which recent sustainability actions have been informal or eco-savings-led. This framework is part of the outcome from the EU-funded 'Travelife' programme, which is a joint initiative from European tour operator associations and sustainability standard-setting stakeholders. The framework has been designed as a series of industry-relevant steps: engaging the business and setting policies, integrating sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) into the business, assessing suppliers, setting priorities for actions and evaluating progress. The discussion here considers current tour operator approaches to sustainability, how the framework may be implemented by specialist and mass-market operators, and the challenges faced if these early steps are to lead to widespread, full implementation of SSCM initiatives.


title: Marketing of tourism: a paradigm shift toward sustainability
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 2
beginPage: 117
endPage: 130
doi: 10.1108/17506180710751669
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213906400001
year: 2007
authors: Jamrozy, U
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to suggest a shift in the tourism marketing paradigm away from economic profit priorities toward sustainability. The sustainability approach adopts a holistic, integrated view of marketing, considering social equity, environmental protection, and economic livability. The paper seeks to examine the evolving model for the tourism marketing environment. Design/methodology/approach - The paradigm shift naturally occurs by tracing the evolution of marketing approaches from production, sales, and a consumer orientation toward marketing alternatives such as societal, causal, green, responsible, and relationship marketing. Adapting a living system theory to tourism marketing, a sustainable tourism marketing model integrates tourism into a larger holistic context and focuses on marketing a quality of life for all stakeholders in the system. Findings - While alternative approaches to tourism marketing include societal consideration such as tourism impacts and environmental segmentation strategies, this paper considers the triple bottom line as more sustainable objectives in tourism marketing and adopts an integrated view on tourism marketing. Research limitations/implications - The model suggests a paradigm shift that needs to be explored further. Practical implications - The paper illustrates how tourism marketing can be integrated into more sustainable urban marketing strategies. Originality/value - Instead of viewing tourism as a separate for profit industry, the model suggests an integration of tourism into a holistic, sustainable, quality of life marketing approach of living communities.


type: J
volume: 31
issue: 1
beginPage: 18
endPage: 34
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000080270400002
year: 1999
authors: Tarrant, MA, Cordell, HK
title:
Environmental justice and the spatial distribution of outdoor recreation sites: an application of geographic information systems

docAbstract:
This study examines the spatial distribution of outdoor recreation sites and their proximity to census block groups (CBGs), in order to determine potential socioeconomic inequities. It is framed within the context of environmental justice. Information from the Southern Appalachian Assessment database was applied to a case study of the Chattahoochee National Forest in North Georgia. Outdoor recreation sites (campgrounds, wilderness areas, good/poor fisheries habitat, and overcrowded recreation sites) were mapped using geographic information systems. All CBGs (n = 200) contained by, and within 1500 meters (approximately one mile), of the Chattahoochee National Forest were identified and characterized by four socioeconomic variables (race, household income, heritage, and occupation). Logit analysis was conducted to determine the spatial relationships between outdoor recreation sites and CBG variables. Results show that household income was the only significant predictor (p < .05) of proximity to outdoor recreation sites. CBGs with a higher proportion of lower income households were significantly more likely to be situated within 1500 meters of a wilderness area, campground, and/or good fisheries habitat than CBGs with higher incomes. Implications for identifying recreation as a locally desirable or undesirable land-use, applying benefits-based management, and considering sustainable community development in national forest management are addressed.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1179
endPage: 1197
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.836210
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362339600003
year: 2015
authors: Kastenholz, E, Sidali, KL, Bianchi, R
title:
Food tourism, niche markets and products in rural tourism: combining the intimacy model and the experience economy as a rural development strategy

docAbstract:
The countryside hosts an increasing number of alternative food networks: rural tourists can play an important role in acting as both consumer and cultural broker between these networks. This paper provides a theoretical framework for niche marketing food specialties in rural tourism by combining two different consumer behavioural theories, the experience economy and the intimacy model, representing a reorientation from classical marketing thinking. It explores the meaning of local food, including the pursuit of reconnection with nature, resilience to globalisation, the role of local food in reinforcing personal identity, the search for freshness, taste and authenticity, support for local producers, and environmental concerns. It considers the challenges for rural entrepreneurs and policy makers in marketing food specialties and rural regions to the post-modern consumer. Using examples derived mostly from secondary literature it identifies seven dimensions that elevate food products to an appealing culinary niche, namely, coherence, anti-capitalistic attitude, struggle against extinction, personal signature, mutual-disclosure, rituals of spatial and physical proximity, and sustainability-related practices. Food providers may use these features to signal food distinctiveness to rural tourists; policy makers can include them in their regional development models to enhance rural tourism without altering historically, socially, and environmentally layered culinary traditions.


title: Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry
type: J
volume: 41
beginPage: 77
endPage: 87
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.05.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000340331100010
year: 2014
authors: Quintana-Garcia, C, Marchante-Lara, M, Benavides-Velasco, CA
docAbstract:
Total quality management (TQM) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are relevant management philosophies in the hotel industry to be able to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. This paper examines how the implementation of both TQM and CSR influences the results of hotels' stakeholders as an antecedent of business performance. An empirical study of a sample of 141 Spanish hotels from the Andalusian region shows that the adoption of such approaches improves the capacity of hotels to create benefits for their stakeholders, and these results have a positive effect on hotel performance. The study also provides evidence of the complementarity of both management philosophies as TQM can enhance the development of CSR. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sustainability in the global hotel industry
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 1
beginPage: 5
endPage: 17
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-10-2012-0180
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330258700002
year: 2014
authors: Jones, P, Hillier, D, Comfort, D
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide an exploratory review of how the global hotel industry publicly communicates its approach to sustainability. Design/methodology/approach - The paper begins with an outline of the growing importance of sustainability within the hospitality industry and a short discussion of the characteristics of sustainability. The paper draws its empirical material from the most recent information on sustainability posted on the world's leading hotel chains' corporate websites. Findings - The findings reveal that while there is considerable variation in the information the leading hotel chains provided publicly on their sustainability commitments and achievements, they embrace a wide range of environmental, social and economic issues. More critically, the authors argue that these commitments are driven more by the search for efficiency gains, that they are couched within existing business models centred on continuing growth, and that as such the global hotel industry is currently pursuing a "weak" rather than a "strong" model of sustainability. Practical implications - The paper suggests that although the leading global hotel companies are well placed to take a leading role in promoting sustainability, they may need to extend their sustainability reporting and to introduce external assurance procedures. Originality/value - The paper provides an accessible review of the sustainability agendas currently being pursued within the global hotel industry and as such it will interest academics, students and practitioners interested in both the hospitality industry and corporate.sustainability strategies.


title: BEYOND GROWTH Reaching Tourism-Led Development
type: J
volume: 37
issue: 4
beginPage: 1141
endPage: 1163
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.05.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000282554000013
year: 2010
authors: Matarrita-Cascante, D
docAbstract:
Many communities around the world seek tourism to improve their livelihoods. The changes brought by tourism are often reflected in economic and infrastructural growth. Nevertheless, such growth does not always reflect development. goals. Framed around interactional theory, this study intends to open the "black box" of community relations by examining the causal factors, processes, and outcomes associated with tourism-led development. A case study methodology was applied in two amenity-rich Costa Rican communities known to present divergent growth and development outcomes after their incursion in tourism. The study findings suggest the critical relevance of open communication, widespread participation, tolerance, and communion among residents and different tourism-related stakeholders for the promotion of processes leading to tourism-led development.


title: Sustainable urban tourism: understanding and developing visitor pro-environmental behaviours
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 1
beginPage: 26
endPage: 46
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.912219
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345321700003
year: 2015
authors: Coghlan, A, Miller, D, Merrilees, B
docAbstract:
This paper shifts the debate on sustainable tourism destinations from an emphasis on ecotourism and eco-resorts towards sustainable urban tourism destinations. A quantitative online survey of visitors to Melbourne, Australia, examined tourists' pro-environmental behaviours in four major categories: recycling; green transport use; sustainable energy/material use (lighting/water usage), and green food consumption. It explores five major antecedents to those categories: habitual behaviour, environmental attitudes, facilities available, a need to take a break from environmental duties, and sense of tourist social responsibility. The paper also examines the poorly understood belief that pro-environmental behaviour weakens when residents become tourists. Existing habits were found to strongly influence all four urban pro-environmental behaviours. Available facilities are the second most important antecedent. Overall, urban tourist pro-environment behaviour drivers differ markedly from those of residents or ecotourists. A range of tourism industry and public sector agency policy recommendations are made, in terms of developing specific, well sited and easy to find/use environmental infrastructure assets such as recycling facilities and public transport, reducing implementation barriers and in formulating an overall pro-environmental image for the destination. The study envisages a new concept, tourist social responsibility, with high relevance to furthering tourism's sustainability.


title: Olympic Games Legacy: From General Benefits to Sustainable Long-Term Legacy
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 6
beginPage: 924
endPage: 943
doi: 10.1080/09523367.2011.623006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304241900008
year: 2012
authors: Leopkey, B, Parent, MM
docAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to map and contextualise the evolution of the concept of legacy over time using bid and final report documentation from Olympic Games host and candidate cities. As a result of the increased importance of legacy in the modern Olympic movement, many trends have emerged. Examples of modern trends include numerous new legacy themes (e. g. environmental, information, educational); changes in the types of legacy being emphasised (e. g. closer links to city and regional planning initiatives and legacy sustainability), its increasing complexity and interconnectedness found within the typology of legacies, and legacy's overall governance including major influencers and decision makers.


type: J
volume: 30
issue: 6
beginPage: 867
endPage: 877
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270345600010
year: 2009
authors: Connell, J, Page, SJ, Bentley, T
title:
Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: Monitoring local government planning under the Resource Management Act

docAbstract:
In the light of the increasing pace and scale of tourism activity in New Zealand, the concept of sustainable tourism has become a key ingredient in the nation's tourism strategy. This paper explores sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand at the level of local government, and in particular, focuses on the implementation of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) as a mechanism for achieving sustainable tourism. Using the findings of a survey of Regional Councils and Territorial Local Authorities, the paper explores public sector planning responses to tourism impacts and sustainability concerns in New Zealand. The paper extends the earlier work of Page and Thorn (1997. Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: public sector planning responses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 5(1): 59-77; 2002. Towards sustainable tourism development and planning in New Zealand: the public sector response revisited. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(3): 222-238), which identified major issues of concern at local council level with regard to tourism impacts and argued the need for a national vision for tourism to ensure that the RMA achieved its original goals. Since then, a national tourism strategy has been published and changes in legislation have further empowered local authorities to further progress the sustainability agenda. This paper examines these developments and the ensuing implications, concluding that significant progress has been made in developing tourism policies at the local level, but that a number of constraints and issues limit the development of New Zealand as a sustainable destination. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 53
issue: 4
beginPage: 403
endPage: 417
doi: 10.1177/0047287513506298
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000337581000001
year: 2014
authors: Beritelli, P, Bieger, T, Laesser, C
title:
The New Frontiers of Destination Management: Applying Variable Geometry as a Function-Based Approach

docAbstract:
This study challenges the way the research community has approached issues and implemented concepts in the field of destination management. In contrast to previous contributions that deliver a particular framework, this study aims to literally deframe the construct of the destination. To this end, we propose an alternative and dynamic viewpoint for researchers and practitioners that might have evolved decades ago, if the research community had not tried to constrain or reduce the phenomenon of the destination to a comprehensive and inherently static system. We identify the main problems of destination management and attempt to explain the reason for the many failures and shortcomings in practice. Building on an alternative concept, we present its applicability to the case of the currently ongoing reform of the destination management organizations (DMOs) in Switzerland. The study has a conceptual character, although its practical relevance has been proved over the past two years.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 6
beginPage: 942
endPage: 963
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.871021
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334950600006
year: 2014
authors: Smith, VL, Font, X
title:
Volunteer tourism, greenwashing and understanding responsible marketing using market signalling theory

docAbstract:
Volunteer tourism has been heavily criticised for its negative consequences on destinations and volunteers, often the direct result of unrealistic demand-led marketing and lack of consideration for the environmental and social costs of host communities. While some industry participants have responded through adherence to best practice, little information or support is available about how to responsibly market volunteer tourism. This research uses an online content analysis based on the International Voluntourism Guidelines for Commercial Operators to understand the use of responsibility as a market signalling tool. Five influential web pages of eight organisations are scored across 19 responsibility criteria and compared against the organisation's legal status, product type and price. We find that responsibility is not used for market signalling; preference is given to communicating what is easy, and not what is important. The status of the organisation is no guarantee of responsible practice, and price and responsibility communications display an inverse relationship. We conclude volunteer tourism operators are overpositioning and communicating responsibility inconsistently, which highlights greenwashing, requiring at least industry-wide codes of practice, and at best, regulation. This paper reflects on its methodological limitations, and on its practical achievements in encouraging change within some of the organisations examined.


title: Collaboration and Partnership Development for Sustainable Tourism
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 1
beginPage: 25
endPage: 42
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2012.675513
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000314498100003
year: 2013
authors: Graci, S
docAbstract:
For many years, the need to improve sustainability in the tourism industry has been widely recognized. Many destinations have attempted to move toward sustainability, but unfortunately, have been hindered in their attempts by a lack of collaboration among stakeholders that is necessary to support their sustainability agendas. Collaboration, specifically through multi-stakeholder partnerships, has been seen as an effective way to support initiatives in tourism development. Through the lens of Gray's collaboration theory and Selin and Chavez's tourism partnership model, the success of collaboration and partnerships in tourism development on the island of Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, will be examined. Through a multi-method approach consisting of an environmental audit and semi-structured interviews, this paper explores the implementation of a multi-stakeholder partnership. The partnership that has been developed, called the Gili Ecotrust, provides an example of successful collaboration, leading to the implementation of innovative sustainability initiatives on the island.


title: Paths to success: Benchmarking cross-country sustainable tourism
type: J
volume: 33
issue: 5
beginPage: 1044
endPage: 1056
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.12.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000303946900005
year: 2012
authors: Cernat, L, Gourdon, J
docAbstract:
Given the complexity of the issues surrounding the concept of sustainable tourism, the current paper tries to provide a unified methodology to assess tourism sustainability, based on a number of quantitative indicators. The proposed methodological framework (Sustainable Tourism Benchmarking Tool STBT) will provide a number of benchmarks against which the sustainability of tourism activities in various countries can be assessed. A model development procedure is proposed: identification of the dimensions (economic, socio-ecologic, infrastructure) and indicators, method of scaling, chart representation and evaluation on three Asian countries. This application to three countries shows us that a similar level of tourism activity might bring on different sorts of improvements to implement in the tourism activity and might have different consequences for the socio-ecological environment. The heterogeneity of developing countries exposed in the STBT is useful to detect the main problem that each country faces in their tourism sector. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE ACTIVITIES ON AIRLINE COMPANIES
type: J
volume: 34
issue: 2
beginPage: 185
endPage: 203
doi: 10.1177/1096348009349822
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285045500003
year: 2010
authors: Lee, S, Park, SY
docAbstract:
Although the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been recognized as an important ingredient for business success, the relationship between CSR and companies' financial performance has been inconclusive and rarely examined in the airline industry. This study examines the impacts of CSR on airline companies' financial performance in terms of accounting and value performance. In addition, the study investigates linear, quadratic, and cubic relationships between CSR and firm performance. Results show support for a positive and linear impact of CSR on value performance but not on accounting performance for airline companies. The findings can provide airline corporate executives with practical knowledge with which to strategically develop better business plans that incorporate CSR activities.


title: Governance for sustainable tourism: a comparison of international and Dutch visions
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 5
beginPage: 583
endPage: 603
doi: 10.1080/09669580902855836
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000268833500004
year: 2009
authors: Dinica, V
docAbstract:
This study focuses on the role of public authorities in the governance of tourism for sustainable development at national level. Departing from an overview of international recommendations, it analyses whether those recommendations are reflected in the way public authorities influence domestic tourism in the Netherlands. The conclusion is drawn that, currently, the internationally recommended horizontal and vertical coordination of public authorities and their policies is missing. This is largely due to a design approach that follows from neo-liberal principles of governance, as opposed to the sustainability performance of the tourism sector. The paper then discusses the results of a survey carried out to map the extent to which Dutch tourism stakeholders would be in favor of adopting measures to improve coordination. It is concluded that, although there is support for more coordination, there is no converging vision on how specific aspects of it should be best organized. The paper highlights the need for multi-stakeholder debates that should consider the links between governance features and the sustainability performance of tourism.


title: Exploring Fijian's sense of place after exposure to tourism development
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 6
beginPage: 691
endPage: 708
doi: 10.1080/09669580902999196
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000271651100003
year: 2009
authors: Kerstetter, D, Bricker, K
docAbstract:
Tourism, Fiji's largest foreign exchange earner, is growing rapidly. Remote and less developed villages in Fiji's Yasawa archipelago are experiencing some of the greatest tourism growth and impacts on residents' sense of place. This paper uses photo elicitation to address the meanings that residents attach to their oplaceo (i.e. villages). Photo elicitation provides residents with a ovisual voiceo and gives researchers insights into the social or cultural characteristics of the village believed to be integral to sustainability. The results indicated that residents value the Fijian village and way of life, the culture and history associated with traditions, and also new technology and its impact on daily life. They also spoke of the importance of protecting the physical environment as central to the continued maintenance of their traditions and lifestyle as well as tourism. These findings would not have been apparent had traditional methods been used to capture the meanings of sense of place. They lend support for the notion that sense of place is multidimensional, and make evident factors that must be considered by planners and marketers in the development of sustainable products and services.


type: J
volume: 27
issue: 1
beginPage: 69
endPage: 85
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.07.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000234023700007
year: 2006
authors: Meheux, K, Parker, E
title:
Tourist sector perceptions of natural hazards in Vanuatu and the implications for a small island developing state

docAbstract:
Tourism is a popular catalyst for socio-economic development in many small island developing states (SIDS). However, exposure to damaging natural hazards in these nations exacerbates the tourism industry's intrinsic vulnerabilities. The reliance of SIDS on the income-multiplying benefits of tourism make the sustainability of the industry imperative, but the vulnerability of tourism to natural hazards endangers this sustainability. The perception of natural hazards held by tourism managers may influence the adoption of appropriate mitigation and preparedness measures and thus, decrease vulnerability and increase sustainability. Accordingly, this paper presents the method and findings of a pilot study into the accuracy of natural hazard perceptions held by members of the tourism industry in Tanna, an island in the South West Pacific SIDS of Vanuatu. The study finds that perceptions are generally accurate within the industry. However, there is scope for improvement in the prevalence of accurate perceptions. It is recommended that this be achieved through the development and implementation of a comprehensive natural hazards awareness strategy, details of the format and structure of such a strategy are detailed within. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Rural Tourism Development in China
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 5
beginPage: 439
endPage: 450
doi: 10.1002/jtr.712
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270955500002
year: 2009
authors: Gao, SL, Huang, SS, Huang, YC
docAbstract:
This paper provides an overview and brief evaluation of China's rural tourism. Beginning with the form of poverty alleviation through tourism, China's rural tourism has undergone over 20 years of development and exhibited some unique features in its development pattern, scale and business operational models in accordance with China's political, social and economic systems. Government plays a decisive role in developing rural tourism in China. However, rural tourism has been valued mainly as an economic means for rural development during the country's modernisation process. Overlooking rurality as an essential issue in rural tourism may lead development to a wrong direction, which could jeopardise the sustainability of the industry. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: The future of the State-owned hotels in China: Stay or go?
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 3
beginPage: 355
endPage: 367
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.10.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000256999700006
year: 2008
authors: Mak, B
docAbstract:
Hotel sector was the first one to employ joint venture in China after its 'Open Door Policy' in 1978. In transition from production unit to business unit, the operating system of China's State-owned hotels (SOHs) has changed greatly. Though its hotel industry has become more open, many of the tourist hotels are still State-owned enterprises (SOEs) today, and they account for over half of the loss of all hotels in the country. This study aims to find out: first, critical issues causing those problems facing the SOHs; second, factors affecting the development of SOHs, and third, their future. Government ownership and its related problems, such as complicated ownership, bureaucratic structure and control, add difficulty to restructure SOHs. The future of the SOHs in China regarding whether to stay or to go very much depends on government policy and commitment on restructuring the industry which is vital to success and sustainability of SOHs in the socialist market economy environment. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: An Examination of the Validity of SUS-TAS in Cross-Cultures
type: J
volume: 46
issue: 4
beginPage: 414
endPage: 421
doi: 10.1177/0047287507308328
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000266554300006
year: 2008
authors: Sirakaya-Turk, E, Ekinci, Y, Kaya, AG
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to validate the Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale (SUS-TAS), which measures residents' attitudes toward sustainable tourism development. Using two data sets from Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess psychometric properties of SUS-TAS. Although the original SUS-TAS items were reduced in number from 44 to 33, the revised scale demonstrated good psychometric properties. The data supported validity of the original seven SUS-TAS dimensions in two samples. Furthermore, the final version of SUS-TAS demonstrated adequate construct validity and good internal consistency. The findings of the study suggest that SUS-TAS can be used to assess resident attitudes toward sustainable tourism development in cross-cultural settings.


title: Tourism Research in China: Understanding the Unique Cultural Contexts and Complexities
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 6
beginPage: 473
endPage: 491
doi: 10.1080/13683500802475737
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207736700001
year: 2008
authors: Xu, HG, Packer, J, Ding, PY
docAbstract:
China provides many interesting opportunities for tourism research owing to its unique historic, economic and cultural background. This paper provides an overview of tourism research in China and provides an insight into the unique cultural contexts and complexities that have influenced tourism development and tourist behaviour. The perspectives, traditions and contexts of Chinese tourism research are explored by focussing on two important research areas: tourism development and tourism cultural studies. As a result of China's increasing openness to the international academic world, Western tourism research has begun to have a significant impact on research in China. However, the uncritical adoption of Western theories and research paradigms is not always appropriate. Key issues for facilitating the future development of tourism research in China are discussed.


title: ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING AND MEASURES AT SCANDIC HOTELS, SWEDEN
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 7
endPage: 19
doi: 10.3727/154427205774791744
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213632300002
year: 2005
authors: Bohdanowicz, P, Simanic, B, Martinac, I
docAbstract:
Mass tourism destinations and facilities, accounting for the most significant share of the global tourism market, are still largely managed with little or no environmental concern. The willingness and ability of facility management and staff to adopt greater environmental awareness and responsibility is crucial in striving towards a higher degree of sustainability in the tourism sector. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the environmental proactiveness and ground-breaking work that has been carried out within the Scandic hotel chain over the past decade. This is an account of how environmental responsibility can become a top corporate priority and lead to significantly decreased environmental impacts, excellent economic performance, and a considerably upgraded environmental image.


title: Community involvement in tourism infrastructure - the case of the Strahan Visitor Centre, Tasmania
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 289
endPage: 308
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00072-9
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000183609000005
year: 2003
authors: Fallon, LD, Kriwoken, LK
docAbstract:
This paper presents a case study of the Strahan Visitor Centre, Tasmania, Australia. We surveyed 252 on-site visitors using a structured questionnaire to determine who used the Centre and their assessment of the facility. Eight key informants with direct experience in Tasmania's tourism industry, or the design, management and operation of visitor centres, were interviewed to elicit their opinions on the Centre and the associated interpretation. The case study results, together with the qualitative, semi-structured key informant interviews, are used to discuss the main elements supporting sustainable visitor centres. This research identifies that it is not enough to only assess a visitor centre's sustainability by its popularity with visitors. It is also important to consider the needs of managers, operators, and local and cultural communities. Recommendations include adopting a consultative approach and involving stakeholders when planning, designing and operating visitor centres and valuing community, cultural and social capital when constructing new facilities. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 34
beginPage: 19
endPage: 30
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.01.010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320568300004
year: 2013
authors: Kucukusta, D, Mak, A, Chan, X
title:
Corporate social responsibility practices in four and five-star hotels: Perspectives from Hong Kong visitors

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of visitors to Hong Kong (HK) toward the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of its four-and five-star hotels. Adopting a quantitative approach, a questionnaire was developed based on the current CSR practices of nine four-and five-star HK hotels as identified from the Forbes Travel Guide (2012). A sample of 150 HK visitors was surveyed at the Victoria Peak, Avenue of Stars, and Ladies' Market, respectively. Factor analysis was used to identify the CSR factors perceived by the respondents and a regression analysis performed to evaluate the specific relationship between them and HK visitors' attitudes toward hotels adopting such practices. The results show that respondents identified five CSR factors (community, policy, mission and vision, workforce, and environment). Among these factors, environment and mission and vision had the strongest predictive power in explaining HK visitors' preference to stay, willingness to pay, perception of service quality, and brand image. It is suggested that hotels should therefore emphasize these two areas in their CSR programs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 34
beginPage: 231
endPage: 235
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.01.017
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000310767000023
year: 2013
authors: Gu, HM, Ryan, C, Bin, L, Wei, G
title:
Political connections, guanxi and adoption of CSR policies in the Chinese hotel industry: Is there a link?

docAbstract:
This research note examines the existence of a potential relationship between the political connections possessed by senior Chinese hotel managers and their adoption of corporate socially responsible (CSR) policies in the Chinese hotel industry. Given (a) China's Green Hotel policy and (b) a broader context where, it is argued political connections and guanxi are a means by which the State seeks to advance desired economic reforms and counter corruption practice, it is suggested that those hotels with better political connections may show evidence of higher levels of awareness and adoption of CSR policies. The data are derived from a usable sample of 404 senior hotel managers. The findings show a positive relationship between the variables of 'political connectedness' and 'CSR adoption' in areas relating to environmental and philanthropic action, but less of a relationship in other CSR areas such as human resource management and guest relationships. The implications for future research are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 33
issue: 6
beginPage: 1337
endPage: 1346
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.12.017
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306639600006
year: 2012
title:
Carrying capacity assessment for tourist destinations. Methodology for the creation of synthetic indicators applied in a coastal area

docAbstract:
The growth and expansion of tourism is a complex phenomenon and its study requires multiple disciplines. When related to sustainability, the growth limits and carrying capacity of destinations must also be considered. The objective of this article is to develop a methodology to assess the growth limits of tourist destinations, and this method is then applied to the management and planning of an open tourist resort. The limits to growth are established using a mathematical formulation (i.e., multicriteria analyses, based on the reference point methodology) based on synthetic indicators applied to two scenarios: weak and strong sustainability. There are two developments in this type of research. The first is that the application of this method is neither restricted to a natural protected area, which has its own rules and management, nor to an island possessing geographically controlled entry and exit points. Rather, this study focuses on an open coastal area with an economy based on mass tourism. Second, this new way of assessing growth limits uses a flexible formula - adaptable to other coastal areas, e.g., rural, natural, and urban - depending on the impacts generated by the tourism and the objectives specified by destination managers. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

authors:
Jurado, EN, Tejada, MT, Garcia, FA, Gonzalez, JC, Macias, RC, Pena, JD, Gutierrez, FF, Fernandez, GG, Gallego, ML, Garcia, GM, Gutierrez, OM, Concha, FN, de la Rua, FR, Sinoga, JR, Becerra, FS


title: Does Triple Bottom Line reporting improve hotel performance?
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 2
beginPage: 596
endPage: 600
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.08.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000300467900033
year: 2012
authors: Cvelbar, LK, Assaf, AG, Josiassen, A
docAbstract:
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) reporting is a comprehensive approach to achieve sustainability as it integrates reporting on environmental, social and financial issues. While society is pushing hotels to increase their commitment to TBL reporting, opinions are divided as to whether TBL reporting affects hotel performance. The present study uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method to address this important question. Our results, based on a sample of Slovenian hotels, support the hypotheses that more extensive reporting on environmental, social and financial issues lead to better hotel performance. We show that reporting on environmental issues has a slightly higher impact on performance than reporting on social and financial issues. We discuss the implications of the study and provide directions for future research. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 15
issue: 1
beginPage: 109
endPage: 124
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208911700010
year: 2012
authors: Casey, MM, Payne, WR, Eime, RM
title:
Organisational readiness and capacity building strategies of sporting organisations to promote health

docAbstract:
This paper explored the readiness of Victorian State Sporting Organisations (SSOs) in Australia to implement health promotion (HP) programs and sought to understand how they implemented capacity building strategies to promote health. Ten SSOs that received funding to develop and implement HP were recruited for the study. Interviews were conducted with key staff from SSOs and focus groups were undertaken with their Boards of Management. Factors analysed were SSO organisational readiness and capacity building strategies to implement change in organisational processes, organisation and resources, and systems and controls. SSOs made a concerted effort to create and support sport and recreation contexts that promote healthy behaviours. A number of SSOs achieved changes in their culture and systems by implementing formalised and systematic programs such as the club development program. The club development program supported the implementation and sustainability of HP throughout the organisational system of the SSO. These changes, however, were dependent upon organisational readiness; particularly climate and capacity, whereby financially "well off" SSOs had the capacity to engage in HP in a significant way. This paper highlights opportunities and challenges for policy makers to fund HP within sporting organisations; especially when the delivery of sport is a more immediate responsibility than HP. (C) 2011 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Tourism life cycle and sustainability analysis: Profit-focused strategies for mature destinations
type: J
volume: 33
issue: 1
beginPage: 188
endPage: 194
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000295444400021
year: 2012
authors: Kozak, M, Martin, D
docAbstract:
Tourist destinations tend to follow similar development patterns. Eventually, all destinations enter the market maturity stage leading to a decline in visitors. To prevent visitor decline, tourism managers and policy makers try to reposition their destinations appealing to more tourist segments. A multi-segment strategy is expensive and may create a fuzzy destination image, further accelerating the decline. An alternative strategy extends Zeithaml, Rust, and Lemon's (2001) customer pyramid theory. This paper applies customer pyramid theory to Turkey's tourism industry. Precise targeting of the most loyal visitors (Platinum tourists) creates a less costly and more focused marketing strategy leading to a sustainable tourism industry. Loyal Platinum tourists tend to be less price sensitive than other visitors. The discussion includes strategies to convert Gold and Iron category tourists to Platinum providing additional growth opportunities. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 32
issue: 1
beginPage: 128
endPage: 140
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000286305200014
year: 2011
authors: Frauman, E, Banks, S
title:
Gateway community resident perceptions of tourism development: Incorporating Importance-Performance Analysis into a Limits of Acceptable Change framework

docAbstract:
Gateway communities serve as entry points to our nation's public lands and are desirable to live within, but commonly subject to indiscriminate growth. The researchers used a variation of Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to chart resident types and their evaluations of environmental, cultural and economic attributes to better understand perspectives on tourism development. IPA was chosen because it can serve as a simple evaluative tool for communities in gateway areas interested in employing a more comprehensive Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) planning framework. Environmental attributes were found to be what make the area special with it considered both important and of real concern from each resident-type perspective. With the exception of a few items no other cultural or economic attributes were perceived the same in importance and concern as the environmental items with few meaningful differences found between resident types. In summary, IPA is a tool that can provide insight about resident perceptions while serving to inform a larger LAC tourism development framework. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


type: J
volume: 42
beginPage: 20
endPage: 31
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.06.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341902200003
year: 2014
authors: Mattila, AS, Gao, YX
title:
Improving consumer satisfaction in green hotels: The roles of perceived warmth, perceived competence, and CSR motive

docAbstract:
Research on consumer satisfaction with green hotels has yielded mixed results; some studies have shown a positive relationship with CSR initiatives and others have shown a negative relationship. To reconcile these two opposing views, we examine the mediating effects of perceived warmth and competence as potential psychological mechanisms explaining consumers' reactions to green hotels. We also investigate the moderating role of firm motives in influencing consumers' reactions to green initiatives. Results from Study 1 indicate that when service delivery is successful, consumer satisfaction is higher for green (vs. non-green) hotels. However, the advantage for green hotels disappears when guests experience service failures. Results from Study 2 show that consumer satisfaction with green hotels is enhanced when a firm engages in green initiatives for public-serving (vs. self-serving) motives. Overall, the results show that perceived warmth and competence mediate the relationship between service outcomes and consumer satisfaction and behavioral intentions. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Linking tourism into emergency management structures to enhance disaster risk reduction
type: J
volume: 36
beginPage: 77
endPage: 85
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000317154200009
year: 2013
authors: Becken, S, Hughey, KFD
docAbstract:
Despite increased global interest in the impacts of natural disasters on tourism, little research has occurred into exploring how these are addressed at the destination level. Creating a link between tourism and disaster risk reduction and management is particularly important in places that rely heavily on tourism and, at the same time, are prone to natural hazards. New Zealand is a good example. Hence, in this paper we use the case study of the Northland region to explore how both tourism and disaster management stakeholders perceive the role of tourism in present and future disaster risk management activities. The overall finding is that tourism in Northland is currently poorly considered in existing disaster management planning, and recent natural disasters have identified a range of gaps and concerns within each of the Four Rs (Reduction, Readiness, Response and Recovery). Based on these insights, and building on the current Civil Defence structure, a template for linking tourism into disaster management is proposed and populated. A Tourism Action Plan, adopted by the Northland 'Tourism Cluster', provides a guideline for tourism specific initiatives that complement the existing Civil Defence plans, thus adding value to the formal disaster management efforts. Considering the lack of systematic disaster management in tourism reported in the literature, this research should also be of interest to other tourist destinations and their aspirations for long term sustainability. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Executive training exercise in sport event leverage
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 4
beginPage: 296
endPage: 304
doi: 10.1108/17506180710824181
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213907600006
year: 2007
authors: O'Brien, D, Chalip, L
docAbstract:
Purpose - Some sport event stakeholders now look beyond "impact" to achieving longer-term, sustainable outcomes. This move away from an ex post, outcomes orientation towards an ex ante, strategic approach refers to the phenomenon of event leveraging. This paper aims to introduce readers to the concept, and poses practical exercises to challenge current thinking on sport event impacts. Design/methodology/approach - This paper provides an introduction to the literature on the strategic leveraging of sport events and presents three theoretical models depicting various aspects of event leverage. The paper includes training exercises on the subject of sport event leverage along with possible answers. Findings - Building on prior work, this paper proposes a new model for social leverage. The model and the related discussion highlight potential synergies between economic and social leverage. Research limitations/implications - As the proposed model for social leverage is essentially exploratory, it remains empirically untested. This represents an obvious challenge for further research. Practical implications - This paper recognizes that, particularly in the last decade, a paradigm shift has taken place in parts of the international events community, and provides a challenge and potential direction for event practitioners to continue the path towards achieving the triple bottom line of economic, social and environmental benefits for host communities. Originality/value - The social leverage model breaks new ground in the (sport) events field, as does the push towards sustainability and a more triple bottom line approach to event outcomes.


