# Document

type: J
volume: 29
issue: 8
beginPage: 2070
endPage: 2084
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-11-2015-0666
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408862900004
year: 2017
authors: Hanks, L, Zhang, L
title:
Consumer skepticism towards CSR messages The joint effects of processing fluency, individuals' need for cognition and mood

docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to investigate the joint effect of three factors - processing fluency, the individuals' need for cognition (NFC) and mood - on consumer skepticism toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) messages. Design/Methodology/Approach - Study 1 uses a 2 (fluency: high versus low) x 2 (NFC: high versus low) design. In Study 2, a three-way interaction between fluency, NFC and mood was explored. Findings - Individuals high in need for cognition responded more positively after reading a CSR message that is difficult to process. On the other hand, people low in NFC exhibited a higher level of skepticism toward CSR messages with low processing fluency. In addition, such an effect was moderated by mood. Positive mood (versus negative mood) increased dopamine levels, which further reduced skepticism. Practical implications - Hospitality marketers should not simply assume that all consumers process information in the same fashion and, therefore, design their CSR message using the "one size fits all" strategy. It is critical for them to understand the importance of how to present the CSR messages to communicate with customers more effectively. Originality/value - CSR has been increasingly used as a marketing tool by firms because of its positive effect on company reputation and customers' purchase intentions. However, one of the greatest challenges corporate marketers are facing with regard to CSR programs is consumer skepticism. No prior research investigated the impact of processing fluency, individuals' need for cognition and mood on consumer skepticism. This study fills this gap in the hospitality literature.


title: Socially sustainable ethnic tourism: a comparative study of two Hakka communities in China
type: J
volume: 42
issue: 4
beginPage: 467
endPage: 483
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2017.1338817
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453423000007
year: 2017
authors: Darcy, S, Zhuang, LX, Taylor, T, Beirman, D
docAbstract:
Ethnic tourism is a catalyst for economic and sociocultural development in many countries. However, ethnic tourism development has given rise to many challenges associated with the sustainable development of ethnic regions within different cultural contexts. This paper addresses the social aspect of sustainable ethnic tourism through comparative case studies of two ethnic Hakka tourism destinations, Nanyuan and Sujiawei villages in Heyuan, Guangdong Province, China. The comparative case-study research design included in-depth interviews, document analysis and a household study in each case-study village. The comparative case study provides insights into factors contributing to socially sustainable ethnic tourism in China, including levels of community involvement, control of the tourism 'product', the benefits accruing to the ethnic community, perceived inconveniences/externalities and authenticity considerations. This study contributes to a better understanding of socially sustainable ethnic tourism in a Chinese context, and has practical implications for ethnic tourism destination marketing, management and policy-making.


type: J
volume: 51
issue: 8
beginPage: 940
endPage: 956
doi: 10.1177/1012690214563198
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000387725100003
year: 2016
authors: Bodemar, A, Skille, E
title:
"Stuck in structure': How young leaders experienced the institutional frames at the Youth Olympic Games in Innsbruck, 2012

docAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to explore how young leaders within the Innsbruck Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee experienced the degree of freedom within the institutionalized structure of the International Olympic Committee. Employing a theoretical framework of new institutionalism, a qualitative case study including observations and interviews was conducted. The concept of translation provides a framework for analysing institutional change in organizations, where new ideas are combined with existing institutional practices and translated into new practices to varying degrees. The Innsbruck Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee consisted of young people with experiences from the event industry. This resulted in greater pressure to introduce new institutional solutions to the field. Despite being constrained by coercive pressure from the International Olympic Committee, new innovative elements were translated by the young leaders in the Innsbruck Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee into the International Olympic Committee event. However, the innovations were restricted to areas that the International Olympic Committee defined as less important such as sustainability projects as opposed to important areas like marketing.


title: CHALLENGING TOURISM CONTEXTS FOR INNOVATION: THE REVITALISATION OF MATURE DESTINATIONS
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 2
beginPage: 183
endPage: 200
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000409941900004
year: 2016
authors: Cooper, C
docAbstract:
Innovation is essential for the sustainability and competitiveness of destinations. Mature cold-water destinations face particular challenges when innovating to revitalise. This paper examines the context of these destinations in terms of their demand and supply side characteristics and goes on to analyse this context in terms of its ability to promote or hinder innovation. Success factors are identified which include the need for a champion, a whole of destination approach and adequate financing for revitalisation. Finally the paper analyses resort contexts for innovation in terms of their stakeholder landscape, network analysis and communities of practice.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 3
beginPage: 212
endPage: 225
doi: 10.1515/ejthr-2016-0023
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000398290400007
year: 2016
authors: Jun, KS
title:
The structural relationships of destination image, awareness, uniqueness and destination loyalty in periurban ecotourism destination

docAbstract:
This study is designed to explore the conceptualization of ecotourism in order to expand the concept into ecotourism activities in our daily lives. To this end, the author proposes the 'periurban ecotourism' concept and conducts an empirical study with a focus on Nabari City, a small Japanese city with a well-preserved natural environment that has been attracting a number of visitors. In this study, destination image, awareness and uniqueness are presented as key independent variables to set directions for the development as a periurban ecotourism destination and to thereby develop a "theoretical periurban ecotourism model", and four hypotheses for this study are examined. Findings from the examination reveal that destination image and awareness have a positive impact on overall satisfaction while destination uniqueness generates statistically significant result. In a group of first visitors, however, destination uniqueness appears to have a significant impact of some degree, with less influence than expected. In order to help redefine ecotourism and suggest a variety of research questions for ecotourism markets, it is necessary to conduct an empirical study covering "periurban ecotourism" and its conceptualization, motivation of ecotourists, and lifestyles from a more concrete perspective.


type: J
volume: 64
issue: 4
beginPage: 409
endPage: 418
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392500600006
year: 2016
authors: Saarinen, J
title:
Cultural tourism and the role of crafts in Southern Africa: The case of craft markets in Windhoek, Namibia

docAbstract:
Southern African countries have a good cultural tourism development potential, and many countries in the region have identified the development of cultural tourism as one of the key growth areas in tourism. A specific element of cultural tourism is based on crafts that are sold for visitors in various sites and market places. Crafts and craft markets are relatively visible in the Southern African tourism landscape. While these sites have the potential to provide a significant amount of employment and economic benefits, they have been relatively little studied in the region. This paper aims to focus on craft tourism and craft markets as a specific form of and attraction site for cultural tourism. The empirical example utilizes a mixed method case study approach by looking at tourists' craft consumption at a selected market site in Windhoek, Namibia. According to the results the direct economic impacts were relatively modest in monetary terms. In general the interviewed tourists valued the local character of the crafts but only half of them indicated that they would prefer the locally-made aspect as the key selection criterion of a purchase. It is concluded that this emphasis can influence negatively on the local sustainability of craft-based cultural tourism.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 315
endPage: 332
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1108861
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000375317900006
year: 2016
authors: Harkonen, E
title:
Corporate liability and international child sex tourism - with special reference to the regulation in the Nordic countries

docAbstract:
Both national and international regulators have focused on criminalizing individuals engaging in child sex tourism (CST). It is, however, just as important to focus on the infrastructure making CST possible. In this article, an evaluation is made of what, if any, responsibility can be attributed to corporations organizing or facilitating CST. An evaluation of international and national regulation shows that progress has been made during recent years in establishing corporate liability for CST crimes. However, there are still significant loopholes in international and national regulation. Also, enforcement of existing regulation is lax.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 5
beginPage: 494
endPage: 505
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2067
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000387172100009
year: 2016
authors: Lenglet, F, Giannelloni, JL
title:
Does a Terroir Product Tell the Same Story to Tourists, Day-trippers and Local Consumers? The Moderating Role of Variety-seeking Tendency and Perceived Authenticity

docAbstract:
The issue of segmentation of the culinary tourism market is central for local economic actors because many products and activities address several marketing targets, including tourists and residents. This research shows that the assessment of the attributes of a terroir cheese is not altered by the consumer's tourist status. In contrast, taking into account the underlying motivations behind culinary tourism, an individual variable (the variety-seeking tendency) and a variable related to the product (its perceived authenticity) appear as relevant segmentation criteria for such a culinary tourism product. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 76
endPage: 84
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000395309700008
year: 2016
authors: Coglievina, C, Massiera, B, Morales, V, Ben Mahmoud, I
title:
TERRITORIAL DYNAMICS OF THE BAY OF VILLEFRANCHE-SUR-MER (FRENCH RIVIERA) : FROM COMMERCIAL AND MILITARY VOCATION TO TOURISM AND SPORTING ACTIVITIES

docAbstract:
The study concerns the dynamics of the coastal activities of the harbor of Villefranche-sur-Mer. Borrowing the concepts of territorialities (Gunn; Var, 2002) or competitiveness of an aera (Wackermann, 1989), revisited in a historical perspective and development of natural territories (Bessy 2008), it explored the problem of the littoral development in the light of its past activities. Three periods succeed each other from the international trade stop, then from the military presence to the current tourist vocation leading to its "sportivation", especially in connection with the development of a local nautical offer. The articulation of these three periods determines the multiplicity of contemporary offerings which also involves the communities in a sustainability policy (sustainability of the sporting offer and protection of the marine biotope) through partnerships both scientific, National Center of Scientific Research (C.N.R.S.), and associations like A.I.D.A. (International Association for the Development of Apnea).


title: Sustainability: A threshold concept for tourism education
type: J
volume: 64
issue: 3
beginPage: 329
endPage: 337
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392500300006
year: 2016
authors: Paris, CM
docAbstract:
Recognizing the importance and complexity of the concept of sustainability for tourism education, the purpose of this paper is to describe and reflect upon the teaching and learning strategies for sustainability employed in an undergraduate tourism module. To aid in this discussion, this study frames the concept of sustainability as a threshold concept for tourism education. The notion of a threshold concept was introduced by Meyer and Land in 2005. They suggest that a threshold concept represent a gateway or portal for learners and teachers, and once the threshold is crossed, learners will have a transformation in understanding, thinking and interpreting that is vital for the wider learning in a topical area. Meyer and Land suggest four main characteristics of a threshold concept, and thus, the discussion in this paper is organized accordingly into four sections: sustainability is transformative, sustainability is irreversible, and sustainability is integrative, and sustainability as troublesome knowledge. Throughout the paper teaching and learning strategies are reflected upon and specific exercises described. Student feedback collected through open ended questionnaire and group discussions among second year undergraduate tourism students provides key learner insights that aid in the reflection of teaching practice. Education for sustainability has been promoted for nearly two decades in tourism curriculum. To make a contribution to this important body of work, this study has focused on teaching and learning practice, with the goal of providing a starting point for educators to reflect upon their own teaching and learning strategies.


title: Sustainable marketing and consumers' preferences in tourism
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 84
endPage: 90
doi: 10.1515/ejthr-2016-0010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393424000002
year: 2016
authors: Cuculeski, N, Petrovska, I, Cuculeski, V
docAbstract:
Nowadays, the sustainability plays an important role in developing marketing in tourism, both from the theoretical and from the practical aspect. Sustainable marketing considers the general principles of marketing, with respect to sustainability as a new focus for a long-lasting customer relationship. Therefore, the business marketing in tourism should consider the importance of perceptions and expectations of tourists as final consumers. Regarding different marketing elements with sustainable aspect, this paper aims at investigating consumers' perceptions of foreign tourists in Republic of Macedonia. In order to provide tourist perceptions and expectations, a survey based research was conducted among 254 foreign tourists in four cities in Republic of Macedonia, concerning aspects as: tourist perceptions of marketing elements of the current tourist offering and their expectations towards sustainable tourism development. For this purpose, statistical methods have been used as: Hi2-test, Student's t-tests as well as correlation and Anova, using a specific program STAT FOR WINDOWS and STATA 11 for descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of the sample. The paper presents the main findings from the literature, drawing conclusions from the empirical research and providing recommendations for future academic and business research. Considering the specifics of different target segments, results from this research are presenting the need for lower pricing, increased promotional activities using social media, providing online booking and development of ecotourism.


title: BEST PRACTICES IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS' SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 2
beginPage: 149
endPage: 185
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392625900009
year: 2016
authors: Hechavarria, LT
docAbstract:
This research aims at determining the best practices for tourist destinations sustainability assessment, through literature review and a comparative analysis of previous research selected by relevance and completeness. The methodology applied allowed to identify as best practices the need to undertake an integrated approach to the evaluation, determine the focus areas of improvement, the comparison of individual indicators results with sustainability goals, as well as the determination of the destination overall sustainability state and trends. There were also identified and discussed future research areas in this topic, as well as implications for policy makers and tourist destinations managers.


title: Bullshot: Sporting shooting, alcohol and the two cultures
type: J
volume: 51
issue: 4
beginPage: 394
endPage: 409
doi: 10.1177/1012690214531263
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379177500002
year: 2016
authors: Hillyard, S
docAbstract:
This paper discusses the role and function of alcohol in sporting shooting in the UK. It seeks to understand and critically comment upon alcohol consumption relating to this sport, to widen empirical knowledge of sporting shooting and to use the lens of alcohol to enhance our theoretical understanding of changes taking place in the global countryside. The paper contextualises the activity of sporting shooting by discussing the characteristics of game shooting participants and also the nature of sporting shooting in Britain and Ireland using examples from the pro-shooting press and shooting memoirs. The paper then unpacks the role alcohol fulfils during the sporting day and questions whether it is problematic in this sport on three grounds: the health and safety of participants; for the policing and regulation of legal gun ownership; and for the sustainability and viability of sporting shooting in a changing global countryside. The paper enhances knowledge and understanding in the sociology of sport by broadening the notion of sporting conduct within the sport-alcohol nexus, examining the sport-alcohol nexus in the context of sporting shooting and by demarking changes taking place in the British countryside itself. Two cultures participate in game shooting: for its intrinsic reward (the true countryman') and those perceiving the countryside and its elite activities in more instrumental terms (the networker). The long-term implications of this trend are unknown, but it may indicate a threat to the sustainability and long-term viability of sporting shooting if it becomes a purely commercial venture.


title: Collective Action That Influences Tourism: Social Structural Approach to Community Involvement
type: J
volume: 40
issue: 4
beginPage: 497
endPage: 515
doi: 10.1177/1096348013503999
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376290300005
year: 2016
authors: Hwang, D, Chi, SH, Lee, B
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the relational structure of a community on tourism-related community collective action. Employing social network analysis and interviews, the network structure and community collective actions were examined at two communities on Jeju Island, South Korea. The research results demonstrate positive associations between successful collective action involvement and features from the relational network structure in communities, such as network density and social pressure related to social roles. The findings can be used to identify specific types of community network structure that facilitates an individual's tourism related collective action involvement.


title: RunTex: A community landmark run out of business
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 343
endPage: 351
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000378666200008
year: 2016
authors: Sparvero, ES, Warner, S, Tingle, JK
docAbstract:
The case follows Paul Carrozza and his journey in building a once"highly successful running shoe store in Austin, TX. The case presents newspaper accounts and other publicly available information regarding Carrozza and the store he built and ultimately had to close, RunTex. Specifically, the case offers both undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to evaluate the repercussions of a business that fails to engage in strategic planning. As a result, this case provides the ideal backdrop for instructors to convey the significance and obligation for future sport managers to understand the importance of strategic management. The case is primarily intended for use in strategic management, organizational behavior, and/or sport marketing courses wishing to highlight CSR strategies. (C) 2015 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 23
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1046483
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000365586600001
year: 2016
authors: Uusitalo, MT, Sarala, P
title:
Indicators for Impact Management of Subarctic Mountain Resorts: Monitoring Built-up Areas at High Altitudes in Northern Finland

docAbstract:
Winter sport and nature-related tourism are growing fast at North European mountain resorts, where ecosystems are vulnerable to changes. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate how natural constraints and land-use strategies steer the development of tourism infrastructure in subarctic mountain resorts. Furthermore, an indicator for monitoring and evaluating ongoing development was created. For the study objectives, landscape structures of two subarctic mountain resorts in Finnish Lapland were modelled by the visual overlapping of 3D-terrain models and erosion vulnerability maps of soils and vegetation with the geographical information system. Four landscape zones were separated on the ground of their overall erosion resistance. Additionally, hectares of built-up areas were transformed to spatial data of the most vulnerable summit and upper slope zones. The statistic indicates the clear cutting volume of the high altitudes and predicts erosion risk. The findings indicated that resorts have locked on a pro-growth mode, which threatens the fundamental flows between subarctic mountain ecosystems and may affect visitors' contentment in the long run. Simple models are suggested for discussion of acceptable changes to conditions in mountain resorts.


type: J
issue: 30
beginPage: 79
endPage: 105
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393135500003
year: 2016
authors: Achchuthan, S, Velnampy, T
title:
Enhancing purchase intentions towards sustainability: The influence of Environmental Attitude, Perceived Consumer effectiveness, health consciousness and social influence

docAbstract:
This study directed towards green consumerism in the Sri Lankan context. The Topic is new and considered as the emerging one in the marketing paradigm. Meanwhile, this study focuses on examining the purchase intention under the concept of green consumerism among young consumers in the Sri Lankan stand point. Four antecedents as environmental attitude, perceived consumer effectiveness, health consciousness and social influence are incorporated in to the proposed model. Rigorous statistical technique like Structural Equation Modelling is utilized to test the main research hypotheses. This study finds that environment attitude, perceived consumer effectiveness, and health consciousness significantly influence the green purchase intention. In contrast, this study observes that social influence does not significantly influence the green purchase intention. In addition, Young consumers in Sri Lankan perspective have a favourable mind set towards green purchase. Therefore, green marketers have potential opportunity to capture the market from young consumers in Sri Lanka. In practice, marketers of the green products may focus on marketing communication by using the themes like "environmental safety, environmental protection, recycling & reusing and healthy life" to induce the young consumers towards green products. To this end, Governmental bodies and policy makers should draft the specific policy to induce the green consumerism in Sri Lankan Stand point. This may be the green signal to the sustainable development which is prosperous.


type: J
volume: 39
issue: 2
beginPage: 303
endPage: 320
doi: 10.1080/07053436.2016.1198597
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000380370200010
year: 2016
authors: Adolfsson, P, Jutbring, H, Lundberg, E
title:
Objectives, objects, and objectivity: On practitioner-academic collaboration in tourism and leisure research

docAbstract:
In the area of tourism management, the previous research shows that collaboration among stakeholders is crucial in achieving or aspiring toward sustainable development because the field is highly fragmented with numerous stakeholders constituting the tourism product. In a single-case study, the analytical concept of boundary objects is used to show that not only the human relationships but also the objects created and used in such collaborations must be considered to understand how such collaboration can influence sustainable tourism practices. The results show the importance of such objects in becoming part of everyday practices and thereby support a sustained collaboration. Additionally, the results indicate that the creation of boundary objects can contribute to a reduced focus on consensus, and therefore, the professional integrity of the parties involved can be maintained.


type: J
volume: 12
beginPage: 114
endPage: 132
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000385376600007
year: 2016
authors: Ozturk, A, Aksu, A, Sahin, I, Gultekin, S
title:
Analysing Green Meeting Perceptions of Medical Meeting Participants: An Exploratory Research in the Antalya Region of Turkey

docAbstract:
The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of green meetings participants' perceptions on behavioural intention related to green practices in the tourism industry. Finding out the factor structure of green meeting perception by means of EFA and confirming the discovered factor structure by using CFA are among the research goals. In this study, quantitative research methods were applied. For this purpose, a total of 275 questionnaires were obtained. The research sample consisted of medical conference participants in Antalya, Turkey in 2014 (health sector representatives including doctors, practitioners, nurses, representatives of medical firms, and academics). According to the results, participants supported all kinds of conservation measures to save food, water, electricity, and paper. They attached large importance to eco-friendly, sustainable applications and positively viewed eco-friendly material usage. In addition, it can be concluded that medical conference participants have higher perceptions regarding the forming of social awareness and increasing the number of eco-friendly green meetings in the world. Also, it can be stated that participants' perceptions of green meetings have an important effect on their behavioural intentions towards eco-friendly practices in the meeting sector. The current study showed that a large number of the participants had the intention of attending green meetings but nearly half of them were not willing to pay more for green meetings. On the other hand, the participants were not sure about paying environmental tax on their travels. The present study pointed out that the participants with green meeting experience had more positive perceptions than those who did not. The originality of this paper stems from being one of the few studies in the context of tourism literature to test the effects of green meeting perception on behavioural intention about green practices and being one of leading studies discovering the factor structure of green meeting perception. (C) 2016 Varna University of Management. All rights reserved


title: Cultural Tourism Development in the Philippines: An Analysis of Challenges and Orientations
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 496
endPage: 515
doi: 10.1080/1528008X.2015.1127194
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390561000006
year: 2016
authors: Alejandria-Gonzalez, MCP
docAbstract:
The concept of destination branding and its impact to tourist influx has been explored by many scholars who argued that the tourists' demand for "experience economy" has driven destinations to market themselves as a unique brand. Using this as a framework, this study explores the status of Philippine cultural tourism and assesses the challenges and orientations that pervade in its practice, which could be developed to attain the country's developmental goals. This study proposes feasible action plans that could be taken to address the identified challenges that center on inauthentic and unsustainable tourism products. By looking into the existing craft industry, which acts as a marker of destination branding, this work examines the challenges that its cultural tourism sector is facing in relation to the growing ecotourism capital. Conceptually, this study argues that the Government Tourism Policies have a direct impact on the level of Cultural Tourism Development of a region. It also affects the Tourism Orientations of both the tourist and the service provider. The primary contribution of this work is a matrix that presents the current challenges and orientations towards the cultural tourism sector as perceived by local tourism operators and craft industry members.


title: Transportation and tourism sustainability in major Jordanian tourism cities
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 3
beginPage: 253
endPage: 273
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2015.1074098
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392503400001
year: 2016
authors: Alkheder, SA
docAbstract:
Tourism in Jordan is a major industry that contributes significantly to the national income both from local and international tourism. Transportation is a key element in developing the economy of any country in the world. Transportation advancement plays a crucial role in tourism development and sustainability worldwide and in Jordan. This paper focuses, using Ajloun city (a major tourism area in northern Jordan) as a case study, on analyzing and assessing the existing transportation system conditions and their contribution to a sustainable tourism industry in Jordan. Spatial analysis is utilized to elaborate more about other related parameters such as topography, land use, road condition, and climate and their relation to tourism development in the study area. Results indicated that major modifications to the existing transportation system are needed to achieve a sustainable tourism industry in Jordan. Tourism planning in Jordan should take into consideration the physical system of transport as a major component of the tourism development master plan.


title: Sustaining local physical activity programmes: lessons from the United States
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 2
beginPage: 245
endPage: 264
doi: 10.1080/19406940.2015.1108353
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000378201300005
year: 2016
authors: Berg, BK
docAbstract:
Physical activity programmes are challenged with sustainability after the initial resources and impetus that created them have subsided. Financial stability is important, but social and political support also factor into whether a programme will be sustainable. Three community programmes in the United States were examined to illustrate what elements of sustainability were realised while attempting to develop the local populations' health. Site visits were made to each community and 42 people were interviewed. The results reveal that stakeholder support was perceived to decline and was viewed as a substantial hurdle in programme sustainability. This drop-off largely explains why these programmes were constrained in what could be implemented and had limited prospects for sustainability. Although the challenges of sustaining a physical activity programme cannot be completely eliminated, an appreciation for those difficulties increases the possibility that they can be mitigated, and the physical activity programme can be carried out as intended and sustained.


title: Stop Shop 2012 and the role of simplicity movements in sustainable change
type: J
issue: 29
beginPage: 1
endPage: 24
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000389670500001
year: 2016
authors: Borch, A
docAbstract:
This paper discusses the role of social movements in sustainable change based on a case study of Stop Shop 2012, a privately initiated, simplicity initiative developed by three women with the aim of not shopping unnecessary goods and services for a period of two years (2012-2013). More specifically, the research addresses if and how Stop Shop 2012 changed the consumer practices of its funders and other consumers, and what reactions it got from other actors in the market: authorities, businesses and organizations. The analysis is based on content analyses of a book written by one of the members of the initiative, the initiative's Facebook site and newspaper, as well as qualitative interviews with the founders of Stop Shop 2012 some months after the initiative ended. The research indicates that the funders and the followers of Stop Shop 2012 reduced the consumption of some consumer goods, mainly clothes. However, some of the consumption that impacted the climate most, such as the consumption of meat and airplane travel, remained unchanged or even increased. The initiative got support from degrowth-politicians and environmental organisation, and opposition from growth-politicians and business organisations.


type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 196
endPage: 205
doi: 10.1108/JTF-03-2015-0010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000439964900006
year: 2016
authors: Capitaine, V
title:
Inciting tourist accommodation managers to make their establishments accessible to people with disabilities

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to report on the research carried out in Quebec as part of a master's degree for the IESEG School of Management on behalf of Keroul, an organization whose mission is to make tourism and culture accessible to people with disabilities. Established over 30 years ago and active largely in Quebec, Keroul has observed a lingering reluctance on the part of tourism industry operators to meeting the needs of disabled visitors. In the research, we set out to answer the following question: how can Keroul encourage tourism establishments to develop accessibility? In light of the hotel industry's key role in tourism, exploratory research was conducted with 30 Quebec hotel managers through extensive individual interviews. Design/methodology/approach - The exploratory research took the form of in-depth interviews with hotel managers. The sample was selected after conferring with Keroul and a Quebec hotel association. As a first step, a jointly written letter was sent to managers who were association members, inviting them to be interviewed. Findings - Some respondents showed an interest in accessibility, seen as a means of attracting group bookings; others confirmed that accessible rooms rented well to guests from all categories. Nonetheless, most were skeptical about the economic value of the disabled market. They were also poorly informed about this type of clientele, the concept of accessibility and the facilities "barrier-free" tourism requires. Originality/value - Until now, the literature on accessible tourism has generally accentuated the needs of disabled consumers and analyzed their behavior with regard to tourism. Arguments to demonstrate the market potential of tourists with disabilities have ensued. The need to meet this demand was expressed while highlighting the low degree of consideration given to the disabled market by tourism professionals at present. However, few publications treat accessibility as a viable business opportunity. The study reveals the concerns and views of tourism industry professionals vis-a-vis accessibility and is all the more relevant, given the current context in Quebec.


title: Promoting service excellence for tourist destinations
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 4
beginPage: 440
endPage: 454
doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-08-2015-0097
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393376700008
year: 2016
authors: Engeset, MG, Hull, JS, Velvin, J
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to understand the relationship between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction and its impacts on the long-term sustainability of Hemsedal Ski Resort, Norway. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses a mixed method approach. Focusing on the case of Hemsedal, Norway, the authors employ survey design to measure employee service attitudes as well as guest satisfaction and loyalty. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis is used to investigate the relationships between the constructs. Findings - Results from the four-year programme reveal that the correlation between employee service attitude and customer experience is strongest for behavioural loyalty which was found to have a direct and observable effect for the customer and that working to teach and train employees is important. Further, results showed that guest satisfaction with service not only influenced loyalty to the company that provided the service, but also loyalty to the destination where the company was situated. In explaining the relationships between levels of employee service attitude, customer satisfaction and community sustainability at Hemsedal ski resort, results showed that through partnership and cooperation, training and development have benefitted the individual companies, the destination and local community at large. Practical implications - Results suggest that managers of tourism destinations should focus on employee motivation and training to improve their guests' satisfaction and loyalty, their competitiveness and sustainability for the future. Originality/value - The Service Excellence Project at Hemsedal, Norway demonstrates that mountain destinations can have a positive influence on their competitiveness and their sustainability by instituting a programme that works with employees, customers and businesses to promote a climate of service excellence.