title: Host and Guest Relations and Sport Tourism
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 2
beginPage: 263
endPage: 279
doi: 10.1080/17430430500087328
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213054900008
year: 2005
authors: Fredline, E
docAbstract:
Sport tourism activity has substantial potential to enrich the lives of the members of the host community by enhancing economic prosperity, providing additional social and recreational opportunities, and the development of new infrastructure. However, if poorly managed, such activities may also generate negative externalities such as disruption, noise and environmental damage. This essay outlines some of the theories and methods that are relevant to a greater understanding of the impact of sport tourism on a host community and how such impacts may be better managed to ensure the sustainability of the activity. It also presents the results of a series of empirical case studies exploring the impact of large scale sporting events.


title: The importance of water management in hotels: a framework for sustainability through innovation
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 7
beginPage: 1090
endPage: 1107
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.873444
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000338200400008
year: 2014
authors: Okumus, F, Gursoy, D, Kasim, A, Wong, A
docAbstract:
This paper highlights the global phenomenon of the crisis in the quality and quantity of water supplies and how tourism generally and hotels specifically may have contributed to the situation. The major internal and external barriers for Small Medium Enterprises adopting Environmental Management Systems, including water, are listed. The paper proposes a water management framework for hotels and other types of accommodation that leverages on the concept of innovation. Taking into account the various levels of knowledge and technological capabilities in water management, the framework is developed based on the commonly known 3R approach in environmental management, with the addition of another R (Reaching). It is proposed that hotels can innovate and enhance their water management approaches under these 4Rs: Innovative Reducing, Innovative Reusing, Innovative Reaching and Innovative Recycling. The framework offers examples and strategies about how hotels of different sizes, with differing financial, technical, knowledge and managerial capacities could address the challenge of implementing water management and obtain commercial benefit. A detailed case study is provided of a gray and black water recycling system in a Malaysian resort. Other examples of a range of water management methods are also discussed.


title: Volunteer tourism: at the crossroads of commercialisation and service?
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 5
beginPage: 405
endPage: 423
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.605112
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000305530100001
year: 2012
authors: Tomazos, K, Cooper, W
docAbstract:
Volunteer tourism as a phenomenon and as a market has come a long way since its ideologically driven early days. It is now an established and ever commercialised market that meets the demand for a different travel experience for the more morally conscious traveller, while at the same time it provides opportunities for economic gain for the organisations that act as brokers of such experiences. This interaction raises several ethical issues in terms of serving a mission while making economic gains. In general, there is an acceptable relationship between monetary gain and altruistic service, within the context of enlightened self-interest provided that the beneficiary of economic gains diverts profits into serving their mission. This paper examines the supply for volunteer tourism for evidence of commercialisation and profit-driven behaviour and investigates a relationship between monetary gain and serving a mission by creating public goods.


title: Film Tourism Planning and Development-Questioning the Role of Stakeholders and Sustainability
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1
beginPage: 31
endPage: 46
doi: 10.1080/14790530903522606
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212818300004
year: 2010
authors: Heitmann, S
docAbstract:
This paper presents desk-based research into the phenomenon of film tourism. Current literature and case studies are reviewed to establish existing understandings and discussions of the concept, including its various definitions, its potential for marketing purposes and analyses into tourist motivation. Using stakeholder theory, the various stakeholders in the film tourism planning process are discussed and interrelationships are analysed. This paper addresses the existing gap in film tourism planning research and identifies further lack of knowledge which leads to questioning the viability of film tourism for sustainable tourism planning and development.


title: Environmental impacts of rural second home tourism - Case lake district in Finland
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 3
beginPage: 243
endPage: 265
doi: 10.1080/15022250701312335
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000254000500004
year: 2007
authors: Hiltunen, MJ
docAbstract:
Second homes are widespread in the Finnish countryside and represent a significant part of domestic tourism. In this paper impacts of rural second home tourism on natural environment and landscape are discussed mainly from a non-anthropocentric point of view and from the perspective of ecological sustainability. Both negative and positive impacts of second home tourism on nature, climate and landscape are distinguished Environmental impacts caused by housing and living, shoreline building and physical mobility related to second home tourism are highlighted. It is argued that mobility related to second home tourism and year-round use of second homes are likely to increase in the near future and consequently pose negative environmental impacts. The argument is based on current societal trends and on results of a questionnaire survey conducted amongst second-home owners living in the metropolitan region of Helsinki and possessing second homes in eastern Finnish Lake District. There is today a large political will to enhance second home tourism in Finland, which is seen crucial for revitalizing the declining countryside. Contradictions between rural development policy on one hand, and environmental protection on the other, are critically discussed and ecological sustainability of second home tourism explored.


title: Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals: perspectives beyond 2015
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 23
endPage: 30
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2013.851269
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000335850500005
year: 2014
authors: Saarinen, J, Rogerson, CM
docAbstract:
As 2015 approaches, debates about the contribution to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (UN MDGs) are growing in momentum. The aim of this review is to interrogate the potential contributions of tourism to the UN MDGs, specifically of poverty alleviation, and of how the relationship between tourism development and the UN MDGs has been framed in existing scholarship. It is argued that whilst the global tourism industry potentially can contribute to economic development goals in destination regions, its impacts are ambivalent so that there is a growing concern surrounding the local benefits of global tourism including support for realisation of the UN MDGs. To avert the risks in the Global South of tourism-led development, the industry needs to be clearly positioned as a potential tool for, not at the end of local, regional, national and global development agendas. Several promising research avenues for interrogating tourism impacts for UN MDGs are identified. Issues relating to greening of tourism, inclusive business models and backward linkages offer a powerful policy-relevant agenda for tourism scholarship to move forward our understanding of the UN MDG objectives, which were originally set down in 2000, beyond 2015.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 2
beginPage: 252
endPage: 270
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.685174
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000314891300005
year: 2013
authors: Barbieri, C
title:
Assessing the sustainability of agritourism in the US: a comparison between agritourism and other farm entrepreneurial ventures

docAbstract:
Diversifying on-farm enterprise portfolios, especially through agritourism, is claimed to increase farm revenues and help alleviate the economic problems of family farms. Thus, the adoption of agritourism in the US has steadily increased during recent years. Agritourism is also suggested to produce environmental and sociocultural benefits. To quantify these benefits, this study assessed the sustainability of agritourism farms, compared with other farm entrepreneurial ventures, using the "sustainable development" and "farm enterprise diversification" frameworks. Data from 873 US farms with a diversified entrepreneurial portfolio revealed that agritourism farms approach sustainability to a greater extent than their counterparts, producing multiple environmental, sociocultural and economic benefits for their farms, households and even society. Results suggest that agritourism, compared with other farm entrepreneurial ventures, is more successful in increasing farm profits, creating jobs and conserving the natural and cultural heritage. For example, 52.4% of agritourism farms have been within the same family for at least two generations and 73.3% are willing to pass the farm on to their children, proportions that are significantly higher than other entrepreneurial farms. Study results also show, however, that while many agritourism farms practice integrated pest management, they need to be more engaged in other environmentally friendly and conservation practices.


title: Profit or principles Why do restaurants serve organic food?
type: J
volume: 30
issue: 1
beginPage: 184
endPage: 191
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.04.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000284513300023
year: 2011
authors: Poulston, J, Yiu, AYK
docAbstract:
Dining organically has become a popular trend globally but is still a niche concept in New Zealand This exploratory study presents a small sample of restaurateurs views on the concept of organic dining and their motivations for entering the organic food service sector The study employs a qualitative approach using data from five semi-structured interviews with Auckland restaurateurs offering organic menus Discussions showed that whereas an up-scale restaurant prioritised profit over principles others prioritised their environmental beliefs Poor government support supply difficulties price premiums and poor market demand were identified by participants as barriers to the development of organic dining (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd


title: The sustainability-profitability trade-off in tourism: can it be overcome?
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 2
beginPage: 155
endPage: 169
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.518762
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000287031700002
year: 2011
authors: Leisch, F, Dolnicar, S, Moeller, T
docAbstract:
This paper answers key questions about personal and industry decision-making in implementing sustainable tourism. Being environmentally friendly is typically associated with sacrifice, including sacrifice of comfort (e.g. walking rather than driving), sacrifice of time (e.g. recycling garbage) or sacrifice of money (e.g. buying more expensive locally grown vegetables). Consequently, the tourism industry perceives sustainable tourism as a sacrificial touristic niche, one that is associated with additional cost but appears to attract customers who do not spend enough money to compensate for the extra effort. This paper explores a perceived trade-off between minimising environmental damage and maximising revenue, by finding market segments that are environmentally friendly and have high expenditures. An online survey was made of 1003 Australian domestic tourists. Results indicate that tourist segments vary significantly in terms of their environmental impacts and vacation expenditure. Six segments were identified. Two market segments, containing 40% of the total market, that leave small environmental footprints while maintaining high expenditure were found, indicating that market segmentation when coupled with marketing/demarketing policies can be used as a strategy complementary to the development of destination-based initiatives to reduce the environmental impact of tourism.


title: A CASE STUDY OF HILTON ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING AS A TOOL OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 115
endPage: 131
doi: 10.3727/154427207783948937
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213642300004
year: 2007
authors: Bohdanowicz, P
docAbstract:
The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has recently reached the agenda of tourism businesses, and many of the hotel corporations are declaring their environmental and social responsibilities. This article presents a case study of the on-going CSR-related initiative at Hilton International and Scandic-the Hilton Environmental Reporting (HER) system. In order to improve the monitoring of performance of its facilities, Hilton corporate management decided to create HER, an environmental reporting and benchmarking system for all its facilities. This article reports on the history, criteria, and procedures within this computerized reporting tool created by Addsystems. The development and implementation process of the upgraded version of the system is also presented. This process brought to light a number of aspects that need to be addressed while developing such systems (i.e., the need for proper technical and IT support, training, and data verification, as well as strong and continuous management support). This knowledge could be used to help other tourism and hotel businesses develop their own reporting, monitoring, and benchmarking schemes within the CSR concept.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 2
beginPage: 155
endPage: 168
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00063-8
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000181730700004
year: 2003
authors: Warnken, J, Russell, R, Faulkner, B
title:
Condominium developments in maturing destinations: potentials and problems of long-term sustainability

docAbstract:
Since the emergence of mass tourism, destinations are constantly faced with the challenge of providing an adequate supply of suitable accommodation. The introduction of condominium style accommodation seemed to be the answer to the problem of meeting the increasing tourism demand at some popular destinations, although in some destinations investment in property development has increasingly become a supply driven activity. However, the resulting complexities brought about by the many stakeholders involved in managing the condominiums (including strata title legislation, investment incentives, and long-term maintenance of condominium developments) have introduced previously unforeseen problems to destinations reaching maturity. This study investigates the impacts of the growth of condominium developments and their potential for inhibiting destination rejuvenation. The study was conducted on Australia's Gold Coast, a classic example of a mass tourism resort where ironically, the growth of condominium style accommodation was a major factor in attracting large numbers of tourists, but may, in fact,prevent successful rejuvenation in the future. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Corporate sustainability reporting index and baseline data for the cruise industry
type: J
volume: 44
beginPage: 149
endPage: 160
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000336465300022
year: 2014
authors: Font, X, Bonilla-Priego, MJ, Pacheco-Olivares, MD
docAbstract:
Sustainability policies and corporate reports demonstrate the impacts cruise companies acknowledge as their responsibility, and the actions put in place to address them. This paper develops a corporate social responsibility index based on the Global Reporting Initiative, with industry specific additions including labor and human rights, health and safety, and environmental and economic aspects. Companies disclose more management than performance data, which is typical of early stages of development. Companies disclosing less information focus on soft indicators which are easy to mimic and demonstrate posturing. Items disclosed tend to be marginal to the core of the business, have a positive economic impact or preempt sector regulation. Reports echo the voice of the corporations and not the demands of stakeholders. Institutional isomorphism has not influenced a homogenization in reporting, with only the largest firms reporting at this stage. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 3
beginPage: 341
endPage: 360
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.826229
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000331655200001
year: 2014
authors: Calgaro, E, Dominey-Howes, D, Lloyd, K
title:
From vulnerability to transformation: a framework for assessing the vulnerability and resilience of tourism destinations

docAbstract:
Tourism is a key driver of global socio-economic progress. However, its sustainability is at risk from multiple shocks and hazards that threaten livelihoods. Surprisingly little is known about the complex drivers of destination vulnerability, leading to the creation and application of ineffective resilience-building solutions. The paper presents the Destination Sustainability Framework (DSF) designed to assess destination vulnerability and resilience, and support successful resilience-building initiatives. Holistic in nature, the DSF comprises: (1) the shock(s) or stressor(s); (2) the interconnected dimensions of vulnerability - exposure, sensitivity, and system adaptiveness; (3) the dynamic feedback loops that express the multiple outcomes of actions taken (or not); (4) the contextualised root causes that shape destinations and their characteristics; (5) the various spatial scales; and (6) multiple timeframes within which social-ecological change occurs. This innovative framework is significant because it's the first framework to chart the complex manifestation of vulnerability and resilience in tourism destinations. Further, it brings tourism sustainability research in line with wider debates on achieving sustainability within the dynamic coupled human-environment system, doing so through the inclusion of insights from contemporary systems approaches, including chaos-complexity theory, vulnerability approaches, sustainability science, resilience thinking, along with the geographies of scale, place and time.


title: St. Gallen Consensus on Destination Management
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 1
beginPage: 46
endPage: 49
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.11.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000209271800007
year: 2013
authors: Beritelli, P, Laesser, C
docAbstract:
This paper summarizes the major outcomes of the first Biannual Forum on Advances in Destination Management, held in St. Gallen (Switzerland) over 6-8 June 2012. The summaries cover four discussion domains: (1) the definition and delimitation of destination management; (2) destination marketing and competitiveness; (3) sustainable destination development and governance; and (4) the implications that these concepts have for destination management in practice, as well as for potential research. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Tourism Value Chain Governance: Review and Prospects
type: J
volume: 52
issue: 1
beginPage: 15
endPage: 28
doi: 10.1177/0047287512457264
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000311853300002
year: 2013
authors: Song, HY, Liu, JY, Chen, GZ
docAbstract:
Over the past two decades, researchers and practitioners have given considerable attention to issues of tourism value chain governance. To establish a systematic understanding of the current research contributions and gaps, this study provides a review of published studies on the topic. Various dimensions of tourism value chain governance, namely, policy, destination management and marketing, integration of distribution channels, and sustainability of the tourism value chain, are examined. Content analysis is used to provide quantitative evidence and hence a more objective evaluation. The results show that research on tourism value chain governance remains limited, and the development of each dimension unbalanced. An agenda for future research is proposed, given the indications that both qualitative and quantitative investigations are needed to establish the most appropriate governance models for tourism value chains.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 6
beginPage: 862
endPage: 879
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.742531
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000322161400005
year: 2013
authors: Tanguay, GA, Rajaonson, J, Therrien, MC
title:
Sustainable tourism indicators: selection criteria for policy implementation and scientific recognition

docAbstract:
The use of sustainable tourism indicators (STI) raises several issues, mainly because of the multiple interpretations of the concept of sustainable development, and by extension of the concept of sustainable tourism. It also brings to light incompatibilities between the needs and objectives of academics and policy-makers in developing a set of STI. The STI are then either scientifically relevant but too complex to be operational, or else they result from a political consensus, which could lead to conflicts of interest, such as in the destination branding strategy. In this paper, we argue that the trade-off between academic and policy-maker approaches to indicator development can be achieved through the development of core STI, based on the application of two sets of selection criteria to 507 expert-recognized indicators. The first set of criteria allows us to select 20 core STI, while the second set of criteria aims to match the selected indicators with a destination's policy framework in order to guarantee their usability. We illustrate the selection procedure using the Gaspesie region in Quebec as a case study.


title: Estimating Use and Non-use Values of a Music Festival
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 3
beginPage: 215
endPage: 231
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2012.725276
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000310587200002
year: 2012
authors: Lundberg, E, Andersson, TD, Armbrecht, J
docAbstract:
Impacts of a music festival may appear in many forms and research in the area of impact assessments is at present developing wider perspectives than being limited to economic impact assessments. Concepts like social, cultural and environmental impacts are now appropriate and traditional cost-benefit analysis is regaining momentum. The purpose of this study was first, to discuss how the value of a festival can be assessed and understood within a cost-benefit framework. Second, it was to evaluate a Scandinavian music festival in terms of Use and Non-use values by the contingent valuation method. The results illustrate the implications of a wider perspective regarding the impacts of a festival. Use value, representing the core experience, is the largest value ((sic)7.4 million) but Non-use value is also important ((sic)3 million). The latter includes the perceived value of externalities such as socio-cultural and environmental impacts which are highly relevant from a sustainability perspective. One conclusion is that Use and Non-use values within a cost-benefit framework can help managers and researchers understand value creation of festivals better.


title: Importance of Green Hotel Attributes to Business and Leisure Travelers
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 4
beginPage: 395
endPage: 413
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2012.624294
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213069900003
year: 2012
authors: Millar, M, Mayer, KJ, Baloglu, S
docAbstract:
This study assessed the environmental attitudes of business and leisure travelers, their green behavior at home, and the level of importance they place on having different green attributes in a hotel. A sample of 571 business and leisure travelers completed an online survey. Correlation analysis and t tests were used to test for differences between the two groups. Results indicated that business and leisure travelers are very similar when rating the importance of specific green attributes. The study has practical implications for management in terms of advertising and marketing strategies targeted to specific segments that may desire green hotel attributes. This research also fills a gap in the literature about green hotel attributes and further extends the research relating to business and leisure travelers' psychographic characteristics, especially in relation to green attributes.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 8
beginPage: 919
endPage: 933
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.573073
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299284100001
year: 2011
authors: Brouder, P, Lundmark, L
title:
Climate change in Northern Sweden: intra-regional perceptions of vulnerability among winter-oriented tourism businesses

docAbstract:
Climate change is a potential threat to society and business. Although research has noted that the tourism sector may be robust on the macro scale, significant losses at local levels have been suggested. This paper examines Upper Norrland, in Northern Sweden, by measuring the perceptions of winter-oriented tourism entrepreneurs. Their perceptions of potential threats from climate change are assessed, including how entrepreneurs view the future, in terms of climate change impacts and sustainability of the region as a winter-tourism destination. A quantitative survey of entrepreneurs (n = 63) gave responses along geographical and operator dimensions to reveal local differences within the Upper Norrland region, showing the coastland to be perceived as more exposed to change than inland areas. Venue-based businesses see climate change as a higher priority than activity-based, potentially mobile, businesses, regardless of their location. The general perception among businesses is that climate change will not drastically impact the tourism sector over the next 10 years. A basic model for mapping local differences is outlined to stimulate further study of the under-researched intra-regional nuances in climate change and tourism research. A case is made for regional planners to use this tool and to educate local businesses on adaptation techniques.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 2
beginPage: 116
endPage: 129
doi: 10.1057/thr.2009.31
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212209600004
year: 2010
authors: Higgins-Desbiolles, F
title:
The elusiveness of sustainability in tourism: The culture-ideology of consumerism and its implications

docAbstract:
Sustainable tourism is perhaps the most prominent feature of contemporary tourism discourse. However, despite its prominence for several decades, achieving sustainability remains as elusive as ever. This article explores the concept of the cultureideology of consumerism developed by sociologist Leslie Sklair (2002) in order to ascertain the implications it holds for understanding how to secure meaningful sustainable tourism. Demonstrating that the current system of neoliberalism and its attendant culture-ideology of consumerism are inherently unsustainable, this article argues we must consciously move away from this value system to one less damaging.


title: Investigating the Sustainability of cruise tourism: A case study of Key West
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 168
endPage: 181
doi: 10.2167/jost716.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000254635500003
year: 2008
authors: Hritz, N, Cecil, AK
docAbstract:
This qualitative research examines cruise ship tourism through a case study of Key West, Florida, exploring its perceived benefits and drawbacks. It outlines the growth of the industry, the issues raised by that growth, and uses the land-use tourism model developed by Vera Rebollo and Ivars Baidal (2003) to probe those issues. The results illustrate how mature cruise tourism destinations such as Key West fear continued growth and loss of sustainability, but have mixed emotions about future quantitative and qualitative growth.


title: Measuring sustainable tourism at the municipal level
type: J
volume: 49
beginPage: 122
endPage: 137
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2014.09.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345731400009
year: 2014
authors: Torres-Delgado, A, Palomeque, FL
docAbstract:
The objective of this research is to provide a scientifically sound, applicable method for studying tourism sustainability at the local level. This is done by developing an indicator system based on an initial literature search that serves to compile a preliminary list of indicators, which are then verified and scientifically validated by conducting a Delphi survey. This process is used to develop a consensual indicator system that is adapted to the tourism sector and includes 26 indicators of social, economic and environmental sustainability. To ensure the applicability of the system, indicator values are then calculated for 20 tourism municipalities in Catalonia (Spain). The results confirm the proposed system is an effective tool for planning and managing tourism at municipal level. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 10
endPage: 18
doi: 10.1177/1938965513498300
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500004
year: 2014
authors: Raub, S, Blunschi, S
title:
The Power of Meaningful Work: How Awareness of CSR Initiatives Fosters Task Significance and Positive Work Outcomes in Service Employees

docAbstract:
This paper develops and tests a model of the impact of employees' awareness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives on perceived task significance and important attitudinal and behavioral work outcomes of service employees in the hospitality industry. Data from 211 employees of a United Kingdom-based hotel chain provide support for the concept that employees should be made aware of CSR actions. Results suggest that employees' awareness of CSR activities is positively related to job satisfaction, engagement in helping and voice behavior, and personal initiative, and CSR awareness is negatively related to emotional exhaustion. These relationships are partly or fully mediated by perceived task significance. We discuss implications of this research for theory and practice, and provide several recommendations for how managers in the hospitality industry can increase employees' awareness for corporate engagement in CSR initiatives.


type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 76
endPage: 88
doi: 10.1177/1938965513504030
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500010
year: 2014
authors: Sigala, M
title:
Customer Involvement in Sustainable Supply Chain Management: A Research Framework and Implications in Tourism

docAbstract:
Through a review of sustainability research, this paper offers a framework for studying the customer's role in managing sustainability throughout a hospitality or tourism firm's supply chain. With advances in social media that have empowered customers and their social communities to actively participate in sustainable practices, the role of the customers in achieving sustainability in all supply chain operations within the tourism industry has grown. Social media also constitute a force that encourages customers to support sustainability practices. This paper proposes an overall framework that identifies and synthesizes the various roles and impact of the customers' involvement in implementing sustainable supply chain management in tourism. This involves the following four dimensions: factors motivating customer involvement in sustainability, the degree of customer involvement, management strategies for customer involvement, and outcomes of customer involvement. The paper offers examples in support of the framework that demonstrate various ways in which customers are contributing to sustainability at various points in the supply chain.


title: Corporate social responsibility: perspectives of hotel frontline employees
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 3
beginPage: 332
endPage: 348
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2013-0034
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341793400002
year: 2014
authors: Park, SY, Levy, SE
docAbstract:
Purpose - The aim of this paper is to examine hotel frontline employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities at the hotel they currently work, and how their perceptions influence their level of organizational identification, an indicator of their relationship quality with the hotel. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses 575 responses of hotel frontline employees in the US, collected through a national online survey. Findings - Results show that hotel employees' perceptions of CSR activities encompass the host community, colleagues, and customers, beyond green practices. Moreover, their perceptions of CSR activities positively and significantly influence the level of organizational identification. Research limitations/implications - The results of this exploratory study should not be generalized to all frontline employees in the US hotel industry. Future studies should extend this study to examine potential relationships among other variables relevant to organizational identification, and in other hospitality industry contexts. Also, this study does not seek to question the merits of CSR per se, as it takes a managerial perspective to assist hoteliers' understanding of and decision-making on CSR. Practical implications - As CSR activities often represent company values and norms, frontline employees' perceptions of them can influence how they identify with the company, which is an impetus for their attitudinal and behavioral support to help achieve the company's goals. Accordingly, CSR activities can be a critical tool in engaging frontline employees to achieve better performance and derive more meaning in their careers, and in attracting good quality employees. Originality/value - This study is a first attempt to empirically examine how CSR activities can benefit hotel employees, based on various literatures on service-profit-chain, CSR, and social identity theory.


title: Managing green marketing: Hong Kong hotel managers' perspective
type: J
volume: 34
beginPage: 442
endPage: 461
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.12.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320568300047
year: 2013
authors: Chan, ESW
docAbstract:
In view of the serious environmental problems we are currently facing, taking action to protect our planet is becoming more persuasive and important. Along with various environmental initiatives, the concept of green marketing emerged in the late 1980s. Some hotels have taken various initiatives to position themselves as green hotels, including the use of eco-labels as a marketing ploy to attract customers. Nevertheless, some of the hotels that use these green marketing strategies have been accused of "green washing". The main aim of this study is to investigate Hong Kong hotel manager perceptions of the relative importance of different green marketing strategies. Questionnaires containing 30 attributes were distributed to this effect. The findings reveal that hotel managers equally perceive "Hotel green marketing should begin with green product and service design", "Hotels provide products and services that do no harm to human health" and "The Internet is an effective channel to market a hotel's green initiatives to customers directly" as the top green marketing ploys. Independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA were also used to examine significant differences in the way hotel managers with different professional backgrounds and individual demographic characteristics rate the importance of hotel-related green marketing strategies. The findings indicate that lower-grade hotels tend to adopt lean green marketing strategies, whereas hotels with larger sizes or formal environmental management systems are likely to adopt shaded or extreme green marketing strategies. The study also provides a number of insights to help hotel managers and especially marketers better understand the implementation and importance of different green marketing strategies, thereby allowing them to employ suitable measures to avoid the "green washing" designation and attract more green-conscious travellers. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sociological barriers to developing sustainable discretionary air travel behaviour
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 7
beginPage: 982
endPage: 998
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.809092
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000325168200003
year: 2013
authors: Higham, JES, Cohen, SA, Reis, AC
docAbstract:
Encouraging positive public behaviour change has been touted as a pathway for mitigating the climate impacts of air travel. There is, however, growing evidence that two gaps, one between attitudes and behaviour, and the other between practices of "home" and "away", pose significant barriers to changing discretionary air travel behaviour. This paper uses both modern sociological theory on tourism as liminoid space, and postmodern theory that views identities as contextual, to provide a deeper understanding of why these gaps occur in the context of tourism spaces. Based on 50 in-depth consumer interviews in Australia, Norway and the United Kingdom, our findings confirm that tourism spaces are often subject to lower levels of environmental concern than daily domestic contexts. The majority of participants reduced, suppressed or abandoned their climate concern when in tourism spaces, and rationalised their resulting behavioural contradictions. Only a minority held there was no difference between the environmental sustainability of their practices in domestic situations versus those on holiday. These findings suggest that scope for voluntary positive behaviour change in the air travel context is limited and will not come without stronger intervention, which is a key finding for policy makers seeking reductions in air travel's climate impacts.


title: Social sustainability of non-mega sport events in a global world
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 2
beginPage: 121
endPage: 141
doi: 10.1080/16138171.2013.11687915
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442090900004
year: 2013
authors: Taks, M
docAbstract:
This contribution offers a theoretical perspective on the social impacts of sport events. Most research in this area has focused on global mega sport events (MSEs). However, given the fact that there are many more, smaller non-mega sport events (NMSEs) being organised in this global world, the paper calls for a reflection on how these smaller types of events can potentially contribute to benefit residents of local communities. The paper contrasts and compares social impacts and outcomes of both, MSEs and NMSEs, using four different perspectives: power relations, urban regeneration, socialisation, and human capital. There is reason to believe that NMSEs may be more relevant in creating durable benefits for host communities, as compared to MSEs. This is explained through the concept of social capital. Because NMSEs are omni-present, they may provide more lasting global benefits. The paper calls for a broader research agenda focussing on the true value of small and medium sized sport events for local communities.


title: PEASANT-ENTREPRENEURS A Longitudinal Ethnography
type: J
volume: 37
issue: 4
beginPage: 927
endPage: 946
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.03.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000282554000003
year: 2010
authors: Tucker, H
docAbstract:
Based on a longitudinal ethnographic study of Goreme in Cappadocia, Turkey, this paper addresses destination development and change in a rural peasant society context as well as peasant socio-cultural factors influencing tourism entrepreneurship. The paper discusses how, as the destination continues to evolve, peasant production and social characteristics have an ongoing effect on entrepreneurship and development, which are therefore always in a process of becoming. It is concluded that peasant continuities create contradiction and ambivalence and thereby produce an ongoing hybrid entanglement of a moral and a capitalist economy wherein both cause fissures and tensions in each other. This highlights the usefulness of a critical postcolonial approach when considering tourism destinations in transition.


title: Planning Nature Tourism in Iceland based on Tourist Attitudes
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1
beginPage: 25
endPage: 52
doi: 10.1080/14616680903493639
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000274373400002
year: 2010
authors: Saeporsdottir, AD
docAbstract:
This paper gives an overview of the various kinds of nature tourism practised at five different nature destinations in Iceland: Myvatn, the national parks Skaftafell and Jokulsargljufur, and the Highland destinations Landmannalaugar and Lonsorfi. The study analyses visitors' experiences, types of tourists visiting the different areas, their travel patterns, wishes for infrastructure, and their satisfaction with available services. The results are put into the context of Carrying Capacity, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), and the Purist Scale, and suggestions are made about how to plan and manage nature tourism in Iceland. The results show, for example, that in those parts of the Icelandic Highlands, where few changes have been made to the natural environment, purists should be the target group. Their satisfaction does not increase with more infrastructure and services; on the contrary, they prefer to travel in as natural an environment as possible. Travel destinations in the lowland areas should, on the other hand, invest further in infrastructure and services, thereby catering better for the needs of those that visit them.


title: Measuring responsibility: An appraisal of a Scottish National Park's sustainable tourism indicators
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 276
endPage: 297
doi: 10.2167/jost787.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000258518700003
year: 2008
authors: Hunter, C, Blackstock, KL, White, V, McCrum, G, Scott, A
docAbstract:
Descriptions of the ambivalent role that tourism plays in sustaining fragile environments, communities and cultures are well rehearsed in the tourism literature. Tourism indicators are increasingly seen as a way to measure and monitor impacts (both positive and negative) in order to practice adaptive management. Responsible tourism focuses on the choices made by visitors and their hosts, emphasising changing behaviour in order to change tourism outcomes. Thus, responsible tourism provides a particular lens by which to consider how to improve the sustainability of tourism. This paper explores whether a draft sustainable tourism indicator set for one of Scotland's new National Parks measures responsible behaviour (by both tourists and the host communities) and responsible tourism practices. Therefore, the analysis focuses on issues of responsibility for what, by whom and whether the tourism strategy in question will result in responsible tourism. The paper reports our findings and reflects on how the lens of responsible tourism might provide a useful perspective from which to appraise tourism indicators in the future.


title: Tourists' accounts of responsible tourism
type: J
volume: 46
beginPage: 115
endPage: 129
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000336699400009
year: 2014
authors: McCabe, S, Caruana, R, Glozer, S, Crane, A
docAbstract:
Responsible tourism' has become an established area of tourism research and practice and is typically understood as a broad set of tourist interactions that engage with and benefit local communities and minimize negative social and environmental impacts. Extant research however has adopted a largely top down approach to understanding responsible tourism that has marginalized the voices of tourists. This study investigates tourists' own accounts of responsible tourism experiences, finding that these intersect with but also deviate substantially away from established conceptions of the phenomenon. We show that tourists' accounts can be delineated according to the extent to which they display inner-versus outer-directed goals, and the degree of involvement in responsible tourism as a cultural identity. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 34
beginPage: 423
endPage: 433
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.12.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320568300045
year: 2013
authors: Lee, S, Xiao, Q, Song, HY, Paek, S
title:
Does managerial ownership affect different corporate social responsibility dimensions? An empirical examination of US publicly traded hospitality firms

docAbstract:
This study examines the relationship between managerial ownership and different dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the hospitality industry. In particular, the study investigates the relationships between levels of ownership shares by managers and the CSR performances in five sub-dimensions, using panel data of the publicly traded hotel, restaurant, and casino firms in the U.S. The study relies on the two-way fixed-effects model using clustered robust standard errors. In addition, considering the potential simultaneous relationship between managerial ownership and CSR dimensions, which will cause an endogeneity problem, this study employs instrumental variables to test the existence of endogeneity and conduct the two-stage-least-squares method. However, by failing the weak identification test of the instrumental variables, the study accepts the results of two-way fixed-effects model, not those of the two-stage-least-squares method. The results indicate that managerial ownership has a significant negative relationship with employee relations and a weak negative one with diversity dimensions, while having an insignificant impact on the community, environment, and product dimensions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Community Behavior and Sustainable Rural Tourism Development
type: J
volume: 51
issue: 3
beginPage: 328
endPage: 341
doi: 10.1177/0047287511410350
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000302009800008
year: 2012
authors: Hwang, D, Stewart, WP, Ko, DW
docAbstract:
Community-based action as a positive impact of tourism development is examined and connected to a community's capacity to protect itself from outside threats by negotiating the quality of tourism development. Five communities in Jeju Island, South Korea, are studied through interviews with community members and analysis of a regional newspaper archive. Tourism development is depicted as an interaction between outside developers and local residents that ultimately builds a sustainable dialogue for growth of tourism. In five communities, the partnerships established between local community residents and outside tourism developers began with initial resistance from residents and led to the following sequence of behavior: town meetings, formal organization of residents, petitioning, public demonstration, and legal action. By examining collective action narratives in the five study communities, a framework for sustainable rural tourism development is built to understand relationships between tourism impacts and community identity.


title: A hotel sustainability business model: evidence from Slovenia
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 5
beginPage: 701
endPage: 719
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.632092
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304409600004
year: 2012
authors: Mihalic, T, Cvelbar, LK, Zabkar, V
docAbstract:
This research explores and develops a hotel sustainability business model (HSBM) to study the sustainability orientation of the Slovenian hotel industry. Based on a comparative analysis of the existing sustainability and triple bottom line models, the usual content of a three-line HSBM (economic, environmental and sociocultural) was extended to include customer satisfaction, environmental education and power to implement changes. Financial, marketing and tourism sustainability experts investigated best practices in sustainability measurements and gathered appropriate sustainability indicators; expert opinion and the Delphi method refined and reduced an initial 79 indicators to 36 operational indicators, able to fulfil the HSBM's sub-categories within the extended triple bottom line. The HSBM's concept was used to study the sustainability of Slovenian hotel firms to reveal how important these indicators are for hotel managers and do they monitor them. Results indicated strong importance and measurement of economic and marketing indicators, such as profitability and customer satisfaction. Following the socialist tradition, companies recognise the importance of human resources, but the importance of environmental education and awareness building, biodiversity, and the establishment of partnerships with stakeholders to implement sustainable tourism development are neglected. Economic performance was, for example, monitored by 66% of respondents, environmental performance by 28% and social performance by 42%.


title: Ethics and corporate social responsibility - An analysis of the views of Chinese hotel managers
type: J
volume: 30
issue: 4
beginPage: 875
endPage: 885
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.01.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000293207400014
year: 2011
authors: Ryan, C, Huimin, G
docAbstract:
Based on a sample of 257 Chinese hotel managers, this paper examines the ethical principles to which these managers adhered. The premise is that any application of the principles of corporate social responsibility (CSR) will be facilitated or inhibited by the degree to which management holds to a strong ethical stance. Developing a questionnaire derived from different sources such as the Forsyth Ethics Position Questionnaire and the 12 golden standards of Tao Zhugong developed in the 5th century BCE, a principal components analysis of the scores on a 35 item scale indicated five components to ethical perspectives: namely respect for individuals, tolerance of degree of relativity in moral standards, the role of corporations in current society, expediency in business and adherence to CSR. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: An examination of recreational divers' underwater behaviour by attitude-behaviour theories
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 8
beginPage: 779
endPage: 795
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2010.545370
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299813200004
year: 2011
authors: Musa, G, Ong, TF
docAbstract:
The increasing demand for dive tourism activities has resulted in concerns over scuba divers' incremental impacts on the underwater marine environment. Hence, there is a need to better understand the antecedents of scuba divers' underwater behaviour. This study applied theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and norm activation theory (NAT) of altruistic behaviour in examining the relationship between diving attitude, perceived behavioural control, subjective norms and personal norms (PNs) with responsible underwater behaviour among scuba divers. Using the combination of purposeful and convenience samplings, data were collected from divers (N = 413) who visited the top five most attractive islands in Malaysia. The results supported the use of TPB as a basis for explaining the underwater behaviour of divers. Among the four constructs examined, attitude and PNs were found to be of paramount importance in influencing pro-environmental behaviour. This study also validated the exploratory dimensions that constitute the measurement constructs for scuba diving attitude and responsible underwater behaviour. Scuba diving stakeholders should emphasise continuous education and an integrated programme of marine conservation to enhance divers' attitude and personal commitment towards pro-environmental behaviour. These are crucial for the sustainability of the scuba diving industry.


title: Sustainable whale-watching tourism and climate change: towards a framework of resilience
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 3
beginPage: 409
endPage: 427
doi: 10.1080/09669581003655497
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277591300008
year: 2010
authors: Hunter, C, Lambert, E, Pierce, GJ, MacLeod, CD
docAbstract:
Whale-watching tourism, currently worth $1 billion p.a. worldwide, depends upon the continued presence of whale, dolphin and porpoise species (collectively called cetaceans) within a specific area. Current evidence suggests that the distribution and/or abundance of cetaceans is likely to alter in response to continued changes in sea surface temperature with global climate change (GCC). This paper reviews how such changes may affect the sustainability of whale-watching operators from a resilience perspective. Potential implications include changes to the presence and frequency of cetacean species targeted and changes to lengths of tourism seasons to coincide with shifts in migration patterns. The review presents an interdisciplinary framework for evaluating the resilience of whale watching to changes in species occurrence, whereby resilience is the degree of change in cetacean occurrence experienced before tourist numbers fall below a critical threshold. The framework combines likelihood of observing a cetacean, trip type and tourist type, which when quantified could identify which operators are likely to experience a change in tourist numbers given a specific scenario of changing cetacean occurrence. In doing so, a step is taken towards providing a means by which resilience to GCC effects on cetacean species could potentially be provided.


title: Measuring tourism sustainability: proposal for a composite index
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 2
beginPage: 277
endPage: 296
doi: 10.5367/000000009788254377
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000266481600001
year: 2009
authors: Fernandez, JIP, Rivero, MS
docAbstract:
The methodological bases are established for the design of a global composite index, the ST index, to measure tourism sustainability. Tourism sustainability is a fairly complex concept due to its latent, multidimensional and relative nature. A method based on factor loadings is proposed to construct a global tourism sustainability index. After comparing it with various theoretical approaches, the authors apply It to the Spanish system of environmental tourism indicators. The robustness of the proposed ST index is tested by calculating composite correlations between the Euclidean distances of different tourism destinations.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 5
beginPage: 529
endPage: 549
doi: 10.1080/09669580802713457
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000268833500001
year: 2009
authors: Puhakka, R, Sarkki, S, Cottrell, SP, Siikamaki, P
title:
Local discourses and international initiatives: sociocultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park, Finland

docAbstract:
National parks have become important tourist attractions and tools for regional development. New international initiatives, such as PAN (Protected Area Network) Parks in Europe, now promote sustainable tourism in protected areas. This paper examines the sociocultural sustainability of tourism perceived by local stakeholders of Oulanka National Park in northeastern Finland. The central question concerns the role of PAN Parks certification in community and tourism development. Four discourses were identified, based on 40 semi-structured interviews exploring different views on sociocultural development pertaining to tourism in the national park: (1) integrating nature-based tourism and conservation, (2) defending the rights of local people, (3) stressing the economic utilization of nature and (4) accepting tourism development and the national park. Although local stakeholders mostly have a positive perception of tourism in the park, it cannot be concluded whether the park facilitates development in a sustainable manner or not. Key problems identified are lack of participation opportunities and contradictions with traditional subsistence economies. The various positions of stakeholders in these discourses tend to influence their views on sustainability. Findings imply the necessity to monitor the distribution of benefits and burdens of park development holistically to multiple stakeholders.


title: You do well and I do well? The behavioral consequences of corporate social responsibility
type: J
volume: 40
beginPage: 62
endPage: 70
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.03.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000338620600008
year: 2014
authors: Fu, H, Ye, BHB, Law, R
docAbstract:
Employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its impact on their behavior have received little attention in hospitality research. The current study aims to narrow this gap by investigating CSR and its internal consequences from employees' perspective in the context of the Chinese hotel industry. A survey was conducted with employees in five hotels from mid-, and upscale hotel brands in China. A total of 450 usable questionnaires were returned and used to test a theoretical model. The findings indicate that CSR influences organizational citizenship behavior through the mediating effects of organizational identity and commitment. The proposed model and all hypotheses were supported. Theoretical and practical implications are presented based on the findings. Practitioners should make more effort to develop CSR initiatives and communicate them to stakeholders in order to enhance firm performance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Tapping Mindfulness to Shape Hotel Guests' Sustainable Behavior
type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 100
endPage: 114
doi: 10.1177/1938965513496315
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500012
year: 2014
authors: Barber, NA, Deale, C
docAbstract:
The characteristic of mindfulness is ascribed to people who have a relatively greater awareness of their surroundings and of other people. This study finds that assessing guests' mindfulness helps hoteliers make those guests aware of and responsive to hotels' sustainability practices. This process invokes specific elements of mindfulness, including guests' concern for society and others, their preferences for mindful information services, the benefits they seek from a hotel experience, and their demographic characteristics. This study indicated that highly mindful individuals were more concerned for others and society as a whole and search for products and services that have high emotional and environmental benefits. By understanding guests' mindfulness, hotel managers may help guests to respond to hotels' careful stewardship of the environment by engaging in sustainable consumerism.


title: The Link between Firm Financial Performance and Investment in Sustainability Initiatives
type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 19
endPage: 30
doi: 10.1177/1938965513505700
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500005
year: 2014
authors: Singal, M
docAbstract:
While sustainability initiatives by firms are increasingly encouraged by customers, investors, and the government, the economics of sustainable decisions remains in question. The study described in this paper examines the link between sustainability and economic performance for the hospitality industry, as compared with other businesses. Using data spanning 1991 through 2011 from MSCI's Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Indices and credit ratings from Standard and Poor's representing 16,325 firm-years, the analysis finds that hospitality firms on average invest more in environmental programs than do businesses in other industries; that hospitality firms have significantly fewer environmental concerns; that strong financial performance leads to increased investments; and that going green, in turn, pays off in future periods, creating a virtuous cycle. One implication is that hospitality firms should go forward confidently in establishing their sustainability programs, as it appears that customers support the effort financially.


type: J
volume: 36
beginPage: 293
endPage: 303
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000317154200034
year: 2013
authors: Siu, NYM, Zhang, TJF, Dong, P, Kwan, HY
title:
New service bonds and customer value in customer relationship management: The case of museum visitors

docAbstract:
The ability to manage customer relationships successfully provides tourism organizations with an opportunity to increase their value proposition and obtain competitive advantage. However, no study has attempted to investigate the role of new service bonds (i.e., the newness and meaningfulness of new services provided by organizations) as a relationship tactic for customer value for long-term sustainability, particularly in the context of the museum industry, which is relatively under-researched in the tourism management field. This study addresses this research gap by exploring the effects of new service bonds on customer commitment through the creation of knowledge and relational values, particularly in the museum industry. Two hundred ninety-six customers of six major museums in Hong Kong were surveyed. Findings show that both traditional relationship tactics and new service bonds affect customers' perceived relationship investment of a museum, on which new service bonds have a stronger effect. Both knowledge and relational value mechanisms are the underlying mechanisms that partially mediate the relationship between relationship investment and customer commitment. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Exploring people's viewpoints on air travel and climate change: understanding inconsistencies
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 2
beginPage: 271
endPage: 290
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.692686
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000314891300006
year: 2013
authors: Kroesen, M
docAbstract:
This study aims to objectify people's subjective viewpoints toward air travel and climate change. Using an online questionnaire, a series of statements about aviation and the environment were scored by 491 subjects in the Netherlands. Through factorization of the response patterns six distinct viewpoints on aviation and climate change are revealed and identified as integration, ignorance, denial, necessity, guilt and indulgence/fatalism. Each viewpoint is shown to be associated with fitting levels of air travel behavior and general environmental awareness. As in previous research, it is shown that air travel behavior does not significantly correlate with general environmental awareness. Notable differences were found, however, between those subjects under 30 years old and those over 30 years old: the older group were much more likely to claim both necessity and indulgence/fatalism as a reason for flying. The results add to our understanding of attitude-behavior inconsistency by revealing how people from their own standpoints reconcile and/or prevent possible inconsistencies between certain air travel behaviors and pro-environmental attitudes. Practically, the viewpoints offer more effective sustainability discourses, and point to several new policy measures to remove the "sting" from the denial position by enhancing the credibility of the "rationalization of lifestyle" discourse.


title: Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: the role of sustainability-focused events
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 8
beginPage: 1113
endPage: 1128
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.756494
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000327394400001
year: 2013
authors: Mair, J, Laing, JH
docAbstract:
Tourism is a potential setting for encouraging sustainable behaviour. One popular mechanism is to stage events with a sustainability focus, aimed at fostering behaviour change amongst attendees. This paper reports on a study of a sustainability-focused event in Australia. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) was used to explore if and how this event could potentially promote pro-environmental behaviour change amongst attendees. TTM provides a five-stage framework, linked to a series of 10 processes of change, with both attitudinal and behavioural dimensions. The stages comprise pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. Findings suggest that this event attracts individuals already significantly committed to sustainable behaviour who are using the event as a source of encouragement and positive feedback for their lifestyle choices. They are not the audience that the organisers need to reach in order to achieve their aim of behaviour change on a broader scale. This event did, however, support the processes of change, particularly for those in the "action" and "maintenance" stages. This paper considers the implications of these findings and TTM as a research tool for the future promotion and marketing of these events to tourists, possible applications to tourism fairs and exhibitions, and to behavioural change in tourism generally.


title: Mobilities, community well-being and sustainable tourism
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 4
beginPage: 532
endPage: 556
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.785556
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000318598700003
year: 2013
authors: Moscardo, G, Murphy, L, Konovalov, E, McGehee, N
docAbstract:
Tourism researchers are beginning to explore the implications of the "New Mobilities Paradigm" for improving our understanding of several aspects of tourism. This paper employs a study conducted at the intersection of this new mobilities paradigm, a consideration of destination community well-being, and the analysis of tourism sustainability through an examination of its positive and negative impacts on destinations. It describes a qualitative investigation of tourism impacts on community well-being in three Australian destinations that revealed six distinct types of tourists each characterised by different patterns of mobility. Types included Archetypal Tourists, Grey Nomads, Green Nomads, Backpackers, Temporary Workers and Amenity Migrants. The study found that patterns of impacts could be connected to these distinct types of tourists. Four key themes were identified and described - the consistent linkages between mobility variables and tourism impacts, the perceptions of tourists and tourism as providing resources for destination communities, the modification of impacts as a result of the physical, social and economic characteristics of destination communities and the emergence of conflicts and collisions between different types of tourists and residents in shared spaces. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for sustainable tourism planners and researchers, and especially for resident perceptions research.


type: J
volume: 51
issue: 4
beginPage: 512
endPage: 523
doi: 10.1177/0047287511418365
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304886600012
year: 2012
authors: Lee, CK, Norman, WC, Song, HJ, Han, H
title:
The Role of Responsible Gambling Strategy in Forming Behavioral Intention: An Application of a Model of Goal-Directed Behavior

docAbstract:
By examining the perception of a responsible gambling strategy, this study developed an extended model of goal-directed behavior (EMGB) with respect to the behavioral intentions of casino visitors. The results of the EMGB, which uses structural equation modeling, indicate that desire had the strongest relationship with casino visitors' intention to gamble, followed by positive anticipated emotion, perceived behavioral control, perceptions of a responsible gambling strategy, negative anticipated emotion, and attitude. The perception of a responsible gambling strategy was also a significant predictor of both desire and behavioral intention, as casino visitors had positive perceptions of casinos that implemented responsible gambling strategies. Casino managers should consider a responsible gambling strategy as an important long-term business activity to increase casino visitor's intention to gamble.


type: J
volume: 33
issue: 3
beginPage: 683
endPage: 691
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.07.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299973600021
year: 2012
authors: Jaafar, M, Maideen, SA
title:
Ecotourism-related products and activities, and the economic sustainability of small and medium island chalets

docAbstract:
Environment-related products and activities in the tourism industry are popular among visitors to Malaysia. Such is the case off the coast of East Peninsular Malaysia, where several coral islands offer various ecotourism activities. The present study examines the products and activities offered in the four islands and related issues on the economic sustainability of small and medium island chalets (SMICs). Through the multi-method approach, results show that island hopping and combination tours are the most popular products. Meanwhile, snorkeling, round-island trips, and diving are the most highlighted activities. These ecotourism-related activities are mainly due to the attractiveness of the environment, which has drawn large numbers of tourists to the chalets on these islands. SMICs established their businesses in the late 1990s on the back of growing confidence in the tourism industry in the 1980s. Visitors include almost equal numbers of both local and international tourists. SMICs' product and activity development are highly correlated with environmental attractions, thus positively contributing to the economic sustainability of SMICs. The present study proposes that the most appropriate business model for SMICs would be that of a small local business community operating in the island. This model would help maintain the sustainability of the island-tourism sector. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sustainable rural tourism in Iran: A perspective from Hawraman Village
type: J
volume: 2-3
beginPage: 47
endPage: 54
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2012.03.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217956300007
year: 2012
authors: Ghaderi, Z, Henderson, JC
docAbstract:
This paper discusses issues of sustainability and rural tourism within the context of Iran. Using a qualitative research approach, it investigates the experiences of one particular village which is already popular with visitors and has featured in official tourism development plans. The focus is on the reactions of residents and their perceptions of tourism impacts and formal policies. Findings indicate that villagers are concerned about the use of local natural and cultural resources for tourism purposes, recognising negative consequences which seem to them to outweigh positive effects. Participation has been very limited in government rural tourism initiatives which are felt to yield few benefits for village inhabitants. Current policies thus appear ineffective and reforms are necessary if the potential for sustainable rural tourism, embracing community engagement, is to be realised. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 2
beginPage: 141
endPage: 163
doi: 10.1002/jtr.805
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000287994000003
year: 2011
authors: Lopez-Gamero, MD, Molina-Azorin, JF, Claver-Cortes, E
title:
The Relationship between Managers' Environmental Perceptions, Environmental Management and Firm Performance in Spanish Hotels: a Whole Framework

docAbstract:
The examination of the possible direct link between environmental protection and firm performance has generally produced mixed results. This paper contributes to the literature by considering the antecedents of hotel managers' environmental attitudes to check whether perceptions of the external and internal factors are behind the adoption of a proactive environmental management. The study also tests whether or not the resource-based view of the hotel mediates the positive relationships of proactive environmental management and improved environmental performance with competitive advantage and financial performance. This contribution is original because this study develops a comprehensive whole picture of this path process, which has previously only been partially discussed in the literature. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Community Perceptions of Tourism: Bruny and Magnetic Islands, Australia
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 3
beginPage: 353
endPage: 366
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2010.503625
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000290314400008
year: 2010
authors: Weiler, B, Croy, WG, Moyle, B
docAbstract:
Tourism is increasingly perceived as important for island sustainability, though it also has impacts. Impacts on host communities have negative consequences on desired interactions with visitors, an important visitor appeal of islands. This paper uses social exchange and social representation theories to investigate island community perceptions of tourism development and impacts. The investigations highlight a diversity of island community perspectives, the salient tourism consequences, and importantly the processes that lead to the perceived impacts. On Magnetic Island, the development of resorts, changes to the type of visitor and consequent changes to the social environment were uncovered reasons not to interact with visitors. On Bruny Island, visitors overcrowding island infrastructure was highlighted as a key reason not to interact with visitors. On both islands, the reason not to interact was more due to the process of tourism development decision-making, rather than the consequent impacts of these developments. Overall, the research highlights the need for community inclusion and consultation in sustainable island tourism policy and planning, both to facilitate the process of sustainable development and to educate communities of the likely consequences.


title: Which tourism rules? Green standards and GATS
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 1
beginPage: 139
endPage: 156
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000189315000008
year: 2004
authors: Font, X, Bendell, J
docAbstract:
Programs to certify "green" or sustainable tourism standards are rapidly growing, and it is possible that certification might change in function and effect from awarding excellence to becoming defacto requirements to trade. Because certification often relies on governmental support, it could be perceived as an anti-competitive barrier to trade in the context of international practice such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services, which could reduce the appeal of standards as a self-regulatory method. This paper provides a pro-sustainability standards reading of the agreement and related World Trade Organization documents to discuss what policies and practices might be criticized as trade-restrictive and provides arguments against such criticisms. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Tourists and troglodytes - Negotiating for sustainability
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 4
beginPage: 868
endPage: 891
doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00084-0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000170820300002
year: 2001
authors: Tucker, H
docAbstract:
This paper contributes to the continuing discussion concerning the paradox that tourism destroys the object of its desire An analysis is made Of tourism relations and hospitality in a Turkish village, and it is argued that in their close interactions with tourists traveling independently of organized tour groups, local people are in a position to negotiate both their own "traditional" identity in the presence of tourists and the latter's quests and experiences in themselves. A dynamic notion of sustainability in Cultural tourism is developed, by challenging the assumptions that tourist localities must remain authentically "traditional" to meet with the expectations of tourists.


title: Corporate social responsibility in cruising: Using materiality analysis to create shared value
type: J
volume: 53
beginPage: 175
endPage: 186
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.10.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000366770000020
year: 2016
authors: Font, X, Guix, M, Bonilla-Priego, MJ
docAbstract:
Creating Shared Value hinges on the interdependence between a company's success and social welfare, and also the identification and expansion of connections between that company and society. Because critics say the concept is counterproductive, in that it focuses too narrowly on the company's economic value creation, we take a materiality analysis approach of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This approach provides evidence of what is important to stakeholders and promotes meaningful corporate disclosure, central to the Global Reporting Initiative. This study reports on a materiality analysis of the cruise industry, comparing stakeholder concerns/demands with both the relevant literature and existing CSR reports to determine to what extent the current industry definition of its social responsibility matches the expectations of its stakeholders, and subsequently, to theorise reasons for the patterns found. Results evidence that cruise companies tend to both over-report immaterial issues and under-report material issues, without responding to stakeholders' requests. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1133
endPage: 1156
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1083997
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362339600001
year: 2015
authors: Kastenholz, E, Lane, B
title:
Rural tourism: the evolution of practice and research approaches - towards a new generation concept?

docAbstract:
This paper charts the evolution of rural tourism in the developed world as an alternative tourism form, popular since the 1970s with the market and with policy makers as a rural regeneration and conservation tool. It outlines parallels with the Butler tourism area life cycle: emergence; volume growth, complexity and geographical spread; followed by problems arising from increasing competition, lack of governance and leadership, societal change and technical developments. Research responses to rural tourism's growth and change are examined, analysing 1848 articles published since 2000 by interrogating Scopus to reveal responses by subject category and geographic distribution. The papers in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism's new rural tourism Special Issue are discussed, noting how researchers have explored the conversion of rural tourism from sightseeing to numerous experiential activities, together with papers discussing governance, leadership, networking, product development and marketing. The paper concludes by calling for the research-led creation of a New Generation Rural Tourism, based on informed destination development and management, better understanding of markets and modern marketing, and professional approaches to holistic and sustainability enhancing management. The formation of an international rural tourism research group to explore, assist and assess New Generation Rural Tourism is suggested.


type: J
volume: 48
beginPage: 124
endPage: 134
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.05.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000357553100012
year: 2015
authors: Kang, JS, Chiang, CF, Huangthanapan, K, Downing, S
title:
Corporate social responsibility and sustainability balanced scorecard: The case study of family-owned hotels

docAbstract:
This research aims to find empirical support for the benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to family-owned hotels by identifying paths through which CSR influences business. The Sustainability Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) concept is used to assess the perceived importance of relationships between CSR and business performances to support the goals of the case hotels. SBSC breaks the business down into five dimensions namely; Financial, Customer, Internal Business, Learning & Growth and Non-Market Perspective, which is CSR in this study. The results of partial least squares (PLS) regression using the sample consisting of three stakeholders (i.e., two hundred customers, seventy employees and thirty managers) of family-owned hotels delivered several findings: (i) both the employee and manager group shows that CSR has a significant influence on BSC dimensions with variance (ii) all of the stakeholder groups support the significant relationship between CSR and goals and (iii) all of the stakeholder groups confirm the causal relationship among BSC dimensions with variance. Lastly, we conclude the paper by discussing implications for family-owned hotels as well as addressing limitations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Mindful deviation in creating a governance path towards sustainability in resort destinations
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 4
beginPage: 563
endPage: 579
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2014.925964
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000343655200004
year: 2014
authors: Sanz-Ibanez, C, Clave, SA
docAbstract:
Drawing on recent work in evolutionary economic geography, we focus on path creation as the framework for understanding how, in a resort destination context, the shift from growth models to ones based on principles of sustainability are evolving. Path creation emphasizes the power of human agency by recognizing the influence of entrepreneurs in shaping their environments. In the case study of the mountain resort of Whistler, British Columbia, we focus on one key aspect of the discourse surrounding the transition in governance from growth towards sustainability - that of affordable housing. The data are drawn from key informant interviews, participant observation and community document sources. The findings demonstrate how, through 'mindful deviation' from a growth model approach, Whistler entrepreneurs were able to utilize the collective agency of the community, generated in support of a new governance model based on principles of sustainability, to address the pressing need for affordable employee housing. This resulted from the opportunity to host the 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. Through the efforts of both individual and collective human agency Whistler entrepreneurs were able to persuade the local Olympic organizing committee to conform to the resort's sustainability mandate in the development of athletes' accommodation that would later serve as permanent resident-restricted housing. Overall, the study demonstrates the utility of employing a path creation lens as an analytical tool for understanding evolutionary change.


title: Corporate social responsibility and shareholder value of restaurant firms
type: J
volume: 40
beginPage: 120
endPage: 129
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.03.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000338620600014
year: 2014
authors: Kim, Y, Kim, M
docAbstract:
In response to recent calls for understanding corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its influence on shareholder value, this study examined the effects of both CSR-strengthening (i.e., strengthening a firm's CSR reputation) and -concerning (i.e., potentially diminishing the reputation) activities of publicly listed restaurant firms on shareholder value. Unlike previous studies on CSR in hospitality literature that only focused on the level of stock returns, this study considered systematic risk as another important determinant of shareholder value. This study tested whether the CSR-strengthening and CSR-concerning actions of restaurant firms are associated with shareholder value based on systematic risk and Tobin's Q CSR-strengthening actions were found to enhance shareholder value by increasing Tobin's Q whereas CSR weakening actions reduce shareholder value by increasing the systematic risk of the firm. By analyzing the different effects of CSR-strengthening and CSR-concerning actions, this study provides interesting and important implications for hospitality literature and practitioners of restaurant firms. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 37
beginPage: 29
endPage: 37
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.10.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000332351400005
year: 2014
authors: Lee, S, Lee, K, Conklin, M, Cranage, DA
title:
The role of perceived corporate social responsibility on providing healthful foods and nutrition information with health-consciousness as a moderator

docAbstract:
As customers become more health conscious and governments create legislation requiring restaurants to provide nutrition information, the restaurant industry can no longer ignore demands for healthful eating environments. This study considers providing healthful food options and nutrition information as strategies for creating healthful eating environments at restaurants, and aims to develop a theoretical explanation of consumer reactions to such actions that incorporates perceived corporate social responsibility. Data were collected using a between-subjects experimental design with scenarios. The results show that customers perceive restaurants to be socially responsible when they are provided with healthful foods and nutrition information; highly health-conscious customers react more strongly to provision of healthful foods than their counterparts. Consequently, customers have favorable attitude toward and high willingness to visit restaurants providing healthful foods and nutrition information. Restaurateurs should consider taking such initiatives to entice more customers and develop a socially responsible image. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Resident satisfaction with sustainable tourism: The case of Frankenwald Nature Park, Germany
type: J
volume: 8
beginPage: 42
endPage: 48
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2013.05.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217965400005
year: 2013
authors: Cottrell, SP, Vaske, JJ, Roemer, JM
docAbstract:
This article examined the relative influence of four sustainability dimensions (i.e., environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and institutional) in predicting resident satisfaction with sustainable tourism development. Data were collected from residents near Frankenwald Nature Park (FNP) in Germany (n = 306). The dimensions were based on three to eight survey items. Perceived satisfaction was a five-item measure of resident satisfaction. Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesis that all four dimensions were significant predictors of satisfaction. The economic dimension was the strongest predictor, followed by the institutional, social, and environmental dimensions. Findings indicate that all four dimensions should be included for a holistic approach to planning and monitoring sustainable tourism development. Future research opportunities include improving the measurement of sustainability indicators and developing standards associated with each indicator. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


title: Resilience and Non-Linear Change in Island Tourism
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 1
beginPage: 43
endPage: 67
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2012.675582
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000314498100004
year: 2013
authors: Hamzah, A, Hampton, MP
docAbstract:
Perhentian Kecil, located off the east coast of peninsular Malaysia, is predominantly a small-scale tourism destination, specifically for backpackers and independent travellers. Against the context of an aggressive drive by the state government to remove small-scale tourism development in favour of formal and high-end resorts, this paper examines the local responses to the exogenous factors that had threatened the equilibrium, and hence sustainability, of the tourism systems on the island. The paper draws upon a longitudinal study with multiple visits over an extended period since the mid-1990s. Using insights from Resilience Theory, the paper argues that this island destination is an example of non-linear change rather than conventional resort evolution. The paper also discusses how the authors as researchers had to realign their research framework and approach to take into consideration the growing complexities of tourism development in small island destinations.


title: TOURIST CROWDING PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTABILITY IN CITIES An Applied Modelling Study on Bruges
type: J
volume: 39
issue: 4
beginPage: 2133
endPage: 2153
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000311005900018
year: 2012
authors: Neuts, B, Nijkamp, P
docAbstract:
A crowding perception model for the tourist city of Bruges (Belgium) is presented, identifying a relationship between various personal characteristics, characteristics of others, density, and crowding perception. While the association between crowding levels and acceptability turned out to be significantly negative, further findings suggested that this relationship depends largely on individual preferences. Since the majority of individuals did not report a negative affective evaluation of perceived crowding levels, the often assumed negative nature of crowding is rejected in the study area. Crowding studies in high-density destinations are scarce, and the findings suggest the importance of extending the research to these settings in order to get a better understanding of the full range of crowding perception, preference and acceptability.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 5
beginPage: 683
endPage: 700
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.636819
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304409600003
year: 2012
authors: Laing, J, Mair, J
title:
The greening of music festivals: motivations, barriers and outcomes. Applying the Mair and Jago model

docAbstract:
Events are a growing sector, often attracting tourists to destinations. There is increased emphasis on achieving sustainability in event management; some festivals, particularly large outdoor music festivals, are leading in greening their events. This paper explores the drivers of, and barriers to, greening festivals and considers how events might be a vehicle for promoting sustainable behaviour. The application of the Mair and Jago model is tested. Long interviews were conductedwith managers of six UK and Australian festivals that have won awards for their "green" performance and an organisation that encourages the greening of festivals. Findings suggest that managers of these festivals act both as a champion and a steward of greening and that the key drivers of festival greening are the personal values or ethos of the manager and/or the organisation, demand for greening from stakeholders and a desire to educate and act as an advocate of green issues. Barriers to greening festivals included the financial costs, lack of time and control over festival venues and the inability to source appropriate suppliers or supplies. Further research could explore these issues in other events contexts and examine whether events leave a lasting legacy in terms of influencing environmental behaviour.


type: J
volume: 32
issue: 6
beginPage: 1474
endPage: 1483
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000293716400028
year: 2011
authors: Lamberti, L, Noci, G, Guo, JR, Zhu, SC
title:
Mega-events as drivers of community participation in developing countries: The case of Shanghai World Expo

docAbstract:
Within a wide body of literature it has been argued and demonstrated that community participation in tourism development is advantageous in terms of the sustainability and effectiveness of the development policies adopted. However, over time, doubts have been raised about whether community participation should take place in developing countries. There are major concerns regarding the immaturity and the incompliance of the political and social conditions of developing countries in relation to the requirements necessary for an effective participatory planning. In this paper, we argue that mega-events, due to their wide scope and the key role that large groups of stakeholders play in their success, may represent a driver for community participation in developing countries. In order to explore our idea, we will analyse tourism development and the planning of a mega-event within the Yangtze River Delta area, driven by the organisation and preparation of the Shanghai World Expo. According to our evidence, some initial elements of participative decision-making have indeed developed around the organisation of this mega-event, even though China has historically been considered refractory towards community participation. Finally, we discuss the findings in the light of existing knowledge to elicit significant questions about community participation in tourism development within developing countries and to address further research on this topic. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Environmental Perception, Management, and Competitive Opportunity in Spanish Hotels
type: J
volume: 52
issue: 4
beginPage: 480
endPage: 500
doi: 10.1177/1938965511420694
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000295916700015
year: 2011
authors: Claver-Cortes, E, Lopez-Gamero, MD, Molina-Azorin, JF
docAbstract:
Seeking to fill the gap on research regarding the hospitality industry in relation to the environment, this article examines the environmental peculiarities of the tourism industry. Applying a single framework, the article analyzes the antecedents of organizations' perceptions of the environment by combining two theoretical approaches: institutional theory and the resource-based view. The study uses a structural equation model to analyze the data from 239 hotels in Spain. The findings show that a number of external factors (i.e., environmental regulation, stakeholders, and uncertainty) and internal factors (i.e., resources and capabilities) have different effects on managerial perceptions of the environment as a competitive opportunity. The study demonstrates that the attitude and perceptions of managers appear to be essential factors for investment in preventive environmental technologies. Among other findings, the study found that managers respond favorably to voluntary norms, rather than environmental legislation; stakeholder pressure seems to have a negative effect on managers' perceptions of the competitive opportunity inherent in sustainability; and the availability of complementary resources encourages managers' perceptions of sustainability as a competitive opportunity. These perceptions are behind the adoption of an environmental management scheme with a stronger focus on prevention strategies. The perception of this competitive advantage means that a manager is more likely to develop a proactive environmental management approach.


title: Wildlife tourism as a common pool resource issue: enabling conditions for sustainability governance
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 7
beginPage: 831
endPage: 844
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.483281
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000281082800001
year: 2010
authors: Moore, SA, Rodger, K
docAbstract:
Wildlife tourism is potentially a common pool resource (CPR) issue when the following are applicable: it is difficult to exclude tourists; their experiences are affected by others' activities; and adverse impacts on the wildlife occur. CPRs are typified by non-excludability and subtractability. Relatively few efforts have been made to consider tourism in this way or to use the concept of CPR in tourism management schemes. This paper (1) explores the possibility of wildlife tourism being a CPR issue, (2) derives a list of enabling conditions required for the sustainability of such resources and (3) determines the applicability of the conditions through a case study. Having described the potential for wildlife tourism to be a CPR issue, the enabling conditions explored in the rest of the paper follow: the characteristics of the tourism resource system and its user groups, the associated institutional arrangements and the external environment. The application of CPR thinking to the case study, whale shark tourism in Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia, revealed the contribution of institutional arrangements, particularly those associated with the State Government, to sustainable management. The use of the enabling conditions as a tool for managing wildlife tourism is discussed.