title: The attitudes of students and young professionals toward VolunTourism: a study abroad perspective
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 2
beginPage: 138
endPage: 160
doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2015-0027
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000381314800002
year: 2016
authors: Foller-Carroll, A, Charlebois, S
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the attitudes toward VolunTourism of students of Humber College, Toronto, Canada, who had engaged in VolunTourism excursions within the context of study abroad programmes or were about to embark on such a programme. The paper attempts to make a connection between altruistic travel motivations and the applicability of VolunTourism experiences on resumes in pursuit of differentiation in the job market. Design/methodology/approach - The sample frame for this paper consisted of two groups of students who, at the time of the study, had participated in a curriculum-based study-abroad programme featuring VolunTourism components in the past five years (post-study) or were confirmed to embark on a trip shortly thereafter (pre-study). The surveys comprised a mixed-method approach. Quantitative and qualitative information was gathered through anonymous online surveys and personal interviews. Findings - The responses obtained in personal interviews reflect the results obtained in the online surveys. Students who sat down for a personal interview were enthusiastic and supportive of VolunTourism. Three-quarters of the interviewees were 25 and younger. None of them had previously participated in study abroad programme, but they did have previous volunteering experience through high school curriculum or personal engagement. Besides their enthusiasm for doing good, students believed VolunTourism to enhance their image and increase their competitive advantage in the job market. Research limitations/implications - The surveys do not explore the impact of short-term VolunTourism opportunities in general but are focused on specific curriculum-based programmes. The bulk of participants came from the Tourism Management programme, whose familiarity with Niche, Eco and VolunTourism products could potentially have created a bias towards their experience and the usefulness of such excursions with respect to their career aspirations. Participants had travelled to a variety of destinations, influencing the comparability of the impressions. Practical implications - Commercial tour operators can direct their corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts at giving back to its key profit generators, thereby offsetting the negative impacts that such vacation models entail. Students have pointed to the availability of many willing hands that populate the beaches of All-Inclusive Resorts, and it appears that they would happily participate, were pre-organized VolunTourism excursions readily available. The obligation for tour operators is clearly to maintain authenticity and integrity and not to capitalize on this new opportunity for pure revenue generation. Social implications - Travellers are obligated to treat VolunTourism opportunities with respect and sincerity, to combat the negative stigma of careless self-gratification and self-promotion attributed to this type of travel. VolunTourists must be vigilant, demand transparency from VolunTourism providers and not fall prey to "green washing" strategies, allowing monies to subtly flow out of destinations and into the pockets of corporations. Originality/value - This paper explores the complexities surrounding short-term VolunTourism experiences and their impact on students and young professionals. It narrowed in on the co-existence of altruistic motives in serving destination communities, and the expectation of acquiring skills to further expand resume credentials. The paper was inspired by recent market developments, wherein high-end tourism services providers were seen to be offering one-day volunteering excursions to their clientele. The question that presented itself was to investigate if there is an emerging trend towards personal social responsibility, whereby students and young professionals emulate behaviours modelled by industry leaders, and it appears that this is the case.


title: Local authority provision of environmental planning guidelines for event management in Ireland
type: J
volume: 12
beginPage: 54
endPage: 81
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000385376600004
year: 2016
authors: Hanrahan, J, Maguire, K
docAbstract:
This paper discusses the environmental impacts generated by hosting events. More specifically it focuses on the case study of assessing the provision of environmental planning guidelines by Local Authorities to manage the environmental impacts of events in Ireland. In order to determine which Local Authorities provided environmental planning guidelines, a quantitative methodology in the form of a content analysis approach was utilised to investigate every Local Authority in the Republic of Ireland. Analysis has revealed that few Local Authorities are providing planning guidelines for event management, which focus on environmental concerns. As such, the realization of the need to provide environmental planning guidelines to manage the environmental impacts of event management within Local Authorities has not been recognised nationwide. As a result the need for coherent guidelines and policies with sustainable indicators within Local Authorities is vital to further develop, grow and advance the event sector in Ireland. This paper concludes that while the low levels of environmental sustainability in Local Authorities for event management is worrying; it offers an opportunity to be improved by adopting and utilising best practice indicators in environmental policies and guidelines for event management. (C) 2016 Varna University of Management. All rights reserved


type: J
volume: 41
issue: 1
beginPage: 80
endPage: 88
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2016.1122305
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453410300008
year: 2016
authors: Kihima, BO
title:
Limits and paradoxes in the development of ecotourim in Kenya: implications on the sustainability of the natural environment

docAbstract:
Ecotourism entails travel to natural and relatively undisturbed areas. The government plays a crucial role in delineation and management of such areas. In addition, the private sector sees to it that such areas exist for posterity. In Kenya, one such institution is Ecotourism Kenya (EK) whose motto is to 'link communities, tourism and conservation'. First, this paper takes a critical look at the conservation agenda advanced by EK through the national eco-rating scheme launched in 2002 that seeks to give every tourist accommodation facility a chance to participate, learn and apply best practices of sustainable tourism. Moreover, the theme of community empowerment is discussed based on the accommodation facilities initiated by EK in Kakamega Forest Reserve (240 km(2)) in Western Kenya. This paper concludes that, while certification can be a beneficial tool if properly implemented, this is not the case given that there were only 100 establishments certified in Kenya under this scheme by the year 2012. In addition, ecotourism in Kenya needs to dialogue and clearly define its agenda in order to minimize contradictions and dilemmas inherent in ecotourism practice.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 11
beginPage: 2473
endPage: 2492
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-05-2015-0225
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392142300005
year: 2016
authors: Kim, SB, Kim, KJ, Kim, DY
title:
Exploring the effective restaurant CrM ad The moderating roles of advertising types and social causes

docAbstract:
Purpose - This experimental study aims to examine the effectiveness of cause-related marketing messages that incorporate both text and visuals, as compared to messages comprised solely of text, on the attitudes and behavioral intentions of restaurant customers, and to see if the impact varies across four categories of social causes (health, animal welfare, human services and the environment). Design/methodology/approach - This experimental study uses a 2 (type of message) x 4 (cause category) between-subjects design. Findings - Restaurant messages that combine text and visuals are more effective than restaurant messages with only text in engendering positive attitudinal and behavioral responses. This paper also found interaction effects between advertisement type and cause category on individuals' responses (i.e. attitudes and behavioral intentions). Practical implications - The messaging strategies suggested by this research will allow the restaurant industry to capitalize on the value of cause-related marketing initiatives. Originality/value - This research contributes to the hospitality literature by expanding the realm of research on effective cause-related marketing initiatives.


type: J
volume: 2
issue: 3
beginPage: 185
endPage: 205
doi: 10.1108/IJTC-07-2015-0017
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393452100001
year: 2016
authors: Kitheka, BM, Baldwin, ED, White, DL, Harding, DN
title:
A different "we" in urban sustainability: how the city of Chattanooga, TN, community defined their own sustainability path

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to try to understand the process of community building that helped transform the City of Chattanooga to become one of the greenest cities in the country and why the sustainability program worked for Chattanooga. Design/methodology/approach - In total, 30 key informants, identified through snowball sampling, were interviewed. To corroborate the interview data, numerous documents were reviewed and repeat field visits to Chattanooga and surrounding area conducted over a period of three-and-a-half years. Interview data were analyzed using MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software. Findings - Findings show that the transformation process from "the dirtiest city in America" to "green city" was mainly a community agenda. Led by concerned private citizens and visionaries, Chattanooga went through aggressive community mobilization, citizen empowerment and participation in environmental improvement, building of social capital and economic revitalization. Research limitations/implications - Research limitations include under coverage and researcher bias. Practical implications - Lessons for cities that share the same industrial history as Chattanooga. Social implications - Community-building and community participation can work in a collectivist culture. Originality/value - The lead author collected the data, conducted analysis and did all the writing with mentoring from the co-authors.


title: THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF TOURIST SATISFACTION IN FOREST RECREATION TOURISM: THE CASE OF TAIWAN
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 2-3
beginPage: 251
endPage: 266
doi: 10.3727/108354215X14400815080442
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376043600009
year: 2016
authors: Lee, CF
docAbstract:
Previous studies have identified overall tourist satisfaction as a function of satisfaction with multiple destination attributes and examined the asymmetric relationship between attribute-level satisfaction and overall tourist satisfaction in a variety of tourism contexts. However, this issue has not been empirically tested in the context of forest recreation tourism. This study aims to fill this literature gap by examining the perceptions of Chinese tourists toward the determinants of tourist satisfaction in a specific context, the Alishan National Forest Recreation Area, Taiwan. Alishan is one of the attractions Chinese tourists consider a "must see" in Taiwan. However, there has been insufficient provision of tourism infrastructure to accommodate the steady influx of Chinese tourists. To achieve long-term sustainability, forest managers are requested to allocate their limited resources to those sector-specific attribute-level satisfaction factors that potentially enhance overall tourist satisfaction the most. According to the three-factor theory of tourist satisfaction, "information services" and "recreation facilities" were classified as basic factors, whereas "safety and emergency system" was considered as an excitement factor. It is concluded that the top priority of improvement should be paid to the existing provision of recreation facilities, because they are identified as a sector-specific basic factor with low satisfaction.


title: Chinese domestic tourist perceptions of wind farms experiences
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 11
beginPage: 1569
endPage: 1583
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1158826
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000385814300006
year: 2016
authors: Liu, DQ, Upchurch, RS, Curtis, C, Lusby, C
docAbstract:
Wind farm complexes have grown in popularity as a form of energy tourism, but to date there is a paucity of research that addresses tourist perceptions of wind farms as a form of special interest tourism (i.e. energy tourism). The scope of this study concentrated on determining and statistically profiling domestic tourists' perceptions of wind farm complexes for energy tourism purposes. As such, this study applies grounded theory as a means of interpreting domestic tourist perceptions of their lived wind farm experiences. By means of a qualitative research design, the researchers discovered that domestic Chinese tourists found their wind farm experiences were typified by interests in sustainability energy, exposure to differing local cultures, the science surrounding wind turbine technology and personal enrichment associated with the sharing of wind farm experiences with family and friends. The primary implication of this study calls for the deployment of collaborative interagency policies which promote wind farming as part of the government's overall sustainable energy platform while also supporting energy tourism as a means of personal enrichment and a form of economic development.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 5
beginPage: 534
endPage: 548
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-06-2016-0030
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393225000003
year: 2016
authors: Mohamed, B, Mohamad, D, Bahauddin, A
title:
Tourism development progress of two islands of Malaysia The locals' perspective towards climate change

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to look at the physical tourism impacts experienced by the communities of Redang Island and Perhentian Island - two tourist islands located close to the coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The physical tourism impacts are examined via environmental and infrastructure related attributes (19 attributes), which are further categorized into sustainability, environment, greenhouse effects, public and tourist facilities maintenance, sewage system management, rural areas and deforestation. All of these indicators indirectly measure the impact of climate change in these island destinations. Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses a questionnaire survey with an instrument based on prior work by Ap and Cromptom (1998) with regard to air pollution, deforestation and land fertility; Tetlow and Hanusch (2012) in relation to biodiversity; Sunlu (2003) in line with greenhouse effects, water quality, natural landscape and solid waste; and Cessford and Dingwall (1999), corresponding to physical impacts. Findings - Results for Perhentian Island indicate serious physical impacts resulting from tourism development, compared with less serious impacts on Redang Island. Both islands were observed to experience tourism development progress that is well-blended with their natural environment, and the level of physical impact dependency on tourism development can be assessed using the environmental and infrastructure variables. Research limitations/implications - While the paper reports on findings from both Perhentian and Redang Islands, results from this paper could well represent other communities in many other Malaysian island locations (or perhaps the wider region), facing a similar phenomenon. Originality/value - The paper contributes to an understanding of how to investigate each variable independently, as each island is undergoing a different lifecycle phase, regardless of the fact that some islands may be mirroring each other. In addition, the paper envisages the importance of integrating social exchange theory and integrated threat theory, when it comes to evaluating how people judge the consequences of their actions.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 14
beginPage: 60
endPage: 105
doi: 10.6092/issn.2036-5195/6323
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000396634300006
year: 2016
authors: Nicosia, E, Perini, F
title:
Ecotourism between Theory and Practice: Empirical Analysis of the Tourism Industry of Whale Watching in Husavik (Iceland)

docAbstract:
Whale watching is a dynamic industry and, in particular in a country like Iceland, where tourism is currently playing a leading role in the national economy and where nature understood in a broad sense - represents the main attraction for visitors, whale watching, rapidly grown during the last years, shows an evident potential under an ecotouristic point of view. In recent times, an increasing need for the understanding of interactions between humans (tourists) and wildlife (whales) emerged, highlighting the interest towards environmental conservation, protection and preservation matters and towards the search for activities, and modalities, that could essentially contribute to the sustainability of tourism experiences, such as wildlife tourism ones. It is difficult to argue with the fact that whale watching uses the whale "asset" in a non-destructive way, unlike whaling, activity still commercially conducted in Iceland, but at the same time it can't be considered ecotouristic and sustainable a priori. In fact, several studies point out how tourism has a disturbing effect on wildlife and negatively affects their ecology and short-to long-term behaviours. This article, after a general introduction on the main ecotourism principles, examines the whale watching industry of the "Whale Capital of Iceland", Husavik, and it mainly focuses on the results and data of two researches conducted in the field - respectively among whale watchers and among the local whale watching companies. The purpose of this work is to investigate if and how Husavik whale watching is following an environmentally sustainable and ecotouristic path, and to bring into light its strengths and weaknesses as a whale watching destination.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 3
beginPage: 351
endPage: 369
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2015.1114015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392503400006
year: 2016
authors: Park, E, Kim, S
title:
The potential of Cittaslow for sustainable tourism development: enhancing local community's empowerment

docAbstract:
The slow movement has recently offered an alternative approach to sustainable tourism development, and this study aims to investigate the potential of Cittaslow philosophy and practices for enhancing local community involvement and empowerment in the tourism sector through which sustainable tourism is better implemented. Qualitative research was conducted on the case of Goolwa in South Australia, the first non-European Cittaslow. The results reveal that not only did Cittaslow accreditation and its accompanying practices encourage local community participation in decision-making processes, but also revitalised the locality of Goolwa through promoting local specialities and products, in particular food and wine. A stronger and more effective collaboration among local communities, businesses and residents after the Cittaslow accreditation was noted in the context of psychological and social aspects of local community empowerment, especially for developing and managing tourism. This paper further discusses the implications of Cittaslow through which local community empowerment and sustainability in tourism can be more achievable.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 481
endPage: 489
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-04-2016-0023
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393224300008
year: 2016
authors: Sen, K, Kaushik, T
title:
Recent innovative measures across different functions in the Indian hospitality industry A case study from Accor Hotels

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide exploratory insights on recent innovative measures taken across different functions in the Indian hospitality industry. Design/methodology/approach - The study draws on data from senior management of a newly developed Pullman Hotel, part of the group of Accor Hotels located in Aero City, Delhi. The study data was collected using structured interviews. Findings - The study explores the various innovative measures adopted in marketing, human resource management and information technology to leverage operations, improve manpower efficiency and maximizing service effectiveness while keeping costs low for long-term sustainability. The study also gives some useful insights on other functions that need to be addressed such as food and beverage, operations, security, guest relations and finance. Research limitations/implications - The study is exploratory in nature though the findings will be of interest to existing and newly opened hotels and to policy makers who need to know about the innovation trends in the hospitality industry. Originality/value - This study reveals some of the recent innovative measures adopted by the Indian hospitality industry.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 56
endPage: 77
doi: 10.1108/IJSMS-02-2016-004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379693300005
year: 2016
authors: Sung, M, Lee, WY
title:
What makes an effective CSR program? An analysis of the constructs of a cause-related participant sport sponsorship event

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explain the benefits of charitable sport events and examines how consumer involvement in the cause, attitude toward the event, and event-sponsor fit influence corporate image (CI) and corresponding purchase intention (PI). Design/methodology/approach - The conceptual model developed in this research consolidates various constructs related to sponsors and events into a single comprehensive framework, thus offering an integrated view of the factors that determine consumers' perceptions of a sponsorship and their attitudes toward a sponsor. Data were collected from participants in the Pink Ribbon Love Marathons (PRLM) held in Seoul, South Korea. A total of 650 female subjects (mean age = 41.2, SD = 12.5) participated in this investigation. Findings - The findings indicate that CI plays a significant role as a partial mediator within a reciprocal relationship between participants' event perception and patronage intention. Sponsoring a well-targeted event might have a positive impact on CI and PI. Originality/value - What makes this study unique is the application of previous research examining cause-related sport sponsorship from a sport participant's perspective. From a practical standpoint, the findings of this study reveal the importance of corporate communication in CSR.


title: The cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability of the hospitality industry in India
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 432
endPage: 443
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-04-2016-0019
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000393224300004
year: 2016
authors: Vij, M
docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to provide a comprehensive treatment of the various issues surrounding the concept of the cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability of the hospitality industry. We also investigate how innovations in the Indian hospitality industry can optimize costs without compromising the quality of the product or the services offered. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology used is mainly survey-based with the use of both structured and unstructured questionnaires. In addition, some interviews were conducted with policy-makers and academics to explore from their perspectives what might be the innovations and sustainability issues in the next decade. Findings - The paper helps to identify the essential aspects of cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability in the hospitality industry and to better understand if cost optimization can be accomplished simply by realigning process or cost. These issues have become very important in India in the present context of globalization. Practical implications - With growing competition on a global level, the hospitality industry needs to proactively manage its internal operations and focus on reducing costs and raising service quality. In this context, the paper helps to reveal sustainable cost effective practices that are geared to today's competitive environment. Originality/value - The inspiration to write this paper arises from the recent global economic slowdown and the fact that the hospitality industry is confronted with growing competition on a global level. This study highlights how value can be created for customers by applying suitable strategies.


title: Sustainable valorization of cultural heritage via tour guides: Turkish case of Ephesus ancient city
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 6
beginPage: 1401
endPage: 1412
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000377894200009
year: 2015
authors: Cetinkaya, MY, Oter, Z
docAbstract:
The concept of sustainability has become one of the most popular topics of tourism studies. Sustainable tourism emerged as a strong stream of tourism research based on the stance that tourism industry has responsibility for degradation of natural and cultural environments. Additionally, tourism industry consumes local resources and has to pay its attention on conservation issues. Tour guides are part of tourist experience in destinations and they have a strong influence on tourist behavior. In this study, the potential support of tour guides conducting excursions to Ephesus Ancient City located at Western Anatolia nearby Izmir metropolitan city is questioned for sustainable heritage valorization process. Ephesus is regarded as one of the great outdoor museums of Turkey, once the trade center of the ancient world, a religious center of the early Christianity and today an important tourism center deserves to be questioned through cultural heritage valorization concept. Role of tour guides in minimizing negative impacts of tourist traffic is rarely perceived and applied as a support to heritage site managers. This research seeks to reflect primary data obtained through qualitative data collection techniques (semi-structured interview) from Turkish tour guides surveyed at Ephesus Ancient City. Following the evaluation of findings, recommendations will be developed for tourism industry and cultural heritage site managers.


title: Research note: US lodging firms' exposure to energy price risk
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 5
beginPage: 1095
endPage: 1102
doi: 10.5367/te.2014.0400
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000365592800011
year: 2015
authors: Jang, S, Lee, SK
docAbstract:
To date, studies on hotel energy use have examined the implications in terms of direct cost savings, environmental sustainability and corporate social responsibility. However, as the profitability of lodging firms is subject to changes in energy prices, their value may depend on exposure to energy price volatility. This paper examines the exposure of US lodging firms to energy price risk between 2001 and 2014. The authors find that energy price considerably affected stock returns of lodging firms throughout the sample period, and conclude that participation in an energy saving programme reduces the lodging firm's stock return exposure to energy price risk, thereby enhancing firm value.


title: The viable, equitable and bearable in Tanzania
type: J
volume: 16
beginPage: 92
endPage: 99
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.07.012
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217981700011
year: 2015
authors: Slocum, SL
docAbstract:
Using three independent case studies within Tanzania, this paper focuses on sustainability as a philosophical and theoretical construct. This paper presents a snapshot in time of three destinations undergoing economic, environmental and social changes as a result of increases in tourism. By presenting the dimensions of viable, equitable, and bearable as forms of unsustainability, the impacts of unintended consequences to tourism development are examined. By understanding the limitations within these destinations, sustainability appears to be something for which communities strive, but which may not ever be truly achievable. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Domestic tourism and sustainability in an emerging economy: Brazil's littoral pleasure periphery
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 5
beginPage: 748
endPage: 769
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.998677
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352584200006
year: 2015
authors: Weaver, D, Pegas, FD, Castley, G
docAbstract:
The littoral pleasure periphery (LPP) is a major and expanding spatial feature of Brazil that is dominated by almost 200 specialised coastal resorts, beachfront metropolises and beachfront cities. It is notable in an emerging economy context for the extent to which domestic forces have influenced its development, including not just favourable geographic features but patterns of historical settlement, modernisation processes, national culture, and geopolitical motivations. Reflecting Brazil's economic and social dualities, the LPP exhibits two distinct models. The southern LPP, like counterparts in the more developed world, is long-established and displays an organic growth trajectory. The northern LPP is a hybrid of organic and induced impulses exhibiting more rapid and largely planned growth manifested in low density development. Despite efforts of a multi-partner regional tourism initiative - the Programa de Desenvolvimento do Turismo (PRODETUR) - to facilitate economic and social equity through targeted tourism investment, the northern LPP resembles classic Third World LPPs where mainly non-white local residents are often displaced by coastal development involving white investors and tourists. Unsustainable tourism outcomes are therefore indicated in both components of the Brazilian LPP and minimal progression toward an enlightened mass tourism ideal.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 1
beginPage: 147
endPage: 148
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000367258000009
year: 2015
authors: Afifi, GMH
title:
CONFERENCE REPORT THE VII INTERNATIONAL TOURISM CONGRESS - THE IMAGE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS


type: J
volume: 33
issue: 1
beginPage: 112
endPage: 131
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442899700008
year: 2015
authors: Anderson, L, Manning, R, Valliere, W, Reigner, N, Pettengill, P, Pierce, V
title:
Assessing the Full Circle Trolley: Implications for Alternative Transportation Systems in the National Parks

docAbstract:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Alternative transportation systems (ATS) have become increasingly important as a means to address issues of crowding, congestion, and environmental sustainability in national parks and related areas. In 2010, a shuttle bus system was implemented at Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park, a small unit of the national park system located on the outskirts of the historic village of Woodstock, Vermont. This ATS consists of one electric fuel vehicle known as the Full Circle Trolley (FCT). The FCT is powered by electricity generated from methane gas derived from decomposition of cow manure from local dairy farms. This ATS project, which was funded through a federal grant administered by the National Park Service, was designed to reduce congestion on area roads, encourage parking outside of Woodstock village, improve environmental sustainability, and establish a successful transportation partnership that could be a model for future collaboration. In 2012, we conducted interviews with shuttle partners (stakeholder groups such as local chamber of commerce) (n = 9) and administered a questionnaire to shuttle riders (n = 143) to assess the program's success in meeting its objectives. Our findings suggest that the objectives of the FCT program are being met, though some are being more fully and directly met than others. For example, the survey found that some shuttle bus riders would probably have driven into Woodstock (contributing to traffic congestion) and parked on the village streets if there had been no shuttle bus service (exacerbating parking shortages). However, given the small scale of the trolley system, some partners questioned the magnitude of the trolley's impact on traffic congestion and parking. Challenges to long-term shuttle service include availability of future funding, low ridership levels, and the limitations (e.g., battery charging time) of environmentally sustainable (in this case, electric) vehicles. Results from this study contribute to and corroborate findings from other studies of ATS in national parks and related areas. Based on this growing body of research, a number of principles or best management practices are offered for planning and managing ATS in parks and related areas.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 1
beginPage: 123
endPage: 146
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000367258000008
year: 2015
authors: Gessa-Perera, A, Jimenez-Jimenez, MD
title:
ACCOUNTABLE MANAGEMENT IN SPANISH HOTELS: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE STAKEHOLDERS' RELATIONSHIPS

docAbstract:
Given the recognition of the relevance of stakeholders in sustainable enterprise management, the purpose of this study is to explore the implementation and formalization of the relationship with stakeholders within a changing management context. The research is contextualized in the hotel sector in Spain using a corporate social responsibility approach as a theoretical framework of reference. The paper adopts an exploratory perspective and employs a qualitative approach. In particular, a multiple case-study is used to gain deep insights into a contemporary and complex issue within its real-life context, and three case studies are purposefully selected in order to be able to conduct cross-case comparisons. There are similarities and differences that reflect the status of implementation and formalization of the relationship with stakeholders in the three cases studied. There is agreement on the strategic impact of the relationship; however, at the operational level, the integration of stakeholders in corporate governance is found at different stages.


title: Measuring National Tourism Organization Abroad Office Competitiveness
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 2
beginPage: 118
endPage: 129
doi: 10.1002/jtr.1970
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352908500002
year: 2015
authors: Lin, CT, Goay, YH
docAbstract:
Measuring national tourism organization (NTO) abroad office competitiveness is crucial because of the hypercompetitive international tourism market. This study used focus group interviews and snowball sampling techniques to identify and apply competitiveness measurement criteria. An analytic hierarchy process model was then used to evaluate the weights of the criteria. Finally, this study examined and identified the overall global-competitiveness scores of different types of NTO abroad offices in Taiwan. The results contribute to a comprehensive and systematic framework of competitiveness measurement for different types of NTO abroad offices in an international, politically sensitive environment and their competitive performance. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Development model of tourism on Croatian open-sea islands
type: J
volume: 63
issue: 1
beginPage: 19
endPage: 36
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213677300002
year: 2015
authors: Tomljenovic, R, Razovic, M
docAbstract:
Islands, as a separate land entity surrounded by the sea, from the very beginning of tourism, have become a unique and attractive tourism destination where tourism development faces different challenged than on the mainland. This is especially the case of the open-sea islands. The aim of this paper was to identify tourism development model suitable for the Mediterranean open-sea islands in terms of social, economic and environmental sustainability. The model was based on the assessment of tourism capacity, tourist traffic, attraction base and consultation with the two main stakeholder groups - residents and tourists. The primary research was conducted on the four open-sea islands of Croatian Adriatic - Dugi otok, Vis, Lastovo and Mljet, via tourist and resident survey. In total, 190 residents and 184 tourists participated in the research. The visitor survey was conducted in order to capture attitudes and opinions of tourists on those islands regarding different types of tourism products and tourism development options considered appropriate for the four islands. The resident survey was conducted in order to canvas their views on the preferred types of tourism development, tourism development scenarios and types of tourism products they wished to be offered. The results clearly point out that the optimal tourism development is the one that respect the island's development and tourism advantages based on unique natural and cultural heritage and way of life of the local population. The model of tourism development on these particular islands offers true value that attracts visitors and encourages further growth of tourist traffic. This tourism development is based on ecology, sustainable development, and family atmosphere.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 64
endPage: 82
doi: 10.1080/10645578.2015.1016368
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000385869700005
year: 2015
authors: Bradley, MJ, Liu, HL, Chalkidou, T, Caneday, L
title:
Identifying Differences of Environmental Ethics and Place Attachment Among Visitors and Managers at State Parks

docAbstract:
Understanding place attachment and environmental ethic variables may improve management of natural areas, including enhanced communication related to management practices, managing various natural resources for specific or designated uses, and mediating significant differences between visitors and managers. Bridging any gaps of knowledge and understanding between visitors and those taking care of these natural places may enhance use and management of those areas into the future. This study elicited place attachment, environmental ethics, and demographic information from visitors to four state parks in Oklahoma. State park managers and state park visitors were found to be significantly different in their levels of place attachment and environmental ethics. Using t tests and discriminant analysis, researchers were able to use proenvironmental ethics and place identity to explain and predict the significant differences between the two groups. Implications for natural resource management include improved resource conservation and sustainability through enhanced education, interpretation efforts, and specific programming to connect people to natural places.


title: Constancy and Change in the Women's Funding Network: International Horizons and Core Values
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 4
beginPage: 110
endPage: +
doi: 10.9707/1944-5660.1270
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000409054700009
year: 2015
authors: Brilliant, EL
docAbstract:
This article is a case study of women's advocacy funders and their network organization, the Women's Funding Network (WFN). The author analyzes the evolution of the network and its member funds from 1985 to 2012 as they struggled for survival in a complex and changing environment, and examines tensions that exist between the ideals of a social-movement organization and its drive for money, the nature of women's organizational leadership, and what it means to view civil-society activities through a gender lens. This case study illustrates dilemmas inherent in the development of identity-based social-movement organizations as they seek resources for sustainability and prominence in a crowded field. The author includes a timeline of the evolution of the WFN.


title: Sustainable Coastal Destination Development: Fostering Green Practices of Restaurateurs
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 12
beginPage: 81
endPage: 100
doi: 10.6092/issn.2036-5195/5851
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000384289900006
year: 2015
authors: Derriks, T, Hoetjes, T
docAbstract:
Coastal tourism destinations are reinventing themselves, concentrating on product improvement and image enhancement. Reinventing sustainably is key and restaurants are an important factor. Research upon the processes of change in the industry seems to be fragmented and undefined in its conclusions. Knowledge is lacking on what specifically drives innovation in the hospitality industry. Since restaurants seem to be focusing more than ever on implementing green strategies, incorporating sustainability into restaurant practices is not an unexplored area. However, the how and why it is incorporated or not, can be different per restaurant. The objective of this study is to identify possibilities of change in restaurateur practices, which can lead to interventions that will foster sustainable destination development in Vrouwenpolder; a coastal destination within the Netherlands. For the identification of interventions that could advance the sustainability enacted in restaurateur practices, a qualitative research was conducted. Practices of restaurateurs in Vrouwenpolder are identified and compared to perceived-to-be ideal practices. Analysis of data collection draws on practice theory, and resulted into recommendations for advancing the sustainability enacted in restaurateur practices. It seems to be that primarily the meaning within a practice is decisive in whether sustainability is integrated or not.