title: Optimal choice of quality in hotel services
type: J
volume: 33
issue: 2
beginPage: 456
endPage: 469
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.12.010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000237231200009
year: 2006
authors: Garcia, D, Tugores, M
docAbstract:
A debate oil the sustainability of mass tourist destinations and the need to reorient them towards the high quality segment has recently arisen. However, it has not yet been studied whether Such a shift in the specialization pattern would result in an increase of efficiency. In this paper, a vertical differentiation duapoly model in which hotels compete in both quality and prices is used. The market duopoly and the Social planner solutions are compared, and different external costs are considered. It is found that efficient solutions allow for the coexistence of both the high and low quality segments, and that an expansion of the fortiler does not necessarily improve welfare.


title: Hospitality and reciprocity - Working tourists in Dominica
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 2
beginPage: 407
endPage: 418
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000228681000006
year: 2005
authors: Heuman, D
docAbstract:
This study examines the importance of host-guest relationships in community-based, working holidays. It looks at a working vacation in the Carib Territory of Dominica to assess how sociocultural systems for the treatment of tourists feature in small-scale tourism. The study finds that such working holidays appear to imitate elements of traditional forms of hospitality. Some of the duties and obligations of host-guest relationships appear to be carried into the sphere of guest-local interactions, in particular, non-monetary reciprocities. This suggests that understanding the nature of hospitality is central to analyzing small-scale, community-based tourism, and it has implications for understanding behaviors, outcomes, and impacts. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 2
beginPage: 245
endPage: 269
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1076827
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000369649300007
year: 2016
authors: de Grosbois, D
title:
Corporate social responsibility reporting in the cruise tourism industry: a performance evaluation using a new institutional theory based model

docAbstract:
This paper creates a conceptual model that helps explain the corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting behaviour of cruise lines in the context of institutional theory. It presents findings from an analysis of 50 cruise lines' websites and sustainability reports and discusses the findings within this conceptual context. The study investigated cruise line reporting on commitments to specific CSR goals, the extent of reporting on initiatives contributing to those commitments and the extent of reporting on progress towards those goals. The analysis indicates limited use of formal international reporting guidelines, an almost complete absence of third-party assurance of reported information, and unclear presentation of information on websites, failing to specify time frames and the scope/source of information. Although most cruise lines reported on commitments, fewer reported on specific initiatives, and still fewer provided meaningful assessments of their impacts or performance. Environmental issues and social and community well-being issues received most attention, while issues of economic prosperity, employment quality, and diversity and accessibility were reported to a much lesser extent. Access to information, its credibility, ease of interpretation, and comparability between companies were found to be poor. Since 2009, industry reporting declined, but recently shows signs of resurgence.


title: Using indicators to assess sustainable tourism development: a review
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 31
endPage: 47
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2013.867530
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000335850500006
year: 2014
authors: Saarinen, J, Torres-Delgado, A
docAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to examine the role of indicators in the transition to sustainability in tourism development and planning, identifying their main characteristics and summarising the challenges posed by their use in tourism development and in the research field. Indicators today constitute significant elements in sustainability programmes, but their use has been hampered by technical and conceptual difficulties. Furthermore, given that specific socio-spatial contexts and scales are highly influential in their application in the field, there is a need to identify the nature and characteristics of these indicators of sustainable tourism. After the in-depth development of a theoretical and phenomenological framework for indicators in tourism sector based on literature review, some interesting findings were identified. Indicators of sustainability have been widely adopted in tourism planning and management, and the indicator type (set or index) is selected depending on the situation under analysis and the purpose underpinning the study. In general, a set of indicators may prove more useful and accurate for assessing sustainability in one tourism destination, while an index may be better suited for comparing different spatial units. However, indicator effectiveness to achieve the ideals of sustainable tourism development is affected by the ambiguity in the definition of the concept of sustainable tourism and problems associated with data availability and baseline knowledge. The main challenge is to overcome strategic guidelines and political and theoretical proposals of indicators and achieve practical applications for the sustainable development of tourism. It is in this regard that innovations and knowledge transfer have been stressed, albeit that the nature of this knowledge remains the key.


type: J
volume: 30
issue: 4
beginPage: 365
endPage: 385
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2013.784154
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000319043200005
year: 2013
authors: Martinez, P, del Bosque, IR, Perez, A
title:
Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in tourism: Development and validation of an efficient measurement scale in the hospitality industry

docAbstract:
This article aims at developing an efficient measurement scale for corporate social responsibility in the tourism industry, given the contextual character that is recognized in the practice of this construct. Indicators were generated on the basis of a literature review and qualitative research. To assess the reliability and validity, first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis were carried out. Results show a multidimensional structure of this constructincluding economic, social, and environmental issues. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of social responsibility through its practical application regarding concepts of sustainable development which have mainly been theoretical.<xref rid="FT0001" ref-type="fn"></xref> <fn id="FT0001"> The authors would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for many helpful comments and suggestions. </fn


title: Food and tourism: an effective partnership? A UK-based review
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 6
beginPage: 789
endPage: 809
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.741601
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000322161400001
year: 2013
authors: Slocum, SL, Everett, S
docAbstract:
This paper focuses on the role of food tourism in delivering sustainability agendas by examining how the agriculture and tourism sectors have struggled to realise measurable successes because of constraints, conflicting ambitions and low levels of social capital. It focuses on the United Kingdom, which has tasked regional development agencies to adopt food tourism as a means to grow local economies, create jobs and improve natural resources and diversify. In 2009/10, 16 interviews and six workshops were conducted with stakeholders to gauge industry challenges and needs in implementing food tourism. Based on qualitative findings, a model was developed which maps five emergent themes (knowledge exchange, the supply chain, fear of change, regionalisation and marketing) alongside five sustainability principles (strong and just society, good governance, sustainable economy, working within environmental limits and using sound science responsibly). The paper argues that if food tourism is to deliver its purported sustainable benefits, the policy environment must cultivate significant social capital through the cooperation of different industries with varying needs, motivations and challenges through joint marketing schemes, more localised distribution channels and enhanced policy engagement. Scotland and Wales are more successful than England, but overall food and tourism are not yet in effective partnership.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 3
beginPage: 221
endPage: 234
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.555521
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000288270000003
year: 2011
authors: Lapeyre, R
title:
The Grootberg lodge partnership in Namibia: towards poverty alleviation and empowerment for long-term sustainability?

docAbstract:
This paper analyses socio-economic impacts of a tourism community-public-private partnership in a rural area in Namibia and its contribution to achieving some of the Millennium Development Goals. Building on an institutional analysis as well as an applied sustainable livelihoods approach, it is argued that the Grootberg lodge partnership contributes to nature conservation, poverty alleviation as well as capacity-building and empowerment at both the individual and collective levels (the triple bottom line). Indeed, empirical data gathered in 2006 and 2007 show that the Grootberg lodge has helped to improve the livelihoods of some rural households by distributing to them secure wage revenues, building their financial and physical assets and reducing their vulnerability; it has further provided employees with essential training sessions (human capital) and has involved community members in some of the tourism management decisions. These results, however, remain context related and dependent on some important unpredictable and intangible variables (trust and openness); as a result, further systematic livelihood studies in other contexts are called for in order to better inform policy-makers on the future promotion and development of tourism partnerships both in Namibia and worldwide.


title: Conceptualising a contemporary marketing mix for sustainable tourism
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 8
beginPage: 953
endPage: 969
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.584625
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299284100003
year: 2011
authors: Pomering, A, Noble, G, Johnson, LW
docAbstract:
This paper outlines how marketing, though traditionally considered an enemy of sustainability, can play a role in implementing sustainable tourism. It notes the redefinition in 2007 by the American Marketing Association of marketing's aims to consider wider societal issues beyond those of clients and customers. It illustrates how the recognition of the importance of sustainable tourism at all scales of tourism activity provides marketing with an opportunity to pursue sustainability outcomes. We review the strategic tourism marketing planning process and conceptually develop a sustainability tourism marketing model that embeds sustainability considerations at each stage of the planning process. Our proposed model contributes to sustainable tourism theory development and offers a conceptual tool for managing a tourism organisation's ecological and societal footprint on the supply side and a critical opportunity for transforming consumer decision-making on the demand side, irrespective of tourism scale. A 30-cell matrix is proposed that cross-references a strong set of 10 marketing elements (product, price, promotion, place, participants, process, physical evidence, partnership, packaging and programming) against the questions posed by the triple bottom line of economic factors, the environmental and sociocultural concern, creating a check list of indicators for management purposes.


title: Tourism sustainability, resiliency and dynamics: Towards a more comprehensive perspective
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 1
beginPage: 14
endPage: 24
doi: 10.1057/thr.2008.8
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212191400003
year: 2008
authors: Johnston, RJ, Tyrrell, TJ
docAbstract:
This paper uses insights from a basic but formal model of tourism dynamics to frame a discussion of sustainability in tourism planning, with a particular focus on the role of dynamic resilience -or the ability of social, economic or ecological systems to recover from tourism-induced stress. The paper presents a theoretical approach to model resiliency in the ecological-environmental quality, economic-fiscal quality and social-cultural quality of tourist destinations. The model also formalises the difference between actual and perceived changes in these vectors. The specific goals of the paper are to characterise a more quantitative approach towards tourism sustainability and resilience, to summarise results in the tourism literature that might contribute to initial empirical implementation of such quantitative models, and to stimulate debate regarding the potential role of such approaches in guiding tourism policy.


title: Consequences of "greenwashing": consumers' reactions to hotels' green initiatives
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 6
beginPage: 1054
endPage: 1081
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-04-2014-0202
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000360569400001
year: 2015
authors: Chi, CGQ, Rahman, I, Park, J
docAbstract:
Purpose - This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate, drawing upon influential discounting behavior theory and cognition - affect - behavior (C-A-B) paradigm, consumers' reactions to the phenomenon of "greenwashing" in the lodging industry. More specifically, this paper proposed and tested a theoretical model that examined whether recognizing the ulterior motive caused consumer skepticism about hotels' environmental claims, which in turn influenced consumers' intention to participate in linen reuse program and intention to revisit the hotel. Additionally, the moderating effects of ecological concern on the relationship between skepticism and intention to participate and between skepticism and intention to revisit were examined. Design/methodology/approach - A quasi-experimental design was used with two conditions (control vs ulterior motive) employing staff members of a US public university as study participants. In total, 638 useful responses were received. Findings - The results of this study revealed that an ulterior motive of hotels' environmental claims evoked consumer skepticism, which, in turn, negatively influenced consumers' intention to participate in the linen reuse program and intention to revisit the hotel. Skepticism was found to partially mediate the relationships between ulterior motive and intention to participate and between ulterior motive and intention to revisit. Consumers' ecological concern was not found to moderate the relationship between skepticism and intention to participate in the linen reuse program and skepticism and intention to revisit the hotel. In addition, a significant positive direct effect between ecological concern and intention to participate and a non-significant effect between ecological concern and revisit intention were revealed. Research limitations/implications - Focus on consumers' response to the ulterior motive of environmental claims advances an understanding of consumers' attitudes and perceptions about hotels' green practices. Practical implications - Findings suggest that hotels need to be watchful so that consumers do not become skeptical. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that managers do everything possible to give customers no room for doubt. Hoteliers need to spend more effort in installing comprehensive green programs and make true green claims by keeping the potential consequences of greenwashing in mind. Hoteliers also need to seek out third-party certifications that require the hotel to meet certain standards, which will help ensure credibility in the eyes of consumers. Originality/value - Hospitality literature has seldom explored this gray area of green marketing, and, in this regard, this study serves as a guide to hoteliers and researchers alike. The authors thereby anticipate that this study would encourage more research in this often overlooked but highly important area.


type: J
volume: 41
beginPage: 10
endPage: 20
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.03.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000340331100002
year: 2014
authors: Day, J, Jang, S, Jeong, E, Ha, SJ
title:
The impact of eco-friendly practices on green image and customer attitudes: An investigation in a cafe setting

docAbstract:
Do restaurant green practices, such as using recyclable take-out containers, really affect customers' perceptions of the restaurants' green image and their attitudes toward the restaurant? If so, does it matter whether these customers are ecologically conscious or not? The present study attempted to examine the relationships among three constructs customers' perceived green practices, perceived green image of a restaurant brand, and attitudes toward a restaurant brand, in a study of Starbucks' customers and identifies the key green practices that influence customers' perceptions of a restaurant's green image. First, the results suggest that the perception of green practices affects customers' perceived green image of a restaurant which in turn influences customers' attitudes toward a restaurant. Second, the study identifies recyclable take-out containers, recycling waste, and energy-efficient lighting as the key green practices that contribute to the formation of customers' perceptions of a restaurant's green image, but only across ecologically conscious customers. Finally, the paper includes a theoretical model that helps explain customers' formation of a green image and attitudes toward a restaurant company and offers practical guidelines for effective green marketing management in restaurant operations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Location, Location, Location: Film Corporations' Social Responsibilities
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 2-3
beginPage: 107
endPage: 114
doi: 10.1080/10548400802092551
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207740700001
year: 2008
authors: Beeton, S
docAbstract:
Many TV series are set and filmed in small rural communities that are often attempting to deal with issues of rural decline. Increasing tourism is an extremely attractive option for these communities. Entrepreneurial film-tourism business activities such as guided tours, branded souvenirs, and guidebooks can also assist in arresting decline in these communities. However, such opportunities do not always eventuate, with the community left to deal with increased visitation and often a serious loss of privacy. Film companies have a vested interest in maintaining a positive relationship with the location communities, particularly if they wish to continue filming there. This paper argues that they need to consider their responsibilities to the communities in which they film, particularly in relation to the tourism legacy they leave behind.


title: Local perceptions of tourism planning: the case of Cuellar, Spain
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 331
endPage: 339
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00069-9
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000183609000009
year: 2003
authors: Burns, PM, Sancho, MM
docAbstract:
The rapid and unplanned speed of development that took place on the Mediterranean Coast of Spain, after WWII led to some well documented negative impacts. In the closing decade of the 20th century, however, the Spanish Government took steps to rationalise development by adopting a more sustainable and planned approach. This includes the twin-track formulation of new tourism development plans to improve the quality of the well established Spanish tourist resorts (Plan de Excelencia Turistica), and develop new tourist resorts in municipalities where tourism activity did not exist (Plan de Dinamizacion Turistiea). Taking the inland village of Cuellar, which acted as a pilot for the national scheme, this paper draws on primary evidence in the form of nonprobability sampling, to provide some insights into local perceptions about the way the first Plan de Dinamizacion Turistica was approached. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 55
beginPage: 25
endPage: 32
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000377326100004
year: 2016
authors: Lee, CK, Kim, J, Song, HJ
title:
Effects of corporate social responsibility and internal marketing on organizational commitment and turnover intentions

docAbstract:
This study examined the effects of four aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) (i.e., economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibility) and five aspects of internal marketing (IM) (i.e., welfare system, training, compensation, communication, and management support) on employees' organizational commitment (OC) and turnover intentions (TI) in the casino industry. Based on survey data collected from 310 employees working for a casino company, the relationships were examined using confirmatory factor analysis, second-order factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results indicate that both employees' perceptions of CSR and IM are positively related to their OC and negatively to their TI, suggesting that adding CSR programs to existing IM programs is likely to improve desirable employee work attitudes such as OC, which in turn contributes to decreasing TI. This study makes a contribution to the literature by conceptually and empirically evaluating CSR and IM dimensions simultaneously in the casino environment. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 107
endPage: 126
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.804830
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329911000008
year: 2014
authors: Hopkins, D
title:
The sustainability of climate change adaptation strategies in New Zealand's ski industry: a range of stakeholder perceptions

docAbstract:
Climate change is a critical sustainability challenge for alpine tourism and the ski industry. Climate change adaptation is characterised as identifying and taking advantage of new business opportunities plus reducing physical risks. For adaptation strategies to be sustainable they should consider the environment, economy and society. While several adaptive ski industry strategies have been identified, not all can fulfil these criteria; some adaptive strategies could be perceived as unsustainable, or maladaptive. This paper provides a qualitative, perceptual study of ski industry stakeholders in Queenstown, New Zealand, addressing perceptions of climate change adaptation by the core industry, wider industry actors, local community and tourists. It answers two research questions: What are perceived as the main climate change adaptation strategies for Queenstown's ski industry? How do ski industry stakeholders perceive current adaptation strategies in terms of sustainability? It finds snowmaking central to addressing both current weather variability and medium/long-term future climate change. Ski-field operators use snowmaking to ensure the industry's economic sustainability, to extend seasons even beyond traditional norms, but with little consideration for environmental or social sustainability. It finds some local people questioning snowmaking on ethical and environmental grounds, and skier acceptance of snowmaking connected to activity preference.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 7
beginPage: 731
endPage: 748
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2012.695291
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000325059800003
year: 2013
authors: Ham, S, Han, H
title:
Role of Perceived Fit With Hotels' Green Practices in the Formation of Customer Loyalty: Impact of Environmental Concerns

docAbstract:
With the increasing concern for ecological issues among hotel customers, this study pursues an investigation of customers' perceptions of hotels' core business in association with green practices and the resulting purchase-related loyalty (i.e. intentions to visit, accept price premiums, and recommend). In addition, the study examines the moderating role of environmental concerns in the relationships among perceptions of hotels' green practices and loyalty components. A survey of tourists using hotels showed that customers related hotels' core businesses and green practices positively, which consequently affected customers' purchase intentions toward the hotels. This study is unique in academia in that it investigates the fit theory for the hospitality industry by considering the impact of environmental concerns, while employing environmental practices as an emerging social cause, which is, increasingly, important for the society. This study is beneficial by providing hotel managers with insight into hotel customers' decision-making processes regarding green practices.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 3
beginPage: 487
endPage: 504
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.713965
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000316116000008
year: 2013
authors: Dwyer, L, Cvelbar, LK
title:
An importance-performance analysis of sustainability factors for long-term strategy planning in Slovenian hotels

docAbstract:
This paper explores the potential role of economic, environmental and social reporting in long-term strategy planning in the hospitality industry. The context of study is Slovenia. Following the development of a set of "sustainability" indicators, hospitality managers were asked to rate the importance of each indicator to sustainable operations and the performance of their firms in implementing management actions. Seven hotel performance factors were established across the triple bottom line. Using importance-performance analysis (IPA), key issues are identified as requiring the attention of stakeholders to support the sustainable development of Slovenia's hospitality industry. For managers, the 10 most important indicators include those related to economic performance, customer relationship and cost saving environmental activities: performance here, and in marketing, was perceived as poor. In contrast, actions taken to increase environmental awareness, and improve relationships with employees are seen by managers as less important, and even as possible overkills. Community relationships are seen as of low importance and where the industry performs relatively poorly. A major recommendation is that Slovenian hotel managers should focus on improving their economic performance: neglecting this could threaten hotels' long-term survival. IPA analysis is shown as applicable to strategy making for sustainable development in hospitality industry contexts worldwide.


title: Geotourism and Geoparks as Gateways to Socio-cultural Sustainability in Qeshm Rural Areas, Iran
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 30
endPage: 48
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.610145
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299268200003
year: 2012
authors: Costa, C, Farsani, NT, Coelho, C
docAbstract:
Cultural sustainability is the concept for the recovery and protection of cultural identities. It is linked to previous traditional practices through celebrating local and regional histories and passing down cultural values to future generations. Nowaday, geoparks as an innovation for the protection of natural and geological heritage play an important role in cultural sustainability in rural areas. Moreover, a geopark stimulates local socio-economic and socio-cultural development by attracting an increasing numbers of visitors. The aim of this paper is to assess innovative strategies of geoparks for socio-cultural sustainability. To this end, electronic questionnaires were sent to all geoparks around the world (64) registered by UNESCO and just 25 questionnaire responses were received (20 in Europe and three in Asia (Malaysia, Japan and Iran), one in Australia, and one in South America (Brazil)). Additionally, the interview method was used to consider the role played by the creation of Qeshm geopark in reducing the negative cultural impacts of tourism in rural areas. Based on the results of the descriptive analysis, geopark activities promote cultural components in their territory.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 7
beginPage: 917
endPage: 938
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.667217
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000308094900001
year: 2012
authors: Larson, LR, Poudyal, NC
title:
Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: a case study of Machu Picchu, Peru

docAbstract:
Machu Picchu, Peru, is recognized as a top international travel destination. Pressure from the approximately 900,000 tourists who annually visit the ancient Inca city threatens the ecological integrity, physical substance and cultural authenticity of the World Heritage Site and surrounding area, including the Inca Trail. Multiple organizations and agencies currently involved in the management of Machu Picchu have distinct agendas for the conservation and development of the city, and conflicts regarding public access, economic growth and cultural preservation are rampant. Attempts to establish carrying capacities have failed, with proposed daily visitor levels ranging from 800 to 4000. This paper explores the complex issues surrounding tourism at Machu Picchu and presents a potential solution: an adaptive management approach based on the UN World Tourism Organization's (UNWTO) sustainable tourism framework. This integrative strategy accounts for multiple perspectives and synthesizes disparate goals embraced by diverse stakeholders, including the Peruvian government, international conservation organizations, foreign tourists, private tour operators, regional authorities and indigenous communities. The focus on Machu Picchu as an adaptive management case study site outlines key steps leading to implementation, offering planning and policy implications for sustainability initiatives at numerous developing-world tourism destinations facing similar political and socio-economic challenges.


title: COMPLEXITY IN TOURISM POLICIES A Cognitive Mapping Approach
type: J
volume: 38
issue: 3
beginPage: 1110
endPage: 1134
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000293367000018
year: 2011
authors: Farsari, I, Butler, RW, Szivas, E
docAbstract:
The paper discusses a study of policies for sustainable tourism developed at all four policy making levels in Greece using a complex systems approach. Complexity was examined between policy issues i.e. the elements constituting policy considerations. The mental models of policy makers were elicited, built and analyzed by applying appropriately developed cognitive mapping methods to reveal key policy considerations, valued outcomes and perceptions of complexity. Individual map analysis and comparisons of policy making at each level revealed greater structural differences than similarities. These findings indicate a complex domain with various ramifications perceived in different ways by individual policy makers. Despite structural differences, policies at all levels in Greece contained a clear focus on the economic sustainability of tourism, reflecting a rather parochial perspective on sustainable tourism.


title: The mining sector and indigenous tourism development in Weipa, Queensland
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 5
beginPage: 597
endPage: 606
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000278205800004
year: 2010
authors: Buultjens, J, Brereton, D, Memmott, P, Reser, J, Thomson, L, O'Rourke, T
docAbstract:
A relatively high proportion of Indigenous Australians live in remote areas where a number of mines are located. Indigenous Australians are more likely than their non-Indigenous counterparts to be unemployed and to be living below the poverty line and in order to overcome this disadvantage it is important for Indigenous people to gain meaningful employment. In these remote areas, in addition to mining, tourism is seen as potentially providing substantial opportunities for Indigenous employment. However many of these Indigenous tourism enterprises will need on-going support to become sustainable. Mining companies have significant resources and infrastructure that could be used to help develop Indigenous tourism and a number of companies, as part of their corporate social responsibility agenda, have directly facilitated the development of Indigenous tourism ventures. This study examined Indigenous involvement in tourism in the Weipa region of north-west Queensland and the role of the then Comalco bauxite mining operation, now called Rio Tinto Aluminium, in assisting this development. The study revealed substantial enthusiasm about market opportunities for Indigenous tourism and potential support from the Comalco mine. However the mine did not see itself as being directly involved but saw itself as a facilitator working with some regional Indigenous organisations. However given the constraints these other organisations face, this approach by Comalco is likely to limit the effectiveness of the mine's efforts. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Specific and general taxation of tourism activities. Evidence from Spain
type: J
volume: 30
issue: 3
beginPage: 381
endPage: 392
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.08.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000264732700007
year: 2009
authors: Gago, A, Labandeira, X, Picos, F, Rodriguez, M
docAbstract:
This article mainly discusses whether the introduction or increase of tourism taxation should be addressed through specific or general indirect taxation. With this aim, the paper describes the concept of tourism taxes and presents the several reasons that back their use. The paper also offers some numerical exercises comparing the effects of specific and general tourism taxation in Spain, a developed country with a sizeable tourism industry. The article suggests that both specific and general taxes on tourism would be able to yield improvements in terms of revenues and internalization of costs without hampering the economy. Yet, in comparative terms, general indirect taxes may be a more feasible, equitable and neutral way to obtain tax revenues from tourism activities. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Components of sustainability - Two cases from Turkey
type: J
volume: 33
issue: 2
beginPage: 442
endPage: 455
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000237231200008
year: 2006
authors: Gezid, F
docAbstract:
This paper analy/es the development process and goals of sustainability in two internationally popular cultural destinations in Turkey. A central hypothesis of the study was that the rapid development and high concentration of tourism activities cause negative effects on the natural and cultural environments, and when involvement of locals is minimal or lacking, the outcome would be especially unacceptable to the host community. Residents, tourists, and investors were involved, with perceptional analyses conducted for evaluation of the significance of tourism and environmental attributes for future policies, supplemented with an examination of local involvement in the development process. Findings indicate that coastal locations have met more pressure and encounter greater environmental problems than inland destinations.


type: J
volume: 54
beginPage: 107
endPage: 115
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.01.010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000374919200012
year: 2016
authors: Lee, S, Mattila, AS, Gao, YX
title:
A meta-analysis of behavioral intentions for environment-friendly initiatives in hospitality research

docAbstract:
Research on environment-friendly initiatives has received increasing attention in hospitality research. However, an integrated literature review of research examining the impact of consumer perceptions of green initiatives on their behavioral intentions is lacking. To that end, a quantitative meta-analysis of 26 articles published in hospitality journals was conducted in order to determine the effect sizes of the relationship between consumers' perceptions and their green behaviors. This research intended to examine how two broad categories - internalized perceptions (i.e. personal values, attitudes, environmental knowledge/awareness, and perceived benefits) and perceptions of the firm (i.e. hotel/restaurant image, perceived quality, and satisfaction) - influence consumers' behavioral intentions toward green hotels/restaurants (e.g., word-of-mouth intentions, retentions, willingness to pay, and willingness to pay a premium). This meta-analysis shows that both internalized perceptions and perceptions of the firm had a strong positive association with behavioral intentions. The average effect sizes for internalized perceptions and perceptions of the firms were r = 0.3177 and r = 0.4240, respectively. The findings of this research suggest that the positive relationship between consumer perceptions and behavioral intentions is well-established. Therefore, it might not be fruitful to continue to apply identical frameworks (e.g., the theory of planned behavior or the theory of reasoned action) in future research. We thus suggest that hospitality and tourism researchers in the area of environment-friendly initiatives need to either significantly improve the existing models or look for new and more diverse frameworks in order to make meaningful theoretical contributions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The Coorong Wilderness Lodge: A case study of planning failures in Indigenous tourism
type: J
volume: 44
beginPage: 46
endPage: 57
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.02.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000336465300008
year: 2014
authors: Higgins-Desbiolles, F, Trevorrow, G, Sparrow, S
docAbstract:
This paper presents a case study of the Coorong Wilderness Lodge (CWL) in order to highlight barriers to success that are in part derived from poor policy and planning supports for Indigenous Australian tourism operators. This analysis assists in filling a research gap on the catalysts to economic success and failure in Indigenous tourism through obtaining rich narratives from public sector facilitators and the Indigenous Australian tourism entrepreneur. Using social construction theory, this paper narrates the story of difficulties in developing the infrastructure between 1995 and 2008. This story highlights diverging views of how such enterprises should be supported which is in part explained by cultural differences, diverging expectations and poor communications across such divides. With the founder of the CWL George Trevorrow as a co-researcher in the project, the paper provides an emic perspective that offers fresh insights into this topic. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Environmental certification schemes: Hotel managers' views and perceptions
type: J
volume: 39
beginPage: 87
endPage: 96
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.02.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000336465500011
year: 2014
authors: Geerts, W
docAbstract:
This paper contributes to research into environmental certification schemes in the hospitality industry, by discussing three objectives of such schemes; (1) promote the implementation of sustainability practices in the hospitality industry; (2) increase profitability; and (3) provide more accurate information to guests. This paper provides a first insight into the perception of managers towards certification schemes. Interviews with 21 London managers from a range of star-rated hotels, and an analysis of 196 websites of London hotels, indicates that these objectives are not all achieved. It is discussed how certification schemes provide knowledge to hoteliers and helps against claims of 'greenwash'. The effect of certifications on profitability, however, is questioned, and due to limited communication of certifications by hotels, certifications are failing to provide guests with more accurate information. Implications, recommendations and limitations of the research are discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 1
beginPage: 123
endPage: 142
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0256
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000331779500009
year: 2014
authors: Martin, JMM, Aguilera, JDJ, Moreno, VM
title:
Impacts of seasonality on environmental sustainability in the tourism sector based on destination type: an application to Spain's Andalusia region

docAbstract:
Numerous studies have shown the negative effects of seasonality on sustainable tourist destinations. The region of Andalusia in Spain receives more than 16 million tourists annually. The purpose of this study is to analyse levels of seasonality in this region during 2005-2010 according to type of destination (coastal capitals, coastal areas, inland capitals and inland areas) to highlight the differences in patterns of seasonality in these destinations. The authors focus on tourism seasonality based on type of destination as regional aggregate data provide very little information about the situation, thus making it difficult to determine the expected effects of seasonality on the sustainability of each environment. Due to its wide acceptance, the authors use the Gini index in the analysis and apply it to monthly arrivals of passengers and their overnight stays. Their analysis reveals that coastal areas suffer from the greatest seasonality, and that these destinations also receive the greatest influx of tourists. Furthermore, coastal areas have experienced higher growth in terms of seasonal trends, which may threaten sustainability. The analysis also shows that the seasonality of foreign tourism intensifies because its monthly distribution pattern is very similar to that of domestic tourism.


title: CSR reporting among Zimbabwe's hotel groups: a content analysis
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 4
beginPage: 595
endPage: 613
doi: 10.1108/09596111311322943
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000319955800008
year: 2013
authors: Nyahunzvi, DK
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to determine the nature and adequacy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting among Zimbabwe's hotel groups. Design/methodology/approach - Content analysis was used to examine websites, annual reports and mission statements of Zimbabwe's hotel groups. Findings - Zimbabwe's hotel groups gave primacy to financial performance rather than social and environmental themes in their CSR reporting. In comparative terms, the hotel groups lag behind some of their developed world's counterparts in CSR reporting. Research limitations/implications - Future studies may examine the actual CSR practices adopted by Zimbabwe's tourism and hospitality sector. Research efforts should also be directed towards producing a framework to guide the effective design of CSR dedicated pages on corporate websites. Practical implications - The research findings suggest that CSR initiatives and reporting are still a peripheral issue among Zimbabwe's hotel groups. A need for legal compulsion and third party verification to enhance the hotel groups' CSR reporting was identified. Further, the crafting of CSR policies and their institutionalization are complementary moves that should be adopted by the hotel groups. Originality/value - This is perhaps one of the first papers exploring CSR reporting in the Zimbabwean hospitality context in particular, and the developing world in general. It is hoped that this paper stimulates further research involving the CSR practices and reporting of the entire tourism and hospitality supply chain in the developing world context.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 117
endPage: 140
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208982400002
year: 2012
authors: Muller, JC, Lammert, J, Hovemann, G
title:
The Financial Fair Play Regulations of UEFA: An Adequate Concept to Ensure the Long-Term Viability and Sustainability of European Club Football?

docAbstract:
In response to the severe financial plight of many clubs that regularly take part in European competitions, UEFA developed the concept of Financial Fair Play as an extension of its licensing regulations. The aim of the concept is to curtail financial foul play in European football (nonpayment of liabilities owing to rival clubs or employees) and financial doping (excessive funding provided to cover losses arising from expenses for playing talent not balanced by revenues). The paper addresses the question if the Financial Fair Play is an adequate concept to ensure the long-term viability and sustainability of European club football as intended by UEFA. To answer this question, we illustrate the empirical background and search for a theoretical justification within the field of sport economics. Based on structuring UEFA's objectives, we analyze and evaluate the major amendments of the Financial Fair Play Regulations.


title: The impact of prevention versus promotion hope on CSR activities
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 1
beginPage: 43
endPage: 51
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.05.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000296938200006
year: 2012
authors: Mattila, AS, Kim, EEK, Kang, J
docAbstract:
In order to benefit from CSR (corporate social responsibility) activities, companies need to adopt appropriate advertising strategies that can positively influence consumers' purchase decisions while generating favorable attitudes toward the company. Advertising certain products or services triggers the feeling of hope and creates specific goals that consumers aim to achieve. In this study, we distinguish between two types of hope-promotion hope versus prevention hope, and examine their impact in the context of CSR. Results from an experimental study reveal that the impact of CSR activities on consumer attitudes and behavioral intentions depends on the type of hope. When the ad portrayed a message inducing prevention hope, an altruistic CSR activity was more effective than a strategic CSR activity. Conversely, the impact of the two CSR activities did not differ in the promotion ad context. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The sustainable integration of cultural heritage and tourism: a meta-study
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 7
beginPage: 837
endPage: 862
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.553286
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299287900003
year: 2011
authors: Loulanski, T, Loulanski, V
docAbstract:
This paper presents a cross-disciplinary thematic investigation into the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism. It systematizes evidence on concepts, policies and strategies and provides an interpretive synthesis illuminating the factors deemed critical by researchers for the sustainable integration of heritage and tourism. It seeks to find consilience to lead to a "new age of synthesis". After an extensive literature review, 483 studies were selected and reviewed, assisted by a qualitative data analysis software (NVivo). The research followed the meta-synthesis approach, particularly meta-ethnography, of identifying findings, grouping findings into categories and grouping categories into synthesized findings, to produce a representative set of 15 synthesis factors. These include local involvement, education and training, authenticity and interpretation, sustainability-centered tourism management, integrated planning, incorporation into a wider sustainable development framework, controlled growth, governance and stakeholder participation, market and product diversification, suitable funding provision, international governance and support systems, a heritage capital approach, effective site management, destination management and a sound theoretical/methodological base. These 15 factors are suggested as the fundamental components of a more efficient theoretical frame and evidence-based policy in the fields of cultural heritage and tourism, aimed at achieving sustainability.