title: The new Gold Coast Chinatown: stakeholders' development preferences
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 2
beginPage: 119
endPage: 138
doi: 10.1108/IJTC-11-2014-0020
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000218438500003
year: 2015
authors: Dupre, K, Xu, B
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between culture-based tourism development and cultural sustainability in the established tourism destination of Gold Coast, Australia. It seeks to contribute to the debate on local development and tourism through evaluating the development of the newly-born Gold Coast Chinatown. Design/methodology/approach - Two types of analysis were developed for this study. The first one aims at assessing the general features of the case study site. It was done by the urban analysis of the precinct, the count of the shops associated with the identification of their function (e.g. retail, services, etc.), street visual survey, and the assessment of ethnic expression/representations. The second analysis aims at assessing place-attachment, development impacts and cultural attitude. It was done by questionnaire surveys. Findings - The analysis evidences mainly two findings. First, tradition, authenticity or ethnicity are not perceived as key drivers, and tangible pre-requisites do not appear as a priority for a culture-based tourism development. Second, correlation studies show the longer the length of residence the higher is the attitude towards positive perceived economic impacts and positive cultural attitudes. It is the opposite of what is usually found in literature review. As such, it challenges the concept of cultural sustainability, and helps us to reconsider the weight of the evaluative factors of community attachment, development impact and cultural attitude in tourism development. Originality/value - The recent creation of the Gold Coast Chinatown not only raises the question of the rationale of what is usually recognised as a community-based settlement, hence its cultural foundation and the legitimacy of transfer of cultural models, but also the processes at stake between cultural sustainability and tourism development. To the knowledge, no publication exists on this case study.


title: Host community visioning: The case of Bali
type: J
volume: 40
issue: 3
beginPage: 303
endPage: 315
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2015.1087690
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453406900003
year: 2015
authors: Law, A, Filep, S, DeLacy, T, Wiranatha, AS, Hendriyetty, N, Filep, CV
docAbstract:
Academic examinations of visioning, the active imagination of possible futures, have been largely overlooked in tourism studies. While a significant tradition of research on visioning exists outside tourism, particularly within urban planning, there is a lack of knowledge on host community visioning processes in island tourism destinations and potential positive outcomes of such processes. This paper explores possible futures envisioned by residents of the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as the transformative potential of such processes. Writing templates were embraced as an appropriate mode of qualitative inquiry, through which 202 Balinese residents assessed the current state of their island and envisioned possible futures for it. Through a detailed thematic analysis of templates, visions of better transportation, education and health systems emerged. It is argued that such visions should inform efforts to address sustainability challenges when fed back to the community through wider political dialogue. Results of the study have therefore informed the development of Bali's practical tourism strategy framework, especially Bali's 2050 roadmap for sustainable tourism development. Although the current state of tourism was perceived in a more positive than negative way, respondents nonetheless imagined change for future tourism on the island. Due to soaring visitor numbers, the long-term sustainability of Bali as an important island destination depends on changes which the visions presented here may help effect.


title: Back to nature Festivalgoer environmental beliefs and camping experience at non-urban festivals
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 282
endPage: 302
doi: 10.1108/IJEFM-02-2015-0008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214048900008
year: 2015
authors: Gration, D, Raciti, M, Walters, G
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore festivalgoer/camper perceptions of and responses to the non-urban festival service environment (blended festivalscape). Design/methodology/approach - For this exploratory study a quantitative approach was adopted. A self-administered online survey was administered to recipient members of an Australian non-urban festival e-newsletter database resulting in 398 usable responses from festival campers. Findings - Environmental beliefs held by festival campers' influenced their perceptions of naturescape, socialscape and overall satisfaction. Festival campers' who attended more than once were found to have stronger pro-environmental beliefs than those who attended once. Festival camper perception of naturescape has a positive moderating influence leading to greater overall satisfaction and the likelihood of repeat attendance and positive word-of-mouth. Research limitations/implications - It is very important to know how festivalgoers perceive and relate to their festival service environment. Critical to the appeal and success of the non-urban festival is the alignment of festivalgoer environmental beliefs to the natural setting in which they are held. Limitations include use of a single case study context. Originality/value - This paper responds to lack of research on non-urban festivals when compared to urban festivals and the surprisingly little interest shown in the central role of natural settings and the camping experience. A closer understanding of the environmental beliefs of campers at non-urban festivals has the potential to provide beneficial outcomes for people, profit and planet.


title: From evaluator to insider: an academic's guide to managing sport for development programmes
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 6
beginPage: 652
endPage: 668
doi: 10.1080/17430437.2014.982542
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000358649600003
year: 2015
authors: LeCrom, CW, Dwyer, B
docAbstract:
The field of sport for development (SFD) has seen progress and growth over the few past decades, yet there remains an apparent lack of coordination between programmes; a feeling that individual organizations exist apart from others doing similar work. In advancing this important conversation, our goal is to share a case study of an SFD programme as well as a framework that has been developed over the years and guides what we do. As academics engaged in the applied work of SFD, we feel that we bring another dimension to programming, from a theoretical and evaluative standpoint. Building in practical and theoretical forms of evaluation, fostering integrative cultural experiences and cultivating programme sustainability are three essential elements to building successful SFD initiatives. Our hope is that by sharing this framework, others will continue to share best practices so that we can all make our work in SFD more meaningful.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 4
beginPage: 331
endPage: 354
doi: 10.1080/15256480.2015.1090253
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212749200002
year: 2015
authors: Mahachi, D, Mokgalo, LL, Pansiri, J
title:
Exploitation of Renewable Energy in the Hospitality Sector: Case Studies of Gaborone Sun and the Cumberland Hotel in Botswana

docAbstract:
This study examines the factors influencing the adoption of renewable energy technologies at two hotels in Botswana. Interviews with key informants from Gaborone Sun and the Cumberland Hotel were used to collect the data for this study. The study was designed along the general conceptual model of the drivers and barriers of corporate "greening." Narrative analysis was used to present the findings. Results point to the fact that the availability of the biogas and solar technology in Botswana, political leadership, financial benefits, the availability of a comprehensive environmental sustainability program, and strong environmental management values were the driving forces behind renewable energy adoption by the two hotels. The major barriers against biogas adoption by the Cumberland Hotel included lack of financial resources and limited waste. For solar energy adoption at Gaborone Sun, the main problem was lack of space for further expansion, which has also constrained the hotel's efforts for wastewater recycling. These results have implications at both local and national levels. Environmental management strategies and values should drive the exploitation of renewable energy by local hotels. At the national level, results imply that the government should take a more responsive approach in facilitating the adoption of renewable energy plans by the corporate world.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 3
beginPage: 233
endPage: 253
doi: 10.1108/JPMD-05-2015-0013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213940000005
year: 2015
authors: Omholt, T
title:
Developing a theoretical framework to analyze an urban culinary culture and explain restaurant cluster developments

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework to explain the development of sustainable culinary places and restaurant clusters. Design/methodology/approach - The theoretical approach is based on a multi-level and multi-perspective case study approach toward studying the organization and governance of clusters of culinary activities and firms. Findings - The main part of findings is based on the comparison of two case studies of the development of restaurant clusters, representing two different forms of knowledge management and governance. Research limitations/implications - The findings underscore the importance of local entrepreneurs, cluster organization and governance, knowledge exchange and learning and dependence on a local catchment area. The findings also show that several forms of cluster organization can coexist in the same area and support each other, adding to increased sustainability and connectedness in an urban area. Practical implications - The findings indicate that there is a need for a more realistic approach to the development of culinary places and destinations, and not solely rely on place branding, standard marketing procedures and support from local authorities. To develop a sustainable and connected place, we need an appropriate form of organization and governance. The findings indicate that different types of restaurant clusters require different forms of governance of knowledge management processes to be effective. Social implications - The paper directs attention to the fact that the food sector constitutes an important sector for employment of immigrants, females and part-time workers, which together constitute the largest group with regard to unemployment in many cities. The paper also shows how the evolution of a culinary culture in Oslo has contributed to solidarity within and between ethnic groups, which is sorely needed today. Originality/value - This paper shows that sustainable, liveable and connected places can be developed without reliance on standard branding and marketing procedures, and despite opposition from the retail industry and lack of support from local authorities.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 5
beginPage: 516
endPage: 529
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0027
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214511200009
year: 2015
authors: Nair, V, Rawat, K, Bouchon, F
title:
Innovative practices in education to empower rural communities A case study of a "non-formal education" school in Thailand

docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to explore innovative education approaches in a rural area of Thailand and the socioeconomic transformation fostered in that area through community-based tourism. Design/methodology/approach - This study examined the elements in a case study that successfully linked "non-formal education" (NFE)channels to community development. More than half the population of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) still lives in rural areas, where poverty is widespread. Numerous programmes have been initiated to address the socioeconomic imbalances of the region, and tourism is now considered a driver for rural economic development. However, the development of human resources in rural areas remains low. Education is considered both an important tool for development and a channel for innovative practices to effect the socioeconomic transformation of rural areas. The data for this case study were sourced from secondary documents such as institutional communication, statistics, iconographic documents and websites. The data were analysed through content analysis and provided the basis for interpretation and conceptualisation of the innovative practices adopted by the school. Findings - This study found that the efforts deployed in setting up a non-formal school in a marginalised rural area placed the community at the centre of the pedagogical approach. NFE, indeed, was found to have the ability to enhance the new concept of sustainability for socioeconomic transformation. It helped to leverage the knowledge gained at school onto other skills such as communication and business and built entrepreneurs with the skills and knowledge of newer technology required to develop the tourism industry. Research limitations/implications - This study is expected to delineate the basis of a framework for innovation in rural education. This framework should be relevant to researchers and practitioners, and could guide local communities in Thailand and other areas of ASEAN. Originality/value - This is the first study of its kind to examine innovative practices initiated by a specific community school that enhanced tourism and built entrepreneurs. This model can be replicated in other field studies.


title: Iconic Destination: a Snapshot of Sustainable Tourism in Pisa
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 12
beginPage: 120
endPage: 136
doi: 10.6092/issn.2036-5195/5852
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000384289900008
year: 2015
authors: Sarti, S, Aliperti, G
docAbstract:
Tourism is one of the world's fastest growing industries. According to the World Tourism Organization, Italy is the fifth most visited country in the world, with more than 47.7 million tourists a year (2013). At the same time, the increasing number of studies focused on sustainable tourism demonstrates a growing interest about the topic. In addition, practitioners' attitude is changing and the most important actors of the market are acting in a more sustainable way and developing reports on their eco-friendly performances. Nowadays, the entire supply chain maybe environmentally sustainable. From the reservation to the post-holiday phase, it is possible to select the more eco-friendly suppliers. The main companies operating in the different stages of the process are demonstrating a concrete interest on sustainable development. This new challenge is generated through the information flow between local authorities, private firms and final customers. We propose to make a reflection based on the latter actors' attitude. Our research aims to investigate the level of sensitivity of tourists about environmental sustainability from two different perspectives: self-evaluation and real purchasing behavior. We conducted a face-to-face survey among tourists in Pisa, in Piazza dei Miracoli, during May 2015. By using a structured questionnaire, we gathered primary data from a sample of 406 respondents. We selected respondents randomly. Pisa is the perfect location to obtain information from several typologies of tourists, with different levels of awareness of sustainable issues. Itis one of the most important tourist destination in Italy and it is an iconic destination recognized worldwide thanks to the attractiveness of the leading tower. The results of our study is a snapshot of the current level of awareness among tourists. The analysis of the questionnaires revealed tourist profiles, their eco-friendly behaviors, their concerns about sustainability planning their vacations and their habits during the stay. In the questionnaires, three main aspects of tourist services were considered: transport, accommodation, food and beverage. Our study offers a photography of the state of the art of tourists' awareness on sustainable issues. It represents a starting point for future investigations on strategic decisions in terms of general and local policies (destination & corporate level). The provided data can be useful to generate new inputs for academic research and to point out managerial implications at destination and corporate level. Moreover, our study generates food for thought with regard to several emerging topics. Further research can investigate the discrepancy between self-evaluation and real behaviors among tourists, the perception of the grade of sustainability of the tourist services and the willingness to pay for more sustainable tourist services.


title: Serving up change? Gender mainstreaming and the UNESCO-WTA partnership for global gender equality
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 8
beginPage: 895
endPage: 908
doi: 10.1080/17430437.2014.997583
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376347000003
year: 2015
authors: Szto, C
docAbstract:
In 2006, UNESCO partnered with the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) claiming that women's tennis can help foster gender equality. This partnership was based on the notion that the empowerment of women and girls is integral to sustainable international development; yet, girls and women are positioned as both the barrier and solution to development. This document analysis uses the UNESCO-WTA project in Cameroon to critique the problematic nature of development assumptions and the approach of gender mainstreaming while contextualizing women's empowerment as a loaded term that often ignores social, political, and economic constraints. The implications of this analysis serve to reiterate calls for sport for development and peace initiatives to situate both sport and gender in their local contexts. It is also important to question the lack of accountability and transparency demonstrated by this particular corporate social responsibility partnership.


title: ON THE WAY TO SUSTAINABLE (WELL-BEING) TOURISM DESTINATION? THE CASE OF SAVONLINNA TOWN IN FINLAND
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 4
beginPage: 355
endPage: 367
doi: 10.3727/108354215X14400815080325
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000367325100001
year: 2015
authors: Honkanen, A, Tuohino, A
docAbstract:
The purpose of the study is to test if the model of a sustainable wellness destination developed by Sheldon and Park, adapted from Ritchie and Crouch, could be used while defining the Savonlinna town in Eastern Finland in the context of well-being/wellness tourism. The data for this article are based on interviews conducted in the region during 2009 and 2010. There was much discussion on Savonlinna's assets for well-being tourism. The overall finding is that the status of Savonlinna as a sustainable well-being tourism destination was more in the minds of the interviewees than on a tangible, practical level. The well-being segment was still seen to be limited and fragmentary.


title: Updating the manager's toolbox: Mapping spatio-temporal trends in freshwater fishing
type: J
volume: 7-8
beginPage: 89
endPage: 95
doi: 10.1016/j.jort.2014.09.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000218648400010
year: 2014
authors: Mogollon, B, Villamagna, AM
docAbstract:
Wildlife-associated recreation is culturally and economically important, yet relative participation in the United States is declining. To address concerns of recreation managers, we present an innovative way to assess temporal trends and the spatial distribution of licensees in conjunction with demographic, economic, biophysical and social datasets. Geocoding license-based wildlife-associated recreation (i.e., fishing and hunting) provides a cost-effective strategy for monitoring spatio-temporal changes and learning about a community. We demonstrate this approach by calculating the retention, recruitment and loss of licensed freshwater recreational anglers in North Carolina between 2008 and 2010, and examining the demographic profile of areas with the greatest loss of anglers from 2008 to 2010. We describe how geocoding licenses can help assess the sustainability of a recreational fishery and the quality of fishing resources. Tracking trends in license purchases can provide recreation managers with insight to make informed decisions in recruitment strategies, and avert overuse or overcrowding. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS Geocoding of license information provides a cost-effective, widely-available technology to monitor spatial and temporal changes of licensed wildlife-associated recreationists. Changes in the spatial distribution of licensed anglers through time can provide insight into where recruitment and retention (e.g., outreach and advertising) are most needed. joining license data to biophysical, demographic and socioeconomic data in a spatial context can provide managers stronger information for strategic planning and investment (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All iights reserved.


type: J
volume: 12
issue: 2
beginPage: 281
endPage: 297
doi: 10.25145/j.pasos.2014.12.020
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000411447400002
year: 2014
authors: Brenner, EL, Priestley, GK
title:
Planning and sustainable development: a proposal applied to the hydrothermal complex in Caldas Novas, Brazil

docAbstract:
One of the most important justifications for applying tourism planning is the danger of permitting continuous development until the point of saturation that may ultimately lead to a destination's decline. One of the essential functions of planning is therefore to provide a strategy base that allows destinations to confront change successfully. This article focuses on the elaboration of a tourism planning method based essentially on the most effective procedures identified, through an analysis of the contributions of various authors who suggest methods of proved efficiency. As a result the authors develop an original system that incorporates the positive points and avoids the weaknesses of all the proposals analysed while adapting it to the Brazilian context and applying it to a specific case study (Caldas Novas in Goias). The proposal is structured on the basis of two key priorities: a physical focus guided towards the sustainability of the environment; and a social focus that reinforces the role of the receiving community in the tourist experience. The authors conclude that, as a result, this method offers considerable guarantees of success in achieving its goals.


title: REVERSE LOGISTICS AS SUSTAINABLE TOOL IN TOURISM INDUSTRY: SCOPE AND MOTIVATION
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 1
beginPage: 139
endPage: 158
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219066800007
year: 2014
authors: Skapa, R
docAbstract:
The paper deals with activities labeled as reverse logistics (RL). It is generally accepted that RI, plays an important part in greening of companies, because the aim of RI, is to retrieve value from reverse flows (such as products scraps, production waste, packaging, returned products, etc.) that would otherwise be lost. RL covers activities like recycling, re manufacturing, or repairing to close the loop of material flows in a supply chain. Hundreds of papers were published on RL, but just a tiny quantity of them focused on service industries. What is important is that the largely intangible character of service products in tourism calls for modification of concepts used in RL, as a majority of its concepts and models were suggested within manufacturing context. Thus, the paper's aim is to analyze the specifics of RL in the tourism industry. It focuses on the question of what the reverse flows in tourism consists of what are their tangible as well as intangible elements. In the second step it discusses the factors and the motives specific for tourism that shape RL in this industry The presented findings are a part of an exploratory-descriptive research focusing on the approach of companies to RL in Czech Republic and arc based on collected data for 87 firms operating in tourism and travel-related services (hotels, restaurants, travel agencies).


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 2
beginPage: 179
endPage: 190
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-12-2013-0051
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214502500009
year: 2014
authors: Ajagunna, IA, Crick, AP
title:
Managing interactions in the tourism industry - a strategic tool for success Perspectives on Jamaica tourism industry

docAbstract:
Purpose - This conceptual paper aims to examine how the concept of host and guest interaction could help remedy the socio-economic impacts as created by tourism in Jamaica. The paper identifies that tourism development in Jamaica has created a range of negative social impacts, which include changes in attitude, aspirations and lifestyles of young people, who may come from poor backgrounds but are increasingly exposed to the consumerist lifestyles of wealthy visitors and the so-called role models in the society, "the Dons". Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative approach was employed as the focus for this study. The survey of residents, and tourists in Ocho Rios and Negril in Jamaica were primary sources of data for this paper. Findings - The tourism industry in Jamaica has seen a great diversification in recent years. The industry now ranges from conventional tourism (sun, sand, sea and sex) to cruise tourism, moderate community based tourism, heritage and cultural tourism, and more recently nature-tourism. However, social factors remain a deterrent. It is apparent that relying on the concept and principles of host and guest interaction presents a strategic option for success and if one is to understand the impact of tourism on the residents, the inter-action between the various elements in the system must be understood. Originality/value - The attitudes of Jamaicans are important in determining the level of host and guest interaction and the level of success in the industry. Attitude is the fulcrum from which quality service is delivered; as such, the people must be in tune with the industry at all levels in order to achieve a sustainable tourism industry.


title: Successful implementation of responsible business practice
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 1
beginPage: 4
endPage: 9
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-10-2013-0043
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214502000002
year: 2014
authors: Ringham, K, Brookes, M, Altinay, L
docAbstract:
Purpose - The main aim of this paper is to introduce the articles of this issue. Design/methodology/approach - A critical content analysis of the papers selected for the issue was undertaken. Findings - The final articles for this issue examine a range of responsible business practices within hospitality and tourism businesses in diverse country settings. In addition, each article is followed by a commentary from an industry representative who reflects on the key message and/or value of the article for industry practice. Research limitations/implications - Although only one article examined the role of education specifically, collectively the articles in this special theme edition point to the critical role of education in implementing responsible business practices in the near future, as well as for ensuring the sustainability of these practices in the years to come. Additionally, these articles highlight the need for greater cooperation between different hospitality and tourism stakeholders in the development and implementation of responsible business practices. Originality/value - The current theme issue explores emerging issues in the implementation of responsible business practice in the context of hospitality and tourism industries in different country contexts.


title: STAKEHOLDERS' PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABILITY IN AN ARCTIC REGION: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 85
endPage: 96
doi: 10.3727/108354214X13927625340271
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213851800006
year: 2014
authors: Chen, YL, Chen, JS, Johnson, C, Wang, W
docAbstract:
This research evaluates perspectives towards sustainable management among key groups of tourism stakeholders including tourism businesses, local residents, and tourists themselves. The extant literature is largely composed of quantitative studies using descriptive and regressive statistical methods along with structural modeling to highlight significant issues affecting sustainability. In contrast, this study takes a qualitative approach in an attempt to garner rich insights not always obtained from quantitative studies. The study setting is a Norwegian Arctic region, Finnmark, which is considered one of the most visited Arctic destinations in Europe. In total 68 in-depth interviews and three focus group surveys are conducted, involving tourists, tourism professionals, and local residents in several cities and towns in the Finnmark region. This study finds that participants all agree environmental and cultural issues are the key considerations in sustaining tourism development in the region. Furthermore, tourism businesses are inclined to advocate eco-friendly agendas in compliance with the concept of sustainability. Moreover, concerning stakeholders' recommendations toward sustainable practices, this research notices that implementation of educational policies is vital for the success of sustainable practices. Relevance implications and suggestions for future study are provided in the conclusion section.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 1
beginPage: 57
endPage: 80
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216098300005
year: 2014
authors: Citarella, G, Maglio, M
title:
A Systems Approach to Local Territory as a Driver for Creative Tourism Development on the Amalfi Coast

docAbstract:
In recent years creativity has become a resource not only in relation to artistic and cultural activities but also in terms of economic growth and development of tourism enterprises and geographical regions. This has determined the diffusion of creative tourism based on principles of sustainability. However, debate on the issue - above all in Italy - is still ongoing as concerns definitions in line with scientific literature. Our research attempts to show that the foundations for the success of this kind of tourism lies in the consolidating of the local economy based on creativity in a systems logic. To this aim a case study on the Amalfi Coast area (Salerno) is presented providing a framework of the characteristics and creative potential in terms of tourism in order to highlight both the dynamics in act and the most significant elements for the construction of a creative ambience. Our study concludes however, that such a model cannot be considered merely a solution for all ills, but on the contrary, can be exploited only by territories that enjoy a creative humus. In other words, strategies put in place should exalt what is rooted in the geographical, social and cultural reality, i.e. as the potential base for the affirming of this new niche of cultural tourism. Otherwise, any initiatives undertaken risk becoming useless and a waste of resources.


title: Education for more Sustainable Travel Approaches in Group Tourism: Forum Anders Reisen
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 2
beginPage: 57
endPage: 59
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216100600010
year: 2014
authors: Clemens, O
docAbstract:
The paper will show how German tour operators facilitate sustainable tourism and encourage their travellers to value and respect heritage and living cultures of host communities by providing and promoting sustainability criteria. A selection of criteria will be presented and their effect on the stakeholders (host communities, travellers and tour operators) will be analysed.


type: J
volume: 25
issue: 1
beginPage: 96
endPage: 107
doi: 10.1080/13032917.2013.829507
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212449700008
year: 2014
authors: Ghaderi, Z, Khoshkam, M, Henderson, JC
title:
From snow skiing to grass skiing: implications of climate change for the ski industry in Dizin, Iran

docAbstract:
This paper is concerned with climate change and its implications, making particular reference to Dizin in Iran which is one of the country's leading snow ski resorts. The impacts of climate change on ski businesses are examined, alongside the consequences for local communities, their economies, and overall sustainability. In addition, attention is given to responses by affected enterprises and other stakeholders to the problems caused by falls in demand for snow skiing due to decreasing snow cover attributed to global warming. Adaptive strategies focus on marketing and product diversification with attempts to develop other nature-based pursuits throughout the year as an alternative to that of skiing, but there are concerns about the future among those who rely on snow skiers for a livelihood. Findings are derived from original research incorporating 30 interviews with those involved in the ski industry in Dizin, including residents from a nearby village.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 2
beginPage: 173
endPage: 184
doi: 10.3727/108354214X13963557455649
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213854800005
year: 2014
authors: Kirillova, K, Bordelon, BM, Pearlman, DM
title:
A COMPARISON OF EXPENDITURES BETWEEN NEW ORLEANS VOLUNTEER AND LEISURE TOURISTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABILITY

docAbstract:
While economic implications of volunteer tourism to the host economy have been acknowledged in previous tourism research, no empirical study to assess this influence has been published to date. This expenditure study begins to fill the gap in academic and practical knowledge. The purpose of this research was to compare and contrast the expenditure patterns of volunteer tourists with those of leisure tourists in New Orleans. Survey research methods were used to obtain a sample of volunteer tourists that was compared to a leisure tourist sample obtained from secondary data. Visitors' expenditures across six types of spending (local transportation, lodging, food/beverages, gambling, retail shopping, and tours/admission fees), demographics, and travel information were collected. Data analysis included t tests revealing that volunteer tourists' spending was lower in five out of six categories, total daily expenditures, and total trip spending. Volunteer tourists spent more on local transportation, but preferred cheaper accommodations and dining, seldom gambled, shopped little at the destination, and rarely visited tourist attractions. Examining differences in expenditure patterns can help a destination develop sustainable tourism policy and maximize economic benefits of volunteer tourism. In conclusion, this article proposes strategies to promote economically and culturally sustainable volunteer tourism.


title: DETERMINING INDICATORS OF MOUNTAIN DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4
beginPage: 441
endPage: 460
doi: 10.3727/108354214X14090817031071
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213857200005
year: 2014
authors: Kuscer, K
docAbstract:
This article identifies the important indicators of mountain destination development and groups them into factors. Based on an extensive review of literature, a comprehensive list of indicators of mountain destination development was formed. To gain real world insight, a survey was sent to an international sample of all stakeholders in mountain destinations and tourism researchers. Together this sample identified statistically significantly important indicators. An exploratory factor analysis was then made on these important indicators in order to find coherent factors that represent underlying dimensions of indicators of mountain destination development. A four-factor solution was produced and the factors were labeled based on the indicators that constituted them. The factors of mountain destination development that were discovered are "socioeconomic prosperity" and "preservation of natural environment," which correspond to the sustainability dimensions of the indicators of mountain destination development. The other two factors that were found are "tourist traffic and expenditure" and "visitor satisfaction," which provide a more classical view on how to measure mountain destination development. The results are useful for researchers in the field of mountain tourism and destination management, since there is a lack of literature regarding the sustainable development of destinations. Multiple authors also call for more research on indicators of sustainable development. Mountain destinations need to be able to respond quickly and properly to the challenges posed by the rapidly changing environment. The identified factors and their corresponding indicators of mountain destination development can prove useful for mountain destination managers and other stakeholders in mountain destinations, since they can help destinations to identify areas in which they excel and areas they need to improve in order to achieve sustainable destination development.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 5
beginPage: 466
endPage: 469
doi: 10.1108/WHATT-09-2014-0030
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214505800009
year: 2014
authors: Loureiro, A
title:
Did the context of economic crisis affect the image of Portugal as a tourist destination? The GDS's perspective

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to reflect on how Portugal has dealt with economic crisis with reference to the tourism industry and from the perspective of a global distribution systems (GDS) operator. Design/methodology/approach - The article is based on information drawn from official information sources and relevant data from Travelport. Findings - In recent years, Portugal has developed a positive image in its source markets as a result of a refined strategy and because of the intrinsic quality of its offer and price competitiveness, thus making it an attractive destination. Now the challenge is to maintain the pace and actions in support of Portugal's image, thereby ensuring its sustainability, with particular attention to security and the maintenance and cleanliness of public spaces. Originality/value - This article presents the perspective of a GDS operator with respect to the impacts of the Portuguese economic crisis on tourism and the responses made to address these challenges, thereby highlighting the resilience of tour operators.


title: HORMONAL RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT REST INTERVALS DURING RESISTANCE TRAINING WITH LIGHT LOADS
type: J
volume: 2
beginPage: 67
endPage: 71
doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.923517
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216988400012
year: 2014
authors: Mohamad-Panahi, P, Rohani, H, Lotfi, N
docAbstract:
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to determine the appropriate rest time between sets during weight training with light load. Material: Seventeen cadet wrestlers (age = 16.7 +/- 0.6 yrs.; height = 169.2 +/- 8.2 cm; and weight = 51.4 +/- 7.9 kg) were recruited from wrestling clubs in the Iranian province of Kurdistan and served as subjects in this study. This study was conducted over seven sessions with 48 hours recovery between sessions. In the first session, the characteristic features of subjects were recorded and the one repetition maximum in the bench press test was determined for each subject. On 6 separate occasions, subjects performed a 4 set of bench press at 60% 1RM with a 90 and 240 seconds rest interval until volitional fatigue. The numbers of repetition performed by the subjects, and also, cortisol and testosterone levels and 1RM were recorded. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the sustainability of repetitions during 4 sets bench press with 60 % load between 90 and 240 seconds rest intervals (rest interval effect) (p<0.05) as well as with 90% load. Results: Additionally, there was a significant difference in the sustainability of repetitions during 4 sets bench press in 90 and 240 seconds rest intervals, both, between light and heavy loads (load effect). Plasma cortisol concentrations significantly increased after all bench press trials. Also, the rest interval effect was statistically significant in both 60 % and 90% load trials. But, the load effect was only statistically significant in 90 seconds rest interval trial (p<0.05). In contrast, plasma testosterone concentrations significantly increased after 4 sets bench press only in 90 seconds rest interval with heavy load and 240 seconds rest interval with light load (p<0.05). Accordingly, testosterone to cortisol (T:C) ratio were significantly decreased after 4 sets bench press in 90 seconds rest interval with light load and 240 seconds rest interval with heavy load. Also, load effect was statistically significant only in 90 seconds rest interval trials and rest interval effect was statistically significant only in heavy load trials (p<0.05). Conclusions: Based on these results it can be concluded that when resistance training with light loads, higher resting interval (240 seconds) may be provides a better anabolic environment for muscle growth and keep the training intensity.


title: Rural Tourism and Local Development: Typical Productions of Lazio
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 36
endPage: 59
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216102700004
year: 2014
authors: Olivieri, FM
docAbstract:
The local development is based on the integration of the tourism sector with the whole economy. The rural tourism seems to be a good occasion to analyse the local development: consumption of "tourist products" located in specific local contexts. Starting from the food and wine supply chain and the localization of typical productions, the aim of the present work will be analyse the relationship with local development, rural tourism sustainability and accommodation system, referring to Lazio. Which are the findings to create tourism local system based on the relationship with touristic and food and wine supply chain? Italian tourism is based on accommodation system, so the whole consideration of the Italian cultural tourism: tourism made in Italy. The touristic added value to specific local context takes advantage from the synergy with food and wine supply chain: made in Italy of typical productions. Agritourism could be better accommodation typology to rural tourism and to exclusivity of consumption typical productions. The reciprocity among food and wine supply chain and tourism provides new insights on the key topics related to tourism development and to the organization of geographical space as well and considering its important contribution nowadays to the economic competitiveness.


title: Shared Living and Sustainability: Emerging Trends in the Tourism Industry
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 1
endPage: 18
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216102700002
year: 2014
authors: Valva, P
docAbstract:
An emerging concept in accommodations in the travel industry called Shared Living is blurring the lines between hospitality and residential living and is moving the industry towards greater ecological and social sustainability. Changing trends brought about by the sustainability challenge, climate change, technological advancements and increasing affluence and cultural awareness are disrupting the tourism industry. Meeting clients' needs for Leisure and Relaxation is not enough. Increasingly sustainability---conscious travelers expect their fundamental needs of Participation, Creation and Identity to be fulfilled as well. Today's travelers want to do more than eat, sleep and sightsee - they want to interact with the local communities they are visiting. But traditional accommodations offer little opportunity for travelers to engage with fellow travelers or local communities. Emerging trends in accommodations are increasingly connecting travelers to the people, organizations and projects that are changing lives and transforming communities. By understanding and adapting to the trends, the tourism industry can both contribute towards ecological social sustainability and reap the business benefits presented by the sustainability challenge of our time.


type: J
volume: 11
beginPage: 13
endPage: 16
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216995800003
year: 2014
authors: Voropay, SM, Buryanovatiy, OM
title:
THE INFLUENCE OF SPECIAL ACROBATIC CLASSES ON THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SUSTAINABILITY OF THE VESTIBULAR ANALYZER OF YOUNG 6-8 YEAR-OLD ALL-ROUND FIGHTERS ATTENDING BASIC TRAINING GROUPS

docAbstract:
Purpose: to increase the level of manifestation sustainability of the vestibular analyzer young fighters-allrounders aged 6-8 years in initial training through a shift from the technical and tactical training in the direction of general physical and acrobatic. The research task was to prove the effectiveness of training, aimed at special acrobatic training at the level of the manifestation of stability of the vestibular analyzer young fighters-all-rounders aged 6-8 years who are engaged in military-sports-around in initial training. Material: the research has been done at the premises of the Kirovograd Federation of military and sports all-rounders. It covered 40 young sportsmen divided into two groups of 20 persons each: an experimental and control group. The research was conducted during the two years engaging steady student population. Results: it is established that after the execution of the experimental training program most likely changes were observed among the indicators vestibular illusions against rotation (VIAR) (43.3 %), after performing traditional training programs respectively to 10.6 %; less noticeable changes among the indicators heart rate and eyes nystagmus (2,6%, 1,62% and 0,4%). Conclusions: shifting focus from technical and tactical training in the direction of the general physical and acrobatic increase the level of manifestation of the stability of the vestibular young fighters all-rounders aged 6-8 years.


title: Organizing local "green" entrepreneurship: a brand perspective
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 3
beginPage: 235
endPage: 246
doi: 10.1108/JPMD-05-2014-0007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213935100005
year: 2014
authors: Willemsen, SJ, van der Veen, G
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to show how current insights on place branding are used to organize "green" entrepreneurship in the Dutch Utrechtse Heuvelrug region. The role of place is explored in establishing a differentiated meaning for green entrepreneurship and providing an inspirational source for innovations, resulting in a green economic value proposition designed and communicated through branding. Design/methodology/approach - From the literature, different perspectives on the role and function of the place were derived, which lead to the choice of an identity-based entrepreneurial brand. To define the regional identity, qualitative and quantitative research were conducted. In addition, co-creation sessions were organized to further develop the brand. Findings - Taking place branding as the starting point, a framework has been developed, introducing the regional identity as an open space, linking locally based sub-brands to enhance power. To deliver economical and social value in an area with no leading business to sustainability and well-developed business skills, cluster development has been introduced as a way to create new economic activity and sustainable impact. Practical implications - The strategy of separating stakeholders and position them as locally based brands enables place planners and marketers to manage place brand complexity, which generally delays the process, often limiting place branding to "logos and slogans". Originality/value - This paper provides a case study, which offers new perspectives on the issue of managing complexity, which is inevitable in organizing a place brand.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 2
beginPage: 121
endPage: 141
doi: 10.1080/19388160.2013.849641
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435280800001
year: 2014
authors: Xu, FF, Fox, D, Zhang, J, Cheng, SW
title:
The Institutional Sustainability in Protected Area Tourism-Case Studies of Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Area, China and New Forest National Park, United Kingdom

docAbstract:
This article considers sustainable tourism development in two protected areas, Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Area in China and the New Forest National Park in the United Kingdom. An inductive approach is used to explore the "fourth component" of sustainable tourism development that is institutional sustainability. Primary data from in-depth interviews, together with a range of secondary data sources, are analyzed to understand the governance and management of each area. These reveal that whilst each area is committed to sustainable development, their approaches differ because of the political, economic, and socio-cultural contexts. The implications for policy and practice are then discussed.


title: Strategic Networks for Sustainable Tourism Development
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 19
endPage: 35
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216102700003
year: 2014
authors: Yoveva, IK
docAbstract:
This paper proposes an innovative approach towards introduction of an up---to---date sustainable development philosophy founded on the principles of combination and balance of common and individual interests on multilateral perspective, i.e. individuals vs. organizations, public groups vs. governmental authorities, industry vs. macroeconomic development, nation states vs. international regional development etc. The optimal implementation of such an approach is imminently dependent on an authentic self---awareness of own identity, values, purposes and motivation for positive contribution to the common well---being. The author's arguments are based on the conviction that when more individuals and organizations harness deeper understanding of the mutual benefits within their operations area and undertake collaborative efforts to solve common problem their steadfast long---term development may be secured even in times of social---economic---political---eco---etc. crises and within a dynamically changing environment. Main purpose of current article is the concentration of the research on looking for and applying the principles of consistency, exchange of good collaborative practices and consequently strategic and operational utilization of the synergy effect, systems thinking and the holistic approach. Collaborative efforts would lead to greater effectiveness and optimization that satisfies individual and common interests in multiple environmental dimensions. The study aims to analyze the potential of a new network paradigm for provision of effectively applied strategies within the contemporary sustainable development context. Some good practices within the area of joint development of sustainable strategic networks in tourism industry in Bulgaria are presented. A case study of a culinary and hospitality cluster recently established in the Dobrudzha region is about to demonstrates the strategic network viability and sustainability in a contemporary agricultural geographic context.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 4
beginPage: 27
endPage: 48
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000438906300002
year: 2013
authors: Weight, EA, Roberts, LW
title:
In Pursuit of Sport Sustainability Fund-Raising and the NCAA Division I Track and Field Core Product

docAbstract:
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I track and field programs have been a target of elimination in recent decades (Irick, 2011) as funds are often allocated to sports that provide the largest perceived potential return on investment (Marburger & Hogshead-Makar, 2003). Building on research that documents the influential role coaches can play in sport sustainability efforts (Cooper, 2012; Weight, 2010; Weight & Cooper, 2011), this study examines fund raising and fortification strategies of 111 Division I coaches through survey methodology. Important fund raising strategies emerged including communication with donors, maintaining an up-to-date contact database, and providing thank-you notes and/or gifts to donors. Fortification strategies to enhance demand for collegiate track and field included decreasing the length of competitions and scoring regular season meets.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 4
beginPage: 671
endPage: 685
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212578500013
year: 2013
authors: Santos, MCD, Padua, SM, Neiman, Z
title:
Challenges and opportunities for the implementation of tourism cooperative as a tool for viability of RPPNs in Ilheus (BA, Brazil)

docAbstract:
The Private Reserves of the Natural Heritage (RPPNs) of Ilheus Municipality (BA, Brazil) exert a strong attractiveness, though in their majority they do not have the infrastructure to receive tourists. Because there is no economic support from government agencies they need and wish to seek in tourism their economic viability. This study comprises a research with RPPN owners and directors of institutions that are linked to tourism, with the aim of briefly assessing the difficulties and potentials that occur, so that tourism can become a regional option. We defend the importance of partnerships based on a culture of cooperation among RPPNs, public sector, cooperatives and financial institutions, enhancing the economic sustainability of the regional tourism trade.


title: Differentiation in the tourism sector: an evolutionary analysis
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 5
beginPage: 1107
endPage: 1122
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0330
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000326306100008
year: 2013
authors: Garcia, D, Tugores, M
docAbstract:
The debate on the sustainability of mass tourism development strategies for given destinations has focused to a large degree on the advisability of shifting the pattern of specialization towards higher quality. However, little and limited theoretical analysis exists to support this idea. This paper proposes an evolutionary agent-based model for analysing this topic. Different initial configurations of the distribution of hotel qualities and varied saturation levels in the destination lead to different equilibrium configurations. It is found that high-quality and low-quality segments coexist in most of the simulations. Also, the saturation level of a given destination is crucial in determining the weight of the different quality segments up to a limit or maximum level beyond which a strategy of enhancing quality is no longer effective.


title: Strategies Implemented by Top NCAA Olympic Coaches to Enhance Support Surrounding Their Programs
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 1
endPage: 23
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000438905700001
year: 2013
authors: Weight, EA, Cooper, CG, Roberts, L
docAbstract:
A shift in institutional priorities related to profit maximization in "big time" sport programs (men's basketball and football) has led to the elimination of many men's Olympic sport programs (Ridpath, Yiamouyiannis, Lawrence, & Galles, 2009). As previous literature has demonstrated, coaches can work toward minimizing elimination decisions by raising money that will limit the financial burden of their program on the athletic department (Weight, 2010). Thus, the purpose of the study was to explore fund-raising practices of top NCAA Division I wrestling coaches (N = 10) to determine strategies that programs can implement to encourage sustainability initiatives. Following the identification of top coaches, respondents were interviewed to determine factors for giving and the best practices being implemented in the field. The interviews were coded and analyzed for common themes. These themes and their subcategories are discussed to provide a foundation for coaches to implement fund-raising initiatives of their own.


title: A MODEL FOR THE SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVENESS OF TOURISM DESTINATIONS
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 2
beginPage: 7
endPage: 26
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219063300002
year: 2013
authors: Magliulo, A
docAbstract:
The sustainable competitiveness of tourism destinations is a subject that has stimulated growing interest amongst scholars and public operators. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the preparation of a simple territorial planning model that can be applied to small and large destinations. The essay is divided up into three parts, In the first part, I seck to establish, in view of the latest literature, exactly what the sustainable competitiveness of tourism destinations really is. In the second part, I present a possible measurement system. model.


title: The Main Aspects of Safety of Rural Tourism in Latvia
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 5-6
beginPage: 6
endPage: 20
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000421661200002
year: 2013
authors: Atstaja, D
docAbstract:
The development of the local tourism market is an essential part of the Latvian tourism sector and one of the marketing strategy goals of the Latvian tourism. Today priority is given to the aspects like quality, innovations and product compliance with the current market trends and requirements, namely demographic changes and change in consumer behaviour, safety, authentic offers, and environment protection. This trend should also be taken into consideration in Latvia, for the major part of tourists in Europe are experienced travellers with high requirements. The main purpose of the article is to give an introduction to rural tourism directions and safety aspects.


title: Assets and obstacles: an analysis of OUA hockey from the coaches' perspective
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 246
endPage: 259
doi: 10.1108/SBM-01-2012-0001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214733600006
year: 2013
authors: Chard, CR, Hyatt, C, Foster, WM
docAbstract:
Canada are routinely ignored by consumers and the media. The authors' goal was to better understand the context in which Ontario university hockey struggles and to address the theoretical question of how best to examine and evaluate the problems of sport-specific organizations. Using the Value Dynamics Framework (VDF), the purpose of this paper was to examine whether or not this framework fits well with the realities facing not-for-profit OUA hockey teams, and if not, to create a framework specific to these teams. Design/methodology/approach - Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 of the 19 (77 percent) OUA hockey coaches during the 2010/2011 hockey season. The interview guide was drawn from the VDF elements and enabled the researchers to understand not-for-profit organizational assets, including physical, financial, employee/supplier, customer, and organizational. Findings - This paper offers empirical insights about the assets and obstacles facing the OUA hockey league and its teams. For example, players, coaches, affiliation with universities, and the hockey product are noted assets. Obstacles for strategic growth include arenas, suppliers, media attention, financial sustainability, parity with other leagues in Canada, and leadership. The VDF proved a useful foil to suggest that something is needed that more accurately represents sport management-specific situations. Research limitations/implications - The main limitation of this study is that it lacks generalizability. Although motivated to better understand not-for-profit sport in general, the authors' model is specific to OUA men's hockey teams. However, their OUA hockey team-specific revised VDF does provide insights into the assets available to coaches, and also acknowledges the corresponding challenges or obstacles surrounding the asset classes in the context of OUA hockey. Practical implications - This paper provides an approach towards making a more generalizable not-for-profit sport model that could help explain the success (or lack of success) of such organizations. Originality/value - This study addresses a need to develop a framework to examine and evaluate not-for-profit sport-specific organizations, such as the teams in the OUA.


title: Growth of Tourism Industry in North East India with Special Reference to Sikkim
type: J
volume: 38
issue: 2
beginPage: 175
endPage: 188
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2013.11081743
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453398700005
year: 2013
authors: Dam, S
docAbstract:
North Eastern Region (NER) of India has immense resource potential to develop tourism Of late, tourism industry in North Eastern States (NESs) has taken a lead and has done fairly well in the last 12 years or so by attracting more tourists to the region. The study reveals that Assam is the leading state in terms of overall inflow of tourists' in the region while Sikkim proves to be preferred destination of foreign tourists among NESs. Present study also reveals that Sikkim is better prepared to host both domestic and foreign tourists in the NER. The paper makes an attempt to explore the reasons for Sikkim's popularity among foreign tourists visiting NESs and the effect of increased influx of visitors on tourism sustainability in the region.


title: Corporate Social Responsibility as a competitive advantage in Tourism sector
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 7
beginPage: 36
endPage: 51
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000421663200004
year: 2013
authors: Hamarneh, I
docAbstract:
This paper deals with the subject of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) with particular reference to the tourism sector in the Czech Republic. The paper provides an overview of CSR including the definition of CSR, CSR initiatives and characteristics of CSR in the Czech Republic. The paper also contains the author's own survey oriented on travel agencies and collective accommodation establishments in the Czech Republic.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 2
beginPage: 155
endPage: 170
doi: 10.1108/JPMD-04-2012-0014
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213930300006
year: 2013
authors: Ibem, EO, Uwakonye, O, Aduwo, EB
title:
An appraisal of urban renewal in Nigeria A case study of the Nigerian Army Shopping Arena, Oshodi-Lagos

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to appraise the sustainability of the Nigerian Army Shopping Arena urban renewal project in Oshodi-Lagos, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - Case study research design was adopted for the study and both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used. Data were collected from randomly selected 94 business operators in the shopping complex using structured questionnaires, while oral interviews were conducted with two purposively selected members of the project management team. Data were also collected through non-participant observation and analysed by using both descriptive statistics and content analysis. Findings - The project was executed using the build-operate-transfer (BOT) arrangement, and users were generally satisfied with facilities provided, except for the provision of utilities. Access to public facilities, creation of job opportunities, community involvement and sense of ownership, as well as the provision of facilities for pedestrian and vehicle users were considered as contributing optimally, while adherence to the principle of green design and construction was rated as contributing minimally to the sustainability of the project. Practical implications - The adoption of BOT can facilitate access to funds for urban renewal projects in the developing countries. Creation of job opportunities, ensuring users' satisfaction, community involvement and compatibility with environment can promote the sustainability of urban renewal projects in the developing countries. Originality/value - The study extents our understanding of funding mechanisms, users' satisfaction with, and the sustainability of urban renewal projects from the Nigerian perspective.


type: J
volume: 11
beginPage: 85
endPage: 93
doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.817931
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216987100015
year: 2013
authors: Mavazhdeh, SBAM
title:
PHYSICAL REHABILITATION IN OSTEOCHONDROSIS OF THE LUMBAR SPINE, COMPLICATED UNSTABLE SEGMENTS AND INTERVERTEBRAL DISC PROTRUSIONS

docAbstract:
Shows the effect of physical rehabilitation to restore patients with lumbar osteochondrosis with instability segments and intervertebral disc protrusions. In epsilon ksperimente participated in 60 patients aged 24-70 years, divided into main and control groups of 30 people each. The survey was conducted on patients' clinical stage of rehabilitation in acute, sub-acute and remission for 20 days at admission (before treatment, on the 10th and 20th day of treatment). It is proved that the developed program of physical rehabilitation is effective recovery of patients is higher than the program of hospital where they were treated. It is noted that the rehabilitation program helps to reduce pain, restore mobility of the lumbar spine, improving the sustainability of elderly patients, reducing travel time distance 50m, raising confidentsion in walking distance to the passage of an increase in the pain.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 4
beginPage: 62
endPage: +
doi: 10.9707/1944-5660.1183
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000409019700006
year: 2013
authors: Pann, J, Yehl, A, Wood, P, Schoepp, J, Solomon, G, Enders, C
title:
Implementation and Evaluation of a Multidimensional Nutrition and Physical Activity Initiative Funded by a Community Health Foundation

docAbstract:
Despite significant attention in recent years, obesity continues to be a major public health concern in the U.S. The Health Foundation of South Florida (HFSF) aimed to improve healthy eating habits and physical activity through Healthy Eating Active Communities, a five-year, multilevel responsive grantmaking initiative. The authors give an overview of the program and document the collaborative process that HFSF, the evaluator, and grantees undertook to initiate and sustain this effort. This article provides an example of the potential for partnerships to facilitate effective program implementation in this area, utilize practical program evaluation, and promote program growth and sustainability.


title: Changing Cultural Developments along a Tourist Route in Bali
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 8
beginPage: 19
endPage: 31
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216096800003
year: 2013
authors: Romanos, M, Jenkins, LD
docAbstract:
One of the most important routes for cultural tourism in Bali connects the seaside tourist town of Sanur to the provincial capital city of Denpasar, continues through the Sukawati Art Market, skirts the village of Mas, site of many studios and workshops, and culminates in Ubud, the historic artistic center of Bali. The city of Ubud is the epicenter of a renowned tradition of painting but it is also a community staggering under the influx of tourists arriving via this route. The roadway from Sanur to Ubud illustrates a range of different types of arts-based heritage tourism, from mass-produced art for beachside tourists in Sanur to several high-end galleries in Ubud. This trajectory of towns and their varied relationships with the arts and tourism illustrate the potentials and pitfalls of arts tourism as a means of development, and this roadway highlights the challenges of crafting sustainable routes for tourists interested in the arts.


title: To Hell and Back: towards protecting our natural assets through tourism?
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 1
beginPage: 89
endPage: 98
doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2013.765752
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442839400008
year: 2013
authors: Wensink, CM, Pienkowski, MW
docAbstract:
We have neglected our past and present, so that the future of our natural and built heritage is uncertain. Recent and current work, including an EU-supported joint project between the National Trust for the Cayman Islands, National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands, the Turks and Caicos National Trust and UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum, are providing a future for natural and historical assets. We can now contemplate our future with a sense of optimism. We can imagine grandparents walking with their grandchildren, telling them tales of how their ancestors built forts with only their hands; school teachers leading trails of excited children through forests that have provided ecosystem services to generations. The approach is to improve facilities for conducting ecologically sustainable visitor tours, with trained staff generating self-sustaining income; to provide and implement environmental educational and public awareness material, involving local consultations and designed to provide information to decision-makers, developers and planning authorities; and to implement conservation measures to provide increased protection for key vulnerable ecosystems. In Cayman, one can send a postcard from a town called Hell. The preservation and sustainability generated through these projects is bringing the natural and built heritage a future, perhaps on a route to Hell and Back.


title: RESEARCH PAPER SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM PERSPECTIVE
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 115
endPage: 126
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219051000009
year: 2012
authors: Johnson, C, Ergul, M, Kleinrichert, D
docAbstract:
The social entrepreneurship concept has been widely reported in the popular media and may be found within many programs in leading business schools. Social entrepreneurship is often included in discussions of non-profit studies, entrepreneurship, and corporate social responsibility. Concurrently, it would seem that many hospitality corporations are displaying greater awareness of their role in the community and pursuing some aspects of social entrepreneurship. There is evidence that a growing number of businesses make significant contributions to the community locally, regionally, nationally and even internationally. These companies appear to adopt socially responsible strategies, through philanthropy, environmental awareness and community support. This is an exploratory study that attempted to establish some further details of social entrepreneurship within the hospitality and tourism industries. Interviews were conducted with four prominent members within the sectors who were identified as social entrepreneurs. The results of this study are highly relevant to the hospitality and tourism industries, and may provide examples of best practice for other companies in related sectors.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 5
beginPage: 521
endPage: 529
doi: 10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.067
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212573700007
year: 2012
authors: Icoz, O, Gunlu, E, Icoz, O
title:
The role of travel intermediaries in the development of sustainable mountain tourism. The case of Turkey

docAbstract:
The aim of the study is to investigate the current situation of mountain tourism and its sustainability in Turkey as a new and ascending tourism product. In addition, tourism policies of Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism in the mountain tourism area are scrutinized. Not only the tourism policies of the government are enough to promote a new alternative tourism type, but also the role and effects of tourism middlemen such as travel agencies, tour operators, and tour wholesalers cannot be denied in the promotion of a destination. Mountain tourism can be accepted and classified as one of these mentioned alternative and newly developed types of tourism in many destinations. Therefore, mountain tourism could be one of the best alternative tourism opportunities for many destinations if they have sufficient resources, namely naturally attractive mountains and related infra and/or superstructure.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 2
beginPage: 77
endPage: 89
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219050200005
year: 2012
authors: Smith, RA
title:
A MODEL OF INTEGRATE D BEACH RESORT DEVELOPMENT: Sustainability and the role of corporate social responsibility

docAbstract:
This research focuses on integrated beach resorts in Southeast Asia. Integrated development arose as a response to the earlier, ad hoc, forms of development, which were generally found to be unsustainable. A tentative model of integrated development, based on the beach resort at Nusa Dua, Bali, as proposed two decades earlier, is taken as the basis for the development of a new, more robust, Model of Integrated Beach Resort Development (MIBRD). To achieve this, the case of Laguna Phuket, an integrated beach resort in Phuket, Thailand, is compared with the earlier model and updated data from its original case, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. The MIBRD incorporates several clarifications and inclusions such as the addition of zones of informal commerce, golf course and second homes that were not in the earlier model. The business district, which was previously not differentiated, is now categorized into a Residential Business District (RBD) and a Commercial Business District (CBD). Analysis of informal commerce at both Nusa Dua and Laguna Phuket provide new perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), specifically between informal and formal commerce in these two cases. CSR is identified as a major force in shaping the overall resort landscape and the resort's sustainability.


title: Food marketing: the public house sector
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 255
endPage: 270
doi: 10.1108/17554211211232373
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214496300006
year: 2012
authors: Jones, R, Rowley, J
docAbstract:
Purpose - This article aims to address the paucity of research in relation to eating establishments and food marketing by focussing on the public house sector in the UK. Design/methodology/approach - This research uses secondary data and a qualitative case study approach to investigate pub food marketing in independent public houses based in North Wales, UK. Findings - The public house sector is a market in decline. Challenges in the market are identified, however, provision of food as part of the market offering provides vital opportunities for additional profit and sustainability. Successful pub food marketing includes: understanding customers; targeting and controlling future markets; e-marketing; promoting the pub theme/environment; promotion of food "value"; community involvement; and employee training. Research limitations/implications - Although this is only one small sample of independent public houses, this research provides indications of the marketing issues related to food and dining out, for managers of pubs and other restaurant establishments generally. Practical implications - The article provides a comprehensive list of marketing issues and solutions that will be useful to publicans and restaurateurs. Originality/value - This research furthers knowledge and understanding in relation to the marketing of pub food and the marketing of eating establishments in general. Marketing of food is complex; it requires an understanding of the dynamism between the eating establishment, the tourist destination and community base together with an understanding of the combined food product and service offering, and the overall dining experience.


title: KEY SUCCESS FACTOR OF SPAS - INTERVIEWS WITH LEADERS IN THREE SPA TOWNS IN HUNGARY
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 1
beginPage: 6
endPage: 22
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219220100002
year: 2012
authors: Bacsi, Z, Loke, Z, Kovacs, E
docAbstract:
The objective of the present research was to identify the role of health tourism in the competitiveness of three Hungarian counties (Baranya, Somogy and Zala) of the Croatian-Hungarian border area. The key factors of success and criteria for sustainability were to be found in order to help the local decision-makers in their attempts to create a strategy for the development of health tourism. As a part of a large research project the current paper describes the results of a qualitative survey of 21 interviews with mayors, spa managers, and hotel managers, to represent general tourism supply to identify the impacts of health tourism developments on the settlement, the economic and social effects on the local population. The selection of interviewees was done to ensure, that successful, average, and not really successful spa towns were represented among the locations. Among the possible locations in counties Zala, Somogy and Baranya the interviews were finally conducted in Heviz, Zalaszentgrot, Nagyatad, Marcali, Harkany and Szigetvar, and, to include a location where planned spa development was not implemented, in the village Somogysamson. Besides, the president of the Hungarian Baths' Association was interviewed, who used to be the director of the Szent Andras Rheumatic Hospital in Heviz for a long time. Due to some of the interviewees' non availability two additional locations, Letenye and Kehidakustany, were also included to complete the list of interviews. An interview was conducted with the mayor of Somogysamson about an unimplemented spa development plan. The main findings of the research underlined that the number of domestic tourists, and within this wellness tourists, is very low compared to the opportunities. For this reason the further development of domestic tourism is of crucial importance. The reasons for that are partly the prevailing habits, the lack of tourism culture, the lack of recreation culture, and financial difficulties. The successful, progressive spas are those that have continued their development activities relying on their natural endowments, and responding with their innovations to the current expectations of the market and the environment. They have improved their medical treatments, introduced new machinery and technology, built new sight and fun components in the spa. Financial efficiency was achieved by those who were able to attract a sustainable number of visitors. According to the international literature an attraction with a visitor-centre like establishment (a museum, a fun park, a spa, etc.) will be very profitable after it reached 1 million visitors a year in terms of services sold. A small spa may be financially viable, if the capacities are well designed and the construction responds to the services demanded, as the example of Nagyatad shows. An adequate spa town image would definitely be needed for the further development of spas. BalatonfUred and Heviz are the only spas that have started to establish a real spa image in Hungary. The other important component should be the complete documentation for the patients and the treatments in spas and spa hotels, and the same is valid for wellness and fitness. The client should be informed about the impacts of the treatment on the patient's condition. The spas that are situated in small settlements do not possess resources for financing more serious marketing actions. They also lack creative groups of staff to develop a long-run strategy for the settlement, and to implement planned development projects. The microregions may be the suitable units to take over this role, but because of too many tasks it is highly questionable whether they are able to carry out such strategic developments. There is need for setting up a national resource inventory, and certain components of developing this system could be done at research and development teams of the universities. This resource inventory could reflect the endowments of the currently existing spas, their visitor numbers, and their qualities. One of the most problematic areas of the operation of medicinal spas in Hungary is the issue of support from the National Health Insurance Fund, as the amounts have been the same in the last four years. Without this support the spas would not be able to sustain themselves, but the prices of the treatments should be redefined, this is a crucial aspect of sustainability.