title: Place branding's role in sustainable development
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 2
beginPage: 198
endPage: 213
doi: 10.1108/17538331111153188
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213924800006
year: 2011
authors: Maheshwari, V, Vandewalle, I, Bamber, D
docAbstract:
Purpose - The aim of this research is to examine the place brand construct and to establish its role in the sustainable development of a place. This research reviews the evolution, development and effectiveness of the place branding concept from the perspectives of regeneration, growth and sustainability. Design/methodology/approach - The main research focus is on establishing key facets responsible for driving the brand of a place and examining the relationship between them in terms of achieving sustainability. A place-specific branding campaign (using the Liverpool '08, European Capital of Culture status) was considered and data collected from the key stakeholders in Liverpool. Findings - The findings suggest that place branding plays an important role in the sustainable development of a place, provided that the momentum of progress is maintained. In turn, these sustainable developments help promote the place and thereby create stronger place brands. Research limitations/implications - Whilst some of the facets identified in this study are place-specific (Liverpool is a port, for example), there is much of a generic nature here and the facets identified in this research could provide useful practical constructs for place branding practices and may therefore become the basis of a formal place brand framework which has a more generic application in terms of sustainable development. Originality/value - This research paper provides better understanding of place branding and further explores its role into sustainable development through relationship framework.


title: Icelandic Tourism: Past DirectionsFuture Challenges
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 2
beginPage: 278
endPage: 301
doi: 10.1080/14616680903493670
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000278723600006
year: 2010
authors: Johannesson, GT, Huijbens, EH, Sharpley, R
docAbstract:
Although island tourism in general has long been considered within the tourism literature, attention has been focused primarily on warm-water islands; conversely, limited attention has been paid to cold-water islands as destinations for tourists. This paper assesses the development of tourism in one such destination, Iceland, and discusses its history and the challenges confronting it. Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the Icelandic economy. Tourism arrivals have multiplied in recent years, doubling, for instance, in the ten-year period between 1997 (201,000) and 2007 (459,000). This growth in arrivals has prompted rapid expansion in the tourism sector, invoking questions with regards to both the opportunities tourism presents and the challenges that will need to be addressed in the near future. In order to underpin a critical appraisal of future challenges, this paper reviews the history of modern tourism in Iceland with a focus on policy and entrepreneurship in tourism. It describes the characteristics of tourism in Iceland and its development, and critically illustrates some of the main challenges the tourism industry in Iceland is facing. In so doing, the paper seeks to add to the understanding of the opportunities and challenges facing cold-water island destinations that are experiencing significant growth in tourism.


title: A Livelihood Approach to Sustainability
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 2
beginPage: 137
endPage: 152
doi: 10.1080/10941660902847187
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207920900003
year: 2009
authors: Wall, G, Tao, TCH
docAbstract:
It is argued that although sustainable development has received widespread acclaim, practical application of the concept has been fraught with difficulties. Furthermore, when adopted and adapted by a single sector such as tourism, further problems arise because many sustainability challenges are inter-sectoral, involving competition for the use of scarce resources among different potential uses. A sustainable livelihoods (SL) approach is advocated as providing a tangible way forward, and an SL framework is presented to guide future research and practice related to sustainability.


title: Sustainable Tourism Rapid Indicators for Less-developed Islands: an Economic Perspective
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 6
beginPage: 557
endPage: 576
doi: 10.1002/jtr.700
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270954900006
year: 2008
authors: Reddy, MV
docAbstract:
Research on the aspects of tourism and sustainability is growing with a concern that sustainable tourism principles are difficult to implement in developing countries. Within this context, the paper has engaged in the identification, selection and evaluation of sustainability indicators for rapid assessment of tourism development in one of the remotest and most sensitive destinations in the world, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India (ANI). It reviews the indicator sets and research on indicator development frameworks and examines the identification and assessment of rapid economic indicators for the ANI. The ANI indicator development strategy considered indicators that are developed and assessed mainly for developed countries and evaluated a feasible bottom-up approach, which is mainly based on local knowledge for sustainable tourism initiatives in less-developed islands. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Conceptualising sustainability in sports development
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 3
beginPage: 279
endPage: 294
doi: 10.1080/02614360802048886
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207491000004
year: 2008
authors: Lindsey, I
docAbstract:
Sustainability is a concept that has become ubiquitous in sports development policy and practice. Despite this ubiquity, there remains a lack of clarity in practical understandings of the concept of sustainability. Moreover, research on sport and sustainability is limited and lacks theoretical underpinning. This article addresses these problems by proposing frameworks that can be used to examine and understand sustainability in sports development. In particular, two frameworks are developed through synthesising sustainability concepts presented in the literature on health programmes and adapting them to sports development through consideration of recent policies and programmes. The first framework addresses definitional issues by identifying four forms of sustainability that may be addressed by sports development programmes, namely individual, community, organisational and institutional sustainability. The second framework allows classification of processes that affect sustainability according to dimensions that concern the level of control held by agencies responsible for sports development sustainability and the level of integration between processes to achieve desired sports development outcomes and processes to achieve sustainability. Presentation of a case study of sustainability in the New Opportunities for PE and Sport Activities programme in Scotland enables discussion of the applicability of the frameworks to sports development as well as identification of implications that are derived from application of the frameworks. On the basis of this analysis, conclusions are drawn concerning the relationships between different forms of sustainability and the effectiveness of sports development programmes and the types of processes that affect different forms of sustainability. The implications for future research on sports development sustainability are discussed.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 6
beginPage: 703
endPage: 720
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1141180
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000424338700006
year: 2018
authors: Tussyadiah, IP, Pesonen, J
title:
Drivers and barriers of peer-to-peer accommodation stay - an exploratory study with American and Finnish travellers

docAbstract:
The explosive growth of peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation service presents a potential transformation in the competitive landscape of accommodation sector. This research explores the market characteristics and the factors that drive and hinder the use of P2P accommodation to better explain the phenomenon of collaborative consumption in the tourism and hospitality marketplace. Using responses from travellers residing in the United States and Finland, exploratory factor analyses revealed two factors that drive the use of P2P accommodation: social appeal (desire for community and sustainability) and economic appeal (cost savings). The barriers include issues of trust, efficacy and familiarity with the system, and cost. The empirical evidence from this study suggests several managerial implications for tourism and hospitality businesses and directions for future research.


title: Heritage tourism, CSR and the role of employee environmental behaviour
type: J
volume: 48
beginPage: 399
endPage: 413
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.12.015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000350710600036
year: 2015
authors: Gregory-Smith, D, Wells, VK, Manika, D, Taheri, B, McCowlen, C
docAbstract:
Although research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown steadily, little research has focused on CSR at the individual employee level within cultural heritage tourism. This article sheds light on the antecedents of employee environmental behaviour and the effects of a social marketing intervention in a tourism organisation using a mixed methods longitudinal approach. Qualitative results (from 68 respondents) suggest knowledge and awareness of environmental solutions are often lacking while quantitative results (from two surveys with 237 and 96 employees) highlight the influence of motivations, perceived potential to change and perceived information adequacy on employees' satisfaction with their environmental behaviour. Additionally, a proxy measure of actual behaviour change, energy usage, is reported, highlighting the intervention's success in changing actual behaviour. The paper highlights the need for managers to increase knowledge and self-efficacy and to carefully consider how varying motivations and barriers might explain differences across organisational sites when designing interventions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The Impact of Environmental Certification on Hotel Guest Ratings
type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 40
endPage: 51
doi: 10.1177/1938965513503488
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500007
year: 2014
authors: Peiro-Signes, A, Segarra-Ona, MDV, Verma, R, Mondejar-Jimenez, J, Vargas-Vargas, M
docAbstract:
In this article, we analyze the impact on hotels of the ISO 14001 environmental certification system from the customers' perspective. Based on a comparison of customer ratings of 6,850 hotels in Spain with and without ISO 14001 certification, overall guests rate the hotels with ISO 14001 certification higher than those without the certification. These results are stronger for hotel comfort and hotel services compared with other hotel attributes. Moreover, the most significant differences were found in the upscale four-star hotels. While the study does not reveal causes for these findings, the implication is that the highest end five-star luxury hotels do not gain distinctive differentiation by having the ISO 14001 certification, while for three-star hotels, guests' price sensitivity overrides environmental concerns. At the four-star level, however, hotels seem to be able to gain a distinct market advantage from environmental certification. For all hotels, the management discipline provided by ISO 14001 can provide a competitive advantage.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 4
beginPage: 646
endPage: 665
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.855222
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334024200008
year: 2014
authors: Becken, S, Espiner, S
title:
Tourist towns on the edge: conceptualising vulnerability and resilience in a protected area tourism system

docAbstract:
The Franz Josef and Fox Glacier townships in New Zealand's "Glacier Country", neighbouring Westland National Park, are remote tourist attractions facing multiple future sustainability challenges. Despite their distance from their markets, they attract 600,000 visitors annually and are fundamental to the district's economy. However, issues of geographic isolation are compounded by major threats of flooding and earthquake, rising fuel prices and climate change scenarios which imply serious glacier melting. Using 24 stakeholder interviews, this study evaluates susceptibility to change at multiple scales which could undermine the economic and social longevity of this iconic destination. Adopting a human-environment systems perspective, it utilises the concepts of vulnerability and resilience to examine dimensions of change and response that have shaped the community, conservation and tourism in this peripheral region. It finds high levels of vulnerability do not necessarily determine low levels of resilience, nor vice versa. Rather than mutually exclusive, vulnerability and resilience are discrete, but highly compatible concepts, offering much to the analysis of protected area tourism facing global change. The paper notes the potential guidance and governance role of the protected area in building resilience, and equally the threat to the protected area's integrity if tourism is compromised by its vulnerabilities.


title: Encouraging sustainability beyond the tourist experience: ecotourism, interpretation and values
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 8
beginPage: 1175
endPage: 1196
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.918134
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341638500003
year: 2014
authors: Moscardo, G, Walker, K
docAbstract:
The relationship between tourism and sustainability is complex, with considerable attention paid to ecotourism's potential to positively contribute to sustainability. One way forward could be through using tourist experiences, especially those focusing on interpretation, to activate or change sustainability relevant values, beliefs, attitudes and actions both at places visited and elsewhere. This paper reports on research conducted with passengers on expedition cruises that explored links between aspects of the overall experience including the interpretation provided, tourist perceptions of the benefits of these experiences and their awareness of sustainability values linked. An adapted mean-ends analysis technique was used and found a consistent pattern of relationships between features of interpretive experience, activation of values and intentions to adopt responsible behaviours beyond the cruise. Responses highlighted the importance of staff expertise and dedication, the ability of interpretive staff to provide security, to assist people to make personal connections and to elicit participant trust. A Value Model of Interpretation (VMI) was developed, integrating theories of effective interpretive practice and connecting interpretation to the activation of sustainability values. The VMI offers new areas for guides to consider, shifting the focus from the transmission of information and towards the facilitation of mindfulness and reflective engagement.


type: J
volume: 36
beginPage: 314
endPage: 320
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.10.019
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000317154200036
year: 2013
authors: Cheng, Q, Su, BR, Tan, J
title:
Developing an evaluation index system for low-carbon tourist attractions in China - A case study examining the Xixi wetland

docAbstract:
The field of low-carbon tourism is starting to be explored in China. Low-carbon tourism is an approach to the sustainable development of tourism that is associated with a low-carbon economy. The core value of low-carbon tourism is to provide a high-quality tourism experience that ensures that low carbon emissions and a decrease in pollution are associated with transportation, accommodations, sightseeing, shopping and entertainment. The use of low-carbon evaluation indexes for tourist attractions will help to encourage widespread low-carbon tourism. This paper, using the Xixi wetland as a case study, empirically examines an evaluation index system for low-carbon tourism attractions and extends previous research on low-carbon tourism. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: A Quantified Triple Bottom Line for Tourism: Experimental Results
type: J
volume: 52
issue: 3
beginPage: 279
endPage: 293
doi: 10.1177/0047287512465963
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000319411700001
year: 2013
authors: Paris, CM, Tyrrell, T, Biaett, V
docAbstract:
The tradition of tourism businesses and regional tourism industries is to measure their value to the host community by jobs, wages, and tax revenues even though every member of that community is affected on a daily basis through a broad variety of impacts. This article demonstrates a conceptual approach for measuring the relative importance of the major dimensions of community quality of life that can be influenced by the tourism industry in order to calculate an indication of overall impact on the well-being of community residents. Furthermore, we have formulated an example conjoint model that values this overall performance in monetary units. This model is successfully implemented using samples of college students and tourism industry professionals in the United States and Cyprus. A monetary version of triple bottom line impacts is calculated for the impacts of changes to a specific hypothetical tourism business. Recommendations are made for the extension and application of this approach to implementing sustainable tourism.


title: Networking for sustainable tourism - towards a research agenda
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 5
beginPage: 639
endPage: 657
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.721788
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320925100001
year: 2013
authors: Albrecht, JN
docAbstract:
This paper proposes a research agenda for networking for sustainable tourism research based on a collaborative workshop of international tourism academics and researchers and an extensive review of the relevant literature. Each year, Building Excellence in Sustainable Tourism - an Education Network (BEST EN) holds a Think Tank on a topical issue in sustainable tourism education. One aim of the Think Tank is to develop a relevant research agenda that draws on the collective knowledge of participants and acknowledges the interdependent economic, environmental and social objectives in sustainable tourism. Six main areas were identified as important for a research agenda on networking for sustainable tourism and its implementation: theory, methodology and conceptual issues; actors, culture and power; lifecycle, evolution and dynamics of networks; knowledge transfer; macro-perspectives and strategic action, vision, innovation and management of networks. This paper presents and discusses these research themes in the context of a literature review on networks and networking for sustainability in tourism. It is found that substantial progress has been made in the investigation of private sector networks at the destination levels; research on networks involving public sector stakeholders and networks across sectors and levels of governance, however, remains limited.


title: Food tourism in protected areas - sustainability for producers, the environment and tourism?
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 3
beginPage: 417
endPage: 433
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.708041
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000316116000004
year: 2013
authors: Hjalager, AM, Johansen, PH
docAbstract:
This study investigates the feasibility of combining environmental protection and an agricultural revitalisation strategy which includes food tourism in two Danish national parks, Mols Bjerge and Skjern Aadal. Both the parks include significant agricultural holdings and, to a great extent, a "natural" landscape of farmed grassland and arable land. The international research literature documents that park administrations have tended to neglect the role of food and food-based experiences in parks, despite park visitors preferring more attractive eating facilities, purchasing opportunities and food-related interpretation. A survey of food producers and providers in Denmark revealed that traditional, productivity-oriented farmers tended to oppose the establishment of parks, holding the view that "sharing" the land with others diminished their competitiveness. While this view might hamper rapid progress in food tourism, the survey also discovered an emerging trend of small-scale food entrepreneurship, albeit on a fragmented and uncoordinated level. Tourism-oriented food entrepreneurs wanted to see joint marketing and labelling of food products along the lines of OECD's (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) "new rural paradigm". The study identified governance opportunities that could accommodate the wellbeing of both tourists and food producers, but which requires a proactive role from the national park authorities, especially in marketing and the development of events.


title: Time for 'mindful' destination management and marketing
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 1-2
beginPage: 8
endPage: 9
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.07.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000209271700003
year: 2012
authors: Morgan, N
docAbstract:
Most European DMO stakeholders are typically advocates of growth. This regional spotlight on Europe asks whether government policy-makers responsible for destination management and marketing organisations are engaging sufficiently with the global social responsibility, stewardship and sustainability agenda. It suggests that whilst destination management and marketing might be largely focused on enhancing how the outside world sees tourism destinations, their long-term success hinges on productive and ethical internal coalitions between civil society, government and business. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 4
beginPage: 1
endPage: 10
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2012.05.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217958500001
year: 2012
authors: Torres-Delgado, A, Palomeque, FL
title:
The growth and spread of the concept of sustainable tourism: The contribution of institutional initiatives to tourism policy

docAbstract:
In the last two decades sustainability has emerged as a force in the tourism industry, offering new directions and values for public policy, and inducing the creation of the concept of sustainable tourism. There have been a number of institutional initiatives in this respect, and they have shaped a framework for both theoretic and applied development, and have helped extend the paradigm of sustainability as a general feature of contemporary tourism. The content of this article sheds light on the process of creation and use of the concept of sustainable tourism through the analysis and evaluation of institutional initiatives in tourism policy in the last 20 years. The systematic analysis of 55 institutional documents covering international, European and Spanish initiatives has enabled us to demonstrate the importance of these in the adoption of sustainability by the tourist industry, and their contribution to the growth and spread of the concept of sustainable tourism. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Exploring Resource Efficiency Benchmarks for Environmental Sustainability in Hotels
type: J
volume: 53
issue: 3
beginPage: 229
endPage: 241
doi: 10.1177/1938965512441165
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306484100009
year: 2012
authors: Verma, R, Zhang, JJ, Joglekar, NR
docAbstract:
Successful environmental sustainability (ES) initiatives aim for simultaneous environmental and economic benefits. Benchmarking these initiatives must therefore account for environmental and economic outcomes. To this end, the authors propose to construct a cost-based resource efficiency measure for ES from reported financial data. This approach links the environmental and economic performance outcomes by extracting information from resource related expenses normalized by RevPAR (revenue per available room). Through exploratory factor analysis of an eight-year panel of 984 U.S. hotels, the authors identified two factors that drive resource efficiency in hotel operations, one of which is operations-centered and the other customer behavior-centered. This two-factor measure quantifies the weights that operations and customer behavior contribute to resource efficiency and measures the systematic variations across key hotel operating characteristics. Such resource efficiency benchmarks complement the practice-focused environmental management systems developed by individual hotel companies and guidelines proposed by government agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.


type: J
volume: 31
issue: 3
beginPage: 355
endPage: 372
doi: 10.1080/02614367.2012.667821
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000305541300007
year: 2012
authors: Timms, J
title:
The Olympics as a platform for protest: a case study of the London 2012 'ethical' Games and the Play Fair campaign for workers' rights

docAbstract:
The Olympic Games, with its distinctive ethos and reach, offers a valuable opportunity for those able to mobilise it as a platform for their own purposes. This paper focuses on how global social justice groups are pursuing this goal. It is argued that the types of protest utilising the Olympic platform change over time and reflect distinct historical phases of the Games. Contemporary anti-Olympic and Olympic watchdog campaigns are characterised by contestation over the prioritising of corporate interests, so contribute to wider critiques of globalising capitalism. The Play Fair campaign for the rights of workers making official Olympic merchandise and supplies exemplifies this, as it mobilises the Olympic platform to question and influence working practices within transnational supply chains. A case study of the campaign is presented, drawing on documentary analysis, interviews and participant observations undertaken since the launch of PlayFair 2012 in February 2010. It was found that by targeting London 2012 corporate discourses of 'ethics' and 'sustainability' in its campaign to ensure a 'sweat free' Olympics, Play Fair connects the production of major sporting events to wider issues of global inequality, poverty and structural problems in transnational labour markets.


title: An Analysis of CSR Activities in the Lodging Industry
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 147
endPage: 154
doi: 10.1375/jhtm.18.1.147
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216240800019
year: 2011
authors: Park, SY, Levy, SE
docAbstract:
This study identified and analysed current corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and benefits gained from implementing these activities in the United States (US) lodging industry. A survey of the US-based hotel executives showed that the most important and highest performing initiatives tended to be popular environmental practices focused on energy, waste and water management. Hotel executives reported that cost savings and branding-related outcomes were the greatest benefits from CSR implementation. It is argued that increased consumer and managerial learning of CSR activities from a holistic perspective is critical to moving the CSR program forward in the lodging industry.


title: Factors Influencing the Willingness to Behave Environmentally Friendly at Home and Holiday Settings
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 4
beginPage: 430
endPage: 447
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2010.520861
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285385200003
year: 2010
authors: Mehmetoglu, M
docAbstract:
An understanding of what may influence people's environmental behaviour is a prerequisite for achieving sustainability at both home and destinations visited. The current study has accordingly examined how a set of social psychological and socio-demographic factors influences a sample of the Norwegian population's willingness to behave environmentally friendly. The results of the seemingly unrelated regression analysis have shown that age, education, political orientation, two personal values, environmental concern, and personal norm influence Norwegians' willingness to behave environmentally friendly at a home setting, whereas income, gender, political orientation, a personal value, environmental concern and personal norm affect their willingness to behave in such a manner at a holiday setting. The results have indicated further that age, education, political orientation, and environmental concern have statistically stronger effects on Norwegians' willingness to behave environmentally friendly at home compared with the holiday setting. Theoretical and practical implications are provided.


title: Using Importance-Performance Analysis to Appreciate Satisfaction in Hotels
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 8
beginPage: 866
endPage: 888
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2010.514554
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213050600003
year: 2010
authors: Wilkins, H
docAbstract:
The hotel industry is highly competitive and customer satisfaction is essential for consumer loyalty and business sustainability. This article reports on 2 analyses of customer perspectives on hotels. Firstly, the results of an importance-performance analysis are provided. The research identifies a number of areas where hotels overperform and underperform. Secondly, this article provides an evaluation of the effect of gender, age, and purpose of trip on the factors customers consider important for hotel selection. The results reported will enable hotels to better manage their product to ensure the sustainability of business performance.


title: Partial Industrialisation in Tourism: A New Model
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 3
beginPage: 207
endPage: 235
doi: 10.2167/cit356.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207736400001
year: 2008
authors: Hing, N, Leiper, N, Stear, L, Firth, T
docAbstract:
Certain forms of human activity, such as sport, education and tourism, can be described as being partly industrialised; they are supported partly by organisations with industrial relationships to the particular activity (e.g. tourism industries, sports industries, and so on), and partly by other factors. The latter includes business - organisations whose relationship to the activity might be direct and commercial but is non-strategic, non-industrial. Partial industrialisation in tourism (PIIT) has been explored by a handful of researchers interested in its nature, causes and implications. However, the diagrammatic model used in the exploratory studies is awkward, a defect that probably helps explain why PIIT has not become widely recognised in the community of tourism researchers. A new model enables clearer insight and should facilitate understanding and greater recognition. Using the new model, an empirical research project in a mass destination provided substantial evidence for PIIT. Implications arise for many issues, including how tourism is conceptualised, strategic business management, destination competitiveness, destination development and promotion, seasonality, environmental activism, employment numbers, vocational training, planning and government policy.


title: Performance measurement in tourism firms: A content analytical meta-approach
type: J
volume: 59
beginPage: 36
endPage: 56
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.07.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390739400004
year: 2017
authors: Sainaghi, R, Phillips, P, Zavarrone, E
docAbstract:
This paper performs a meta-analysis of tourism performance measurement by synthesising tourism and hospitality research. A framework for understanding and advancing knowledge about tourism performance measurement is presented to overview three important dimensions of the tourism performance measurement literature (unit of analysis, approaches and disciplines). Computer-Aided Text Analysis of 978 articles covering a nineteen-year period, 1996 to 2014, is used to analyse approaches and disciplinary contexts. Specifically, we aim to advance a concrete understanding of tourism firms' performance measurement literature and to assess whether the temporal trends in performance measurement literature will help position tourism firms for the emerging tourism context. We propose some key research areas to guide a future tourism performance measurement research agenda. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


title: The Effects of Social Influence and Cognitive Dissonance on Travel Purchase Decisions
type: J
volume: 54
issue: 5
beginPage: 596
endPage: 610
doi: 10.1177/0047287514528287
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000359735900004
year: 2015
authors: Tanford, S, Montgomery, R
docAbstract:
Theories of social influence (Crano 2000) and cognitive dissonance (Festinger 1957) have clear applicability to travel purchases, but have rarely been investigated in hospitality research. An experimental study of students' travel decisions for a spring break vacation was conducted. Subjects chose between a green and nongreen resort in a 2 x 3 experimental design that manipulated social influence (majority, minority, none) and pro-environmental attitudes (high or low). Social influence was in the form of traveler reviews that were either favorable or unfavorable. Postdecision dissonance and dissonance reduction tactics were measured. Subjects were less likely to choose a green resort when a minority of reviews favored that resort. Subjects with strong pro-environmental attitudes experienced dissonance when making a nongreen choice in this situation. Consistent with dissonance theory predictions, people evaluated the chosen resort more favorably than the alternative. They sought out more favorable information about the resort when they experienced dissonance.


title: Tracking the concept of sustainability in Australian tourism policy and planning documents
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 7
beginPage: 1037
endPage: 1051
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.839694
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000338200400005
year: 2014
authors: Weiler, B, Moyle, BD, Ruhanen, L, McLennan, CLJ
docAbstract:
In the current climate of intense turbulence, tourism must transform to a more sustainable development platform. Yet it remains unclear how the concept of sustainability is embedded at different levels of government policy and planning, and how this has evolved over time. This paper identifies the concept of sustainability as it is articulated in 339 Australian tourism strategic planning and policy documents published between 2000 and 2011. The paper examines the extent to which the concept of sustainable tourism is evident in the discourse of Australian tourism strategic planning documents at the national, state, regional and local levels, as well as the balance of the discourse in relation to sustainability objectives. The results show that the frequency of occurrence of sustainability as a concept has slightly increased in strategies over the past decade. At the same time, there has been a shift in the conceptualisation of sustainability, with thinking evolving from nature-based, social and triple bottom line concepts toward a focus on climate change, responsibility, adaption and transformation.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 4
beginPage: 268
endPage: 284
doi: 10.1108/SBM-05-2013-0009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214735700002
year: 2013
authors: Anagnostopoulos, C, Shilbury, D
title:
RETRACTED: Implementing corporate social responsibility in English football Towards multi-theoretical integration (Retracted article. See vol. 21, 2018)

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to bridge the micro-macro divide by trying to integrate the micro-domain's focus on individuals (i.e. managers) with the meso-domain's and macro-domain's focus (i.e. leagues/football clubs and the socio-political environment, respectively). The examination takes place within the context of English football and in relation to the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws on data collected by 21 charitable foundation managers of the top two divisions of English football. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim from digital voice recorders and were analysed using grounded theory coding techniques. Findings - The study found a paradoxical context in which foundation managers make strategic decisions in an endeavour to harmonise multiple environmental and institutional "recipes". Managers are confident that they have the capability to do so, yet realise that this capability is the result of a heavy reliance on external and internal resources. These considerations come together to create the micro-context, here identified as a dysfunctional setting, in which managers are required to make the decisions that confirm their role as managers. Therefore, multiple, and often contradictory, theoretical perspectives are in play and explain the foundation managers' role in the implementation process. Originality/value - The paper moves away from mono-theoretical approaches that have been mainly used for the examination of CSR in the sporting context, and by placing its focus on the individual level of analysis illustrates the complexity of the CSR implementation process.


title: Sustainability of Tourism Development in Macao, China
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 1
beginPage: 52
endPage: 65
doi: 10.1002/jtr.873
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000312536000004
year: 2013
authors: Wan, YKP, Li, XP
docAbstract:
To maximize the benefits to stakeholders in Macao, the sustainability of Macao tourism was examined by assessing the economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism, visitor satisfaction and the level of community involvement in local tourism planning from 2002 to 2009, through the use of primary and secondary data. The results revealed that tourism did bring both positive and negative impacts to the community. Visitor satisfaction was found to be moderate. Channels for community participation in local tourism development were also lacking. The paper suggests that for sustainable tourism development, Macao needs to diversify away from its casino industry, to speed up the construction of the public transport system and to keep monitoring the environmental conditions, the students' drop-out and crime rate and the locals' quality of life. More importantly, a master plan for its tourism development integrating all the key stakeholders' interests is urgently required. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Social Responsibility and the Competitive Bid Process for Major Sporting Events
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 3
beginPage: 246
endPage: 263
doi: 10.1177/0193723511416985
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000295321500003
year: 2011
authors: Carey, M, Mason, DS, Misener, L
docAbstract:
The 2016 Summer Olympic Games(1) bids were selected as a case study to explore how the focus on social responsibility (CSR) and community development (CD) differs in traditional versus nontraditional bid cities. We employed a media framing methodology to examine how the bids were represented through media and articulated by various stakeholders. Of specific interest was the finding that the discourse surrounding the Rio de Janeiro bid put a greater focus on the capability of sport to reach out to disadvantaged populations and create balance within the global economy. The results from this study will provide insights into how the global media has framed megaevent bids from nontraditional cities, and the social and economic benefits event proponents argue can be accrued from hosting.


title: The Formula One Australian Grand Prix: Exploring the triple bottom line
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 2
beginPage: 141
endPage: 152
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208911400004
year: 2011
authors: Fairley, S, Tyler, BD, Kellett, P, D'Elia, K
docAbstract:
This case highlights issues associated with the Formula One (F1) Australian Grand Prix held in the city of Melbourne, Victoria. The event receives substantial government funding and therefore the worth of the event receives consistent public scrutiny. Jim Kranger, CEO of the Victorian Major Events Corporation, is put in charge of assessing the value of the event to the State of Victoria. The results of Kranger's report will determine whether the government will continue to financially support the event. Kranger realizes that he must consider economic, social, political, and environmental issues. The case highlights the challenges that Major Events Corporations, and by extension, the government face in providing public funding to a sport event. The case also highlights the problems with economic impact studies and the need to focus on the triple bottom line approach by examining the economic, social, and environmental issues associated with the event. Further, the case highlights issues relating to the use of secondary data sources to make decisions. The case encourages students to consider the theoretical and practical issues at the cross-section of sport event, destination, and stakeholder management. (C) 2010 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: TERRITORIAL BRANDS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT A statistical analysis on the Marche Region
type: J
volume: 38
issue: 2
beginPage: 540
endPage: 560
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.10.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000290136100010
year: 2011
authors: Lorenzini, E, Calzati, V, Giudici, P
docAbstract:
The paper aims at understanding the impact of territorial brands on tourism development studying the statistical relevance of belonging to the Association The Most Beautiful Villages of Italy. The analysis is carried out by means of multivariate regression and partial correlations graphs, applied to 79 touristic towns of the Marche Region (Italy). Our results show that, the significant drivers of tourism development are the presence of noteworthy heritage and an integrated system of supply, while territorial brands show a limited impact. In this respect the paper confirms the findings of recent research work, which identifies the need to consolidate regional networks of certification programmes, as well as to include the brands in an adequate process of planning and destination management.


title: Diversity management strategies of global hotel groups A corporate web site based exploration
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 2
beginPage: 224
endPage: 240
doi: 10.1108/09596111111119347
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000290882600006
year: 2011
authors: Groschl, S
docAbstract:
Purpose - The study aims to explore major internationally operating hotel groups and their corporate diversity statements. An understanding of these statements is critical for the analysis of workforce diversity actions, as they shape the policy framework and basis for any diversity management (DM) program or initiative. Design/methodology/approach - The study applied a qualitative content analysis of corporate web sites. The analysis and evaluation of the data was not treated in statistical terms or in any quantifiable measures due to the study's rather exploratory and inductive nature. Moving away from traditional forms of validity and reliability, this study applied Denzin and Lincoln's authenticity criteria. Findings - Most of the selected hotel companies with diversity management strategies and policies need to communicate their diversity management activities and actions more extensively and clearly via their corporate web sites to help support employee recruitment efforts, attraction of talents with different educational and cultural backgrounds, development of multiple (minority) supplier relations and corporate social responsibility (CSR) image, and accessibility into new markets. Research limitations/implications - This study should be seen as a starting point with some of the arguments and conclusions to be reconfirmed with more case-study based explorations of corporate DM policies and their translation into operational actions and programs. Practical implications - Communicating in a more effective and structured way, corporate or operational diversity strategies and activities via corporate web sites will provide hotel organizations with a key sustainable competitive advantage in talent recruitment, CSR and market accessibility. Originality/value - This study provides a starting point for better understanding corporate diversity management in the global hotel industry.


title: Corporate Social Responsibility in the Scottish Premier League: Context and Motivation
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 143
endPage: 170
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2011.559136
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000290402100003
year: 2011
authors: Morrow, S, Hamil, S
docAbstract:
Widespread acceptance of football club businesses as stakeholder organizations suggests that clubs might be expected to embrace corporate social responsibility (CSR). Focusing on Scottish Premier League (SPL) clubs, this study provides empirical evidence of CSR engagement and motivation. We argue that these clubs are well positioned to act as vehicles to deliver CSR because of their community embeddedness and the strength of their stakeholder relationships. For CSR actions to occur, findings suggest they must be driven by (a) the normative expectations of executives or stakeholders, (b) a response to wider social agendas, or (c) potential economic benefit. Evidence of each of these sources of motivation is presented in this article. Findings also suggest that enhanced communication of CSR activities provides an opportunity to improve stakeholder accountability within a corporate governance structure and facilitate the development of relational partnerships and networks.


title: Tour Guides as Agents of Sustainability: Rhetoric, Reality and Implications for Research
type: J
volume: 36
issue: 2
beginPage: 113
endPage: 125
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2011.11081313
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453384200002
year: 2011
authors: Weiler, B, Kim, AK
docAbstract:
Some authors and researchers have argued that tour guides are well-placed to foster sustainable tourism outcomes by, for example, communicating about and connecting clients with the natural and cultural environment and its values (via nature and heritage interpretation), and conveying, monitoring and role-modelling appropriate visitor behaviour in these environments. However, research that has contributed to assessing or enhancing the sustainability outcomes of tour guiding has been limited. Moreover, tour guides have had limited exposure to the use of theory, tools and techniques for optimizing the visitor experience and visitor-environment interaction within a sustainability framework. Not surprisingly, then, findings to date suggest that guides may not be fully realizing their potential to communicate and role-model sustainability in their tour content and practice. With the ever increasing pressure for tourism to enhance its cultural and ecological sustainability, this paper presents a timely examination of the theories and research that have been and can be used to harness tour guides as agents of sustainability. After examining some of the challenges that constrain research in this area, avenues for future research are presented that are both theory-driven and responsive to the realities and expectations placed on tour guides.