title: Beyond Local Agenda 21: The Search For The Implementation Of Sustainability At The Local Level
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 4
beginPage: 126
endPage: 139
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000421660800010
year: 2012
authors: Morpeth, ND
docAbstract:
This paper discusses how principles of sustainability have previously been assimilated in policy development and policy delivery within three UK local authorities. The paper provides insights from a small-scale research project which through the application of a case study research strategy examined the role not only of LA21 Officers, but a range of local authority officers, politicians and community representatives engaged in policy development for sustainability. This paper explores methodological observations on the application of 'bottom-up models' of policy analysis used to evaluate the emergence of community based policy development, and local implementation structures which articulate community visions of sustainability at a local level. The ideas for the paper were initially written in 2003 and since then local sustainability has been subsumed into local authority corporatist policy agendas driven by national government directives. This update on the paper notes that whilst sustainability is now a mandatory component of Local Strategic Partnership and Community Strategies, arguably an opportunity has been lost to solidify community aspirations for the future dynamic of community articulated sustainability, supported by local authority LA21 policy frameworks. This paper considers scenarios for methodologies which fully capture current community perspectives of the slippery concept of sustainability. It also considers how to 'capture' community actors/voices and their interface with local authority actors in what was previously viewed as a shared vision in local sustainability. These considerations on the search for new methodologies, position contemporary discourses in sustainability under the 'shadow' of socalled Big Society.


title: The Role of the Congregation in Community Service: A Philanthropic Case Study
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 21
endPage: +
doi: 10.4087/FOUNDATIONREVIEW-D-12-00015.1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408993200002
year: 2012
authors: Mulder, MT, Napp, K, Carlson, NE, Ingraffia, Z, Bridgewater, K, Hernandez, E
docAbstract:
The authors discuss the Family Leadership Initiative, a collaboratively designed program to strengthen families and improve children's education in Grand Rapids, Mich. Monthly meetings were held for parents and children that included bonding time, parent education and homework support for students, and time for ministry. Initial evaluation shows high levels of satisfaction, with students reporting some academic improvements. In addition, the program provided a rare opportunity for congregations to collaborate with each other. Future success depends on whether modifications to the program strike a delicate balance that nurtures sustainability, collaboration, and responsiveness.


type: J
issue: 22
beginPage: 18
endPage: 24
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000210445500003
year: 2012
authors: Ryan, TA
title:
Understanding Green Marketing and Advertising in Consumer Society: An Analysis of Method Cleaning Products

docAbstract:
This study attempts to understand green marketing and advertising in consumer society, with specific regard to Method cleaning products. The study uses rhetorical analysis to examine both the copy and the visuals of various marketing communication pieces published by Method, and via the application of agenda-setting theory, reveals that Method may be putting forth a socio-political agenda invoking a green consumer-citizen. The findings will inform consumers and practitioners both of the potential implications of green marketing communications.


type: J
volume: 9
issue: 4
beginPage: 543
endPage: 557
doi: 10.25145/j.pasos.2011.09.053
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212567100005
year: 2011
authors: Vasconcelos-Vasquez, K, Balbastre-Benavent, F, Redondo-Cano, AM
title:
Is certification for sustainable tourism complementary to ISO 9000 certification? The case of the Parque del Lago Hotel in Costa Rica

docAbstract:
The value of this paper lies in the fact that it provides a comparative analysis between ISO 9000:2000 standards and the Costa Rica CST sustainability standard. It aims to obtain differences and similarities between both certification systems from this comparison and to analyze how they contribute to business management and sustainability. The analysis highlights which organizational changes a company must develop in order to achieve efficiency and ensure customer satisfaction.


type: J
volume: 29
issue: 3
beginPage: 38
endPage: 54
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442884300004
year: 2011
authors: Vogt, C, McCole, D
title:
Informing Sustainability Decisions: The Role of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Scholars in Addressing Unsustainability

docAbstract:
As policy makers, organizations, and citizens employ their resources toward the creation of more sustainable communities, scholars play an important role in outreach to introduce science- and evidence-based practices to a sustainable transition process. Goals that are implemented into programs, projects, or interventions become valuable applied science-based knowledge. This paper features three cases of academicians partnering with non-academic stakeholders to foster more sustainable planning, policy, and implementation in the parks, recreation, and tourism (PRT) field. Because of their long involvement with the concepts of sustainability, as applied to natural resources recreation and tourism, PRT scholars are well suited to contribute to initiatives that endeavor to create more sustainable communities, especially since many such efforts involve the use of natural resources for recreation and tourism purposes. However, in order to best add value to their contributions, it is critical that PRT scholars regularly examine and reflect upon their roles and actions in sustainability efforts. This paper aims to do that by presenting three cases and observing the roles and academic interventions of PRT scholars in broader community sustainability efforts. The cases utilize three different types of academic interventions; a mail survey, a two-year integrated assessment process, and a white paper policy analysis. The findings of the case studies contribute to the knowledge base and demonstrate examples of how parks, recreation, and tourism scholars can play an important role in community efforts toward sustainability.


title: SEASONAL CHANGES ON RESORT PATRONAGE IN CROSS RIVER STATE - NIGERIA
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 19
endPage: 30
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219040600003
year: 2011
authors: Eja, E, Ajake, A, Effiom, V, Ndomah, B
docAbstract:
The seasonal changes on the influence of visitors in Calabar has not only affected the tourism development but has constituted great concern to various stakeholders in the tourism industry, especially the providers of recreational services in the area. This paper critically examines the seasonal changes that occur in the various resorts with respect to patronage, income generation, origin of tourist and the available recreational facilities and services in the area. Three basic resorts were used which include Marina resort, Aqua vista resort and Orange resort. Data were obtained from secondary sources and findings revealed that resorts in Calabar witness a high seasonal fluctuation in terms of patronage especially during the wet season which is usually characterized with no events. However, December was observed as the peak period for revenue generation and usually with high rate of tourist influx. Therefore, the sustainability of a resort destination depends on the various stakeholders in the industry.


type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 31
endPage: 51
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219040600004
year: 2011
authors: Sharma, SK, Manandhar, P, Khadka, SR
title:
EVEREST TOURISM: Forging links to sustainable mountain development. A critical discourse on politics of places and peoples

docAbstract:
This paper explores the relationships between tourism interventions and the changes in socioeconomic power relations of stakeholders of Everest tourism. The consequences of tourism intervention have been analyzed and interpreted through dialectical phenomenology. Political ecology framework is used as an analytical model for inductive logic generation from the observations of social interactions on Everest tourism. Impacts of tourism interventions on local environment, culture, livelihood of the indigenous people and overall socioeconomic power relations of the people in this region have been interpreted and discussed with the theoretical perspectives of political economy and bio-environmental relationships. Through critical realism on political ecology it is concluded that the interventions of Everest tourism cannot assure the sustainability of the indigenous society, environment and economy of the region. The findings are interpreted in the line of rhetoric on Ecological Modernization Theory.


type: J
volume: 60
issue: 1
beginPage: 55
endPage: 70
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213663600005
year: 2011
authors: Maher, PT
title:
Expedition cruise visits to protected areas in the Canadian Arctic: Issues of sustainability and change for an emerging market

docAbstract:
Many academics claim that expedition cruises to the Polar Regions are an emerging market. However, such cruises have frequently visited the Antarctic since the early 1990's and even earlier in the Arctic, such as the first expedition in 1984 to the territory of Nunavut in the Canadian Arctic. This paper will examine some of the issues and implications that cruise tourism has for protected areas (particularly national parks) that are accessible to expedition cruises throughout the Canadian Arctic. Protected areas contribute to creating a sustainable industry through both their conservation of the landscape, but also in acting as a key attraction and thus economic driver for nearby communities. However, protected areas also rely on a sustainable tourism industry. This paper will utilize empirical data from two studies (2007 and 2009) that examined cruise visitors to Auyuittuq, Sirmilik and Quttinirpaaq National Parks in Nunavut and Torngat Mountains National Park in Nunatsiavut (Northern Labrador), and visitor management of such. In addition, first hand personal experience and knowledge from professional colleagues will be used to underpin survey results. Socio-economic changes, such as the downturn in the global economy effecting demand, occurring in line with environmental changes, such as climate change have significant effects on the Arctic landscape and wildlife. Thus, many levels of government management for these protected areas need to make changes in order to adapt. Cruise tourism in this region is globally connected to other regions and examination of this will also occur.


type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 35
endPage: 47
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000421659800003
year: 2011
authors: Houska, P
title:
Theoretical Basis for Understanding Quality in Tourism From Perspective of the Czech Republic's Practice

docAbstract:
Communicating quality to tourism consumers is one of the most important activity in the field of tourism. As a professional body UNWTO (World Tourism Organization of the United Nations) defines quality in tourism as "the result of a process which implies the satisfaction of all the legitimate product and service needs, requirements and expectations of the consumer, at an acceptable price, in conformity with mutually accepted contractual conditions and the underlying quality determinants such as safety and security, hygiene, accessibility, transparency, authenticity and harmony of the tourism activity concerned with its human and natural environment."[1] The rapid growth in alternative destinations worldwide means that Europe's tourism industry today faces the need to be ever more quality conscious to continue to attract tourists in a global market place. Quality is rapidly becoming a decisive competitive instrument in tourism. A quality product is crucial - for a viable business, for an attractive destination and for the sustainability of the tourism industry across Europe. From the above mentioned facts it is clear that the tourist's satisfaction level from staying at a destination depends not only on their experience with specific tourist services, but also on more intangible factors, i.e. hospitality, safety and security, cleanliness etc. This is a crucial fact, especially with a view to preparation of the "Czech National Quality System of Tourism Services" which is focused primarily on the quality of single tourism services.


title: Cognitive maps: a sustainable tool for impact evaluation
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 1
beginPage: 44
endPage: 62
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2011.539381
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214511400004
year: 2011
authors: Lask, T
docAbstract:
The objective of the research on which this paper is based is to find out what impact Liverpool 08 will have on local cultural habitus, and how the sustainability of this impact can be measured and monitored. Too often, evaluation became a box-ticking exercise for decision makers to demonstrate transparency and to objectively prove results. However, evaluations are usually ephemeral, and do not systematically integrate inputs from the end-receivers/consumers of public policies. Decision makers prefer quantitative indicators, that are well known, easily applied and comprehensible to a broad audience, but leave out emotional and participatory aspects. Introducing a hermeneutical approach to understand the impacts of cultural policy allows access to the emotional and qualitative experience of policy impacts on everyday cultural life. This paper suggests that cognitive mapping turned into an evaluation method promotes residents as local experts on everyday construction of cultural space, and gives them an opportunity to participate in the evaluation process. The geography of the local population's interaction with urban space as a creative force conveys emotional attachment to particular parts of the city, determines the essential elements for cultural life and space and its comparison to the city's legitimised cultural space shows how far the bottom-up and the top-down approaches match: the smaller the gap between them, the higher the sustainability of cultural policy.


title: Toward a Sustainable Marketplace: Expanding Options and Benefits for Consumers
type: J
issue: 19
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000420683400008
year: 2011
docAbstract:
While popular interest in sustainable consumption continues to grow, there is a persistent gap between consumers' typically positive explicit attitudes towards sustainability and their actual consumption behaviours. This gap can be explained, in part, by the belief that choosing to consume sustainably is both constraining and reduces individual-level benefits. While the belief that sustainable consumption depends on making trade-offs is true in some contexts, increasingly consumers are finding that more sustainable forms of consumption can provide both an expanded set of options and additional, individual-level benefits. In this essay, we discuss and illustrate an expanded set of options and benefits across the consumption cycle: from acquisition to usage and disposition. An underlying theme is the separation of material ownership from the extraction of consumer benefits across the consumption cycle. We believe that this ongoing evolution of products - and even business models - has the potential to simultaneously increase value to consumers as well as speed progress towards a more sustainable marketplace.

authors:
Luchs, M, Naylor, RW, Rose, RL, Catlin, JR, Gau, R, Kapitan, S, Mish, J, Ozanne, L, Phipps, M, Simpson, B, Subrahmanyan, S, Weaver, T


type: J
volume: 1
issue: 1
beginPage: 39
endPage: 50
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219038300005
year: 2010
authors: de Almeida, ASA
title:
THE INTER-COMUNITY COMPETITION AS A FACTOR FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND DIFFERENTIATION OF TO URISM PRODUCT THE CASE OF NATIONAL PARK OF PENEDA GERES

docAbstract:
The inter-community competition through its local traditions may emerge as a decisive factor to pave the way for the forthcoming of sustainable touristic opportunities, involving communities and contributing decisively to its economic development. The Assumption of the Identity Power (Castells, 1999) by the local communities emerges as a key factor to strengthen their identity. The isolation of certain communities, usually regarded as negative, strongly favours their involvement around their values, encouraging and promoting the emergence of rivalries and consequent inter-community competitions.


title: Research model of the environmental management in hotel firms
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 479
endPage: 492
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212565100004
year: 2010
authors: Cruz, YA, Soto, EG
docAbstract:
The current work aims to develop a instrument to measure the impact of firms' environmental protection activities on their economic performance. This tool is specifically designed for the tourism sector, which is rarely analysed from this perspective despite its considerable relevance due to its strong interaction with the environment. The work empirically tests the model on a sample of hotels in Canary Islands (Spain). It uses structural equation modelling to analyse the information. The findings show that the proposed model fits the underlying reality well, and its constituent components satisfy validity and reliability criteria. Thus, they make an important contribution to knowledge about the determinants and implications of sustainability in tourism-sector firms.


title: From international and national sports policies to local social actions
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 3-4
beginPage: 253
endPage: 264
doi: 10.1080/16138171.2010.11687861
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442086100007
year: 2010
authors: Borgogni, A
docAbstract:
From the beginning of the nineties, the efficacy of Italian welfare policies, particularly those referring to sport, is closely linked to the changes which have occurred between local authorities, the State and the third sector. These changes must also be seen in relation to the international tendencies and processes taking place in the last decade of the previous century which aimed at promoting citizen participation, sustainability and children's rights. At the same time, within the third sector, the sports associations involved in the promotion of social sports began to voice their concerns regarding the welfare policies thanks also to the increase in their number in those years. In fact, the year 2000 saw the introduction of several laws which focused on the development of participatory decision-making at local level, as well as the financing of social projects proposed by the sports associations. This article describes the actions brought about as a result of those political decisions by outlining the applicative case of a national project conducted by the UISP, the leading Italian sports association, which, through different actions and methods in various cities, involved young people as active protagonists in the project.


title: Sustainability of Events in Urban Historic Centers: The Case of Ouro Preto, Brazil
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 2
beginPage: 131
endPage: 143
doi: 10.1080/14790531003798302
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212820400003
year: 2010
authors: Moital, M, Flecha, AC, Lott, W, Lee, TJ, Edwards, J
docAbstract:
Promoters and planners of events must choose the most suitable venue by considering the creation and development of new venues or the use of previously established areas. The first option is feasible when established areas have a limited capacity. The second is attractive to most promoters, because the space already exists. If the space is, for example, an historic center, it has the potential to enhance the participants' experience. However, such spaces have inherent constraints, and their use may threaten local sustainability. This article examines the concept of sustainability as applied to urban historic centers and the creation and management of festivals and events. It investigates the need for strategic administration and key principles for the development of staging events in urban historic centers. This analysis is illustrated using the example of two events in the urban historic center of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, in Brazil.


title: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN THE BALATON REGION
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 1
beginPage: 48
endPage: 65
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219217900004
year: 2010
authors: Gyori, E
docAbstract:
When we speak about sustainability there is a sector of industry that deserves attention because of its increasing economic weight in the past decades, the rising number of stakeholders and the widening circle of service providers. This sector is the tourism industry, which has an impact not only on the economy of the visited country but also on the social, cultural and environmental relations, so if we speak about sustainability, we can not ignore its role and effect. Tourism has become so a part of sustainable development, which can be conduced through the application of the Tourism Destination Management (TDM) all over the world (Ritchie, Crouch, 2003, p. 45). What do we actually mean by the sustainability of tourism? What methodology and what kind of tools are available to transfer them into parctice? How does it operate in one of the most important holiday regions in Hungary, in the Balaton region that is the region of the largest sweet water lake in Central Europe at the same time? In this study the authors are trying to find answers for these questions by introducing the first steps of the Balaton region and the environment protection practice in one of the settlements and the micro-regional efforts of a local nature protection civil organization for the sake of sustainability.


title: CULTURAL AWARENESS AND THE GLOBAL HOSPITALITY BUSINESS
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 2
beginPage: 273
endPage: 278
doi: 10.3727/108354210X12724863553686
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213818900011
year: 2010
authors: Mkono, M
docAbstract:
In the contemporary hospitality business, cultural awareness has become an important source of competitive advantage. With the proliferation of multinational hospitality firms, there is cutthroat competition: it is a "survival of the fittest" game. Hospitality firms can outsmart and outperform each other based on how well they know the cultures of their present and potential markets, as well as the cultural backgrounds of their staff members. A "one size fits all" approach has proved redundant in contemporary international business. This article discusses the role of cultural awareness in business success and sustainability of the hospitality business. A case study on Hilton's "Wa No Kutsurogi" brand is presented to enable the author to comment on, and draw parallels between, theory and practice from an empirical standpoint. It is argued that consumption of hospitality products ( food and accommodation) is a culture-driven activity, and only those products that interact with customers' "cultures" at an emotional level will appeal to them. The article suggests that culture should be understood in a broad sense: there are several levels and dimensions to culture. The discussion emphasizes the need to customize hospitality products in accordance with the cultural dynamics of niche markets.


type: J
volume: 2
issue: 4
beginPage: 441
endPage: 454
doi: 10.1108/17554211011074083
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214484100009
year: 2010
authors: Ruschmann, DVDM, Sagi, LC
title:
Sustainability control and management of Porto Belo Island, Santa Catarina State, Brazil 14 years of experience

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the structure and results of a project between university and enterprise aimed at managing and controlling sustainable and competitive tourism in a fragile area: an island. The project started in 1996 and was completed in 2009. It helped the island to preserve its environment and to structure equipment and services adequate to market needs - with quality and responsibility. It also helped young professionals to develop their skills toward market needs, creating not only standards of highly professional behaviour, but also ethical values of respect, comprehension and hospitality. Design/methodology/approach - To understand the market needs, the use of equipment and services of the island by visitors and the visitors' profiles, personal interviews were conducted. The approach to visitors happened when leaving the island as it was agreed that only when visitors have had the experience were they able to comment. In addition to this paper, an observation of visitors was also developed, in order to check if their behaviour was compatible with their answers in formal interviews. The sustainability of the island was analyzed and evaluated through specific reports that defined indicators and qualitative criteria for the evaluation process. Findings - The results presented are favourable since it is clear that the negative impacts on the environment were minimized, the island became a good business, the local community was involved, the trainees learnt in practice, and the visitors were very satisfied with the results of the project. Research limitations/implications - The paper is limited to understand two aspects of sustainability: management and market. To achieve more sustainability for the island very important complementary studies need to be considered: the characterization of local flora and fauna, both terrestrial and marine; landscape studies and research about the business impact on the life of the local community. Originality/value - The paper is a case study that compiles 14 years of successful experience using methods, techniques and instruments to manage and control sustainability in a place that combines a fragile environment, tourism, recreation and business. This case is a reference for similar environments in Brazil.


title: TOURISM, TRANSFORMATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY : A CANADIAN GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 2
beginPage: 261
endPage: 298
doi: 10.1080/07053436.2009.10707793
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211014300004
year: 2009
authors: Donohoe, HM, Karlis, G
docAbstract:
Borrowing from geographical theory, this paper examines the relationship between tourism, transformation and environmental sustainability. Drawing specifically from the geographical discourse related to environmental determinism, possibilism, systems theory, sustainable development, and environmental ethics, a conceptual framework is introduced for understanding the relationship between tourism and the environment. Given tourism's persistent impacts on the environment, the framework provides a distinctive context for examining the multi-directional nature of the relationship and its transformative capacity. Discussed are the implications for collective discovery and for the transition to a sustainable approach to tourism planning and management and a new era for tourism geography.


title: The Art of Community Double Dutch: Knowing When to Jump In
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 2
beginPage: 73
endPage: 85
doi: 10.4087/FOUNDATIONREVIEW-D-09-00018
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408941000008
year: 2009
authors: Grady, L
docAbstract:
This article uses the childhood experience of learning how to play Double Dutch jump rope as an allegory to navigating complicated community leadership through civic engagement. There is both an art and a science to deciding when and why to work with a broad base of stakeholders to attempt comprehensive community change. The key lessons are the following: (1) follow the noise and find the excitement, (2) ask questions and get into conversations, (3) set the rules of the game, 4) keep score, 5) get the right equipment and players, 6) know when to jump in and when to jump out, and 7) find the courage to succeed. By consistently applying standard yet flexible tools that address qualitative and quantitative factors; community support; and sustainability, foundations can create the crucial community conditions for impact.


type: J
volume: 1
issue: 3
beginPage: 43
endPage: 59
doi: 10.4087/FOUNDATIONREVIEW-D-09-00032.1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408941800004
year: 2009
authors: Hsu, C, Pearson, D, Maynard, R, Cahill, C, Cheadle, A
title:
The Potential of Partnerships for Health Advocacy and Policy Change: The Legacy of the Partnership for the Public's Health Initiative

docAbstract:
This article reports on a study of 11 partnerships between public health departments and community organizations that were funded by The California Endowment to support advocacy and organizing to improve health outcomes in the communities. The evaluation examined the sustainability of the partnerships as well as the policy and advocacy work of the organizations. Almost 90 percent of the activities in policy change and community capacity building was sustained, whereas partnership and health department capacity building activities were the least likely to be sustained. The policy change legacies at the community level were strong and included empowerment of community members, the creation of healthier environments, increased access to services, and increased focus on health by local governments.


title: Economic development versus environmental sustainability: The case of tourist marinas in Andalusia
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 2
beginPage: 162
endPage: 177
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214987000002
year: 2009
authors: Rojo, IM
docAbstract:
Economic development generated by business activity has traditionally been analyzed without looking at its environmental impact. However, in the last few years new trends in economic thinking have emerged, such as environmental economics, that provide convincing proof of the interrelationship of the economy to the environment. This thinking is even more evident in some areas of the economy such as tourism. This article reviews the existing literature on the subject, and then makes a new empirical contribution to the relationship between environmental management and economic results by limiting the field work to tourist marinas in Andalusia, one of the foremost tourist destinations in Spain. A two-pronged - quantitative and qualitative - methodology will be used to discover the specific characteristics of this tourist product and critical aspects of it relating to environmental management by the organizations developing it and the stakeholder groups involved in this activity. This way the hypothesis on whether environmental sustainability is compatible with economic development may be tested. If it proves true, then proposals will be formulated to improve the competitiveness of nautical tourism in Andalusia in line with sustainable development. (C) 2009 International University College. All rights reserved


title: MULTIPLE ROLE OF TRANSPORT IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 1
beginPage: 63
endPage: 70
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000219217300005
year: 2009
authors: Picha, K, Dvorak, V
docAbstract:
The paper aims to find different ways of how to consider a potential benefit of transport to the development of rural areas or tourist destinations. The role of transport is quite often underestimated when creating a development strategy in the target area. Numerous papers and discussions show that transport play certain economic and also social role in human existence. Benefits could be found from the point of view of both transport infrastructure and services of public transport.


title: DECISION-AID FOR ECOTOURISM: A CASE STUDY OF A COMMUNITY-RUN PROJECT IN ECUADOR
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 4
beginPage: 355
endPage: 372
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213808100003
year: 2008
authors: Zografos, C
docAbstract:
For indigenous communities around the world, ecotourism is not only a means of protecting valuable and threatened ecological and cultural resources but also a viable economic opportunity for maintaining livelihoods. Consequently, communities need to know to what extent ecotourism is the economic activity that best satisfies their needs, given available resources and other existing alternatives. Such information can strengthen community control and ownership of resources, an important objective of community-run ecotourism projects. In collaboration with community members and an indigenous NGO, a decision-aid model based on multicriteria decision support approaches was set up to assess the potential of ecotourism to satisfy economic, social, and environmental priorities of a community situated in the Amazon rainforest of Ecuador. The study considered existing resources and combinations of ecotourism with other available economic alternatives. Representatives from a number of stakeholder and user groups were approached to obtain their views on the relative importance of priorities for community well-being. Weights of importance assigned by those representatives were integrated in the model to find out how stakeholder and user group perceptions influenced their preferences over livelihood alternatives. Results suggest that three out of four groups favored a combination of ecotourism with conservation. Sensitivity analysis helped identify economic incentives that could be used to obtain agreement between stakeholder and user groups as regards resource use scenarios. It is suggested that this information could be further employed to seek consensus between group views on the role of ecotourism for sustainable community development.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 4
beginPage: 349
endPage: 364
doi: 10.3727/154427207785908119
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213645400002
year: 2007
authors: Breen, H, Hing, N
title:
AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING CODE OF PRACTICE AT THE GOLD COAST, QUEENSLAND

docAbstract:
The Queensland Responsible Gambling Code of Practice is a voluntary commitment by gambling providers to assist with responsible gambling. This qualitative research involving interviews with 20 managers and staff from 14 gambling venues at the Gold Coast aims to examine awareness and implementation of the Code plus perceptions of its effectiveness. After the first year, the average level of implementation of all the elements in the Code was 78% for these venues. Of the Code's six major practice areas, the physical layout and environment practice was reported as being very effective while the provision of information, including signage and the odds of winning, was perceived as the least effective practice. Training and education were seen as important facilitators in encouraging responsible gambling. The implementation of the Code supports the goal of sustainability for the Gold Coast as a tourist destination.


title: Management exercises and trainer's note in sustainable tourism and dynamics
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 4
beginPage: 328
endPage: 337
doi: 10.1108/17506180710824217
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213907600009
year: 2007
authors: Johnston, RJ, Tyrrell, TJ
docAbstract:
Purpose - To provide training exercises that will help tourism planners and analysts better understand the fundamentals of tourism sustainability and dynamics. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is organized as a presentation of tools and conceptual models, followed by associated training exercises and answers. The first exercise addresses basic concepts of sustainability as applied to tourism development. The second addresses the use of phase diagrams to illustrate the dynamic behavior and change of tourism-related economic and environmental conditions over time. Findings - Operational definitions of sustainable tourism generally are consistent with a wide variety of outcomes for a tourist destination. Exercises demonstrate that operational definitions of tourism sustainability require numerous choices and tradeoffs, and are more complex than is suggested by common discourse. Practical implications - Given that the most desirable sustainable outcomes for tourism differ across groups, the search for sustainable tourism outcomes must combine environmentally sustainable outcomes (which are often many) with socially acceptable compromise solutions that lie somewhere between the optima for each distinct group. No amount of searching, bargaining, or stakeholder education will reveal a universal sustainable solution that maximizes benefits to all affected groups. In the vast majority of cases no optimal solution exists. Originality/value - The paper provides tools and conceptual frameworks that characterize potential conflicts, hazards, and tradeoffs implicit in the choice among different sustainable or non-sustainable outcomes for tourism.


type: J
volume: 32
issue: 3
beginPage: 3
endPage: 12
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2007.11081534
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453363300002
year: 2007
authors: Komatsu, M, Liu, JC
title:
Cross-cultural Comparison Between Japanese and Western Visitors for the Effectiveness of the Hanauma Bay Education Programme

docAbstract:
Hanauma Bay is one of the most heavily used marine preserves in the world, hosting visitors from primarily Western and Asian countries. To ensure sustainability, the state limits access and provides environmental education for visitors. This study assesses the cross-cultural differences between Japanese and Western visitors to the visitor education programme by examining attitudes to the educational film and reported recreation behaviour. In 2004 responses were obtained from 440 Japanese and 445 Western visitors on a 4-point ordinal attitude scale and yes/no dichotomy behaviour scale for 26 questions. Results indicate that the educational film is effective for both visitor groups in terms of attitudinal and behavioural improvement towards marine conservation in the Bay, as well as enhancing visitor experience. In particular, the film apparently improves Japanese visitors' conservation behaviour more substantially, compared to the Western visitors. Also, Western visitors are more likely to report higher ratings for everyday conservation behaviour, more motivation from environmental education, more satisfaction with the overall education programme, and more pre-knowledge about conservation, compared to the Japanese visitors. In conclusion, the findings illustrate the important role that interpretation can play in enhancing visitor experience and awareness, while protecting the environment. Based on the results, suggestions are made on how to incorporate cultural sensitivity in managing tourism sites that could enhance the effectiveness and value of visitor interpretation programmes.


title: Drivers and Scenarios of Scottish Tourism - Shaping the Future to 2015
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 1
beginPage: 69
endPage: 82
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2007.11081525
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453361400007
year: 2007
authors: Yeoman, I, Lennon, JJ
docAbstract:
This paper examines how a National Tourism Organisation, VisitScotland is making use of scenario planning to identify key factors influencing tourism performance. The future of Scottish tourism to 2015 will be affected by macro-trends and drivers in UK society. These trends include demography, globalization, sustainability, technology/communication, politics, transport, fuel supply and pricing, and levels of inflation and affluence. These complex phenomena will impact on tourism in a range of interrelated ways which remain difficult to quantify. This paper will illustrate the utilization of the scenario planning approach to capture expert opinion and reflective discussion in order to build and inform potential futures for the Scottish tourism industry. 'What if' thinking is utilized to anticipate the future and conclusions are drawn from two potential future scenarios for Scottish tourism in 2015.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 250
endPage: 266
doi: 10.1080/11745398.2005.9686739
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211518500004
year: 2005
authors: Edinborough, P, Wearing, S
title:
Developing Effective Interpretation Through Multiple Intelligence Theory, Market Segmentation and the Interpretive Opportunity Spectrum: A case study of the preferred learning styles of Rouse Hill Regional Park visitors

docAbstract:
As national parks face growing visitor use pressures, a more integrated approached to management is needed to ensure the sustainability of the conservation and recreation activities and objectives of parks. This paper presents the results of a research project that explored how interpretation may be presented by using learning theory market segmentation and a relevant management model. A number of management models have been created and developed over the past four decades to address issues concerning visitor management. One such model is the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS). ROS has been used as the basis for the creation of a management tool that was concerned with the 'audience (social)' factor of visitors using Rouse Hill Regional Park, an 'intensive' use management setting. The project focused particularly on how best to provide systematic interpretation through signage concerned with identifying visitor learning styles in an intensive park setting. The results of the study presented in this paper will demonstrate how the market can be targeted with appropriate interpretive material that will effectively convey the messages of management to the visitor.


title: THE COMMUNITY MODEL AND SUSTAINABILITY IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS: THE CASE OF THE DOLOMITES
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 33
endPage: 46
doi: 10.3727/154427205774791762
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213632300004
year: 2005
authors: Franch, M, Martini, U, Inverardi, PLN, Buffa, F, Marzani, P
docAbstract:
The aim of this article is to highlight the impact of mass ski tourism on the environment in the Dolomites (Italian Alps), where in winter the principal activities are snow sports. In implementing this development model the Dolomite region has achieved important results in terms of numbers of tourists and economic development for entire localities. Nonetheless, some weaknesses in this model have come to light in terms of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The eTourism research group (University of Trento, Italy) has carried out two field projects with a view to understanding: 1) the importance of the variable "quality of environment" for the winter tourist when deciding on a destination, and similarly 2) how the major actors on the supply side approach local environmental issues. The results were used to formulate hypotheses regarding possible alternatives to the mass ski model of development for new or developing destinations within the region.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 1
beginPage: 54
endPage: 67
doi: 10.1080/11745398.2005.10600960
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211518100005
year: 2005
authors: Young, I
title:
Recreating the Workplace: Leisure, Lifestyle and Work-Life Balance for Micro-business Tourist Accommodation Operators

docAbstract:
This paper explores leisure, lifestyle and work-life balance for a group of business people working in the tourism industry through a qualitative study of the experiences of microbusiness accommodation operators. Thematic analysis was used to investigate the nature of leisure, lifestyle and work-life balance in the context of involvement, commercial success and sustainability. Results indicate that lifestyle is a key factor in decision-making, being constructed around the four themes of: people; way of life; work-life; and control. In the construction of lifestyle, leisure plays a role, but this is never defined and is interwoven throughout the everyday. This study suggests that combining work and leisure can be a dangerous activity, and that leisure needs to be nurtured if burnout is to be avoided. The study also suggests that leisure and work cannot truly be separated in such workplaces, and have a highly complex and interconnected relationship that deserves further study.


title: A thorn for beauty: Tourism involution as a pitfall of sustainability
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 83
endPage: 98
doi: 10.1080/07053436.1999.10715577
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000083846500006
year: 1999
authors: Lengkeek, J
docAbstract:
In this article I present the course of events in a small country town, Thorn, in the Netherlands, where the local community gradually lost it's grip on the large-scale processes taking place, such as gravel extraction and agricultural reconstruction. The planned construction of a bungalow resort and a marina offered local government the opportunity to increase revenue from tourism and to reverse the loss of control. The authorities decided that the tourism project had to be situated at a distance from the town, without any relationship to local society. This strategy seemed to be a successful way of setting bounds on the one hand to negative tourism impacts and exploiting tourism in a positive sense on the other hand. But Thorn has also missed opportunities. The planning process lacked the qualities of creativity and innovation, and there was no question of any consideration of possible development alternatives. Recent history shows the inability of local politics to recognise or define opportunities and thus strengthen the town's position in I relation to the external economic and political networks.


title: Food, place and authenticity: local food and the sustainable tourism experience
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 3
beginPage: 321
endPage: 336
doi: 10.1080/09669580802359293
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000265646600003
year: 2009
authors: Sims, R
docAbstract:
In recent years, attempts to improve the economic and environmental sustainability of both tourism and agriculture have been linked to the development of alternative food networks and a renewed enthusiasm for food products that are perceived to be traditional and local. This paper draws on research from two UK regions, the Lake District and Exmoor, to argue that local food can play an important role in the sustainable tourism experience because it appeals to the visitor's desire for authenticity within the holiday experience. Using evidence from qualitative interviews with tourists and food producers, the paper records ways in which local foods are conceptualised as authentic products that symbolise the place and culture of the destination. By engaging with debates surrounding the meaning of locality and authenticity, the paper challenges existing understandings of these concepts and offers a new way forward for tourism research by arguing that local food has the potential to enhance the visitor experience by connecting consumers to the region and its perceived culture and heritage.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 4
beginPage: 351
endPage: 362
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00067-4
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000168734700004
year: 2001
authors: Miller, G
title:
The development of indicators for sustainable tourism: results of a Delphi survey of tourism researchers

docAbstract:
This paper presents the results of a two round Delphi survey conducted into expert opinion on the development of indicators to measure the movement of the tourism product at a company/resort level towards a position of greater or lesser sustainability. This research Forms part of a wider project to develop indicators that consumers can use in the selection of their holidays and promote a more sustainable form of tourism. The results of this expert survey show considerable disagreement over "sustainability" and where the borders of the concept exist. In addition, the research identified contrasting views over the use of qualitative versus quantitative indicators and the role that consumer pressure can play. The use of the Delphi technique to address complex and uncertain issues is also explored. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.


title: Governance, the state and sustainable tourism: a political economy approach
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4-5
beginPage: 459
endPage: 477
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.576765
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291812800004
year: 2011
authors: Bramwell, B
docAbstract:
Collective actions are often needed to promote the objectives of sustainable tourism in destinations. Governance is the basis of these collective actions. This paper contends that research on the governance of tourism and sustainability would benefit from greater use of social theory. It shows how one social theory, a strategic-relational political economy approach, can offer insights into state interventions affecting tourism and sustainability in destinations. The paper uses a literature review and case studies incorporating ideas from this approach to understand the state's influences on tourism and sustainability. Case studies are taken from Germany, China, Malta, Turkey and the UK. A range of distinctive perspectives and themes associated with this approach are assessed. They include the approach's holistic, relational and dialectical perspective, its focus on the state's roles in regulating the economic and political systems, its concern with the interactions between agency and structure, and the adaptation of state activities at different spatial scales and at different times, together with the concepts of path dependence and path creation. These perspectives and themes are directions for future research on governance, the state and sustainable tourism.


title: Managing heritage tourism
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 3
beginPage: 682
endPage: 708
doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00094-8
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000086276800008
year: 2000
authors: Garrod, B, Fyall, A
docAbstract:
This article discusses the findings of a Delphi survey of owners and managers of historic properties, officers of heritage-based organizations, consultants, and academics from across the United Kingdom. The purpose of the study was to investigate the major constraints and imperatives relating to the long-term management of built heritage attractions. Three related issues were assessed: the fundamental mission of heritage attractions; the factors which impact upon decisions relating to charging for tourist entry and the perceptions of heritage managers as to the respective roles of such attractions and public agencies in funding tourism management and heritage conservation programs. The paper then considers the significance of these issues in assessing potential strategies for moving heritage tourism toward sustainability. Keywords: heritage tourism, Delphi technique, mission, pricing, funding, sustainability, United Kingdom. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 29
issue: 1
beginPage: 72
endPage: 82
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.05.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000272601800009
year: 2010
authors: Lee, S, Kang, KH, Huh, C
title:
Impacts of positive and negative corporate social responsibility activities on company performance in the hospitality industry

docAbstract:
In spite of growing concern for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in various industries including the hospitality industry, the relationship between CSR activities and financial performance is a rarely examined subject in the hospitality context. Especially, research measuring the separate impacts of positive and negative CSR activities on companies' financial performances remains, as yet, unconsidered. Thus, this study examines different impacts of positive and negative CSR activities on financial performance of hotel, casino, restaurant and airline companies, theoretically based on positivity and negativity effects. Findings suggest mixed results across different industries and will contribute to companies' appropriate strategic decision-making for CSR activities by providing more precise information regarding the impacts of each directional CSR activity on financial performance. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability - issues of the 'new tourism'
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 1
beginPage: 17
endPage: 26
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00064-4
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000173038400002
year: 2002
authors: Ryan, C
docAbstract:
This paper argues that in addressing the issues of 'sustainability' concepts akin to those of social tourism need to be applied, albeit in a wider context of stakeholder theory. Additionally theories of 'sustained value creation' may be borrowed from the management literature in that 'sustainability' is insufficient as an objective-rather managers within tourism should be looking to add value for environments, communities, entrepreneurs and tourists within the ethical objectives outlined by the World Tourism Organisation's New Global Ethics for World Tourism charter adopted in 1999. However, while all might agree with the intentions of such charters, the pragmatic issues of management that are raised are complex, and in turn raise serious issues of patterns of power and how such power to implement policies is to be both determined and practised. The article ends with a series of issues that need to be considered if there is to be a 'new tourism'. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: A benefit segmentation of tourists in rural areas: a Scottish perspective
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 3
beginPage: 335
endPage: 346
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000228569700004
year: 2005
authors: Frochot, I
docAbstract:
Rural tourism has been the object of intensive research for several years, since its importance for the sustainability of rural communities has been long recognised. Although the characteristics and impacts of this sector have been studied in depth, there has been relatively little consideration of the rural tourists themselves. The present study, exploratory by nature, aims at providing a deeper insight into the profiles of rural tourists in two Scottish locations. The survey identifies that the sample studied can be divided into four clusters according to their benefits sought. The results then demonstrate that each of these segments has different profiles in terms of the activities they engage into and in terms of their behavioural and socio-economic characteristics. The results, however, show little evidence of the importance of the rural theme across the segments, most of the visitors being in fact fairly informal in their holiday behaviour and showing a limited interest towards rural lifestyle. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 32
issue: 4
beginPage: 790
endPage: 804
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.019
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000287957700010
year: 2011
authors: Lee, S, Inoue, Y
title:
Effects of different dimensions of corporate social responsibility on corporate financial performance in tourism-related industries

docAbstract:
Although the stakeholder framework proposes the multidimensionality of corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Clarkson, 1995), previous research has yet to investigate the relationship between certain dimensions of CSR and corporate financial performance (CFP) in tourism-related industries. The purpose of this study was to disaggregate CSR into five dimensions based on corporate voluntary activities for five primary stakeholder issues: (1) employee relations, (2) product quality, (3) community relations, (4) environmental issues, and (5) diversity issues, and examine how each dimension would affect financial performance among firms within four tourism-related industries (airline, casino, hotel, and restaurant). While all CSR dimensions were proposed to have positive financial effects, results revealed that each dimension had a differential effect on both short-term and future profitability and that such financial impacts varied across the four industries. The findings can provide tourism managers with insights into which dimensions of CSR activities would improve their companies' financial performance. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 32
issue: 6
beginPage: 1243
endPage: 1252
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000293716400001
year: 2011
authors: Ballantyne, R, Packer, J, Falk, J
title:
Visitors' learning for environmental sustainability: Testing short- and long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modelling

docAbstract:
Wildlife tourism experiences have the potential to positively impact tourists' awareness, appreciation and actions in relation to the specific wildlife they encounter and the environment in general. This paper investigates the extent of such impact across multiple sites, and uses Structural Equation Modelling to identify factors that best predict positive long-term learning and environmental behaviour change outcomes. Three sets of variables were measured - visitors' entering attributes (including pre-visit environmental orientation and motivation for the visit), salient aspects of the experience, and short- and long-term learning and environmental behaviour change outcomes. Although attributes such as pre-visit commitment and motivation to learn were among the best predictors of the long-term impact of the experience, there was evidence that aspects of the experience were also important. In particular, reflective engagement which involved cognitive and affective processing of the experience was found to be associated with short- and long-term environmental learning outcomes. The implications for wildlife tourism managers are discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Do socially responsible activities help hotels and casinos achieve their financial goals?
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 1
beginPage: 105
endPage: 112
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.06.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000261667400014
year: 2009
authors: Lee, S, Park, SY
docAbstract:
While the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained much attention and is currently practiced by many companies, it has yet to be empirically examined in the context of hotels and casinos, especially in regard to the potential effects of CSR on firm value and performance. As the findings on the relationship between CSR and financial performance have been inconclusive and this relationship has been found to differ among industries, this study examines the relationship between CSR and firm value and profitability for hotels and casinos. Results of the Durbin-Wu-Hausman (DWH) test and a subsequent two-stage least square (2SLS) method show that hotel companies' CSR has a simultaneous and positive relationship with financial performance. For casino companies, however, results show that CSR has no simultaneous or particular effect on financial performance. Findings suggest that hotel companies can confidently and strategically increase CSR investment to enhance both short-term (profitability) and long-term performance (firm value). Casino companies need to carefully examine the effects of CSR on financial performance, when making CSR-related decisions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 62
issue: 2
beginPage: 6
endPage: 13
doi: 10.1108/16605370780000309
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216224000001
year: 2007
authors: Byrd, ET
title:
Stakeholders in Sustainable Tourism Development and their Roles: Applying Stakeholder Theory to Sustainable Tourism Development

docAbstract:
Sustainability has become an important topic and concept in relation to tourism planning and development. For sustainable tourism development to be successful stakeholders must be involved in the process. The questions that should be considered though are: 1) who should be considered stakeholders in tourism development, and 2) how should planners and developers involve stakeholders in the development of tourism? In order to provide answers to these questions this paper investigated sustainable tourism development and how stakeholder inclusion and involvement are incorporated in the basic concept of sustainable tourism development. This investigation was accomplished by reviewing and drawing conclusions from the literature. The discussion includes thoughts from both management and public participation perspectives. So who should be involved in the sustainable tourism development process? Based on the definitions that are used for sustainability and sustainable tourism four distinct groups are identified; the present visitors, future visitors, present host community, and future host community.


title: Playing with risk? participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 2
beginPage: 317
endPage: 325
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000234155000012
year: 2006
authors: Cater, CI
docAbstract:
Adventure tourism is a rapidly expanding tourism market segment. It is suggested that adventure travel and its related expenditure contribute $220 billion annually to the US economy alone (http://www.adventuretravel.com/seminar_home.htm). However, recent high-profile tragedies in adventure tourism might suggest that participation does not come without its risks. Existing literature would suggest that the pursuit of these risks is a central attraction of these activities. However, drawing on research conducted in the self-styled 'Adventure Capital of the World', Queenstown in New Zealand, the author suggests that this is a simplistic view of adventurous motivation. The research shows that rather than demanding actual risks, participants engaging in commercial adventurous activity primarily seek fear and thrills. The most successful adventure tourism operators are those that have reduced their actual risk levels whilst effectively commodifying the thrills within. Thus the responsibility of the commercial operator to minimise the opportunity for loss to as low a level as possible is not only an ethical one, but also ensures long-term business sustainability. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Tourism development of World Heritage Sites in China: A geographic perspective
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 2
beginPage: 308
endPage: 319
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000252546800008
year: 2008
authors: Li, M, Wu, B, Cai, L
docAbstract:
It is recognized that a conflict exists between heritage protection and tourism development, a conflict pronounced in developing countries. Against the backdrop of widespread exploitation of the World Heritage Sties to attract tourists, this research addresses the issue of the sustainability of tourism development at those sites. The study applies geographical tools in an examination of the geographical distribution of sites and their spatial relationship to tourist origin cities. Three major sources of threat that may compromise the protection of the heritage sites were identified, namely: population pressure, development policies of local economies, and a lack of financial support for heritage sites. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 35
beginPage: 89
endPage: 99
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.05.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000328592100012
year: 2013
authors: Martinez, P, del Bosque, IR
title:
CSR and customer loyalty: The roles of trust, customer identification with the company and satisfaction

docAbstract:
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a crucial construct in hospitality companies. One of the main reasons is due to the idea that CSR influence consumer loyalty. This paper presents a model of influence of CSR on hotel customer loyalty by simultaneously including trust, customer identification with the company and satisfaction as mediators by showing the direct and indirect effects among these constructs. In the proposed model, loyalty is indirectly affected by perceived CSR, via the mediation of trust, identification and satisfaction. Empirical testing using a survey of Spanish hotel consumers confirms most of our hypothesized effects except the effect of customer trust on customer identification with the company. Finally, managerial implications and limitations of our findings are discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Consumers' willingness to pay for green initiatives of the hotel industry
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 2
beginPage: 564
endPage: 572
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.08.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000300467900029
year: 2012
authors: Lee, S, Heo, CY, Kang, KH, Stein, L
docAbstract:
This paper examines hotel guests' willingness to pay a premium for environmentally friendly and sustainable practices of the U.S. hotel industry. Specifically, the goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between the level of U.S. hotel guests' environmental concern, measured by the New Ecological Paradigm Scale (NEP) and their willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for hotels' "green practices." This study found that U.S. hotel guests with higher degrees of environmental concerns declare a higher willingness to pay premiums for hotels' green initiatives. This avowed willingness supports the social identity theory and the means-end theory. In addition, based on the affect-based complementarity proposition, this study also examined the effect of hotel type on WTP in the U.S. hotel industry, and found that luxury and mid-priced hotel guests are more willing to pay premiums for hotels' green practices than economy hotel guests. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 27
issue: 4
beginPage: 640
endPage: 653
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000238595500008
year: 2006
authors: Tsaur, SH, Lin, YC, Lin, JH
title:
Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of resource, community and tourism

docAbstract:
The sustainability benchmark for ecotourism sites may vary with respect to space and time. Using subjective measures as indicators reflect variation in these factors. In order to evaluate the sustainability of an ecotourism site, this study utilizes subjective measures to analyze the relationships between resource, community and tourism in sustainable ecotourism. A Taiwanese indigenous ecotourism site was taken as an example, and the Delphi technique was used to identify evaluation indicators of this tourist destination. Local residents, tourists and resource administration were interviewed to explore each group's perception of relationships with the remaining two groups. After results reflect local economic, social and environmental concerns. Furthermore, the evaluation variables identified can be reapplied to other destinations. The study provides a valuable tool for sustainable destination management. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The ecological footprint as a key indicator of sustainable tourism
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 1
beginPage: 46
endPage: 57
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000242556800004
year: 2007
authors: Hunter, C, Shaw, J
docAbstract:
This paper argues for ecological footprint (EF) analysis to become widely adopted as a key environmental indicator of sustainable tourism (ST). It is suggested that EF analysis provides a unique, global perspective on sustainability that is absent with the use of locally derived and contextualised ST indicators. A simple methodology to estimate indicative, minimum EF values for international tourism activities involving air travel is presented. Critically, the methodology accounts for the EF that would have been used by a tourist at home during the tourist trip, providing an estimate of the net, as well as the gross, tourism-related EF. Illustrations of the application of the methodology are provided, including the evaluation and comparison of specific tourism products. It is suggested that some (eco)tourism products may, potentially, make a positive contribution to resource conservation at the global scale. Areas for further research in applying EF analysis to tourism are outlined. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: RESIDENTS' PERSPECTIVES OF A WORLD HERITAGE SITE The Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia
type: J
volume: 36
issue: 3
beginPage: 390
endPage: 412
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2009.03.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000268349300002
year: 2009
authors: Ko, YJ, Thapa, B, Nicholas, LN
docAbstract:
This study examined the factors that influence local community resident's support for the Pitons Management Area (PMA) as a World Heritage Site and their support for Sustainable Tourism Development. Community Attachment, Environmental Attitudes and Involvement in PMA were hypothesized as independent variables. Results of a structural equation modeling analysis using 319 resident samples suggested that Community Attachment positively influences their support behaviors, and Environment Attitudes indirectly influence the support behaviors through Perceptions about PMA. Level of Involvement in the PMA was not found to have any significant relationships. The notable lack of involvement of residents presented critical implications for the sustainability of the site.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 2
beginPage: 169
endPage: 189
doi: 10.1080/09669580802495741
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000263872900004
year: 2009
authors: Jamal, T, Stronza, A
title:
Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability

docAbstract:
A growing body of research is emerging on tourism and partnerships in protected areas, but conceptual development remains fragmented. This paper tackles this challenge by focusing on three aspects important for sustainability: (1) complexity (nested systems of biophysical environments, tourism and park management structures, community-resident systems, local-global systems and use-conservation gap; (2) scale, structure and scope of collaborations (including community involvement and control) and (3) challenges of implementation and long term structuring (for sustainability and success). Some related questions are: How does the tourism system fit with the protected area system? Who represents Nature in negotiations over conservation and use? How can plans and programmes be effectively enacted at the local level for long term success? A theoretical discussion plus an example of community-based collaboration for conservation and economic development in Bolivia (Chalalan Ecolodge) are provided to explore these questions. Chalalan shows an evolving partnership between local and international stakeholders toward local control, and also a complex relationship between local-traditional and scientific knowledge, and cultural change.


title: Collaborative policymaking - Local sustainable projects
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 2
beginPage: 325
endPage: 345
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.06.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000228681000002
year: 2005
authors: Vernon, J, Essex, S, Pinder, D, Curry, K
docAbstract:
The emergence of local collaborative projects presents a rich vein for advancing the empirical and theoretical understanding of governance in tourism. In particular, new problems and challenges to tourism policymaking are raised, such as achieving effective organization, representation, and evaluation of outcomes. This paper evaluates a collaboration adopted by a British district council in the formulation of a local strategy for promoting the adoption of sustainable practices by tourism businesses. The key findings of the study emphasize the role of the public sector in promoting "bottom-up" forms of governance, the temporal dynamics of the process, and the reality of innovation in policymaking. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 31
issue: 2
beginPage: 329
endPage: 337
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000300467900004
year: 2012
authors: Font, X, Garay, L
title:
Doing good to do well? Corporate social responsibility reasons, practices and impacts in small and medium accommodation enterprises

docAbstract:
Corporate social responsibility practices have been mostly analyzed in the large manufacturing business context, with little attention paid to the service sector and even less to small and medium-sized accommodation enterprises. This study aims to fill this gap through analyzing how these enterprises take responsibility. A survey of nearly 400 enterprises showed that the main reason for acting responsibly is altruistic, although competitiveness reasons are also important. Aspects of the "resource-based view" of the firm are validated through the positive impact of environmental cost-savings in financial performance, but also because other practices (not always related with economic reasons) are influencing their competitiveness. The article concludes that further implementation of these practices is necessary to achieve the full potential of competitive advantages. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Development of a tourism sustainability assessment procedure: a conceptual approach
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 3
beginPage: 431
endPage: 445
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.12.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000228569700012
year: 2005
authors: Ko, TG
docAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to develop a procedure for the assessment tourism sustainability. Twelve case studies on the basis of geographical backgrounds are analysed, and the issues of tourism sustainability assessment are discussed. A model development procedure is proposed, and combination of reductionist and holistic approaches to modelling is employed: identification of the systems, dimensions, and indicators; scaling of sustainability; gradations of sustainability; development of tourism sustainability assessment maps; extension of the maps over time; and evaluation. A conceptual framework is formulated to assess tourism sustainability with the above components. 'Barometer of tourism sustainability' (BTS) and 'AMOEBA of tourism sustainability indicators' (ATSI) are introduced as devices for the assessment of tourism sustainability. The proposed BTS model represents the comprehensive level of tourism sustainability in a given destination, combining human and natural indicators into an index of sustainable tourism development, without trading one off against the other. The ATSI model is introduced to complement the BTS analysis and to illustrate individual levels of sustainability of tourism indicators. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 150
endPage: 167
doi: 10.2167/jost696.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000254635500002
year: 2008
authors: Everett, S, Aitchison, C
title:
The role of food tourism in sustaining regional identity: A case study of Cornwall, South West England

docAbstract:
This exploratory paper examines the role of food tourism in developing and sustaining regional identities within the context of rural regeneration, agricultural diversification and the creation of closer relationships between production and consumption in the countryside. It focuses on Cornwall, South West England, an area with rural development issues, increasing tourism impacts and contested issues of regional identity. A literature and policy analysis, and in-depth interviews with 12 restaurateurs, were undertaken in four popular tourist locations. Correlation was found between increased levels of food tourism interest and the retention and development of regional identity, the enhancement of environmental awareness and sustainability, an increase in social and cultural benefits celebrating the production of local food and the conservation of traditional heritage, skills and ways of life. The paper draws attention to three issues: the role of food tourism in increasing tourist spending, the potential role of food tourism in extending the tourist season, and the re-examination of food tourist typologies within a sustainability framework.


title: Environmental protection programs and conservation practices of hotels in Ankara, Turkey
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 2
beginPage: 604
endPage: 614
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000244405500022
year: 2007
authors: Erdogan, N, Baris, E
docAbstract:
This study was designed to investigate the general nature of environmental protection, waste management, purchasing, energy use, and conservation practices of hotels in Ankara, Turkey. It explored the extent of environmental protection practices so the hotel industry could evaluate its position on environmental issues and so that other interested parties, including academics, can obtain fresh information for a distinctive part of the world. The data were collected by means of questionnaires and interviews. The study found that the policies and practices of Ankara hotels generally lack attributes relevant to environmental protection and conservation, and that hotel managers mostly lack the necessary environmental knowledge and interest to meet the basic objectives of social and environmental responsibility. It is thus necessary to develop an integrated system of policy and practice that involves not only the hotel management and staff, but also all parties concerned with environmental protection and sustainability, and to re-evaluate and reconsider national, local, and hotel policies and training activities. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Resident attitudes toward sustainable community tourism
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 4
beginPage: 575
endPage: 594
doi: 10.1080/09669580903524852
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277669200006
year: 2010
authors: Choi, HC, Murray, I
docAbstract:
This study examined, using social exchange theory, a range of variables involved in determining resident attitudes toward tourism development and the adoption of sustainable tourism. After a comprehensive review of the literature on the role of residents in tourism development, and of the use of social exchange theory, 430 completed questionnaires obtained in a Texas town involved in tourism were analyzed. A structural equation model was utilized to understand the effects of selected components of sustainability on the attitudes of the respondents about future tourism development and to test hypothesized causal relationships among the variables. The findings revealed that three major components of sustainable tourism, namely long-term planning, full community participation and environmental sustainability within tourism, are critically related to support for tourism and to the positive and negative impacts of tourism. The paper uses the findings to suggest critical implications that local governments need to consider when developing tourism.