title: Leadership styles and ethical decision-making in hospitality management
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 4
beginPage: 486
endPage: 493
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.01.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000269400200002
year: 2009
authors: Minett, D, Yaman, HR, Denizci, B
docAbstract:
This study examined the ways in which hospitality leaders in Australia seek to influence others in the workplace. One hundred and thirty three hotel managers participated in this study, of which 91 provided answers to all questions. The results indicate that the prevailing leadership styles in Australia are a blend of Machiavellian and Bureaucratic styles and that variance in this choice correlates with the age of the respondent. That is, older managers are less inclined to use a utilitarian or rule-based ethical decision making style, and more inclined to embrace a social contract or personalistic ethic approach. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: A Framework for Knowledge-Based Crisis Management in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry
type: J
volume: 50
issue: 4
beginPage: 561
endPage: 577
doi: 10.1177/1938965509341633
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000272088300015
year: 2009
authors: Racherla, P, Hu, C
docAbstract:
Crisis management, disaster recovery, and organizational continuity are critical areas of competence for managers of individual businesses and entire destinations. For large-scale problems, crisis management may be a critical factor that determines the sustainability and success of a destination. In this article, the authors develop a framework that incorporates knowledge management principles to enhance the effectiveness of crisis management and planning for the hospitality and tourism industry. In addition, the authors develop a crisis typology based on the perceptions and knowledge needs of Philadelphia-area lodging operators. Subsequently, the authors apply the framework to envision the design concept of a knowledge-enabled crisis management system that can better support the crisis management and preparedness of a regional hospitality and tourism industry.


title: Celebration of Extreme Playfulness: Ekstremsportveko at Voss
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 2-3
beginPage: 146
endPage: 176
doi: 10.1080/15022250903119512
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000272089300004
year: 2009
authors: Mykletun, RJ
docAbstract:
This study aims to explore the central success factors behind the growth and prosperity of festivals. In line with resource dependency theory and the model of competitive strategies, it was assumed that successful festivals both adapt to, and influence, their contexts to their own advantage while also providing benefits for their environment. A capital framework was employed to examine the relationships between a successful festival and its context, employing a case study design and multiple methods. The case chosen was Extreme Sports Week, an annual extreme sports festival at Voss, Norway, which has become the largest extreme sports event worldwide during its 10 years of existence. It brings together sports and forms of cultural expression concentrating mainly on new trends in advanced sports activities and street culture music, combined with local food traditions. Factors in its success are the six "capitals" of the region: natural, human, social, cultural, physical, and financial. The festival balances the exploitation of these capitals, although indirectly with respect to natural capital, hence constituting an example of sustainability in festival management. Interestingly, the festival was successful in spite of very limited access to local financial capital. The analysis also revealed that a seventh capital construct - administrative capital - is relevant to the understanding of festival development. However, this form of capital was the only one where investments were perceived as problematic, and the festival repaid far more than the authorities had invested in the event.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 4
beginPage: 751
endPage: 768
doi: 10.5367/000000008786440120
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000261228100006
year: 2008
authors: Collins, A, Flynn, A
title:
Measuring the environmental sustainability of a major sporting event: a case study of the FA Cup Final

docAbstract:
Policymakers are increasingly interested in the wider consequences of major sporting events, including their environmental impacts. Indeed, London 2012 included as part of its winning Olympic bid a commitment to measure and take steps to minimize the environmental impacts of the forthcoming Games. This paper demonstrates how the 'Ecological Footprint' has been used to measure the environmental sustainability of the UK's Football Association (FA) Cup Final. This approach provides valuable insights into the global environmental impacts generated by visitor consumption patterns. The paper also demonstrates how this tool can support policymakers and event organizers in staging sustainable events through the development and assessment of policy scenarios.


type: J
volume: 49
issue: 3
beginPage: 282
endPage: 296
doi: 10.1177/1938965508320722
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000258764800008
year: 2008
authors: Piccoli, G
title:
Information technology in hotel management - A framework for evaluating the sustainability of IT-dependent competitive advantage

docAbstract:
Information technology can provide hospitality firms with a sustained competitive advantage, provided the technology complements operations. Based on interdisciplinary research findings with regard to the sustainability of IT-enabled competitive advantage, this article provides a framework that can help both hospitality scholars and managers formally analyze existing and proposed IT-dependent strategic initiatives. The chief element in achieving a competitive advantage is to identify the drivers of response lag, which is the time it takes for competitors to imitate an IT initiative-if they are able to do so. The drivers can be grouped into one of the following four barriers to erosion of competitive advantage: (1) IT-resources barrier, (2) complementary-resources barrier, (3) IT-project barrier, and (4) preemption barrier.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 1
beginPage: 36
endPage: 67
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-11-2014-0572
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000369993000002
year: 2016
authors: Jones, P, Hillier, D, Comfort, D
title:
Sustainability in the hospitality industry Some personal reflections on corporate challenges and research agendas

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this commissioned paper is to offer some personal reflections on sustainability within the hospitality industry. Design/methodology/approach - The paper opens by identifying sustainability as a teasing paradox for the hospitality industry and a short discussion of the characteristics of sustainability. It then explores the growing interest in corporate sustainability and offers a review of the range of academic research into sustainability within the hospitality industry literature. More generally, the authors suggest three fundamental sets of issues that currently face the industry, namely, defining sustainability within the industry, materiality and independent external assurance and sustainable consumption and the industry's commitment to continuing economic growth. Findings - In addressing these three sets of issues, the authors make a number of suggestions. First that definitions of sustainability within the hospitality industry can be interpreted as being constructed around business imperatives rather than an ongoing commitment to sustainability. Second that materiality and external assurance are not treated comprehensively within the industry, which undermines the credibility of the sustainability reporting process. Third that the concept of sustainable consumption and any critique of the industry's commitment to economic growth are conspicuous by their absence in the both the research literature on sustainability and in sustainability reporting within the industry. Practical implications - The paper suggests that the hospitality industry may need to examine how it defines sustainability, to extend its sustainability reporting to embrace materiality and external assurance and to address the issues of sustainable consumption and continuing economic growth if it is to demonstrate a worthwhile and enduring commitment to sustainability. Originality/value - The paper provides some accessible personal reflections on sustainability within the hospitality industry and, as such, it will be of interest to academics, students and practitioners interested in the hospitality industry and more widely within the business and management community.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 1
beginPage: 47
endPage: 64
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.909447
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345321700004
year: 2015
authors: Pulido-Fernandez, JI, Andrades-Caldito, L, Sanchez-Rivero, M
title:
Is sustainable tourism an obstacle to the economic performance of the tourism industry? Evidence from an international empirical study

docAbstract:
Sustainability has become an important strategic objective for tourism destinations worldwide. All analytical tourism competitiveness models make direct or indirect positive references to sustainability. It is accepted that sustainable tourism can reduce resource costs and help create market differentiation. Nevertheless, it has traditionally been considered that, short term, sustainability measures can reduce profitability and compromise competitiveness. Debates on the progress, implications, and practicality of sustainable tourism remain open. The relationship between economic sustainability, and environmental and sociocultural sustainability, is a central but largely unresearched area for tourism scholars, especially at the macro level. This study explores that difficult but essential area, using the World Economic Forum's empirical evidence from 128 countries, backed by the economic data search tool of the World Travel & Tourism Council. It demonstrates that progress in tourism sustainability does not affect a country's main economic tourism indicators in the short term, and does not constrain profitability and competitiveness. It also finds that sustainable tourism is not a luxury that only rich countries can afford, nor should it prevent development and perpetuate poverty in developing countries. An effective marketing and communication program about sustainable tourism is, however, found to be essential for economic success.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 298
endPage: 313
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334968600004
year: 2013
authors: Heinze, K, Babiak, K, Trendafilova, S
title:
Corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability: Why professional sport is greening the playing field

docAbstract:
In this study, we explore institutional forces affecting environmental sustainability in professional sport teams and leagues in North America. Interviews with sport executives and executives from partner groups, 122 websites and organizational documents, and 56 media reports were examined. Data revealed how environmental management practices are being diffused in professional sport organizations. Evidence indicated associative behavior among sport organizations with respect to environmental management. Data also illustrated that media played a role in driving and defining the type and extent of involvement in professional sport teams' environmental sustainability efforts. We discuss environmental sustainability as it affects a team's or league's CSR related initiatives (i.e., averting legal recourse, saving money, as well as building stronger relationships with stakeholders (e.g., customers, fans, local communities, federal governments and corporate partners)), and speculate how these efforts might evolve and inform the development of environmental sustainability in organizations in the sport, service and entertainment sectors. (C) 2012 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 6
beginPage: 915
endPage: 931
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.790390
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000322161400008
year: 2013
authors: Wong, CUI
title:
The sanitization of colonial history: authenticity, heritage interpretation and the case of Macau's tour guides

docAbstract:
Macau was founded by the Portuguese in the mid-sixteenth century. The centuries of colonial rule that preceded its recent return to China gave it a distinctive character unique in China. The tangible and intangible imprint of the colonial history of Macau is central to its attractiveness as a cultural tourism destination. A literature review reveals worldwide examples of the manipulation of history for both political and tourism purposes. This research uses in-depth thematic interviews with 14 local tour guides to show how Macau's colonial heritage is presented and interpreted to tourist groups by the local tour guides, as regards both what they are shown and what they are told. It is found that the guides adjust their interpretation to the geographical origin of the tourists in a significant way; in particular, they tend to almost totally eschew any reference to its colonial history when addressing a Chinese audience, in contrast to the interpretation presented to non-Chinese visitors. The use of Hall's three-fold interpretative message framework (dominant - hegemonic/negotiated/oppositional) is discussed, as is Langer's concept of mindless and mindful tourists. Some consequences for the sustainability of heritage tourism in Macau are also explored.


title: The Development of Olive Tourism in Western Australia: A Case Study of an Emerging Tourism Industry
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 6
beginPage: 696
endPage: 708
doi: 10.1002/jtr.786
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000284216100004
year: 2010
authors: Alonso, AD, Northcote, J
docAbstract:
The recent development of olive growing in Western Australia, and its amalgamation with tourism and hospitality, provides opportunities for growers to showcase their products and for visitors to experience olive-tasting and learn about an ancient food culture and rural activity 'transplanted' into the 'New World' from its 'Old World' roots. The present study examines the dimensions of this emerging niche market in Western Australia. Face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted among 23 small olive-growing operations located in this region to understand their scope for developing olive tourism. Overall, respondents' comments suggest that their involvement in olive tourism and hospitality could substantially provide benefits for visitors to rural areas and become a complementary alternative to other activities. To fulfil this potential, however, growers heavily rely on greater collaboration within their own industry, as well as on local authorities and tourism bodies in ways that include assistance, partnerships and promotion. Moreover, collaboration between olive growers and regional/tourism stakeholders, as well as government support may not only contribute to the sustainability of olive growing, but also to the emergence of olive tourism. In turn, these developments may also help develop a culinary identity and a tourism concept that may help minimise the threats of outside competition (cheaper olive imports) and rural decline. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Short-haul city travel is truly environmentally sustainable
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 4
beginPage: 505
endPage: 512
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000276289400009
year: 2010
authors: Dolnicar, S, Laesser, C, Matus, K
docAbstract:
With rising interest in and concern about climate change and environmental sustainability, and the significance of the tourism industry worldwide, the impact of tourism-related activities and behaviors on the environment has become a key area of research. In particular, transport related to tourism has come under scrutiny for its contribution to the ecological footprint of tourism of a destination, mostly accounted for by the dominance of air travel. This study contributes to research in this area by identifying the types of travel situations in which tourists make environmentally friendly choices about travel modes and, consequently, which types of tourism destinations should seek to develop and promote in order to minimize the environmental impact of the tourist sector on both an individual destination and global scale. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Slaughtering the Goose that Lays the Golden Egg: Are Whaling and Whale-Watching Mutually Exclusive?
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 63
endPage: 74
doi: 10.2167/cit335.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207736200003
year: 2008
authors: Higham, JES, Lusseau, D
docAbstract:
Tourism interests usually coexist in a delicate balance with other human interests (e.g. residential development and recreational interests) and activities (e.g. fishing, forestry and mining). Such interests and activities may be compatible or incompatible with tourism to varying degrees. Where incompatibility arises it must be carefully managed through compromise, spatial segregation or exclusivity. Conflicting interests between whale-watching and whaling is one topical such case. Events in recent years, such as the Icelandic government's decision to resume scientific whaling in 2003 have drawn considerable attention to this issue. This is a matter that received some attention at the meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in July 2006. In response to recent debate, this paper highlights the need for a better understanding of tourist views on issues of relevance to whale-watching, noting a number of increasingly topical questions that remain unanswered at present. In doing so it calls for empirical research into the values and views of tourists, actual and latent, on whaling and wider issues of animal welfare. Insights into precisely where tourists stand on issues relating to the whaling/whale-watching debate, and how that may bear upon demand for whale-watching in different national and regional contexts, has become a heightened priority in light of recent events.


title: Does size matter? Corporate social responsibility and firm performance in the restaurant industry
type: J
volume: 51
beginPage: 127
endPage: 134
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.09.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000364608100014
year: 2015
authors: Youn, H, Lee, S, Hua, N
docAbstract:
Despite an increasing number of hospitality studies on the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP), the literature has predominantly focused on the CSR CFP relation without considering moderating factors. Consequently, the current study introduces firm size as a potential moderator on the CSR CFP relationship. Performing a two-way fixed-effects model by firm and year with Newey-West standard errors, this study finds that firm size moderates the effect of positive CSR on CFP while it does not moderate the effect of negative CSR on CFP in the U.S. restaurant context. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The sustainability of the Youth Olympic Games: Stakeholder networks and institutional perspectives
type: J
volume: 50
issue: 3
beginPage: 326
endPage: 348
doi: 10.1177/1012690213481467
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352645000005
year: 2015
authors: Parent, MM, Kristiansen, E, Skille, EA, Hanstad, DV
docAbstract:
This paper explored the Youth Olympic Games' (YOG) potential sustainability (survival and success) through an analysis of how actors exert various forms of pressure on the YOG. Given the impact of the Olympic Games and of youth on society, it becomes important to study the newest member of the Olympic Family. Combining stakeholder, network and institutional literatures, a case study of the first Winter YOG in Innsbruck (Austria) was built by means of observations and interviews. The stakeholder network analysis revealed three central stakeholders for the YOG's sustainability: the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the media (press and broadcast), and the athletes' parents. The institutional context was challenged by stakeholders' changing levels of relative saliency, and notably by the parents' emerging saliency. Practically speaking, YOG managers need to be diplomats in balancing pressures originating from the international (IOC) and local (parents) institutional contexts.


title: Brand equity in a tourism destination
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 2
beginPage: 108
endPage: 116
doi: 10.1057/pb.2014.6
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415267100002
year: 2014
authors: Gartner, WC
docAbstract:
Brand equity is a well-known concept within the marketing sciences. It refers to a product's value from the return generated from a firm's marketing strategy. The concept is not easy to apply to a destination as the destination 'firm' is a mix of various stakeholders including residents who offer their space to tourists without remuneration. In this article, the history of destination image studies is traced to its eventual evolution into destination branding. The concept of destination brand equity is then discussed as more than a simple return to a destination's marketing strategy. The case is made that destination brand equity is integrally tied to sustainability. The article offers a model and corresponding equations to measure destination sustainability arguing that brand equity measurement is one and the same process. Owing to the unique characteristics of a destination the two concepts converge.


type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 31
endPage: 39
doi: 10.1177/1938965513500709
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500006
year: 2014
authors: Sanchez-Ollero, JL, Garcia-Pozo, A, Marchante-Mera, A
title:
How Does Respect for the Environment Affect Final Prices in the Hospitality Sector? A Hedonic Pricing Approach

docAbstract:
Hedonic pricing theory states that the price of a room is determined by a set of characteristics (e.g., structural, location, and environmental) of the establishment. Set within the framework of this methodology, and using raw data from the Quality, Productivity, and Competitiveness in the Hospitality Industry for Andalusia project, this article discusses the impact on room pricing of hotels implementing environmental sustainability measures based on a sample of 232 hotels (3-, 4-, and 5-stars) in Andalusia (Southern Spain). This sample is statistically representative of hotel accommodations in the region. A distinguishing feature of this study is the creation of a variable derived from the replies given by hotel managers to a questionnaire designed by the authors. The questionnaire presented questions about the measures the managers implemented in their establishments to improve environmental sustainability. The use of this variable in the semilogarithmic hedonic model suggests that the prices of hotel rooms are 5.15-percent higher for each environmentally sustainable measure implemented in the hotel; in some cases, the price increase could be as much as 36.05 percent. Other variables that were also introduced in the model yielded estimates consistent with those obtained in previous studies.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 3
beginPage: 314
endPage: 326
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2013.796867
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213087000004
year: 2014
authors: Liat, CB, Mansori, S, Huei, CT
title:
The Associations Between Service Quality, Corporate Image, Customer Satisfaction, and Loyalty: Evidence From the Malaysian Hotel Industry

docAbstract:
Hotel operators strive to satisfy the needs of their guests and subsequently retain them by trying to understand the factors that could build up a strong loyal clientele base. Previous studies have found that there are four critical perspectives related to the hotel industry that enable hotel operators to cope with the fierce competition in the industry and boost their profit margin: service quality, customer satisfaction, corporate image, and customer loyalty. This study attempts to evaluate the relationships between these perspectives. Systematic sampling approach was adopted in the study. The data was collected through self-administered questionnaires from 200 respondents. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to test the hypothesized relationships in the research model. The findings reveal that the four variables are significantly related to one another and they are useful for hotel operators to promote long-term business growth and ensure sustainability in the hotel industry in Malaysia.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 6
beginPage: 930
endPage: 947
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2013-0001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000343324200007
year: 2014
authors: Wang, CJ
title:
Do ethical and sustainable practices matter? Effects of corporate citizenship on business performance in the hospitality industry

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of Maignan et al.'s (1999) four-dimension model of corporate citizenship (based on economic, ethical, legal and discretionary responsibilities) on business performance in the hospitality sector. Design/methodology/approach - This study obtained its empirical evidence from international tourist hotels in Taiwan and applied structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses. Findings - The results show that ethical and sustainable practices of corporate citizenship have positive effects on employee affective organizational commitment, organizational innovation and customer loyalty, while affective organizational commitment, innovation and customer loyalty all have positive effects on business performance. Most important of all, bootstrap estimations based on SEM show that corporate citizenship has indirect positive effects on business performance through the mediating roles of affective organizational commitment, innovation and customer loyalty. Originality/value - While most prior studies were conducted in Western contexts, based on this work's empirical investigation of international hotels in Taiwan, it is concluded that proactive corporate social responsibility strategies and practices, such as corporate citizenship, can ultimately increase the overall effectiveness of the hospitality industry in a Chinese context.


title: Operators' Perceptions of Energy Use and Actual Saving Opportunities for Tourism Accommodation
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1-2
beginPage: 72
endPage: 91
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2012.688512
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000315655700006
year: 2013
authors: Becken, S
docAbstract:
The last decade saw increased efforts by the tourism sector globally to understand and manage its energy requirements and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In recognition of the substantial amounts of energy consumed by the accommodation industry coupled with low levels of energy efficiency, this study explores current practices and opportunities for the New Zealand accommodation sector. An energy survey of 242 accommodation providers and analyses of 15 detailed energy audits are used to identify operators' perceptions on energy use, implementation of energy savings measures, savings potentials and implementation costs. The results identify that there is a substantial gap between the positive perceptions held by operators and levels of implementation. Despite substantial theoretical knowledge on barriers to energy efficiency and conservation, there still seems to be a need to address the apparent gap through enabling policy frameworks and partnerships that go beyond the individual business. Good understanding and recognition of energy as a substantial cost factor in themselves seem to be insufficient motivators for action and will not lead to the necessary cuts in GHG emissions as demanded by global climate change mitigation goals.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 6
beginPage: 531
endPage: 549
doi: 10.1123/jsm.25.6.531
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000298855100002
year: 2011
authors: Lee, S, Inoue, Y, Kent, A
title:
CSR and the Bottom Line: Analyzing the Link Between CSR and Financial Performance for Professional Teams

docAbstract:
Despite the acknowledged importance of investigating the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) within a single industry, very few studies have examined this relationship in the context of the sport industry. Using charitable giving data as a proxy of CSR, this study investigated if CSR would affect CFP of professional sport teams within the four major U. S. leagues. Although the positive CSR-CFP relationship was hypothesized based on instrumental stakeholder theory, CSR was found to have non-positive effects on CFP. These results are still notable since they may highlight the importance of the connectedness between CSR and team operations and the awareness of CSR activity among stakeholders in leveraging CSR benefits. Overall, through the use of improved methodology, the current study furthers the understanding of the CSR-CFP relationship among the U.S. professional teams.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 133
endPage: 147
doi: 10.1057/thr.2011.3
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212210300004
year: 2011
authors: Jamal, T, Dredge, D, Taillon, J
title:
Sustainable tourism pedagogy and academic-community collaboration: A progressive service-learning approach

docAbstract:
This article proposes a progressive, experiential and collaborative approach to sustainable tourism pedagogy (STP). Six core STP literacies (technical, analytical, ecological, multi-cultural, ethical, policy and political) are identified, which guide skill and knowledge development for the sustainability practitioner. These are facilitated through experiential education in the field that facilitates critical thinking, practical knowledge and participatory action. It is argued that a critical reflexive stance combined with a collaborative community service-learning approach in STP enables phronesis (practical wisdom) and praxis (social change). A case example is provided of an academic-community collaboration involving undergraduate students, local public and private sector stakeholders, plus diverse rural residents that came together temporarily to explore a cultural heritage issue and challenge. This collaboration facilitated collaborative learning, diverse community involvement and community service. The case overview illustrates a teaching opportunity that conveys how some of these STP priorities were undertaken, including the need for critical social action (to address not only environmental issues but also social-cultural sustainability issues related to the well-being of minority, marginalized and diverse populations).


type: J
volume: 12
issue: 3
beginPage: 153
endPage: 178
doi: 10.1080/15470148.2011.598353
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435288000001
year: 2011
authors: Draper, J, Dawson, M, Casey, E
title:
An Exploratory Study of the Importance of Sustainable Practices in the Meeting and Convention Site Selection Process

docAbstract:
The purpose of this exploratory study was to develop a list of sustainable practices at convention facilities and assess the importance of these items according to meeting planners. The recycling of items had the highest levels of importance. Significant differences were found between third party and association meeting planners' levels of importance in the areas of water resources, energy efficiency, and recycling. Length of being a Certified Meeting Planner was not related to the importance of sustainability practices. Females placed more value on programs that capture separate organic waste for composting and on energy certification than did their male counterparts. Results give meeting planners and venues a clearer picture of the current state of sustainable practices and its importance in the meeting, incentive, convention and event (MICE) industry. However, further research is needed, and discussed.


title: Climate change pedagogy and performative action: toward community-based destination governance
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4-5
beginPage: 571
endPage: 588
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.575227
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291812800009
year: 2011
authors: Jamal, T, Watt, EM
docAbstract:
Despite urgent sustainability imperatives, tourism providers and destination managers are slow to undertake initiatives that enable: (1) an informed public (tourists) and (2) an engaged citizenry (residents) to manage resource use, conservation and climate change. This paper draws on concepts from two renowned political theorists, Carole Pateman and Hannah Arendt, and especially from Arendt's theory of human action, which offers insights for a performative and pluralistic theory of civic engagement, multi-stakeholder learning and collaboration. It helps to explore emerging forms of participatory action and climate change pedagogy in the mountain resort of Canmore (Canada), facilitated by the Biosphere Institute, a local nongovernmental organization, that indicate a strong potential. The Mountain Air program involves schoolchildren and businesses in tackling clean air and idling impacts from local transport (including taxis used by visitors). The results of a door-to-door community social marketing campaign, Sustainable Action Canmore, are also discussed. Detailed and ongoing requirements of participatory action are described, and the results of the two programs are analyzed. Links between governance for tourists and residents are explained, and potential lessons for destination managers discussed. In addition, the paper notes the relevance of the Natural Step program, a comprehensive model for planning sustainable development in complex systems.


title: Participative Planning and Governance for Sustainable Tourism
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 3
beginPage: 239
endPage: 249
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2010.11081640
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453382000002
year: 2010
authors: Bramwell, B
docAbstract:
Advocates of sustainable tourism development often indicate that the participation of destination communities in decision-making is important for sustainability. This paper indicates some of the ways in which research on local participation in tourism planning has furthered our understanding of governance for sustainable tourism. A number of suggestions are made concerning a future direction for research on participative planning and more generally on governance for sustainable tourism in destinations. It is argued that we should examine participative planning critically and also that we should see it fully as a reflection of our times and of contemporary economic, social and ideological circumstances. It is also suggested that we should devote more research attention to the broad range of contexts and activities of tourism governance. Finally, it is contended that the adoption of holistic and critical frameworks may benefit research in this field. One such framework is also outlined briefly.


title: The Assessment of the Environmental Performance of an International Multi-Sport Event
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 1
beginPage: 97
endPage: 122
doi: 10.1080/16184740903460488
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277542400005
year: 2010
authors: Mallen, C, Stevens, J, Adams, L, McRoberts, S
docAbstract:
Despite recent calls to reduce the environmental impact of major sporting events, comprehensive measurements, evaluations, and reports on environmental sustainability (ES) within the sport sector are rare. Consequently, the purpose of this multi-method case study was to assess the environmental performance (EP) of an international multi-sport event. Survey and interview data were collected from 15 event managers and executive volunteers (N=15). The findings indicated the event organization demonstrated a high level of effort towards initiating an ES movement within the Games but ultimately achieved a weak to moderate level of EP. Further, structural, systemic and cultural organization barriers prevented the implementation of many ES policies and programs. Sport event EP success is contingent upon organizers understanding both the operational reality in which they must stage the event, and their strategic capability to fulfill this goal.


title: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN DENMARK More than Gaining Public Trust
type: J
volume: 43
issue: 1
beginPage: 35
endPage: 51
doi: 10.1177/1012690208094655
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000272876600003
year: 2008
authors: Persson, HTR
docAbstract:
Strong focus on the promotion of health and social integration aspects in society means the state has increased pressure on sport associations to deliver its social policy agenda. The building of (corporate) social responsibility is offered as a possible progressive response to changes in Danish state sport policy and as a way to increase its social capital. A correlation between (corporate) social responsibility and social capital is established and visualized in the official stand on social responsibility of individual and umbrella sport governing bodies, and Danish state policy. Ness's definition of corporate social responsibility as the necessity and the duty of companies to behave responsibly, ethically and sustainably, and to be transparently accountable to their stakeholders, is transferred to sport associations. Social capital could be defined as the relational resources that we as individuals or as part of a collective, such as a sport association, inherit or intentionally construct to achieve our own goals. Depending on the structural and normative characteristics of the social system in which it operates, it can facilitate but also limit individual and collective action. Development of a contemporary grounded social responsibility by the sport governing bodies suggests a gain in social capital, new memberships and future assurance of financial and social support.


title: Residents' Attitudes, Perception and Support for Sustainable Tourism Development
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 1
beginPage: 45
endPage: 60
doi: 10.1080/14790530801936452
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212811000004
year: 2008
authors: Kitnuntaviwat, V, Tang, JCS
docAbstract:
This study showcases a structural model that explores residents' attitudes towards tourism developments and to what extent residents interface with destination sustainability strategies. Factors influencing these attitudes were examined using a model consisting of six latent constructs and eight path hypotheses. Findings from 432 resident-respondents from Bangkok, Thailand were analysed. Utilising LISREL (linear structural equations), a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling procedure were performed successively on the collected data. Results indicated that the residents' support is likely to be strongly affected by most constructs, except by the relationship between "sustainability attitudes" and "perceived negative tourism impacts". Two new relationships were added in the final model to better capture residents' attitudes in urban tourist destinations. The first determines the relationship between "sustainability attitudes" and "support for destination sustainability strategies" whilst the second explores the link between "tourism development's positive impact" to "support for destination sustainability strategies".


title: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AT TOURISM DESTINATIONS: TOWARD A SOCIAL LICENSE TO OPERATE
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 133
endPage: 144
doi: 10.3727/154427207783948883
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213642300005
year: 2007
authors: Williams, P, Gill, A, Ponsford, I
docAbstract:
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a term increasingly employed to denote ethical behavior with respect to various shareholder, employee, consumer, supplier, and competitor stakeholder groups. It is often shaped and expressed through community engagement strategies in which firms reach out to these groups to address societal concerns as well as corporate objectives. Little research probes how CSR relationships are initiated and evolve in tourism destinations. This article outlines the key theoretical foundations of CSR and illustrates how these concepts may be translated into stakeholder engagement strategies in mountain resort destinations. It uses empirical research findings from case studies of CSR relationships between Intrawest, a large North American resort corporation, and stakeholders in two Canadian mountain tourism destinations. It is argued that the extent to which these CSR strategies are employed is a function of both in situ stakeholder saliency and the ability of community stakeholders to provide what has been referred to as a "social license to operate."


title: Scottish visitor attractions: managing visitor impacts
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 3
beginPage: 265
endPage: 279
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00077-2
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000175334100007
year: 2002
authors: Garrod, B, Fyall, A, Leask, A
docAbstract:
The visitor attraction sector in Scotland plays a vital, if often overlooked, role in the wider Scottish tourism industry. Yet the sector presently faces a host of internal and external threats. In terms of external threats, the sector is currently experiencing heightened competition not only from overseas tourism markets but also from domestic leisure activities such as sport and shopping. Meanwhile the sector is widely acknowledged to have an oversupply of visitor attractions. In terms of internal threats, it is increasingly being recognised that the sector is susceptible to a range of negative visitor impacts. Even at current visitor levels such impacts could seriously compromise the resources upon which the sector draws and ultimately depends. This paper presents the findings of a postal survey of all of Scotland's 510 paid admission attractions in 1999. The survey explored perceptions of the range and severity of visitor impacts. relating these impacts to factors such as attraction type, admission prices, visitor numbers and ownership status. The paper concludes that predictions of future external trends do not bode well for the Scottish industry in its current form, and that an internally focused, quality-oriented strategy is required if the majority of attractions are to survive and prosper in the coming decade. This, in turn, means developing more effective ways of managing visitor impacts. While the focus of this study is on Scotland, some important lessons are identified for visitor attractions more generally. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 28
beginPage: 1
endPage: 10
doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.09.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000389168000001
year: 2017
authors: Decker, ES, Ekkekakis, P
title:
More efficient, perhaps, but at what price? Pleasure and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval exercise in low-active women with obesity

docAbstract:
Objectives: Fewer than 1.5% of women with obesity in the USA are physically active at recommended levels. High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has been proposed as a possible solution to the problem of low activity, based on the dual promise of accelerating the accrual of benefits while reducing the time commitment. However, concerns have been raised about the appeal and sustainability of HIIE. The purpose of this study was to compare during-exercise affective valence and post-exercise enjoyment in response to a bout of HIIE and a longer, isocaloric bout of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE). Design: Within-subjects experiment. Methods: Low-active women with obesity (N = 24) completed one bout of HIIE (3-min warm-up, four 3-min intervals of recumbent cycling at 115% of Watts at the ventilatory threshold, four 2-min periods of active recovery at 85% of Watts at the ventilatory threshold, 5-min cool-down) and one bout of MICE (3-min warm-up, 25 min of recumbent cycling at 90% of Watts at the ventilatory threshold, 5-min cool down) in counterbalanced order. The Feeling Scale (FS) was administered during exercise and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was administered after cool-down. Results: Differences were found for both FS (condition by time interaction: p < 0.001, eta(2) = 0.27) and PACES (p = 0.04, d = -0.38), with both outcomes favoring MICE. Conclusions: The lower pleasure and enjoyment associated with HIIE compared to MICE underscore the importance of considering not only physiological adaptations but also the appeal and sustainability of HIIE for low-active women with obesity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Regional network governance and sustainable tourism
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 3
beginPage: 385
endPage: 407
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2015.1036915
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000354175500005
year: 2015
authors: Farmaki, A
docAbstract:
Effective governance has been identified as one of the most important factors in sustainable tourism implementation. As governance structures are increasingly becoming network-based, attention needs to be diverted to the effectiveness of partnerships in achieving sustainability in tourism. Evaluating the effectiveness of regional tourism governance in Cyprus by considering regional tourism organisations' (RTOs) public-private network involved exploratory research whereby semi-structured interviews with key tourism stakeholders were performed. Findings reveal that network governance-related challenges interact with region-specific characteristics, inhibiting the effectiveness of regional tourism governance in implementing sustainable tourism. Specifically, RTOs represent a weak form of governance and their effectiveness in implementing sustainable tourism is limited by the continuing dependence on foreign tour operators, a system of mutual favours which complexifies the nature of tourism planning and a growing emphasis on economic interests further fuelled by recent austerity measures imposed in Cyprus. The paper concludes that network governance cannot be considered separately from the socio-cultural, economic and environmental factors of the context in which it is studied and proposes that further research reflects the horizontal relations across regional, national and global networks.