title: Why sustainable tourism must address climate change
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 17
endPage: 34
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.539694
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285350400003
year: 2010
authors: Scott, D
docAbstract:
This opinion piece examines Weaver's thesis that sustainable tourism's current expanding engagement with climate change may not necessarily be conducive to the interests of tourism sustainability. It critically examines and responds to the seven interrelated issues presented by Weaver to support that opinion. This paper dispels some common climate science myths that continue to hamper scientific progress and obfuscate debate over climate change policy responses and specifically refutes recent claims of compromised and inaccurate research findings. It is argued that climate change studies reveal a deficiency in past conceptualizations of sustainable tourism that focused almost exclusively on destination scale issues and highlight the need to properly account for the environmental and social impacts of tourism's travel phase. Addressing climate change is considered a prerequisite to sustainable development and therefore germane to advancing sustainable tourism research. Tourism is currently considered among the economic sectors least prepared for the risks and opportunities posed by climate change and is only now developing the capacity to advance knowledge necessary to inform business, communities and government about the issues and potential ways forward. Any retreat from engagement with climate change issues by the tourism industry or its researchers would be to their substantial detriment.


type: J
volume: 36
beginPage: 552
endPage: 566
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000317154200059
year: 2013
authors: Weiler, B, Ramkissoon, H, Smith, LDG
title:
Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours: A structural equation modelling approach

docAbstract:
Drawing on literature from environmental psychology, the present study examined place attachment as a second-order factor and investigated its relationships with place satisfaction and visitors' low and high effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to test a model using a sample of 452 visitors at the Dandenong Ranges National Park, in Australia. Results supported the four-dimensional second-order factor of place attachment and indicated (a) positive and significant effects of place attachment on both low and high effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions of park visitors, (b) a significant and positive influence of place attachment on place satisfaction, (c) a significant and positive effect of place satisfaction on low effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions, and (d) a negative and significant influence of place satisfaction on high effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions. The main theoretical contribution relates to the inclusion of the four dimensions of place attachment in a single model. Findings are discussed with respect to their applied and theoretical relevance. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 31
issue: 3
beginPage: 896
endPage: 905
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.10.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000303294900030
year: 2012
authors: de Grosbois, D
title:
Corporate social responsibility reporting by the global hotel industry: Commitment, initiatives and performance

docAbstract:
The current study evaluates corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting practice among the largest hotel companies in the world. Based on the content analysis of websites and reports published online by the top 150 hotel companies in the world in summer 2010, it identifies the communication methods used by hotel companies as well as the scope of reported information. Specifically, it demonstrates that while a large number of companies report commitment to CSR goals, much smaller number of them provide details of specific initiatives undertaken to contribute to these goals and even less of them report actual performance achieved. The study also identifies a number of challenges which make it very difficult to meaningfully compare performance of the hotel groups that do report it, including issues such as different methodologies applied, different measures used and lack of clarity with respect to the scope of reporting. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Towards an ethics platform for tourism
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 4
beginPage: 962
endPage: 984
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.11.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000233306600007
year: 2005
authors: Macbeth, J
docAbstract:
Ethical distinctions inform all human actions and decisions. On inspection, however, dominant paradigms in tourism scholarship are imbued with the myth of objectivity and thus ignore the ethical dimension. Since the four platforms of scholarship were first published in 1990, a representation of one of the most value-based concepts of this time, sustainable development, has been embraced; a fifth platform has emerged to dominate the rhetoric of tourism praxis. However, this paper argues that a sixth platform, an ethics platform, is needed to interrogate the morality of the positions taken in policy, planning, development, and management. These platforms are proposed against a background of environmental ethics and global political economy.


title: Comprehensive and minimalist dimensions of ecotourism
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 2
beginPage: 439
endPage: 455
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000228681000008
year: 2005
authors: Weaver, DB
docAbstract:
Analysis of core criteria of ecotourism suggests two "ideal types" based on the level of sustainability outcomes. The minimalist emphasizes superficial learning opportunities focused on charismatic megafauna, while its sustainability objectives are site-specific and status quo-oriented. The comprehensive model adopts a holistic and global approach to attractions and interpretation that fosters environmental enhancement, deep understanding, and transformation of behavior. It is argued that the comprehensive model can best promote global sustainability by accommodating selected hard (or small-scale) and soft (or large-scale) characteristics, thereby taking advantage of the economies of scale offered by the latter. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


type: J
volume: 31
issue: 1
beginPage: 113
endPage: 124
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000272764700012
year: 2010
authors: Erkus-Ozturk, H, Eraydin, A
title:
Environmental governance for sustainable tourism development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region

docAbstract:
For more than two decades the attainment of sustainable environmental quality and the protection of environmental assets have been at the forefront of central policy issues in global tourism development. Recently, it has been argued that collaborative and associative forms of governance among tourism companies and other related agents are growing in importance in the drive for sustainable and environmentally sensitive tourism. Despite the increasing number of debates on the role of networking on tourism they are not well supported by empirical studies, and still far from explain how such networks can contribute to the sustainable development of territories. This paper aims to contribute to previous literature by analysing together governance networks and literature on sustainable development, and by providing empirical findings that highlight the importance of governance networks in sustainable tourism development, the importance of different scales of collaborative governance networks and the role of organisation building for environmentally sustainable tourism development in Antalya. The paper offers analytical findings on the networks of environmental governance among different types of tourism organisations based on a company-level survey, which reveals an increase in local collaboration and self-help networking based on local concerns and endogenous dynamics among the different actors in tourism. Unfortunately, the findings show that environmental motivations fall far behind economic considerations in networking practices. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 7
beginPage: 797
endPage: 816
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.549566
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299287900001
year: 2011
authors: Bohdanowicz, P, Zientara, P, Novotna, E
title:
International hotel chains and environmental protection: an analysis of Hilton's we care! programme (Europe, 2006-2008)

docAbstract:
Using the case study method, this paper evaluates and analyses Hilton's we care! programme for improving the environmental performance of the 70 Hilton Worldwide hotels in operation in Continental Europe in 2006-2008. It explores the practical dimension of "greening" hotel operations in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and demonstrates the close links between CSR and human resource management (HRM) in hotels. It deepens the understanding of corporate environmentalism and seeks to disseminate best practice among hospitality managers. The programme's distinctive and innovative character as well as its weaknesses and strengths are highlighted. Barriers to behavioural change in hotel operation are discussed. The programme involved over 16,000 employees, created hotel-specific action teams linking all employee levels and reduced energy use per square metre by 15%, water use and CO(2) emissions per guest night by 8% each over three years. Avoided utility costs totalled US$16 million, of which US$9.6 million can be attributed to changes in human behaviour. The paper makes a case for a holistic approach that combines the introduction of IT-based measurement and performance-assessing tools with genuine employee empowerment and green awareness raising. The study concludes with future managerial policy recommendations that simultaneously bear upon corporate environmentalism and HRM.


title: Can sustainable tourism survive climate change?
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 5
endPage: 15
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.536242
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285350400002
year: 2010
authors: Weaver, D
docAbstract:
This opinion piece contends that tourism's expanding engagement with climate change, as it is currently unfolding, is not necessarily conducive to the interests of tourism sustainability. Inherent unpredictability, long-term timeframes, lack of directly tangible consequences or clearly identifiable villains, issues with credibility and vested interests and cost implications in an era of chronic economic uncertainty all combine to increase the likelihood of unsuccessful climate change policies and strategies. Additional complications arise within the tourism sector from the rudimentary state of knowledge about the relationships between the tourism and climate change, an apathetic and fickle travelling public and a reciprocally uncommitted tourism industry. I argue that adaptation is a rational business response to climate change that is not directly related to environmental and sociocultural sustainability, and that mitigation measures should be supported to the extent that they yield practical and tangible short- and medium-term benefits and address local sustainability issues such as air quality and biodiversity protection.


title: Understanding energy consumption patterns of tourist attractions and activities in New Zealand
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 4
beginPage: 343
endPage: 354
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00091-7
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000176028600002
year: 2002
authors: Becken, S, Simmons, DG
docAbstract:
A major threat to the sustain ability of tourism is the escalating demand for energy resulting in the depletion of natural resources and an associated threat to the global climate. It is argued that tourism. and particularly the recreational part of the product. may contribute considerably to a country's 'energy bill'. This study analyses tourist attractions and activities in New Zealand with the purpose to understanding the energy use of different categories, sub-categories, and operator types. The results of a survey across a wide range of tourism businesses (N = 107) show that tourist attractions. such as museums (10 MJ/visit), or experience centres (29 MJ/visit) generally consume less energy than tourist activities, such as scenic Flights (344 MJ/flight) or jet boating (255 MJ/ride), on a per capita basis, Various factors influence the total energy cost of a business and the consumption per tourist, particularly when motorised travel is used to overcome Physical barriers, Such factors include visitor numbers. management style, technical equipment, and fuel mix. A detailed examination of the energy use pattern of an operator can often improve the energy efficiency. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 69
issue: 4
beginPage: 338
endPage: 343
doi: 10.1080/02701367.1998.10607708
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000077449300006
year: 1998
authors: Jones, CJ, Rikli, RE, Max, J, Noffal, G
title:
The reliability and validity of a chair sit-and-reach test as a measure of hamstring flexibility in older adults

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability and the criterion validity of a newly developed chair sit-and-reach (CSR) test as a measure of hamstring flexibility in older adults. CSR performance was also compared to sit-and-reach (SR) and back-saver sit-and-reach (BSR) measures of hamstring flexibility. To estimate reliability, 76 men and women (M age = 70.5 years) performed the CSR on 2 different days, 2-5 days apart. In the validity phase of the study, scores of 80 men and women (M age = 74.2 years) were obtained on three field test measures of hamstring flexibility (CSR, SR, and BSR) and on a criterion test (goniometer measurement of a passive straight-leg raise). Results indicate that the CSR has good intraclass test-retest reliability (R = .92 for men; r = .96 for women), and has a moderate-to-good relationship with the criterion measure (r = .76 for men; r = .81 for women). The criterion validity of the CSR for the male and female participants is comparable to that of the SR (r = .74 and r = .71, respectively) and BSR (r = .70 and r = .71, respectively). Results indicate that the CSR test produces reasonably accurate and stable measures of hamstring flexibility. In addition, it appears that the CSR is a safe and socially acceptable alternative to traditional floor sit-and-reach tests as a measure of hamstring flexibility in older adults.


title: Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options?
type: J
volume: 30
issue: 6
beginPage: 828
endPage: 837
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270345600006
year: 2009
authors: Collins, A, Jones, C, Munday, M
docAbstract:
At a time when public and private agencies recognise the importance of sustainable development, the environmental impacts of mega sporting events are commanding increasing attention. However, despite event sponsors often flagging the importance of environmental as well as socio-economic legacy components, the environmental impacts of events are difficult to assess quantitatively, being complex and often occurring over extended periods. The general assessment issue is particularly acute with regard to mega events such as the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup. The practical issues mean that any quantitative techniques seeking to assess environmental impacts are likely to be partial in scope. This paper examines two such approaches for quantitative impact assessment of selected environmental externalities connected with visitation at sporting events. The paper considers the use of Ecological Footprint analysis and Environmental Input-Output modelling. It provides examples of the applications of these techniques to discrete sporting events in a UK region, and discusses whether these techniques are appropriate for exploring the environmental impacts of mega events. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Resident attitudes in a mature destination: the case of Waikiki
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 5
beginPage: 435
endPage: 443
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00009-7
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000169399200001
year: 2001
authors: Sheldon, PJ, Abenoja, T
docAbstract:
Sustainable tourism cannot be successfully implemented without the involvement of those affected by tourism. Therefore, evaluating residents' altitudes towards tourism and involving them in as many aspects of development is an important step in creating sustainability. This paper summarizes work already done on resident inputs to the planning process and discusses the development and status of Waikiki, in the state of Hawaii, USA as a destination. Waikiki is one of the world's premier resort destinations serving both as a resort and residential area. It currently faces stagnating visitor arrivals and increased revitalization efforts, commonly typified by mature destinations. Recommendations for Waikiki's continued vitality are given based on a survey of Waikiki residents' attitudes towards the redevelopment of their community. Results indicate residents' close affinity towards Waikiki and favorable attitudes towards tourism. It is suggested that revitalization efforts be directed to residents' desire for an improved pedestrian environment and adherence to their revealed preferences. Residents' close attachment to Waikiki infers the need for resident endorsement of revitalization efforts. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Tourist perception of environmental impact
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 4
beginPage: 853
endPage: 867
doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00004-4
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000170820300001
year: 2001
authors: Hillery, M, Nancarrow, B, Griffin, G, Syme, G
docAbstract:
This study investigated the relationship between measured environmental impact and tourists' perception of it, at ten sites in Central Australia. A positive relationship between annual visitation to a site and measurable impact was found, despite the small amount of tourism impact in the area. Tourists' perception of impact varied in degree. A majority identified relevant environmental threats (tourism or introduced species), while a smaller proportion suggested management options to address track spreading, the major impact identified by this study. Overall, environmental conditions were rated lower at sites with a higher intensity of impacts, reflecting some tourists' ability to distinguish impacts.


title: Tourism and poverty reduction: Issues for small Island states
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 1
beginPage: 22
endPage: 41
doi: 10.1080/14616680701825115
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000255398600002
year: 2008
authors: Scheyvens, R, Momsen, JH
docAbstract:
The notion that tourism can contribute significantly to poverty reduction strategies is attracting great interest from multilateral institutions, tourism bodies, donors and other organizations around the globe. Tourism is certainly a major contributor to economic development in many small island developing states (SIDS) and often it is the only industry in these countries to consistently demonstrate growth in recent years. However, the growth of tourism in SIDS is by no means synonymous with poverty reduction, in fact, in some cases it entrenches existing inequalities. If tourism is to contribute significantly to the reduction of poverty in SIDS, a broad approach that values social sustainability as well as the more popular environmental sustainability and economic growth will be necessary. In addition, governments need to establish an effective policy environment and play a stronger regulatory role if sustainable, equity-enhancing tourism is to emerge. The paper suggests effective ways in which national planning can both encourage private sector actors to support poverty reduction and facilitate the involvement of wider sectors of society in tourism development. It is not sufficient for governments to simply promote tourism development in line with neoliberal growth -orientated policies.


title: Corporate social responsibility: The disclosure-performance gap
type: J
volume: 33
issue: 6
beginPage: 1544
endPage: 1553
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.02.012
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306639600025
year: 2012
authors: Font, X, Walmsley, A, Cogotti, S, McCombes, L, Hausler, N
docAbstract:
As increased stakeholder pressure requires companies to be transparent about their CSR practices, it is essential to know how reliable corporate disclosure mechanisms are, testing the gap between corporate social responsibility claims and actual practice. This study benchmarks corporate social responsibility policies and practices of ten international hotel groups of particular importance to the European leisure market. We found that corporate systems are not necessarily reflective of actual operations, environmental performance is eco-savings driven, labour policies aim to comply with local legislation, socioeconomic policies are inward looking with little acceptance of impacts on the destination, and customer engagement is limited. Generally larger hotel groups have more comprehensive policies but also greater gaps in implementation, while the smaller hotel groups focus only on environmental management and deliver what they promised. As the first survey of its kind in tourism, both the methodology and the findings have implications for further research. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: USING RESILIENCE CONCEPTS TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACTS OF PROTECTED AREA TOURISM ON COMMUNITIES
type: J
volume: 37
issue: 2
beginPage: 499
endPage: 519
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2009.11.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277102600011
year: 2010
authors: Strickland-Munro, JK, Allison, HE, Moore, SA
docAbstract:
Protected area tourism is a growing trend worldwide. It has an enormous potential to impact on local communities. Traditional assessment methods tend to focus on current conditions using sustainability indicators that are often poorly chosen resulting in the misidentification and misinterpretation of impacts. Research in systems thinking and resilience suggest that future conditions may be different, more extreme and rapidly changing than previously experienced, requiring very different approaches to assessment. New methods acknowledging uncertainty and change are required. Here we present a novel approach to investigating the impacts of protected area tourism on communities by framing them as a social-ecological system and adopting resilience assessment principles.


title: Sustainable performance index for tourism policy development
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 6
beginPage: 871
endPage: 880
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.10.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000281176500018
year: 2010
authors: Castellani, V, Sala, S
docAbstract:
Development of sustainable tourism policies could be a useful way of encouraging new forms of business, increasing employment and promoting the conservation of landscapes; in this regard, the application of the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas represents a referential methodology for local development and a possibility to involve local stakeholders in the definition of sustainability policy. In many cases, integrated sustainability indicators are developed within a participatory process; the present study represents an innovative attempt to evaluate sustainability holistically, by defining specific targets through the definition of indicators suitable to measure and evaluate the temporal evolution of development policies, mainstreaming sustainability to reduce adverse effects on the environment and promoting conservation of local and traditional values. Application of sustainability indicators to measure welfare and development at local scales is strategic to evaluate the short and long term effects of strategies developed through the European Charter participatory process. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 6
beginPage: 601
endPage: 628
doi: 10.2167/jost766.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000261264400001
year: 2008
authors: Schianetz, K, Kavanagh, L
title:
Sustainability Indicators for Tourism Destinations: A Complex Adaptive Systems Approach Using Systemic Indicator Systems

docAbstract:
This article discusses the necessity for complementing linear sustainability assessment tools, which disregard the complex and dynamic nature of tourism, with complex adaptive systems (CASs) approaches. A methodological framework for the selection and evaluation of sustainability indicators for tourism destinations, the systemic indicator system (SIS), is proposed; this framework takes the interrelatedness of sociocultural, economic and environmental issues into account. The SIS methodology is tested using a case study of a holiday eco-village project near Lamington National Park in Queensland, Australia. The results show that tourism destinations need to be viewed and studied as CASs, and that sustainability indicator systems need to be applied in the context of an adaptive management approach. Special attention is given to the capability of the SIS methodology as a decision aid for resort developers and planners to improve the effectiveness of measures for pollution prevention and mitigation.


title: From contents to processes: Versus a dynamic destination management model (DDMM)
type: J
volume: 27
issue: 5
beginPage: 1053
endPage: 1063
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.09.010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000239369600030
year: 2006
authors: Sainaghi, R
docAbstract:
In the tourism market, it is destinations that compete, not individual firms [Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2000). The competitive destination: A sustainable perspective. Tourism Management, 21(SI), 1-7]. Growing competition, both national and international, is making this more and more apparent. In fact, every destination (defined here as tourist district) has to position its products in such a way that gives them character and personality. The traditional fragmented structure of the European market has spurred the development of metamanagement organizations called destination management organizations (DMOs). Today, DMOs are called on to play a critical role: to help local firms build sustainable competitive advantage and to create competitive advantage for the entire district through positioning choices. This paper proposes a dynamic model of destination management (DDMM) which identifies typical metamanagement processes a DMO can use to shape district strategy. The usefulness of this work can be seen not only in the need to formulate a "good strategy", which is often described in terms of positioning or criticality (strategy content), but also a method or a path that enables firms to build that positioning or acquire that criticality (strategy process). In fact, Kaplan and Norton [(2001). The strategy focused organization. How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment. HBS Press] note that the ability to implement a strategy is more important than the quality of the strategy itself. The model proposed here, consistent with the empirical evidence gathered in multiple longitudinal case studies, underscores the criticality of two different types of metamanagement processes: (i) a series of operative activies, here defined as primary processes, which can shape the resources of the district and serve to create, supply, and communicate local product systems, and (ii) a series of support processes, which can provide the "glue" between various players (public and private, profit and non-profit, entrepreneurs and community) that operate within the district. If these processes are effectively managed, they have a significant impact on the competitive advantage of the firms operating in the tourist district. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Rethinking standards from green to sustainable
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 4
beginPage: 986
endPage: 1007
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000225843900012
year: 2004
authors: Font, X, Harris, C
docAbstract:
Tourism certification has emerged as a tool to reduce environmental impacts and gain competitive advantage, and been promoted on the basis of efficiency-based eco-savings. This paper explores the successes and challenges of five programs operating partly or wholly in developing countries that have introduced socioeconomic criteria to complete the triple bottom line of sustainability. The analysis suggests that social standards are ambiguous; the assessment methodologies are inconsistent and open to interpretation; there is considerable variation on what is understood as sustainable depending on the type of tourism companies targeted; and the programs working more intensely on social issues will have the greatest challenges to expand. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sustainability Indicators for Small Tourism Enterprises - An Exploratory Perspective
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 5
beginPage: 575
endPage: 594
doi: 10.2167/jost579.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000260235700006
year: 2008
authors: Roberts, S, Tribe, J
docAbstract:
Despite the numerical dominance of small tourism enterprises (STEs) in many destinations, little is known about their role in helping destinations progress towards sustainability objectives. The a priori assumption is that, by being small and locally owned, these enterprises automatically contribute to sustainable tourism development. This paper argues that to test this assumption, relevant indicators of sustainability (ISTs) should be developed. In contrast to destination and community ISTs, which are often stakeholder driven, the indicators developed here take an unconventional but not unprecedented approach, drawing on published frameworks and peer-reviewed case studies. The methodology of this approach has been made explicit so that potential users and researchers can assess its value and build upon it. A list of indicators that emerge from the process, covering the four broad sustainability dimensions, is given, which can be used in assessing the STE's progress towards a destination's long-term sustainability goals.


title: Tourism: A Critical Business
type: J
volume: 46
issue: 3
beginPage: 245
endPage: 255
doi: 10.1177/0047287507304051
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000266554200002
year: 2008
authors: Tribe, J
docAbstract:
A research and practice gap is identified demonstrating tourism to be an insufficiently critical business. Initially the idea of critical tourism is addressed in two ways. First, an array of meanings is exposed from which the idea of critical theory is developed. Next, discussion turns to how critical approaches can contribute to good management and governance of tourism by providing understandings that technical rationality can overlook. Finally, the limited extent of critical tourism research is established. The article concludes that tourism should be a critical business and offers pointers for such an agenda. For although positivist research informed by technical rationality is crucial to the better operational management of tourism, critical research is essential for setting an agenda for ethical management, governance and coexistence with the wider world. Indeed it is critical to deep, long-term sustainability and even the survival of tourism.


type: J
volume: 35
beginPage: 94
endPage: 110
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.06.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000312615400009
year: 2013
authors: Leonidou, LC, Leonidou, CN, Fotiadis, TA, Zeriti, A
title:
Resources and capabilities as drivers of hotel environmental marketing strategy: Implications for competitive advantage and performance

docAbstract:
Building on the resource-based view, we develop a model of drivers and outcomes of environmentally friendly marketing strategies in the Greek hotel sector. Data collected from 152 hotels reveal that possessing sufficient physical and financial resources is instrumental in achieving effective green marketing strategies. In addition, shared vision and technology sensing/response capabilities help develop a sound environmentally friendly marketing strategy. In turn, the adoption of such a strategy is conducive to obtaining competitive advantage, which subsequently increases the potential to achieve superior market and financial performance. Furthermore, the study finds that the effect of environmental marketing strategy on competitive advantage is stronger in the case of intense competitive situations, while market dynamism has no moderating effect on this association. Several implications can be drawn from the study findings for both corporate and public policy makers and interesting directions for future research are provided. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Inherent complexity: Disability, accessible tourism and accommodation information preferences
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 6
beginPage: 816
endPage: 826
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000281176500012
year: 2010
authors: Darcy, S
docAbstract:
Studies have identified constraints with the way that accessible accommodation information is documented and marketed. Yet, no research has investigated the criteria that people with disabilities determine as 'important' to selecting accommodation and their preference for presenting this information. This paper presents the results of a survey (n = 566) to determine the relative importance of room selection criteria through the development of a 55-item Hotel Accessibility Scale. Four information formats were then presented to ascertain the preferences of the respondents. The results suggest that while sociodemographic variables offered some insight into criteria selection, the most significant explanation for criteria selection and information preferences were the dimensions of disability and level of support needs. The preferred format of accessible accommodation information provision was based on a combination of textual, floorplan and digital photography. The management implications suggest that detailed information provision using this format has benefits for accommodation stock yield and social sustainability. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Moving Best Practice Forward: Delphi Characteristics, Advantages, Potential Problems, and Solutions
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 5
beginPage: 415
endPage: 437
doi: 10.1002/jtr.709
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270955500001
year: 2009
authors: Donohoe, HM, Needham, RD
docAbstract:
In the last 30 years, there has been increasing application of the Delphi technique to tourism research. However, mystification regarding Delphi characteristics and procedures is evident in the literature. Through critical examination, this paper seeks to demystify the Delphi and advance understanding of the technique, contribute to the evolution of methodological guidelines, and provide further guidance to tourism researchers. A generic Delphi procedure is introduced, a critical review of its advantages and potential problems is presented, and critical design decisions are identified. Expert panel design and management are emphasised through example and critical review. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Current issue in tourism: The authentic tourist
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 4
beginPage: 1128
endPage: 1138
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.09.012
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000246882500016
year: 2007
authors: Yeoman, I, McMahon-Beattie, U, Brass, D
docAbstract:
It is Scotland's tourism ambition to grow by 50% by 2015. In order to achieve this, "authenticity" has being identified as a future key consumer-driver and as a trend that matches Scotland's brand equity proposition of "human, enduring and dramatic". This paper identifies 10 trends that are shaping the concept of authenticity and exemplifies these through two scenarios-the Ella Stewart Family Centre Holidays and Orkadian Ancestors and Fiddlers. The paper discusses the concept of "authenti-seeking", which is defined as "consumers searching for authenticity from a range of products, services and experiences or looking for it within themselves". This concept is then considered within the context of tourism, highlighting the opportunity for Scotland, whether this be community-based propositions, activity holidays or even nostalgic, authentic products, such as the Tizer Experience at Barr's Soft Drink Plant. If authenticity is to be a serious proposition, it must be built around the notions of ethical, natural, honest, simple, beautiful, rooted and human concepts. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Exploring social representations of tourism planning: issues for governance
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4-5
beginPage: 423
endPage: 436
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.558625
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291812800002
year: 2011
authors: Moscardo, G
docAbstract:
A major challenge for tourism as a social and economic activity and as an academic study is the integration of multiple perspectives into coherent frameworks. This paper explores this challenge and argues that a social representations approach allows for the critical analysis of formal approaches to tourism planning. Special attention is given to tourism development and governance in Africa and other emerging destinations. A content/semiotic analysis was conducted to examine figures summarising tourism planning models presented in the academic and government planning literature. This revealed a dominant social representation of tourism planning in which destination residents play only a minor role and are typically excluded from tourism governance and external agents, from both the private and public sectors, and their views of tourist needs are dominant. Most planning models were narrowly focused, had limited evaluation of all tourism benefits and costs, paid little attention to non-economic factors and did not integrate into wider development processes. The paper argues that this social representation assumes the core objective of tourism planning is to enhance outcomes for tourists and tourism businesses rather than for destination residents. Measures to enhance local governance capacity are suggested, with examples from the health, education and tourism sectors.


type: J
volume: 9
issue: 2
beginPage: 147
endPage: 158
doi: 10.1057/thr.2008.46
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212209100005
year: 2009
authors: Bohdanowicz, P, Zientara, P
title:
Hotel companies' contribution to improving the quality of life of local communities and the well-being of their employees

docAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to discuss the question of how hotel companies contribute to improving the quality of life in host communities and the well-being of their employees. A number of research techniques were employed, which allowed to see what the hospitality sector has done to further the aforesaid end. The findings are placed into the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and it is argued that, in recent years, hotel companies have gone to great lengths to improve the quality of life in local communities and the well-being of their employees. Critically, by presenting concrete initiatives and highlighting their rationale, it is shown that a growing number of hotels have embedded the idea of CSR into their business models. The paper concludes by asserting that international hotel companies can play an important role in the development of host communities.


title: Sport serving development and peace: Achieving the goals of the United Nations through sport
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 4
beginPage: 359
endPage: 369
doi: 10.1080/17430430802019227
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213104900002
year: 2008
authors: Beutler, I
docAbstract:
In recent years, the international community has increasingly recognised and drawn on the power of sport as a means to promote development and peace. Since the appointment of the first Special Adviser to the United Nations Secretary-General on Sport for Development and Peace in 2001, the United Nations has promoted sport as a cost-effective tool to accelerate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and to promote peace. It has been proved that the systematic and coherent use of sport can make an important contribution to public health; universal education; gender equality; poverty reduction; prevention of HIV and AIDS and other diseases; environmental sustainability as well as peace-building and conflict resolution. Since the International Year of Sport and Physical Education 2005, United Nations Member States have increasingly recognized in their national legislation and policies the role of sport in dealing with numerous domestic foreign policy challenges.


title: Justice tourism and alternative globalisation
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 345
endPage: 364
doi: 10.2167/jost749.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000258518700007
year: 2008
authors: Higgins-Desbiolles, F
docAbstract:
Because of the negative impacts of capitalist globalisation, some commentators are anticipating an alternative form of globalisation. This paper examines the potential of alternative tourisms to be catalysts for more just and sustainable forms of globalisation. While it is argued that various forms of alternative tourism, including ecotourism, sustainability, peace through tourism, and pro-poor tourism have been co-opted by a defensive tourism industry in the face of widespread criticism and an active anticapitalist globalisation movement, it is suggested that the niche of justice tourism provides a singular model of difference. justice tourism is a relatively new and under-analysed phenomenon that seeks not only to reform the inequities and damages of contemporary tourism, but also to chart a path to a more just global order. An examination of justice tourism indicates that its 'products and services', its structures and its agendas are radically different from the other segments of the alternative tourism phenomenon. In particular, the formation of the Tourism Interventions Group, with its collaboration with the social justice movement meeting under the auspices of the World Social Forum, shows that justice tourism aims for a fundamental transformation of the contemporary global order.