title: Customer loyalty: exploring its antecedents from a green marketing perspective
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 5
beginPage: 896
endPage: 917
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-03-2014-0115
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000359051900010
year: 2015
authors: Martinez, P
docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to propose a hierarchy of effects model to study three antecedents of green loyalty: green trust, green satisfaction and green overall image, and to examine the relationships between these variables. At present, environmental issues attract the attention of academics and professionals around the world. In the hospitality industry, this interest is even greater because of the considerable quantities of water and energy consumed by hotel companies and because of the environmental degradation that this industry can cause with unmanaged growth and development. For this reason, several authors have proposed incorporating the green loyalty construct as a key variable in tourism theory and practice. Design/methodology/approach - To test the proposed model empirically, personal surveys of hotel customers were conducted in Spain using a structured questionnaire. A structural equations model was developed to test the research hypothesis. Findings - The findings show that green overall image has positive direct effects on green trust, green satisfaction and green loyalty. At the same time, they reveal that both green trust and green satisfaction have positive effects on green loyalty. In addition, green trust has a positive influence on green satisfaction. Research limitations/implications - This research deals with the relationship between the variables of interest, without considering other antecedents and consequences. Thus, there is still a need to explore other mediating variables (e.g. willingness to pay more to stay in a green room, or commitment regarding environmental issues), as the explanatory power of this model could still be improved. In addition, given the role of green trust and green satisfaction as mediating variables of green overall image and green loyalty, this study recognizes the need for in-depth research into the enhancement of green trust and green satisfaction. Practical implications - From a practical point of view, hoteliers and marketers working for a green hotel should develop a positive green overall image and enhance customers' perceptions of green trust and green satisfaction. In particular, they should emphasize the importance of environmental issues to customers by promoting green campaigns. At the same time, hoteliers in a green context should create effective strategies to improve their hotel's image. Originality/value - Although existing research has investigated relevant aspects of customer trust, satisfaction, overall image and loyalty, these issues have not been discussed from a green marketing perspective. Apart from that, the main contribution of this paper is its exploration of the influence of green trust, green satisfaction and green overall image on green loyalty in a hospitality setting, following the framework of the hierarchy of effects model. By complementing previous studies on customer loyalty in the environmental context and exploring the relationships among these constructs, this study offers an assessment of how green marketing strategies in the hospitality industry increase green loyalty.


title: Chinese model for mass adventure tourism
type: J
volume: 44
beginPage: 5
endPage: 13
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.021
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000336465300004
year: 2014
authors: Buckley, R, McDonald, K, Duan, L, Sun, L, Chen, LX
docAbstract:
China has evolved a new domestic model for river-based adventure tourism, a form of passive mass tourism characterised by short trips, in small unguided rafts without paddles, on heavily modified watercourses with exclusive control of access, receiving up to 10,000 clients per site per day. This is very different to international models, which expect much greater individual involvement and responsibility for safety. Client satisfaction is moderate and repeat business low, but the Chinese domestic model nonetheless generates a billion-dollar annual turnover nationwide, with participation to date by around one quarter of China's 18-35 year-olds. This domestic model shapes the expectations of Chinese tourists travelling overseas, with implications for practical safety and satisfaction, and theoretical tests of culture-linked expectation disconfirmation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Future Challenges for Global Tourism: A Delphi Survey
type: J
volume: 53
issue: 4
beginPage: 420
endPage: 432
doi: 10.1177/0047287513506292
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000337581000003
year: 2014
authors: von Bergner, NM, Lohmann, M
docAbstract:
Tourism is a complex system within a dynamic framework that is exposed to rapid and challenging developments. The existing tourism research does not fully address the nature of the global, intertwined challenges that may affect and shape the worldwide tourism system in the future with respect to both the industry and society. This article contributes to eliminating this knowledge gap using an exploratory Delphi survey that seeks to identify the most prominent challenges to global tourism through 2020 and to understand their nature, drivers, and effects. The five proposed meta-challenges demonstrate the complexity of the interrelations and interdependencies affecting the future of the global tourism system. These meta-challenges may also be regarded as constituting a strategic road map for global tourism in a complex and dynamic world.


title: Short-run and long-run performance of international tourism: Evidence from Bayesian dynamic models
type: J
volume: 42
beginPage: 22
endPage: 36
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000333000100004
year: 2014
authors: Assaf, AG, Tsionas, EG
docAbstract:
Measuring the technical efficiency of the tourism industry is essential for evaluating tourism sustainability and reshaping tourism activities. This paper introduces for the first time a new dynamic stochastic frontier model to 1-measure and compare the short-run and long-run technical efficiencies of leading tourism destinations, and 2-provide impulse response functions and persistence measures to trace out the dynamic effect of shocks in technical inefficiency. We develop our model in a Bayesian framework using carefully constructed Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. We report efficiency results and persistence scores for individual destinations and discuss how different destinations recover from shocks in tourism performance. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The Effects of Message Framing and Source Credibility on Green Messages in Hotels
type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 64
endPage: 75
doi: 10.1177/1938965513503400
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500009
year: 2014
authors: Kim, SB, Kim, DY
docAbstract:
This study used an experimental approach to examine the influence of message framing and source credibility on potential hotel customers' attitudes, behavioral intentions, attention, and environmentally friendly activities (EFAs) toward messages about protecting the environment. With 386 participants, this study employed a 2 x 2 between-subject design comparing a positive message frame, a negative message frame, a credible source, and a noncredible source. The results reveal that messages from a credible source that are positively framed led to the most positive attitudes toward the messages themselves, visit intention, and EFAs. Even without regard to source credibility, positively framed messages were more effective than those with a negative frame. The implication for hospitality practitioners is to maintain a positive frame for messages that encourage guests to participate in a hotel's sustainability programs, and to add a credible source for additional message strength.


type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 127
endPage: 134
doi: 10.1177/1938965513496314
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500014
year: 2014
authors: Rahman, I, Stumpf, T, Reynolds, D
title:
A Comparison of the Influence of Purchaser Attitudes and Product Attributes on Organic Wine Preferences

docAbstract:
Despite considerable theoretical support for the proposition that wine consumers' purchase decisions would be influenced by whether a wine was organic, this study found that taste overwhelmed all other considerations in respondents' selection of wine. This experimental study used sensory evaluation in conjunction with a survey of participants' attitudes toward sustainability and other environmental issues. The study's methodology was supported theoretically by a means-end approach, evaluative conditioning, and consumer involvement. Despite the strong theoretical underpinnings that suggested personal attitudes would drive purchase decisions, the results indicate that taste alone consistently influenced participants' preference for wines. Once the respondents tasted the wine, the fact that the wine was organic had no further influence on the wine purchase decision.


title: Tourism and water: from stakeholders to rights holders, and what tourism businesses need to do
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 89
endPage: 106
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.776062
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329911000007
year: 2014
authors: Cole, S
docAbstract:
Water is a human right and it is essential to sustain life and livelihoods, as well as the health and happiness of tourists. This paper examines a destination with ample rain, but rapid and unchecked tourism development: Bali, Indonesia. The mismanagement of water resources means underground supplies are polluted and local people suffer from water scarcity. A multi-method approach with the various stakeholders was used to develop a stakeholder map that identifies duty bearers and rights holders. The government is the primary legal duty bearer to provide communities with water, but companies also have unique responsibilities. This paper examines why tourism businesses need to conduct human rights impact assessments. Taking due diligence for human rights can be seen as a business opportunity, leading to reduced operating costs and increased reputational strength. The benefits and challenges for business are explored.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 5
beginPage: 768
endPage: 786
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.864660
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334164600005
year: 2014
authors: King, LM, Halpenny, EA
title:
Communicating the World Heritage brand: visitor awareness of UNESCO's World Heritage symbol and the implications for sites, stakeholders and sustainable management

docAbstract:
The World Heritage (WH) brand signals property so irreplaceable that its values must be sustained intact in perpetuity. A primary function of the WH symbol, one element of the WH brand, is to prompt positive visitor emotions and behaviors favored by management agencies. This paper investigates if the symbol communicates any message to viewers. To determine visitor recognition and recall of the WH symbol tested against a variety of variables, 1827 visitors to five WH sites in Queensland, Australia and 712 visitors to the WH part of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, USA were surveyed. Sixty percent of visitors to the Queensland sites and 19% of visitors to the Hawaii site were aware of the site's WH status; 96% of Queensland site visitors, and 99% of Hawaii site visitors could not recall what the WH symbol represented. Park agencies appear to take a laissez-faire attitude to branding, have little interest or capacity to brand properly or have strategically restricted usage of the WH brand to de-clutter their brand landscape. This limits opportunities to transmit to visitors and communities why WH properties should be valued and sustained, with significant implications for the long-term sustainability of WH sites.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 3
beginPage: 384
endPage: 402
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.819879
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000331655200003
year: 2014
authors: O'Brien, D, Ponting, J
title:
Liberalizing Nirvana: an analysis of the consequences of common pool resource deregulation for the sustainability of Fiji's surf tourism industry

docAbstract:
In July 2010, the Fijian government issued a decree that liberalized Fiji's surf breaks and deregulated its surf tourism industry. It did this by canceling licenses that granted resorts exclusive use of surf breaks based on indigenous customary ownership of foreshore and fringing reef fishing areas as common pool resources. This paper analyses the sustainability of surf tourism in Fiji, utilizing a developing framework for sustainable surf tourism. Based on broader sustainable tourism theory and empirical research, the framework considers (1) the impact of economic neo-liberalism, (2) the need for coordinated planning and limits to growth, (3) the advantages of systematic attempts to foster cross-cultural understanding, and (4) the social benefits associated with the development of surfing at the village level. The study found that a lack of regulation is compromising the sustainability of Fiji's surf tourism industry in each of these four dimensions. However, evidence of a growing acceptance of the need for regulation by most stakeholders offers a starting point for a transactive, participative process to find solutions. A fifth element to the framework is recommended for future analyses based on the need for surf tourism to contribute to poverty alleviation in destination communities.


title: Sport for development and peace as contested terrain: place, community, ownership
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 371
endPage: 387
doi: 10.1080/19406940.2013.825875
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214497600005
year: 2014
authors: Schulenkorfa, N, Sugden, J, Burdsey, D
docAbstract:
Under the Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) umbrella, an increasing number of sport projects are staged all over the world to improve the social, cultural, educational or psychological circumstances of marginalized and/ or fractured communities. In research on such initiatives, only limited empirical examinations exist that focus specifically on garnering the perspectives of key players from local communities regarding value and impact of SDP. In addressing this issue, our study investigates the local lessons learnt from 13 Football for Peace (F4P) partnership projects that featured a mixture of Jewish, Arab, Bedouin and Circassian communities in Israel. Following an interpretive mode of enquiry, 30 interviews and two focus groups with key stakeholders were conducted, with an emphasis on exploring local experiences. Our findings highlight the diversity of community perspectives in relation to the following themes: values and delivery; engagement and commitment; and scope, regularity and sustainability. Specifically, our analysis illuminates the diverse interpretations and responses that exist in relation to the ethos, meanings and achievements of F4P, and calls for an appreciation of the intricacies, complexities and nuances in the way that the programme (and SDP work more generally) is received. Finally, the article demonstrates how the multiple theorizations and interpretations of community found within academic literature are reproduced and literally played out - but also contested, challenged, rejected and reformulated - in the practice of SDP.


title: Attaining harmony: understanding the relationship between ecotourism and protected areas in China
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 8
beginPage: 1131
endPage: 1150
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.902064
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341638500001
year: 2014
authors: Xu, HG, Cui, QM, Sofield, T, Li, FMS
docAbstract:
This paper explores the power of both traditional culture and modernity, their interaction, and ecotourism as defined and developed in China, and suggests a new framework for ecotourism policies. It argues that issues in ecotourism should reflect scientific and empirical evidence, but also integrate traditional Chinese cultural beliefs, and political and social factors, to achieve sustainability. The protected area system, central to ecotourism in China, was introduced by government to bring modernity and globalization. The management model follows western values, tending to separate humans from nature for conservation purposes, using institutionalized western zoning systems. This approach is inconsistent with millennia-old Chinese cultural values about relationships between nature and humans, centred around tian ren he yi - humans and nature as a unified entity. Instead of managing conflicts, attaining harmony (in a subjective experiential way) is the fundamental Chinese approach. The paper explores conflicts between the two value systems, and how Confucian "middle ways" are being crafted to balance the fast-growing special needs of Chinese eco-tourists with the top-down regulation of protected areas. It notes new developments in protected area tourism management in the West, and opportunities to blend Chinese traditional values about harmony with evolving western practice.


type: J
volume: 2
issue: 1
beginPage: 14
endPage: 21
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.11.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000209271800003
year: 2013
authors: Sorensson, A, von Friedrichs, Y
title:
An importance-performance analysis of sustainable tourism: A comparison between international and national tourists

docAbstract:
Sustainable tourism-with its focus on the economic, social, and environmental impact of tourism has been an issue since the publication of the Brundtland Commission Report in 1987. The objective of this research paper is to use importance-performance analysis (IPA) to examine the performance of one particular tourist destination with regard to social and environmental sustainability, and to establish whether international tourists and national tourists differ in the sustainability factors they consider important. A quantitative questionnaire was handed out to national and international tourists at tourist offices in Bologna, Italy. The questionnaire contained scales to measure the tourists' satisfaction with the destination and their hotels from a sustainability point of view, and their views on the importance of such factors. The conclusion is that their opinions vary considerably: for example national tourists rank the environmental sustainability of their holiday destination more highly than do international tourists. The results of the study can be used by destination managers in Bologna and elsewhere to improve the sustainability factors that tourists think are most important, while other tourist destinations could also conduct similar studies to examine their sustainability performance. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 8
beginPage: 1188
endPage: 1211
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.776059
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000327394400005
year: 2013
authors: Holladay, PJ, Powell, RB
title:
Resident perceptions of social-ecological resilience and the sustainability of community-based tourism development in the Commonwealth of Dominica

docAbstract:
Despite major investments in community-based tourism to diversify economies, reduce poverty and improve life quality in the Caribbean, little is known about what conditions lead to resilience and sustainability. Sustainability from a resilience theory perspective is the likelihood an existing system of resource use will persist indefinitely without a decline in social and natural resource bases. Undertaking activities to enhance resilience and sustainability improves a system's ability to persevere, adapt and learn to meet challenges from unanticipated economic, political or natural events. This study investigated six communities in the Commonwealth of Dominica, all part of a seven-year community tourism program, and examined residents' perceptions of the social, institutional, economic and ecological resilience of their community, and therefore the resilience and sustainability of community tourism development. It used a new scale using eight steps suggested by Devellis' scale development methodology. Data indicated moderate to low resilience in all four domains across the communities. This suggests that communities should invest in strengthening social bonds, developing capacity in local institutions, in diversifying the tourism product and controlling infrastructure development. Indicators measuring trust, networks, local control, flexible governance, leakage prevention and controlled infrastructure development emerged as important in assessing social-ecological resilience and sustainability.


title: Sustainable tourism development strategy by SWOT analysis: Boujagh National Park, Iran
type: J
volume: 4
beginPage: 223
endPage: 228
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2012.08.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217958500027
year: 2012
authors: Reihanian, A, Mahmood, NZB, Kahrom, E, Hin, TW
docAbstract:
This paper explores the applicability of transforming the current state of tourism in Boujagh National Park (BNP) (a region located in the northern Iran with an area of 3177 ha) to a sustainable tourism model. To plan and implement this, different management and decision making tools were used including interviews and questionnaire surveys as well as SWOT analysis. A series of interviews was conducted in order to identify actions taken by governmental bodies responsible (e.g., Department of Environment). In addition, the visitors of the park were surveyed to assess the rate of fulfillment of sustainable tourism development in the park. Local residents were also taken into account by using a survey to reveal the problems and attractions of the park. Results showed that the existing tourism activities in the park did not conform to sustainability requirements. Thus, a SWOT analysis was used to identify the required management strategies to improve the tourism in the park. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 6
beginPage: 845
endPage: 865
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.680699
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306170000005
year: 2012
authors: Whittlesea, ER, Owen, A
title:
Towards a low carbon future - the development and application of REAP Tourism, a destination footprint and scenario tool

docAbstract:
This paper explores the development and application of a bespoke modelling and scenario tool to quantify the full greenhouse gas (CO(2)e) footprint associated with visitor activity and consumption. Designed for use by destination decision-makers, it helps understand the full CO(2)e impact of visitors, explores potential mitigation strategies and identifies emissions reduction possibilities. REAP Tourism can calculate direct and indirect supply chain emissions related to accommodation, travel, food, shopping, services, attractions, activities and events. This paper demonstrates the tool at a range of different geographic levels in South West England. Initial results show overseas visitors to have an impact of 196 kg CO(2)e per day, domestic overnight visitors having 49 kg and day visitors 48 kg. Further exploration shows the tool's ability to show the impact of different marketing/development scenarios on CO(2)e emissions including holidaying locally strategies, encouraging longer stays, buying local goods and encouraging low meat diets. Comparisons show that luxury weekend visitors have five times the daily impact of family holiday visitors and ten times those of back-packers. The strengths and weaknesses of the tool's methodologies and its range of outputs able to inform tourism policy and decision-making are discussed.


title: Aspects of Sustainability in the Destination Branding Process: A Bottom-up Approach
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 7
beginPage: 739
endPage: 757
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2012.624299
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213072300003
year: 2012
authors: Zouganeli, S, Trihas, N, Antonaki, M, Kladou, S
docAbstract:
The concept of sustainability is based on the premise that the inhabitants of a destination should be involved in the way that destination is managed and promoted. At the same time, the literature of place branding emphasizes the important role of local stakeholders in the creation of a true and reliable place brand. In fact, the process of developing a destination brand begins with the aim of shaping the identity of a destination; what the destination stands for. The sustainable dimensions of the destination branding process are explored, while focus groups and structured questionnaires are used to evaluate the usefulness of projection techniques in the process of building a brand identity. It seems that the use of the personification technique could work as an effective destination positioning exercise and as an alternative proposal to the outdated cliches used in tourism promotion.


title: Sponsorship and CSR: is there a link? A conceptual framework
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 4
beginPage: 301
endPage: 317
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000209148700003
year: 2011
authors: Plewa, C, Quester, PG
docAbstract:
A prolific stream of research has demonstrated the unique potential of sports sponsorship to contribute to corporate image and to influence audiences around the world. Meanwhile, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has increasingly been identified in the literature for its potential to deliver a degree of competitive advantage. This paper builds on both these theoretical fields to develop a conceptual framework linking the effectiveness of sports sponsorship with the sponsors' CSR commitment to both employees and consumers.


title: A Content Analysis of Environmental Sustainability Research In a Sport-Related Journal Sample
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 3
beginPage: 240
endPage: 256
doi: 10.1123/jsm.25.3.240
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291156600006
year: 2011
authors: Mallen, C, Stevens, J, Adams, LJ
docAbstract:
This study systematically examined the extent of environmental sustainability (ES) research within the sport-related journal sample of academic literature to identify areas of under-emphasis and recommend directions for future research. The data collection and analysis followed a content analysis framework. The investigation involved a total of 21 sport-related academic journals that included 4,639 peer-reviewed articles published from 1987 to 2008. Findings indicated a paucity of sport-ES research articles (n = 17) during this time period. Further analysis compared the sport-ES studies within the sample to research in the broader management literature. A research agenda is suggested to advance sport-ES beyond the infancy stage.


title: An empirical model of attendance factors at major sporting events
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 2
beginPage: 328
endPage: 334
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000275181000016
year: 2010
authors: Hall, J, O'Mahony, B, Vieceli, J
docAbstract:
Sports events represent a major category of event revenue contributing economic benefits to cities and regions. Whilst attendance at sports events is recognised as an important leisure and entertainment activity (Shamir and Ruskin, 1984), over the past 20 years sports event attendance expenditure has been declining as a percentage of total recreation expenditure (Ross, 2006). Consequently, an understanding of the factors that influence sports event attendance is crucial to the sustainability of these events. This study identifies the antecedents of sports event attendance among 460 respondents who were surveyed in Melbourne, a city that was recognised as the Ultimate Sports City in 2008 (Church-Sanders, 2008). Structural Equation Modelling was used to create an empirical model of attendance motivations. The model identifies constructs relating to emotional responses and facilities, as the predictors of event attendance and provides a discussion of the implications of this research for sporting event and hospitality managers. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Systems Analysis of Climate Change Vulnerability for the US Northeast Ski Sector
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 3
beginPage: 219
endPage: 235
doi: 10.1080/1479053X.2010.502383
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212821100002
year: 2010
authors: Scott, D, Dawson, J
docAbstract:
One of the greatest challenges to the sustainability of the winter tourism sector is climate change. Studies examining the implications of climate change for the ski tourism industry have mainly focused on vulnerability of the supply side (i.e. ski area infrastructure and operators) with limited attention given to the demand side (i.e. how tourists will respond to changing climate and ski conditions). A more holistic understanding of how the winter tourism marketplace may evolve under a changed climate is required for managers and communities to develop and plan specific adaptation strategies. Using a systems approach this study examines climate change vulnerability of both the supply and demand sides of the US Northeast ski tourism sector (i.e. a marketplace of some 103 ski areas across the states of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut). Multiple methods were employed including a climate change analogue (demand and supply side), future climate change and operations modeling (supply side), and a skier survey (demand side). Findings reveal a complexity of interacting and opposing impacts including the projected contraction northward of viable ski areas. In response to projected ski area closures in the region, demand for skiing opportunities is not likely to decrease proportionally. Ski areas that are able to remain operational under changed conditions should plan for a possible market-shift (i.e. spatial substitution) and may expect crowding issues and residual development pressure in association with the concentration of ski areas in fewer climate-advantaged regions.


title: People and Nature: Toward an Ecological Model of Health Promotion
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 1
beginPage: 3
endPage: 14
doi: 10.1080/01490400903430772
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000273574200002
year: 2010
authors: Bricker, KS, Dustin, DL, Schwab, KA
docAbstract:
Striving for a healthier relationship among individuals, families, communities, nations, and the environment is imperative at a time in history when humankind can change the face of the earth in monumental ways. This dynamic health relationship, with an emphasis on the contributions of parks, recreation, and tourism to health promotion, is the subject of this article. A broader conception of health that moves beyond human physical and mental health to include familial, communal, national, international, and global ecological health is called for, and a more comprehensive ecological model of health promotion, including consideration of health from a holistic ecological perspective, is presented. New directions for leisure research based on an ecological orientation to health promotion conclude the article.


title: Corporate social responsibility: what are the top three Orlando theme parks reporting?
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 3
beginPage: 316
endPage: 337
doi: 10.1108/17554211011052230
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214483200008
year: 2010
authors: Okumus, F, Bilgihan, A, Holcomb, J
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine what the top three Orlando theme parks report about their corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Design/methodology/approach - Through content analysis, web sites, annual reports, and CSR reports of the top three theme park companies in Orlando, namely, Walt Disney World, Universal Orlando, and Sea World Parks and Entertainment were examined. Findings - The top three theme parks in Orlando mainly reported their CSR activities in relation to environment, community, and customers. Their diversity policies, employee welfare programs and employee volunteerism were also widely reported. Walt Disney World seemed to provide the most detailed CSR reporting in all areas. Research limitations/implications - In addition to content analysis of web sites and CSR reports, future studies may look at a single company and try to collect data via interviews and surveys. In addition, this paper only offers a view of the theme park's CSR reporting, since, each of the companies do not have any form of verification of their CSR activities. Therefore, it should not attest to the performance of each theme park in such activities. Practical implications - The research findings suggest that according to their reporting efforts the top three theme park companies in Orlando undertake and participate in various CSR activities and initiatives, which are important for the environment, local community, customers, and employees. However, their reporting and emphasis of certain CSR activities seem to vary. These companies can better publicize and promote their CSR activities. With rising awareness regarding CSR activities, it is important for the theme park industry to begin profiling their CSR efforts as part of their overall corporate and business strategies. Again creating a CSR department to oversee and coordinate all CSR activities would be helpful for theme park companies. Originality/value - This is perhaps one of the first papers looking at CSR activities of theme park companies. It provides practical implications about reporting of CSR activities for theme parks. It is hoped that this paper stimulates further research into this area in the theme park industry.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 2
beginPage: 207
endPage: 229
doi: 10.1080/09669580802495766
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000263872900006
year: 2009
authors: Weiler, B, Moore, SA, Laing, JH, Lee, D, Wegner, A
title:
Advancing conceptual understanding of partnerships between protected area agencies and the tourism industry: a postdisciplinary and multi-theoretical approach

docAbstract:
This paper reviews a range of theoretical approaches to partnerships working between protected area agencies and the tourism industry. While partnerships are a hallmark of contemporary thinking about protected area management, research to date leaves considerable scope for development, application and testing of theory. The paper draws eight theoretical approaches from the literature with potential application to a study of the contributors to partnership success. It progresses a postdisciplinary approach to partnership research. A 72-item questionnaire was derived from the theoretical perspectives and completed by 100 partners. Analysis identified features perceived as potentially contributing to a successful partnership as well as the key outcomes of a successful partnership. The findings indicate the prominence of institutional analysis and development, social capital, environmental dispute resolution and network theories in explaining partnership success. Given the centrality of partnerships in protected area tourism and ongoing societal interest in the sustainability of such areas, this paper provides vital insights to further multi-theoretical, postdisciplinary research, and to the successful management of partnerships.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 2
beginPage: 269
endPage: 285
doi: 10.1080/09669580802495774
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000263872900009
year: 2009
authors: Buultjens, J, Wilson, E, Nielsen, N
title:
From lessees to partners: exploring tourism public-private partnerships within the New South Wales national parks and wildlife service

docAbstract:
In a new protected-area management paradigm which requires close working relationships with a range of stakeholders, it is important that national parks managers recognise the individual interests of each group with whom they are expected to collaborate. A substantial body of research has investigated non-commercial collaborative activities among natural resource managers, tourism organisations and community groups. However, little academic attention has been paid to commercial tourism collaborations, particularly public-private partnerships (PPPs) with tourism operators. PPPs are often more contentious and require careful management to ensure sustainability and political acceptance. This paper reports on qualitative research, exploring the quality and nature of commercial lease arrangements between the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and a number of their private on-site tourism providers. In-depth interviews were conducted with fourteen key stakeholders involved in these partnerships. Based on an emergent approach to analysis, five main themes emerged which define the nature and quality of relationships between NPWS and tourism operators. Ultimately, it is argued that in commercial PPPs, protected-area managers need to move beyond viewing tourism operators as mere lessees, seeing them instead as valued and long-lasting partners.


type: J
volume: 1
issue: 3
beginPage: 273
endPage: 282
doi: 10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990028
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415240000006
year: 2005
authors: Pant, DR
title:
A place brand strategy for the Republic of Armenia: 'Quality of context' and 'sustainability' as competitive advantage

docAbstract:
Environmental quality makes good business sense, particularly in remote and marginal contexts like Armenia. Certain enforceable environmental quality standards may prove to be crucial in order to create a distinct place brand that can penetrate the upper niche of global markets. The aim of place branding should be to draw visitors and investors, to enhance social cohesion and to pursue a substantial and holistic sustainability by turning the 'quality of context' into competitive advantage in international business. It is proposed that the business community and governments of remote areas like Armenia collaborate to adopt a clear and compatible place brand strategy, which may eventually add extra value and a new dimension to all their products and services. In the case of Armenia 'place branding' means requalifying the habitat and designing a distinct country image, replacing the popular perception of its remote and trouble-prone ex-Soviet-client status and making a clear case for its distinctive qualities, human capital, landscape and cultural heritage. If properly positioned in the world market the place brand (a certain 'Wonder-full Armenia') may ultimately triumph as a special tourist destination as well as a particular kind of business environment. Creating such a place brand strategy calls for collaborative, interdisciplinary research to design an imaginative economic policy and, of course, a strong political will to implement it.


title: IT'S MOSTLY ABOUT ME: REASONS WHY VOLUNTEERS CONTRIBUTE THEIR TIME TO MUSEUMS AND ART MUSEUMS
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 21
endPage: 31
doi: 10.3727/154427205774791708
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213632300003
year: 2005
authors: Edwards, D
docAbstract:
Museums and art museums make a significant contribution to the tourism and leisure industries. In Australia they contribute to the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of the communities and regions in which they are located. However, museums are facing challenges that are leading them to rethink their products and services, to improve their economic position, and to remain competitive in the marketplace. In this climate of change, the role of the volunteer is growing increasingly important to the operation of museums and art museums. However, why persons choose to volunteer for these attractions is not well understood. This article reports on initial findings from a wider study of volunteers in museums and art museums that was designed to explore volunteer motivation, expectations, values, and commitment. Factor analysis identified eight underlying dimensions to volunteer motivation for individuals in this field. This article has three objectives: first, to set the sustainable context in which museums and art museums operate; secondly, to present the initial findings of volunteer motivation; and thirdly, to discuss the implications they have for sustainable volunteer management.


title: SUSTAINABILITY IN A MATURE MASS TOURISM DESTINATION: THE CASE OF HAWAII
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 47
endPage: 59
doi: 10.3727/154427205774791735
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213632300005
year: 2005
authors: Sheldon, P, Knox, JM, Lowry, K
docAbstract:
This article describes the recent efforts of the state of Hawaii, USA, a mass tourism destination in the Pacific, to bring new understanding, knowledge, and policy to improve the quality and sustainability of tourism across the islands. The study, described in some detail in the article, consisted of three main parts: an Infrastructure and Environmental Overview Study, an Economic and Environmental Assessment Modeling Study, and a Public Input and Socio-Cultural Impact Study. The methodology, results, and challenges experienced in each of the three studies are discussed. The article also extrapolates the experience in Hawaii to other mass tourism destinations seeking to improve their sustainability.


title: Community sustainability and resilience: similarities, differences and indicators
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 18
endPage: 27
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2015.1122664
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000366837300003
year: 2016
authors: Lew, AA, Ng, PT, Ni, CC, Wu, TC
docAbstract:
Sustainability has been a core conceptual framework for community development since the approach was popularized in 1987, although in its essence it reflects a long history of environmental conservation reactions to industrialization. Resilience, as a framework for understanding and approaching community development, emerged more gradually out of ecological studies in the 1980s, but has only recently, since the mid-2000s, emerged as a focus of public interest as a way of responding and adapting to the planet's growing anthropogenic changes. For many, sustainability and resilience are slightly nuanced perspectives on the same phenomenon. For others, however, there are distinct differences between them, with sustainability's conservation goals being in opposition to the adaptation goals of resilience. Two major reasons for these confusions are (1) both concepts are defined and used in many different ways to achieve a variety of political goals that may not reflect their core definitions, and (2) both concepts share similar goals and some common approaches, such as a focus on climate change and seeking a balance between humans and nature. Returning to the core definitions of conservation and adaptation helps to clarify their similarities and differences, as well as to articulate indicators for understanding how each applies to community tourism development. Indicators from research in rural Taiwan tourism communities were therefore based on responses to the questions: What does the community want to conserve and how do they want to do it (sustainability)? What do they want to change and how do they want to do it (resilience)? Preliminary results suggest that the new ideal community is the one that is both sustainable and resilient.


title: Behavioural adaptation of skiers to climatic variability and change in Ontario, Canada
type: J
volume: 11
beginPage: 13
endPage: 21
doi: 10.1016/j.jort.2015.07.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376093000003
year: 2015
authors: Scott, D, Rutty, M, Johnson, P, Jover, E, Pons, M, Steiger, R
docAbstract:
Increasing research highlights the vulnerability of the alpine ski sector to climatic variability and change. The literature has focused predominantly on supply-side vulnerability, with limited insight into tourists' behavioural response to marginal snow conditions and ski resort closures. Using an in-situ survey (n=2448), this study examines how skiers in Ontario (Canada) would change their participation patterns if their preferred ski resort were closed due to a lack of snow. The survey focuses on current behavioural responses, rather than decisions based on future scenarios of climate change. Results show that substitution behaviours (i.e., spatial, temporal, activity) differ pending whether the resort is closed for the day, closed until mid-season or closed permanently, with differences (p < 0.05) recorded based on skier market segments. The results also indicate that beginner and infrequent skiers, as well as parents with children enroled in ski lessons, are more likely to either ski less and/or stop skiing altogether, while experienced and core skiers are more likely to engage in spatial substitution. Season pass holders and those at large resorts were also more likely to engage in spatial substitution. Managerial implications as a result of a likely shift in ski demand patterns in Ontario are discussed, with future research needs identified to appraise the differential community-level consequences and future climate adaptation strategies of ski tourism. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS The behavioural response of skiers to changing climatic conditions will be a decisive factor in the vulnerability and sustainability of ski tourism. Fundamental to assessing the contemporary climate risk of the multi-billion dollar ski industry, as well as to estimate how future climate change could alter demand patterns in regional ski tourism marketplaces, is to understand skiers' behavioural adaptation to inter annual climate variability. As skiers engage in behavioural substitution (temporal, spatial, activity), a shift in ski demand patterus is likely. Skiers will concentrate at resorts that remain climatically operable, which will have important management implications with respect to individual resort capacity, visitor experience (e.g., crowding), and consequent impacts on surrounding ski area businesses and communities. Climatically advantaged ski areas and communities will need to prepare for development pressures, including investments in ski terrain expansion and infrastructure to increase snowmaking capacity (including water access and storage), as well as ease increased crowding on trails, in parking lots, inside chalets and lift lines. The results from this study offer decision support to ski resort operators and local tourism officials concerned about how their visitors will respond to changing climatic conditions and the implications for local economic development and real-estate. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1257
endPage: 1276
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.924955
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362339600007
year: 2015
authors: Steven, R, Morrison, C, Castley, JG
title:
Birdwatching and avitourism: a global review of research into its participant markets, distribution and impacts, highlighting future research priorities to inform sustainable avitourism management

docAbstract:
Avitourism is an emerging sub-sector of the nature-based tourism industry, where tourist travel motivations are focused around birdwatching. Certain aspects of the industry are yet to be examined adequately. This paper reviews patterns among 66 research studies published between 1989 and 2014 that examine avitourism, its participants and stakeholders across several research themes. There is a distinct northern hemisphere bias (n = 46) in avitourism research effort, with research dominated by studies of the avitourists themselves (n = 35). Key objectives of studies reviewed were primarily concerned with the economic impacts of avitourism (n = 21), the motivations of birders as avitourists (n = 18) and increasing our understanding of the avitourism market (n = 12). Ten studies specifically examined the types of birds or bird-related events (i.e. migrations) avitourists seek. Few studies (n = 6) have examined the negative impacts on birds arising from avitourism. The sustainability of avitourism is dependent upon understanding both the avitourism product and the willingness of avitourists to see particular species. Enhanced understanding of avitourism opportunities and avitourist desires could guide industry growth, assist the economies of many communities, highlight birds and habitats vulnerable to the negative impacts of avitourism, and help finance conservation work. A series of priority research themes are outlined.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 3
beginPage: 259
endPage: 281
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2014.897736
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000338035000005
year: 2014
authors: Anagnostopoulos, C, Byers, T, Shilbury, D
title:
Corporate social responsibility in professional team sport organisations: towards a theory of decision-making

docAbstract:
Research question: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is increasingly important to business, including professional team sport organisations. Scholars focusing on CSR in sport have generally examined content-related issues such as implementation, motives or outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to add to that body of knowledge by focusing on process-related issues. Specifically, we explore the decision-making process used in relation to CSR-related programmes in the charitable foundations of the English football clubs. Research methods: Employing a grounded theory method and drawing on the analysis and synthesis of 32 interviews and 25 organisational documents, this research explored managerial decision-making with regard to CSR in English football. Results and findings: The findings reveal that decision-making consists of four simultaneous micro-social processes ('harmonising', 'safeguarding', 'manoeuvring' and 'transcending') that form the platform upon which the managers in the charitable foundations of the English football clubs make decisions. These four micro-social processes together represent assessable transcendence; a process that is fortified by passion, contingent on trust, sustained by communication and substantiated by factual performance enables CSR formulation and implementation in this organisational context. Implications: The significance of this study for the sport management literature is threefold: (1) it focuses on the individual level of analysis, (2) it shifts the focus of the scholarly activity away from CSR content-based research towards more process-oriented approaches and (3) it adds to the limited number of studies that have utilised grounded theory in a rounded manner.


title: CURRENT ISSUES IN TOURISM LETTER
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 297
endPage: 302
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.797386
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000335196200001
year: 2014
authors: Jovicic, D
docAbstract:
At the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) the concept of sustainable development gained the global support from broad political and expert circles. Since the Rio Conference until nowadays, the term sustainable tourism has been one of the main topics of the global tourism discourse. Despite of the widespread usage of the term sustainable tourism, polemics and confronted attitudes about its explicit interpretation, as well as ways and possibilities for implementation of the related concept in practice, are still present. The paper focuses on the key tasks and challenges in managing tourism in a sustainable way.


type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 115
endPage: 126
doi: 10.1177/1938965513499822
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500013
year: 2014
authors: Sirakaya-Turk, E, Baloglu, S, Mercado, HU
title:
The Efficacy of Sustainability Values in Predicting Travelers' Choices for Sustainable Hospitality Businesses

docAbstract:
Sustainability studies suggest that travelers' decisions to support sustainable production and to consume sustainable hospitality and tourism services are functions of those travelers' values. This study examined the efficacy of the sustainability value (SV) scale in predicting potential travelers' choices for sustainable hospitality businesses using a partially mediated structural equation model. Data from a panel of 1,202 recent travelers in North America suggest that SVs predict an individual's choice for sustainable hospitality businesses. The effect of those values, however, is partially mediated by the travelers' environmental behaviors. Based on the respondents' attitudes and behavior, they were grouped into an environment-supporting group called strong-sustainers and an environment-neutral group termed centrists-sustainers. Extending these findings to the market, hoteliers could offer targeted sustainability messages for the proposed strong-sustainer traveler, who would be more likely to purchase a green room, and likewise customize communications to the centrist-sustainer travelers, for whom an environmental message carries no weight.


title: Do perceived CSR initiatives enhance customer preference and loyalty in casinos?
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 7
beginPage: 1024
endPage: 1045
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-05-2013-0222
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345029700002
year: 2014
authors: Liu, MT, Wong, IA, Chu, RW, Tseng, TH
docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to investigate how perceptions associated with corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives influence customers' preference and loyalty in a controversial consumer market. The mediating effect of brand preference between perceived CSR initiatives and customer loyalty is also examined. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology in the current study involves the use of questionnaire surveys delivered to a convenience sample in the city of Macau in 2012. A total of 616 valid samples were collected among casino players in a high bet limit area in six major casinos. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses formulated for carrying the study forward. Findings - The findings indicated that customers' brand preference can be enhanced by their perceptions on CSR. Two CSR initiatives (stakeholders and society) significantly increase loyalty intention, although to varying degrees. The impact of CSR on stakeholders has a stronger influence on customers' brand preference. Another important finding of the current study is the fact that brand preference is a partial mediator of perceived CSR initiatives and customer loyalty. Research limitations/implications - This study verified the relationship among CSR initiatives perception, brand preference and loyalty intention in the context of the Macau gaming industry. Perceived CSR initiatives enhance customer loyalty. Additionally, this study found a partial mediating effect of brand preference between CSR perception and customer loyalty. Practical implications - Customer loyalty can be enhanced with companies' appropriate investments in social responsibilities. Although a socially responsible brand image of a company is not guaranteed to be a competitive advantage that attracts more premium customers, there is a general consensus that it may result in the latter with appropriate CSR strategies involving the greatest attention directed toward improving stakeholders' interests. From the marketing perspective, retaining premium customers with a higher brand preference level is a key to both long-term competitiveness and profitability. Originality/value - This study investigates how premium customers' perceived CSR initiatives of a casino influence their loyalty intention, and also examines how brand preference, as a mediator, influences the relationship between perceived CSR and loyalty intention. Extending the realm of CSR study to understand the linkage between CSR and customer behaviors is also important because multiple theories predict different benefits, and assessing the value of CSR, therefore, requires multiple approaches. Finally, evidence from the research is significant for researchers and practitioners, especially when working on conflicting issues.


type: J
volume: 7
beginPage: 38
endPage: 46
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2013.03.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217963600005
year: 2013
authors: Tamajon, LG, Aulet, XFI
title:
Corporate social responsibility in tourism small and medium enterprises evidence from Europe and Latin America

docAbstract:
While there is a growing literature related with corporate social responsibility (CSR) in hospitality and tourism large firms, much remains to be done in the case of CSR in tourism small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In this paper we provide three studies regarding this particular aspect through the evidence present in different destinations: Catalonia, European natural parks and Chile. Among the conclusions that can be highlighted is the prevalence of altruism in the reasons for being responsible, the introduction of increasingly advanced measures or their impact on different business variables, and the link to financial performance. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 8
beginPage: 1129
endPage: 1147
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.750327
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000327394400002
year: 2013
authors: Boo, S, Park, E
title:
An examination of green intention: the effect of environmental knowledge and educational experiences on meeting planners' implementation of green meeting practices

docAbstract:
Environmental sustainability has become an important concern in staging meetings and events. This paper introduces the Convention Industry Council's Green Meetings Report and goes on to investigate whether prior knowledge and educational experiences related to environmental sustainability are influential factors in planners' commitment to engaging in ecologically friendly behavior. Using a nine-point questionnaire, 278 delegates at North America's largest one-day event for meeting planners were sampled. Regression analysis showed that the intention to implement green meeting practices is positively influenced by both prior knowledge of and educational experience with greening practices. In particular, educational experiences were found to be a strong influential factor contributing to meeting planners' intention to implement green meeting practices. By providing operational definitions of knowledge and education, it proves that knowledge gained by an unstructured format was less effective than the impact of education on green intention. Accordingly, this study not only highlights academic discussions on environmental knowledge-building through formal education but also derives managerial implications for the meeting and event industry by outlining ways to incorporate continuing professional education in sustainable meetings and events. A range of ideas for the content of that professional education is presented, along with the possibilities for e-learning.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 95
endPage: 110
doi: 10.1080/10645578.2013.768077
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211197800007
year: 2013
authors: Wyles, KJ, Pahl, S, White, M, Morris, S, Cracknell, D, Thompson, RC
title:
Towards a Marine Mindset: Visiting an Aquarium Can Improve Attitudes and Intentions Regarding Marine Sustainability

docAbstract:
The oceans are crucial for human survival, yet they are under serious threat from humans, for example through overfishing and poor waste management. We investigated two questions. First, does a leisure visit to an aquarium improve visitor attitudes and intentions towards marine sustainability, specifically regarding overfishing and pollution? Second, does an information booklet handed out in addition to the visit have additional measurable impact? Aquarium visitors (n = 104) completed a questionnaire on marine sustainability attitudes and behavioral intentions before and after their visit. Half of the visitors also were given informational materials that offered behavioral solutions to the problem of overfishing. The aquarium visit significantly improved visitors' overall attitudes and intentions. The information booklet additionally improved intentions significantly, but not attitudes. These findings show that a visit to an aquarium can help individuals develop what we term a marine mindset, a state of readiness to address marine sustainability issues. Implications, limitations, and ideas for further research are discussed.


type: J
volume: 51
issue: 3
beginPage: 289
endPage: 302
doi: 10.1177/0047287511418369
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000302009800005
year: 2012
authors: Whitfield, J, Dioko, LAN
title:
Measuring and Examining the Relevance of Discretionary Corporate Social Responsibility in Tourism: Some Preliminary Evidence from the U.K. Conference Sector

docAbstract:
This article investigates the implementation of environmentally focused discretionary corporate social responsibility (CSR) within the U.K. conference sector. A new framework is proposed that organizes and communicates information detailing business performance regarding 10 environmental policy initiatives (expressed by the acronym GREENER) using a CSR response scale (expressed by the acronym VENUE). This GREENER VENUE framework fills a void in the CSR literature by focusing on discretionary practices, by exhibiting psychometric and conceptual properties enabling its application within a multitude of contexts. Grounded in theory, the framework is simple to implement, practical, easily understandable, and highly relatable. Applying the GREENER VENUE framework to data collected via a self-administered Internet questionnaire of the U.K. conference sector reveals the majority of conference venues are classified as Eager. The study also examines the efficacy of the proposed framework toward influencing U.K. venues' performance on a range of environmentally friendly best practices relative to environmental accreditation.


title: From whaling to whale watching: examining sustainability and cultural rhetoric
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 1
beginPage: 143
endPage: 161
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.632091
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000302146200009
year: 2012
authors: Cunningham, PA, Huijbens, EH, Wearing, SL
docAbstract:
This paper explores whaling and whale watching to determine the viability of their divergent practices - and explains why they coexist in some cases. Whale watching is often viewed as an ecotourism product and presented as an activity that is fast growing, holds potential for local regeneration, promotes conservation and sustainable practice and is ecological and profitable. Whaling is currently under considerable scrutiny and relies on economic and increasingly cultural rhetoric to support its viability. Contrary to some statements, it is rarely a long-established practice. The paper uses Japan and Iceland as examples to examine the sustainability frameworks and political rhetoric surrounding these activities, and asks whether whale watching might offer an alternative economy for the whaling/fishing communities in an era of conflict over sustainable resource use. The paper finds that whale watching participation grew from 9 million tourists in 2001 to 13 million in 2008, with revenues rising from $1 billion to $2.1 billion per annum over that period. Whaling relies heavily on state and private subsidies. We also find, however, that whaling and whale watching can co-exist, that both use sustainability-based rhetoric, but that global trends in public opinion and taste favour whale watching over whaling.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4-5
beginPage: 553
endPage: 570
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.560942
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291812800008
year: 2011
authors: Higgins-Desbiolles, F
title:
Death by a thousand cuts: governance and environmental trade-offs in ecotourism development at Kangaroo Island, South Australia

docAbstract:
In the wake of the Brundtland Report's articulation of the concept of sustainable development (1987), ecotourism has been promoted as an optimum way to achieve sustainable development in the tourism sphere. Ecotourism, as a subset of sustainable tourism, is touted as a win-win endeavour - a high-yield, low-volume strategy is often pursued in the hope of achieving good economic returns for local communities while simultaneously creating fewer negative environmental impacts than other economic development options. However, the concept of sustainable development contains the tensions of an oxymoron as the conservation implied in osustainabilityo conflicts with the growth and resource use implied in odevelopmento. In an era where market imperatives dominate, this results in otrade-offso between requirements for environmental conservation and demands for greater economic growth through tourism. This paper narrates the story of governance and the development approval process for an ecolodge on Kangaroo Island (KI) in order to explore the nature of such trade-offs. Evidence suggests that the requirements of environmental protection are otraded offo in the pursuit of tourism development and the income and employment it provides. Is sustainability possible when such incremental development, in fact, results in odeath by a thousand cutso?.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 83
endPage: 93
doi: 10.1375/jhtm.17.1.83
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216240200009
year: 2010
authors: Weeden, C, Jarvis, N, Simcock, N
title:
The Benefits and Challenges of Sustainable Tourism Certification: A Case Study of the Green Tourism Business Scheme in the West of England

docAbstract:
This article discusses the perceived benefits and challenges associated with membership of the Green Tourism Business Scheme, a sustainable certification initiative. The literature reveals sustainable business continues to be the focus of considerable academic interest, as well as practical importance. Interviews with seven local hospitality and tourism enterprises in the West of England provided valuable insights into the benefits of the scheme. These were related to environmental impacts, financial considerations, marketing opportunities, brand recognition and company image, and other issues such as public relations, personal moral responsibility, and political considerations. Challenges included several internal and external factors potentially preventing businesses from joining the GTBS, such as a lack of respondent knowledge of the sustainable tourism concept, the perceived expense of applying for and/or membership, a lack of time to complete the application process, and the amount of work involved in compliance. Recommendations to facilitate and encourage future membership included more information about the scheme and its marketing advantages, the need for regional organisations to spend more money on promoting the GTBS brand, and the necessity of educating consumers on the importance of sustainability.


title: A framework for monitoring during the planning stage for a sports mega-event
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 79
endPage: 96
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.502576
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285350400006
year: 2010
authors: Ma, SC, Egan, D, Rotherham, I, Ma, SM
docAbstract:
This paper proposes a monitoring framework to be used during the planning stage for a sports mega-event. The research identifies a lack of monitoring and evaluation studies during the development stage for sports mega-events. Importantly, it notes the absence of research which evaluates an event systematically from the outset of the process and from the perspectives of host residents and event planners. The framework was developed on the basis of the philosophical approach of pragmatism; it focused on a sustainable development perspective, and it was applied to a case study of the Kaohsiung 2009 World Games. A survey of the views of 606 host residents about the potential impacts of the event revealed that the respondents tended to show higher levels of agreement on the host benefits. The results of 38 interviews with various stakeholders indicated big gaps in both the city's long-term development aspirations and the Games themselves and also in the event strategies adopted. Using this information, key sustainability issues can be identified and monitored during the event planning stage so that the desirable outcomes of events can be enhanced and then sustained in the longer term.


type: J
volume: 29
issue: 5
beginPage: 994
endPage: 1001
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.01.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000259018700014
year: 2008
authors: Smith, H, Samuels, A, Bradley, S
title:
Reducing risky interactions between tourists and free-ranging dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in an artificial feeding program at Monkey Mia, Western Australia

docAbstract:
We studied interactions between tourists and free-ranging bottlenose dolphins in an artificial feeding program at Monkey Mia, Australia. We used logistic regression to identify factors that contributed to the incidence of "risky" (potentially injurious) interactions between tourists and dolphins. Rates of dolphin-to-tourist risky interactions were heightened with longer waiting times before dolphins were fed. We documented differences among provisioned dolphins in their proclivity to engage in risky interactions; however, it was more likely for risky interactions to be initiated by tourists. Our findings suggest several readily implemented management strategies to reduce incidence of risky interactions. Long-term monitoring of tourism based on artificial feeding is essential to identify and rectify detrimental effects of provisioning on dolphins, to ensure the safety and welfare of dolphins and tourists, and to promote sustainability of this potentially harmful tourist activity. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 2
beginPage: 98
endPage: 115
doi: 10.1057/thr.2008.10
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212192200003
year: 2008
authors: Tepelus, CM
title:
Social responsibility and innovation on trafficking and child sex tourism: Morphing of practice into sustainable tourism policies?

docAbstract:
Ethical questions related to globalisation, human rights, unfair labour practices and trans-boundary exchanges of capital and workforce create ever more complex challenges for the tourism sustainability agenda. In recent years, the tourism industry has been increasingly challenged by media and governments to provide fast, socially responsible responses to emerging problems resulting from the dissolution of borders and workforce migration. Two particularly challenging phenomena that regularly make headlines are trafficking in human beings and child sex tourism. The main objective of this paper is to present existing good practices for preventing and combating trafficking of human beings and its links with the travel industry, and child sex tourism. Secondly, the paper calls for the morphing of empirical models into sustained innovation and public policies, and reviews several factors that may be necessary for this transformation to begin. The discussion is framed within the context of corporate social responsibility for sustainable tourism.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 3
beginPage: 820
endPage: 829
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.012
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000245613500016
year: 2007
authors: Kantarci, K
title:
Perceptions of foreign investors on the tourism market in Central Asia including Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan

docAbstract:
Unique cultural, historical, archeological, and natural attractions of Central Asian States (CAS) (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) present important opportunities for those states to become a major tourist destination. However, turning these opportunities and potential into a reality is likely to be a result of a long, expensive, and complicated process. The success of this process heavily relies on the availability of capital, both domestic and foreign. Since domestic capital is limited in many of the Central Asian States, it is likely that foreign capital is going to play a significant role. Therefore, this study examines the foreign investors' perceptions of general investment, tourism specific investment, and sustainability investment consideration factors in CAS. The study also tested if overall investment conditions of the four CAS can be explained as a function of general investment, tourism-specific investment, and tourism sustainable investment consideration factors. The study concludes with appropriate management and policy implications for both investors and the four CAS. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 4
issue: 1
beginPage: 47
endPage: 73
doi: 10.1080/14790530701289697
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212809300004
year: 2007
authors: Novelli, M, Scarth, A
title:
Tourism in Protected Areas: Integrating Conservation and Community Development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi)

docAbstract:
Despite the spatial significance of protected areas and the increasing threats posed to the world's biodiversity by various agents, successful conservation still remains controversial and inconsistent. In this context, protected areas have become a core attraction for nature-based tourism activities, valued for their ability to generate financial benefits in a non-extractive way, thus effectively enabling the sustainability of biodiversity. This paper reviews literature on the relationships between protected areas, conservation, local communities and tourism and evaluates key issues related to the integrated conservation and development (ICD) approach. This is then proposed as an alternative way to traditional protected area management in conjunction with a diversified local livelihood approach. Based on empirical findings from Liwonde National Park in Malawi, key issues related to conservation and community development are explored focusing on how the financial benefit provided by tourism for the government does not reflect the little opportunities offered to local communities - in terms of involvement and economic development. The paper explains the need for an artificial linkage of revenue sharing as a community incentive as well as an effective ICD approach. Some general considerations on the management of protected areas, the role of tourism and the conflicting position of the communities in relation to the former two are also offered.


type: J
volume: 56
beginPage: 63
endPage: 74
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.027
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000378437800006
year: 2016
authors: Gregory-Smith, D, Manika, D, Taheri, B, Wells, VK
title:
The role of generativity and attitudes on employees home and workplace water and energy saving behaviours

docAbstract:
Building on prior studies in environmental behaviour and employee micro level CSR, this paper examines the role of generativity, encompassing thoughts towards the well-being of future generations and contribution to future society, and specific environmental attitudes on environmental behaviour in the home and workplace. The paper examines the relationships between these variables, including assessing spillover effects between home and workplace environmental behaviour via a quantitative survey methodology, within the hospitality industry in Iran. Analysis using PLS found generativity to be important in determining attitudes and, in turn, environmental behaviour both in the workplace and the home. However, a spillover effect between home and workplace behaviours was not found. Thus, this research adds to the limited literature on CSR at the micro employee level in tourism studies and highlights the effects of generativity on home and workplace behaviours, as well as potential directions for internal social marketing campaigns within tourism organisations. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


title: Sustainability marketing myopia: The lack of persuasiveness in sustainability communication
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 4
beginPage: 326
endPage: 335
doi: 10.1177/1356766715589428
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000361975900003
year: 2015
authors: Font, X, Villarino, J
docAbstract:
Sustainability communication in accommodation businesses tends to be factual and descriptive, as companies are concerned with product-based messages that focus on what they do, and they appear not to understand the potential benefits of constructing messages that would influence consumers to behave more sustainably, which is effectively sustainability marketing myopia. An analysis of 1835 sustainability messages from award-winning businesses shows that messages communicate facts not emotions and benefits for society as a whole rather than for the individual customer. The messages are explicit but passive and not experiential, hence they positively affect the cognitive but not the affective image of the business. The lack of message normalization and customer focus reinforces the image of sustainability being a niche concern. We reflect on the reasons for these shortcomings and highlight opportunities to improve persuasive communication, which we have now applied commercially in more than 400 website analyses and 60 training courses.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 1
beginPage: 65
endPage: 84
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.918135
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345321700005
year: 2015
authors: Becken, S, Shakeela, A
title:
Understanding tourism leaders' perceptions of risks from climate change: an assessment of policy-making processes in the Maldives using the social amplification of risk framework (SARF)

docAbstract:
Coastal tourism destinations are highly vulnerable to climate change risks, including sea-level rise, inundation, and extreme weather events. While such risks pose major challenges to the sustainability of these destinations, they have been insufficiently examined in tourism research. This study uses the social amplification of risk framework as a basis for understanding how climate change risks are perceived and what processes lead to an amplification or attenuation of risk perceptions at management and governance levels. In the context of the extremely low-lying Maldives, 12 leading tourism stakeholders, including representatives of government, industry, and NGOs, were interviewed to gather empirical data on risk perceptions. Results indicate that, while climate change risks are amplified for international audiences, several factors lead to an attenuation of risks for domestic audiences. As a result, local tourism stakeholders are not immediately concerned, and adaptation measures are woefully inadequate to cope with future climate risks. Detailed reference is made to the policy inertia found, the conflicts inherent in playing down risk in order to attract jobs, profitable tourism investment and tourists, and the equally pressing need to stress risks in order to attract expertise and funds to enable adaptation policies to be designed and funded.


type: J
volume: 42
beginPage: 174
endPage: 187
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.07.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341902200018
year: 2014
authors: del Bosque, IR, Perez, A
title:
Sustainable development and stakeholder relations management: Exploring sustainability reporting in the hospitality industry from a SD-SRM approach

docAbstract:
This paper explores the sustainability reporting of 170 hospitality companies from a SD-SRM approach. The purpose of the study is to ascertain the information that companies disclose in accordance with the sustainable development (SD) and the stakeholder relations management (SRM) theories and to identify the areas for improvement in the management and reporting practices of sustainability in the hospitality industry. The authors use the content analysis method to identify and describe the sustainability reporting of hotel chains and independently managed hotels in Spain. The findings show that the sustainability information reported by hospitality companies currently meets the basic principles of a SD-SRM approach. Nonetheless, the authors also identify areas for improvement, such as the orientation of the reporting to suppliers or the more equilibrated distribution of information among all corporate stake-holders. Based on these findings, the authors consider that the integration of information following the SD-SRM approach described in this paper could facilitate a better compliance of hospitality companies with the principles of the SD and SRM theories. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 4
beginPage: 500
endPage: 525
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-05-2013-0225
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341793600002
year: 2014
authors: Wong, IA, Gao, JH
title:
Exploring the direct and indirect effects of CSR on organizational commitment The mediating role of corporate culture

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employees' affective commitment through the mediating role of perceived corporate culture. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected by means of self-administered survey. A total of 379 complete responses were obtained from tourism and hospitality organizations in China. The proposed relationships were tested using structural equation modeling in four nested models. Findings - Results show that CSR to employees and CSR to customers are fully mediated by employee development, harmony and customer orientation of the corporate culture, while CSR to stakeholders is partially mediated. Practical implications - The findings also suggest that the literature should reconsider how CSR initiatives could pinpoint a specific dimension in developing loyal employees. This study also shows that employees are social actors who seek a corporate culture that best suits their self-interest; hence, they are more committed to an organization particularly in respect to employee development and social harmony. Originality/value - This study adds to the literature by showing that not all CSR efforts would directly lead to employee commitment. It shows that the CSR-to-employee and CSR-to-customer dimensions play the most salient roles in nurturing a corporate culture that is perceived to focus on employee development, harmony, customers and innovation.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 3
beginPage: 269
endPage: 292
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2013.774039
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320571800001
year: 2013
authors: Dowling, M, Robinson, L, Washington, M
title:
Taking advantage of the London 2012 Olympic Games: corporate social responsibility through sport partnerships

docAbstract:
This research explores the ways in which corporate organisations leveraged corporate social responsibility (CSR) through a sport initiative that was conceived, implemented and mediated by the British Olympic Association (BOA) preceding the London 2012 Olympic Games. This research aimed to evaluate the initiative in order to understand the benefits, barriers and partnership working and sought to answer the question: how is CSR being leveraged through sport by corporate organisations in the lead up to mega-sporting events? The case-based methodology employed a series of semi-structured interviews that were conducted with senior directors and managers within National Governing Bodies (NGBs) and corporate organisations. Interview data were supplemented by a content analysis of documentation associated with, and about, the initiative. Findings included: corporate leveraging to achieve subtle human resourcing objectives, indirect involvement and market research into the Olympic Games and the increase of corporate capital. This research concludes that CSR relationships in sport can be innovative and creative but require objective alignment, appropriate timing and the management of expectations.


type: J
volume: 36
beginPage: 164
endPage: 177
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000317154200020
year: 2013
authors: Wan, YKP
title:
A comparison of the governance of tourism planning in the two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of China - Hong Kong and Macao

docAbstract:
This study compares the governance of tourism planning between Hong Kong and Macao - the two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of China. Through using the qualitative research method, the two SARs' institutional frameworks of tourism planning are investigated. The political economy framework is also applied to explain how the wider political economic conditions of each society shape the governance. The results reveal that despite governance under similar Basic Law and sharing the same culture, the two SARs have very different forms of power relations resulting from their unique political economic circumstances. Both have a centralized mode of governance but Macao's is more centralized and fragmentary than that of Hong Kong. Through this comparative research, a better understanding of the two societies and their structures and institutions can be gained and useful lessons learnt about the two SARs. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 35
beginPage: 234
endPage: 243
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000312615400021
year: 2013
title:
Projection of tourist scenarios onto fragility maps: Framework for determination of provisional tourist carrying capacity in a Brazilian show cave

docAbstract:
Traditionally, the concept of tourist carrying capacity has been understood as a tool for planning tourism in natural areas. As such it has focused on quantifying impacts that are consistent with maintaining a specific environment. In this article tourist carrying capacity is considered from a different viewpoint in a case study of a Brazilian show cave, the Diabo cave, near Eldorado city, Sao Paulo state. In this instance decisions concerning tourism had been based primarily on the advantages that tourism could provide in maintaining economic-administrative sustainability and community support. More recently, other factors based on natural limitations have been considered in a process of participative discussion among stakeholders seeking to preserve the caves and their sustainable usage. This process led to the conclusion that the carrying capacity of the caves should be flexible, conditioned by protocols of environmental monitoring with reference to levels of demand. Such monitoring, it is hoped, will permit the adjustment of the initial cave limits as a function of changes in the patterns of consumption, local realities, and the identification of unanticipated yet unacceptable environmental impacts. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

authors:
Lobo, HAS, Trajano, E, Marinho, MD, Bichuette, ME, Scaleante, JAB, Scaleante, OAF, Rocha, BN, Laterza, FV


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 2
beginPage: 229
endPage: 251
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.692881
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000314891300004
year: 2013
authors: Mustika, PLK, Birtles, A, Everingham, Y, Marsh, H
title:
The human dimensions of wildlife tourism in a developing country: watching spinner dolphins at Lovina, Bali, Indonesia

docAbstract:
The number of cetacean watching tourism operations in developing countries has doubled in the past decade. Practices are typically unregulated and not informed by research, especially research into the human dimensions of the tourist experience. Dolphin watching tourism at Lovina, Bali, started in the late 1980s when local fishers formed self-regulating cooperatives. Up to 180 dedicated operators use small fishing vessels to carry passengers to watch dolphins close to shore. Most tourists come from western countries, although the industry also attracts Asian visitors. Most visitors are tertiary-educated. Tourist satisfaction ranges from low to medium. While there was no significant difference between the average satisfaction of western and Asian tourists, the associated variables were different. The satisfaction of western tourists was associated with encounter management, preferred number of boats and the number of dolphins seen. Encounter management was the only variable associated with the satisfaction of Asian tourists. Satisfaction was positively associated with willingness to recommend the tour: western respondents who felt neutral to very comfortable with their dolphin encounters were more likely to promote the tour. Better understanding of the tourist experience is crucial in designing sustainable marine wildlife tourism in developing countries; such research appears to be rare.


type: J
volume: 51
issue: 5
beginPage: 577
endPage: 590
doi: 10.1177/0047287511434113
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000307449000005
year: 2012
authors: Collins, A, Munday, M, Roberts, A
title:
Environmental Consequences of Tourism Consumption at Major Events: An Analysis of the UK Stages of the 2007 Tour de France

docAbstract:
This paper examines two related methods for estimating selected environmental effects of tourism consumption associated with major events. Monitoring and evaluation procedures for major events require that event promoters and managers understand how levered tourism consumption creates both economic and environmental effects. This process is however far from straightforward. The article focuses on the case of the UK stages of the 2007 Tour de France and describes two interrelated methods for examining environmental effects. The article shows that the methods adopted can be linked to more common economic impact assessments. With respect to the Tour de France event, the paper demonstrates that the approaches when combined provide useful information for policy makers, particularly in terms of how changes in travel behavior could significantly reduce the environmental consequences of major events.


title: Theorising scenario analysis to improve future perspective planning in tourism
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 6
beginPage: 779
endPage: 800
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.673619
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306170000002
year: 2012
authors: Moriarty, JP
docAbstract:
In contrast to its contribution to world affairs, tourism research diffuses and applies theoretical concepts and techniques more frequently than it generates them. The impact and complexity of tourism elevates the need for its future pathways to be sustainable and theoretically underpinned. A popular mechanism that might address this need is scenario analysis, but it relies upon broadly based praxis rather than theory. Scenario analysis seeks to contribute to sustainability by proposing hypothetical future environments that expose the structures and dependencies of current states of affairs, thus testing their ongoing resilience or appropriateness under different evolutionary pressures. This paper describes the nature of scenario analysis, its methodological necessities and articulated criticisms with reference to tourism and non-tourism exemplars. It explains the three broad methodologies used in establishing scenarios: "La Prospective", "Driving Forces" and "Extreme Worlds". It advances a platform for applying scenario analysis based upon the theories of cause and inference articulated by Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914). The outcome is a set of four theoretical criteria or benchmarks that improve the resilience of scenarios in tourism planning and policymaking. "Tourism 2023: Four scenarios, a vision and a strategy for UK outbound travel and tourism" is discussed and critically analysed.


title: Environmental Concern and Responsibility among Nature Tourists in Oulanka PAN Park, Finland
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 76
endPage: 96
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2011.532589
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299872100005
year: 2011
authors: Puhakka, R
docAbstract:
Following the growth of nature-based tourism, "pristine" and remote areas, such as national parks, attract tourists in Scandinavia. Various international initiatives and certification programs, such as PAN Parks in Europe, have been introduced to promote sustainable nature-based tourism. Often tourists are also given responsibility to prevent negative environmental impacts of their travel. This paper examines the role of nature tourists in developing sustainable tourism: what expectations do tourists have on nature and sustainability in national parks, how do they consider environmental aspects when travelling, and how do they respond to ecolabels and certifications? Thirty interviews of mainly Finnish tourists were conducted in Oulanka National Park, one of PAN Parks certified parks in Finland. The results show that these nature tourists do not form a homogenous group, yet they have various views on environmental issues, which differentiate them from other nature tourists and have an influence on their travelling behavior. Thus, four types of tourists were identified on the basis of their environmental concern and responsibility. The results emphasize the role of regulation, incentives and guidance in developing sustainability in tourist destinations and companies; tourists do not necessarily set high demands as long as negative impacts do not ruin their perception of pristine nature.


title: TRAIT AND IMAGE INTERACTION In Ecotourism Preference
type: J
volume: 37
issue: 3
beginPage: 779
endPage: 801
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.01.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000279097400011
year: 2010
authors: Krider, RE, Arguello, A, Campbell, C, Mora, JD
docAbstract:
Understanding the complex interactions between ecotourists and ecodestinations is important to ecotourism decision making, including regulatory, operating, and marketing decisions. We introduce a methodology and statistical model designed to separate cleanly the complex relations between the ecotourist traits of attitude towards the environment and involvement with ecotourism, and the ecodestination images defined by the degree to which nature, learning, sustainability, and infrastructure development are perceived to be part of a destination. The model allows the sensitivities of preferences to ecotourist traits to depend on their image of destinations, and allows a random component, rather than modeling and estimating sensitivities as fixed parameters. The conceptual framework, model formulation, and a guide for interpreting the calibrated model are presented.


title: Integrating Sustainability into the Strategic Planning of National Tourism Organizations
type: J
volume: 49
issue: 2
beginPage: 191
endPage: 205
doi: 10.1177/004728709336472
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277236700005
year: 2010
authors: Soteriou, EC, Coccossis, H
docAbstract:
This article describes an empirical study undertaken in national tourism organizations in Europe responsible for tourism planning to investigate the parameters that compose the capability to integrate sustainability into the strategic planning process and the factors that contribute to its development. Results indicate that both strategic planning and the integration of sustainability in national tourism organizations face problems that limit the potential of strategic planning to contribute substantially toward sustainability. Further to problems traced within the organizations and in the design of the strategic planning process, the research reveals the negative influence exerted by various exogenous factors. This article discusses the role that national tourism organizations can play in operationalizing sustainable tourism and pursuing it through strategic planning and suggests ways to improve performance in this respect. It also reveals a large scope for more empirical work for the integration of sustainability into strategic planning for tourism at a national level.