title: Tourism in Small Island States: From Vulnerability to Strengths
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 5
beginPage: 491
endPage: 510
doi: 10.2167/jost821.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000260235700001
year: 2008
authors: Scheyvens, R, Momsen, J
docAbstract:
This article argues that the narrow and frequently negative conceptualisations of small island states as environmentally vulnerable and economically dependent are problematic for sustainable tourism development and for economic development, generally. Scenarios presented to date are often incomplete. Narratives suggesting that island peoples are unskilled and lack resources, and that their islands are 'tiny' and 'fragile', can undermine their pride and stifle their initiative, reducing their ability to act with autonomy to determine and achieve their own developmental goals. A range of more positive conceptualisations is given, demonstrating the strong social dimensions of sustainability in small island states and the resilience and adaptability of island states. Examples describe a number of positive development paths to sustainable tourism in small island states.


type: J
volume: 76
issue: 1
beginPage: 11
endPage: 19
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000227535300002
year: 2005
authors: Dowda, M, Sallis, JF, McKenzie, TL, Rosengard, P, Kohl, HW
title:
Evaluating the sustainability of SPARK physical education: A case study of translating research into practice

docAbstract:
Dissemination and sustainability of evidence-based physical education programs (PE) has been studied rarely. The sustainability of a health-related PE program (SPARK) was independently evaluated in 111 elementary schools in 7 states. Surveys were mailed to schools that had received SPARK curriculum books, training, and follow-up (response rate = 4 7 %). Up to 80 % of schools that adopted STARK PE reported sustained use up to 4 years later Schools using SPARK had more frequent PE classes. Sustained use was related to support from the principal, not previously having a standard PE program, having adequate equipment, and teachers being physically active. Program sustainability was similar in advantaged and disadvantaged schools. Evidence-based PE programs can be sustained up to 4 years.


type: J
volume: 31
issue: 5
beginPage: 621
endPage: 628
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.017
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000278205800007
year: 2010
authors: George, R, Frey, N
title:
Responsible tourism management: The missing link between business owners' attitudes and behaviour in the Cape Town tourism industry

docAbstract:
The global threat of climate change, diminishing natural resources and significant socio-economic inequalities is forcing companies and individuals to evaluate the impact they are having on the natural, social and economic environments. This trend has led to an increased availability and demand for socially, environmentally and economically responsible products. The tourism industry relies heavily on the sustained beauty and hospitality of the places and communities it operates in and has come under pressure to manage its negative and positive impacts. Change in the industry has, however, been limited. This paper investigates the current attitudes and perceptions of tourism business owners in Cape Town towards responsible tourism management (RTM) practices. Cape Town as an internationally acclaimed top tourism destination needs to urgently address its low levels of responsible tourism evidence. Survey data of 244 tourism businesses were used to statistically test what factors are causing the low levels of RTM practices in the Cape Town tourism industry. Findings suggest that despite general positive attitudes towards RTM, businesses are not investing time and money into changing management practices. This is a common emerging market phenomenon where resource constraints negatively impact the relationship between what businesses would like to do and what actually gets done. Factors such as the perceived cost of RIM, a highly competitive environment and a perceived lack of government support are further negatively influencing this relationship. Recommendations are made as to how the costs of implementing RTM can be reduced and what channels should be implemented to facilitate change. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Paradoxes in planning - Tourism elitism or brutalism?
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 2
beginPage: 329
endPage: 348
doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00099-1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000078978200005
year: 1999
authors: Burns, P
docAbstract:
While the rhetorics of environment, sustainability and ethics are prominent in academic discussions on tourism planning, they remained somewhat remote in the case of Eritrea. The debate about, how the poorest countries should proceed with tourism remains polarized and confused. To help analyze this, a continuum is proposed upon which various types of planning advice may be placed. The two poles are represented by "Tourism First" (in which developing the industry is the focus of planning) and "Development First" (where planning is framed by national development needs) The terms of reference which are the key planning guide For tourism consulting firms conducting planning, are identified as being particularly inadequate. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Food management in tourism: Reducing tourism's carbon 'foodprint'
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 3
beginPage: 534
endPage: 543
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.04.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000287056600008
year: 2011
authors: Aall, C, Gossling, S, Garrod, B, Hille, J, Peeters, P
docAbstract:
Food production and consumption have a range of sustainability implications, including their contribution to global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). As some foodstuffs entail higher GHG emissions than others, managing their use in tourism-related contexts could make a significant contribution to climate change mitigation. This article reviews the carbon intensity of selected foods and discusses how foodservice providers could adapt their practices. It shows that even though food management could substantially reduce the GHG emissions of foodservice providers, its application is currently hampered by the complexity of food production chains and a lack of dependable data on the GHG intensity of foodstuffs. Nevertheless, it is possible to make a number of recommendations in respect of how foodservice providers can better purchase, prepare and present foods. Further research is now needed to refine and extend our understanding of the contribution that food management can make to reducing tourism's carbon 'foodprint'. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 2
beginPage: 179
endPage: 206
doi: 10.1080/16184740802024484
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207469600005
year: 2008
authors: Breitbarth, T, Harris, P
title:
The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Football Business: Towards the Development of a Conceptual Model

docAbstract:
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has attracted considerable interest in the management discipline, but has rarely been evaluated and explored in the sports management research arena. In evaluating the sports, management and marketing literature, this article considers the role of CSR in professional football. It argues that an increased awareness and integration of CSR into the football business fosters the competitiveness of the game and creates additional value for its stakeholders. The article proposes a conceptual model which outlines the agency role of football in order to create political, cultural, humanitarian and reassurance value. Empirical evidence supporting the model is applied based on case studies from four key countries that currently dominate the shaping of CSR discussion and are vital for the game itself: England, Germany, Japan and the US. The article's aim is to encourage sports management to see CSR as an opportunity-driven concept, which can assist in achieving better strategic direction, and outlines areas where future research can improve sport management's appreciation of this rapidly more important topic.


type: J
volume: 31
issue: 3
beginPage: 745
endPage: 756
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000303294900015
year: 2012
authors: Lee, YK, Kim, Y, Lee, KH, Li, DX
title:
The impact of CSR on relationship quality and relationship outcomes: A perspective of service employees

docAbstract:
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained increasing attention over the past decade. While many studies examined an impact of CSR on consumers, only dearth of research is found that attempts to understand the impact of CSR on employees from the relationship marketing perspective. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of CSR in predicting relationship quality and relationship outcomes. The four dimensions of CSR used in the study include economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic aspects. Data were collected via survey from employees of franchised foodservice enterprises located in South Korea. The findings of the study show that not all dimensions of CSR have the same effect on relationship quality. While economic and philanthropic dimensions have a significant influence on organizational trust, only ethical dimension has a positive effect on job satisfaction. As expected, relationship quality has a significant impact on relationship outcomes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 29
issue: 2
beginPage: 261
endPage: 267
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000275181000009
year: 2010
authors: Frost, W, Laing, J
title:
How green was my festival: Exploring challenges and opportunities associated with staging green events

docAbstract:
Organisers of events are increasingly looking to highlight their green credentials. This is occurring against the background of an increasingly sophisticated market that is suspicious of claims that cannot be substantiated. This conceptual paper explores some of the issues encompassing the management and staging of a green event. It examines the importance of engaging a range of key stakeholders and considers various ways in which events are greening their operations. This paper then considers some of the challenges involved in incorporating green messages into an event theme. It concludes with an analysis of future research needs associated with green events. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Corporate Social Responsibility in Hospitality: Issues and Implications. A Case Study of Scandic
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 271
endPage: 293
doi: 10.1080/15022250802504814
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000261675500001
year: 2008
authors: Bohdanowicz, P, Zientara, P
docAbstract:
Corporate social responsibility (CSR), which takes as its premise that firms ought to justify their existence in terms of service to assorted stakeholders rather than mere profit, has been a subject of much debate. Yet, notwithstanding certain critical voices, more and more businesses, including hospitality companies, are embracing CSR. Some - like Scandic - even embedded it into their business models, which means that CSR underpins their organizational modus operandi. Thus this paper, built around an analysis of Scandic's Omtanke programme, aims to conceptualize CSR in the context of the hospitality sector. Great stress is laid, therefore, on the implications of CSR for hotel-based human resource management, local community support and promotion of environmental sustainability. Drawing on interviews with Scandic managers and internal documents, we examine the rationale and effects of various CSR initiatives carried out in Scandic hotels in recent years. Building on these insights, the paper concludes by making some recommendations of practical character and highlighting future research directions.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 6
beginPage: 1485
endPage: 1496
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.01.012
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000250025300012
year: 2007
authors: Schianetz, K, Kavanagh, L, Lockington, D
title:
The Learning Tourism Destination: The potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations

docAbstract:
Globalisation, increasing complexity, and the need to address triple-bottom line sustainability have seen the proliferation of Learning Organisations (LO) who, by definition, have the capacity to anticipate environmental changes and economic opportunities and adapt accordingly. Such organisations use system dynamics modelling (SDM) for both strategic planning and the promotion of organisational learning. Although SDM has been applied in the context of tourism destination management for predictive reasons, the current literature does not analyse or recognise how this could be used as a foundation for an LO. This study introduces the concept of the Learning Tourism Destinations (LTD) and discusses, on the basis of a review of six case studies, the potential of SDM as a tool for the implementation and enhancement of collective learning processes. The results reveal that SDM is capable of promoting communication between stakeholders and stimulating organisational learning. It is suggested that the LTD approach be further utilised and explored. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 5
beginPage: 515
endPage: 524
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00107-7
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000086979500008
year: 2000
authors: Markwick, MC
title:
Golf tourism development, stakeholders, differing discourses and alternative agendas: the case of Malta

docAbstract:
As one of the most rapidly expanding types of extensive land-use, golf course development has often attracted controversy when proposed as a policy to promote special-interest tourism. PI Malta is an extreme case in which such conflicts have arisen, being one of the world's most densely populated countries and having limited land and water resources. Focusing on the disputes arising from Malta's golf development proposals, this paper examines stakeholders' arguments in the context of contemporary concerns about sustainability. Using interview narratives and newspaper reports, the paper unpacks the different discourses involved to reveal some surprising collaboration as well as conflict. The paper points to the difficulties of generalised conceptualisation of such development conflicts, suggesting stakeholder mapping of power-interest matrices as a way forward by which tourism scholars and managers may interpret the complex relationships involved. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 33
issue: 3
beginPage: 692
endPage: 701
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.08.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299973600022
year: 2012
authors: Ziegler, J, Dearden, P, Rollins, R
title:
But are tourists satisfied? Importance-performance analysis of the whale shark tourism industry on Isla Holbox, Mexico

docAbstract:
The objective of this paper is to understand the motivations and satisfactions of whale shark tour participants on Isla Holbox, Mexico in order to assess the success of this industry in meeting customer expectations. Whale shark tour participants were provided with a list of environmental and setting features and asked to rate the importance of, and satisfaction with, each feature. Importance-performance (IP) analysis was used to compare these scores and identify areas of management concern. The IP analysis identified key issues with false advertising, lack of educational information, perceived crowding, and tour cost. These factors are representative of larger issues related to the uncontrolled growth of the whale shark tourism industry on Holbox. Management should focus on limiting the growth of the industry, ensuring the equitable distribution of economic benefits within the industry, and developing and implementing effective guide training and interpretation programs. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism An approach from Agua Blanca, Ecuador
type: J
volume: 32
issue: 3
beginPage: 655
endPage: 666
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.021
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000287056600019
year: 2011
authors: Ruiz-Ballesteros, E
docAbstract:
Socio-ecological resilience (SER), as a theoretical framework, provides an original approach to the study of socio-ecological sustainability, affirming that sustainable development can only be achieved in sufficiently resilient socio-ecosystems. Sustainability is one of the major challenges facing tourism. Therefore, the exploratory application of this theoretical approach to tourist contexts could be particularly apt. Practically all current modes of tourist operation profess a commitment to sustainability, but this is much more significant in experiences of community-based tourism (CBT). This paper presents an ethnographic case study in Agua Blanca, an Ecuadorian community that engages in turismo comunitario, a community-based tourism development strategy. The study explores the expediency of studying socio-ecological resilience in tourist research and attempts to open up new pathways for analytical and methodological development. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Changing Paradigms and Global Change: From Sustainable to Steady-state Tourism
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 2
beginPage: 131
endPage: 143
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2010.11081629
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453380500003
year: 2010
authors: Hall, CM
docAbstract:
The field of Tourism Studies has given substantial attention to the issue of sustainability since the late 1980s. However, despite the plethora of publications, conferences, and strategies that deal with sustainability, tourism is arguably less sustainable than it has ever been. The reasons for this are several-fold and include the relative weakness of sustainability research in tourism as an epistemic community; economic, institutional and political barriers; and the inherent problems of the concept in terms of its capacity to marry social, environmental and economic indicators, and the addiction to economic growth. Following an outline of the expansion of tourism's contribution to global environmental change the article provides a re-conceptualization of sustainable tourism from an ecological economics perspective. From this approach sustainable tourism development is understood as tourism development without growth in throughput of matter and energy beyond regenerative and absorptive capacities. Steady-state tourism is, therefore, a tourism system that encourages qualitative development but not aggregate quantitative growth to the detriment of natural capital. In the case of tourism, more does not mean better, and growth does not mean development. Tourism policy implications are also examined. It is concluded that while the political-economic indications for such a transformative approach are not immediately encouraging, the environmental necessity is stronger than ever.


title: Carbon neutral destinations: a conceptual analysis
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 17
endPage: 37
doi: 10.1080/09669580802276018
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000263872700003
year: 2009
authors: Gossling, S
docAbstract:
This paper provides a critical review of the concept of "carbon neutrality" for tourism destinations within the framework of the UNWTO's Davos Declaration, a document ascribing responsibilities to various actors in the tourism industry to engage in greenhouse gas emission reductions. The paper assesses the planning frameworks of countries engaging with the concept, discusses the measures that can be taken to achieve "carbon neutrality", along with an evaluation of some of the theoretical and practical implications. An increasing number of destinations now plan to become "carbon neutral", often as a response strategy to pressure on the tourism industry to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases. They aim to mitigate their contribution to global warming, and to develop their tourism industries by enhancing their image as being environmentally pristine and sustainable.


title: AUTHENTICITY IN MATURE SEASIDE RESORTS
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 4
beginPage: 1007
endPage: 1031
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2008.07.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000261931700008
year: 2008
authors: Mihalic, T, Sedmak, G
docAbstract:
The article discusses the role of authenticity in the seaside destination choice and introduces the weight attributed to authenticity as a psychographic segmentation variable. Importance ascribed to authenticity of different destination attractions was acquired by use of conjoint analysis in a study carried out in Slovenia. The results show that considerable differences in terms of the quest for authenticity exist among tourists and suggest that resort product transformation by means of inclusion and promotion of authentic features should be oriented towards carefully chosen segments. Additionally, there are some indications that social changes will influence the demand structure so that an increased search for authenticity is expected in the future.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 7
beginPage: 1091
endPage: 1109
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.815764
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000325168200009
year: 2013
authors: Hall, CM
title:
Framing behavioural approaches to understanding and governing sustainable tourism consumption: beyond neoliberalism, "nudging" and "green growth"?

docAbstract:
Three different sets of approaches to understanding behaviour with respect to sustainable tourism mobility and consumption are identified in this paper: the utilitarian, social/ psychological and the systems of provision/institutional approach. Each is based on different sets of assumptions on the factors that affect consumer sustainability behaviour. These assumptions not only affect the selection of policy tools to change behaviours but are also related to different modes of governance. Assumptions with respect to human behaviour and behavioural change and modes of intervention and governance are interrelated and mutually reinforcing and act as policy paradigms. Failure to recognise the importance of social structures in affecting behaviour has created a path dependency in which solutions to sustainable tourism mobility are only accepted within the dominant governance and behavioural paradigm. Other policy options and academic research that identify structures and institutions in systems of provision as a sustainability problem that requires non-market intervention and/or significant system change are regarded as marginal to the policy process or are ignored. It is concluded that all three different ways of approaching consumer behaviour are required if a sustainable transition to the socio-technological system of tourism mobility is to be made in a timely manner.


title: Exploring consumer perceptions of green restaurants in the US
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 4
beginPage: 286
endPage: 300
doi: 10.1057/thr.2010.17
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212209900003
year: 2010
authors: Schubert, F, Kandampully, J, Solnet, D, Kralj, A
docAbstract:
Consumer attitudes and behavioural intentions towards environmentally sustainable practices in restaurants is an under-explored area in the hospitality literature, despite the growing 'green' trend. This article analyses data collected from 455 restaurant customers across five casual dining restaurants to gain insight into consumer attitudes towards, and willingness to pay more for, restaurants that engage in 'green' practices. The findings illustrate that there is an unfilled market niche for 'green' restaurants, as customers care about restaurants protecting the environment and would be willing to pay more to offset any additional costs associated with 'green' practices.


title: Degrowing Tourism: Decroissance, Sustainable Consumption and Steady-State Tourism
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 1
beginPage: 46
endPage: 61
doi: 10.1080/13032917.2009.10518894
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212427200004
year: 2009
authors: Hall, CM
docAbstract:
Tourism studies have a tradition of seeking alternative pathways to economic development that minimise negative externalities for destinations. However, despite discourses that focus on sustainability and conservation tourism's contribution to global environmental change have continued to increase. Instead, the contribution of tourism to sustainable development should be understood in the context of degrowth processes that offer an alternative discourse to the economism paradigm that reifies economic growth in terms of GDP. A paradigm supported by institutions such as the UNWTO. A steady state understanding of sustainability is postulated that stresses both efficiency and sufficiency in terms of the natural capital and ecological resources on which economic throughput is based. Steady state tourism is therefore defined as a tourism system that encourages qualitative development but not aggregate quantitative growth that unsustainably reduces natural capital.


title: RELEVANCE OF TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE REPORTING TO ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: A SCOPING STUDY
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 1
beginPage: 79
endPage: 93
doi: 10.3727/154427205774791726
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213632300008
year: 2005
authors: Dwyer, L
docAbstract:
The tourism industry shares with local residents, governments, and community the obligation to protect and maintain the natural and cultural heritage resources of our planet, both to sustain economies and to be passed on unimpaired to future generations. The most comprehensive approach to achieving sustainable operations (i.e., to integrate economic, environmental, and social thinking into core business activities) is the Triple Bottom Line (TBL), approach. TBL is a planning and reporting mechanism and decision-making framework used to achieve sustainable development in both private and public sector organizations-an internal management tool as well as an external reporting framework. This scoping article has several aims. First, it sets out the nature of the TBL approach and its key components. Second, the article identifies the potential benefits of the TBL approach to tourism organizations. Third, it will discuss the conditions necessary for integrating TBL into organization activities. Fourth, the article will discuss some challenges to tourism organizations in establishing TBL. Finally, some issues for further research will be highlighted.


title: An Exploratory Study of Corporate Social Responsibility in the US Travel Industry
type: J
volume: 50
issue: 4
beginPage: 392
endPage: 407
doi: 10.1177/0047287510371230
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291381900005
year: 2011
authors: Park, SY, Sheldon, PJ
docAbstract:
The travel industry depends heavily on environmental and cultural resources, making responsible business practices essential to achieve sustainable tourism. This study aims to understand the U.S. travel industry's opinions about and engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) by surveying the membership of Travel Industry Association of America (TIA). It examines the most common CSR activities and identifies drivers and inhibitors in achieving CSR. Results show an agreement among TIA members about the importance of CSR for the travel industry, now more than ever. The majority of respondents currently engage in some CSR and 24% have a person dedicated to CSR activities. The main drivers of CSR activities are enhanced reputation, and community-based issues. The main inhibitors are lack of resources and lack of understanding. The results show a predominance of environmental (rather than sociocultural) CSR projects. The findings imply an urgent need for clear conceptualization and directions for CSR engagement by the travel industry.


title: Attitude towards EMSs in an international hotel: An exploratory case study
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 4
beginPage: 641
endPage: 651
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.12.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000280727000012
year: 2010
authors: Chan, ESW, Hawkins, R
docAbstract:
Research into environmental management systems (EMSs) began in the late 1990s with studies that focused on the driving forces, costs and benefits and nature of such systems. However, in the hotel and tourism field, very little research has been conducted on EMSs, except for a few studies on environmental management, such as the environmental protection practices and environmental performance of hotels. In recognition of this gap, this research studies the impact of an EMS on hotel employees whose working attitude directly affects the services provided to guests. To develop a richer and deeper understanding of the impact of EMSs on hotel employees, a qualitative case study was employed in which data were collected from three levels of employees - executive, supervisory and general - at an international hotel. A series of in-depth, semi-structured interviews was conducted and relevant company documents were collected for analysis. The findings reveal the EMS to have had both positive and negative impacts on hotel employees, which were triggered by several human resource factors, organisational motivations to adopt an EMS and adoption outcomes. Although EMSs can help promote a bottom-up approach to change within predominantly top-down cultures, a top-down approach to EMS implementation was found to be more suitable for a hotel with a predominantly Chinese workforce because of cultural issues. In addition, low employee involvement in the planning stage did not appear to affect employee commitment to an EMS as long as the correct organisational motivation for implementing the system was communicated to employees. This study provides a framework for hospitality researchers to conduct similar research in the future, which will help the industry to better understand the impact of EMS implementation on internal stakeholders, namely, employees. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The key capabilities required for managing tourism business networks
type: J
volume: 30
issue: 1
beginPage: 31
endPage: 40
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000262054100005
year: 2009
authors: Lemmetyinen, A, Go, FM
docAbstract:
This article applies the IMP (Industrial Marketing and Purchasing) Group approach to the analysis of the coordination of cooperative activities. it challenges the sustainability of the 'manipulating' demand approach in favor of the Value System Continuum in tourism business networks. It is hypothesized that local tourism businesses must develop new key capabilities in order to face future global competition. The study uses case methodology and in-depth interviews to examine organizational realities as a product of the subjective enactments or social constructions of individual actors through the perceptions of two coordinators. The case-analysis findings identify the coordination of cooperative activities in tourism business networks as a prerequisite for (1) enhancing the value-creation process, and (2) building the brand-identity process across the network. The empirical evidence in the article is limited to one country. Future work will broaden the study context by including the analysis of international networks. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Organic, incremental and induced paths to sustainable mass tourism convergence
type: J
volume: 33
issue: 5
beginPage: 1030
endPage: 1037
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.08.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000303946900002
year: 2012
authors: Weaver, DB
docAbstract:
This paper positions sustainable mass tourism (SMT) as the desired and impending outcome for most destinations. Natural resource scarcity, development of green technology, climate change awareness, the global financial crisis, institutionalised environmentalism and Internet technology all facilitate the emergence of sustainability as a societal norm that is combining with the longer established norm of growth desirability. SMT convergence is occurring along three distinctive paths in an evolutionary manner that reflects environmental pragmatism. The market-driven 'organic' path describes the conventional tourism area life cycle model of Butler, whilst the regulation-driven 'incremental' path entails deliberate alternative tourism (DAT) in which carrying capacities are gradually increased to accommodate higher visitation levels. The hybrid 'induced' path describes planned mega-resorts conceived as growth poles. Each model is invested with its own specific planning and management implications. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Hotel companies' environmental policies and practices: a content analysis of their web pages
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 1
beginPage: 97
endPage: 121
doi: 10.1108/095961112
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000301686800007
year: 2012
authors: Hsieh, YC
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze the environmental management policies and practices of the top 50 hotel companies as disclosed on their corporate web sites. Design/methodology/approach - This study employed content analysis to review the web sites of the top 50 hotel companies as defined herein. Findings - Only 46 per cent of the selected hotel companies used web pages to post information related to environmental issues on their public web sites. The web pages of Wyndham, IHG, Accor, Whitbread, Hyatt, Rezidor, Sol Melia, TUI, and Scandic featured more revealing environmental information than that posted by other companies, which indicated their environmental commitment and engagement. The results of content analysis identified 12 major environmental focus areas in which the sample hotel companies engaged. Research limitations/implications - The findings on environmental policies and practices are limited to the environmental information featured on the web sites of the top 50 hotel companies. Some of these companies may have established environmental policies or initiated environmental programs not disseminated on their web sites. In addition, web page information can be changed at any time, and the findings of this study are based upon a snapshot of the web sites as of March 2010. Practical implications - This study establishes a benchmark of the dissemination of environmental information on the internet by leading hotels, and provides a preliminary picture of environmental initiatives and engagement among these top hotel companies. The information generated from this study can serve as a guide for hotels that would like to engage in an environmental management program. This study also provides a source of information for hotels that would like to develop environmental web sites to demonstrate their environmental commitment to their stakeholders. Originality/value - Information concerning the content of environmental information disseminated on the web sites of large hotel companies is sparse. Consequently, this study aims to provide a snapshot of where the hotel industry is with regard to on-line environmental disclosure and related environmental policies and practices.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 4
beginPage: 635
endPage: 637
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.02.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000269400200021
year: 2009
authors: Lee, S, Heo, CY
title:
Corporate social responsibility and customer satisfaction among US publicly traded hotels and restaurants

docAbstract:
This study, by performing a path regression analysis, examines a mediating effect of customer satisfaction between corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and firm value for US hotels and restaurants. Further, the study differentiates positive and negative CSR activities in the analysis. Findings suggest that the customer satisfaction does not play a role of a mediator between the two factors for both hotels and restaurants. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Why Go Green? The Business Case for Environmental Commitment in the Canadian Hotel Industry
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 2
beginPage: 251
endPage: 270
doi: 10.1080/13032917.2008.9687072
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212426000004
year: 2008
authors: Dodds, R, Graci, S
docAbstract:
Despite several studies, international treaties and individual organization's commitment to going green in the tourist hotel industry, there has been limited discussion of the business case for implementing environmental practices. Several hotels have determined that there are numerous benefits to greening their hotel operations; however, there is still a gap between attitude and action in this industry. Cost savings; competitive advantage; employee loyalty; customer retention; regulatory compliance; risk management and social responsibility have been identified as the benefits to environmental commitment however with very limited discussion and proof in relation to the hotel industry. This paper seeks to identify the business case for environmental commitment with a focus on the Canadian hotel industry. Concrete examples of benefits that apply to this industry are discussed as well as future trends that support the case that going green is necessary for an economically viable and efficiently run hotel.


title: Sustainable tourism innovation: Challenging basic assumptions
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 1
beginPage: 4
endPage: 13
doi: 10.1057/thr.2008.7
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212191400002
year: 2008
authors: Moscardo, G
docAbstract:
Although much of the discussion of innovation focuses on new products and technologies, all innovation is based on challenging existing assumptions and ways of thinking. This paper argues that one option to develop new ways of thinking and innovation in tourism is to argue that there is no such thing as sustainable tourism. If we begin with the assumption that tourism cannot be sustainable in its own right but may contribute to the sustainable development of some regions under some circumstances, then a number of new approaches to tourism development emerge. In particular, it is argued that stronger links may emerge between tourism and other economic activ-ities and development options. These potential synergies are described and illustrated with a range of examples. In addition, the paper sets out a series of additional criteria that could be used to evaluate different potential tourism developments and makes suggestions about the development of sustainability performance indicators. Finally, the paper highlights the importance of better knowledge management systems to support innovation in tourism.


type: J
volume: 33
beginPage: 406
endPage: 415
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.10.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000318380100042
year: 2013
authors: Lee, S, Lee, CK, Song, HJ, Lee, HM, Bernhard, BJ
title:
The impact of CSR on casino employees' organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation: An empirical examination of responsible gambling strategies

docAbstract:
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a critical philosophy and a strategy that affects both internal (i.e., employee) and external (i.e., customer) attitudes. The importance of CSR extends to the casino industry, especially when it pertains to compulsory and supplementary responsible gambling (RG) strategies. To this end, this study surveys casino employees in South Korea to examine the impact of CSR on casino employees' organizational trust, job satisfaction, and customer orientation. Results indicate that legal CSR and supplementary RG have a positive effect on organizational trust, whereas compulsory RG strategies have a negative effect on organizational trust. Also, it appears that organizational trust positively influences job satisfaction, which in turn has a positive effect on customer orientation. In building off of these findings, this study provides practical implications for casino managers when implementing CSR and RG strategies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Worth-Creating Activities
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 4
beginPage: 990
endPage: 1006
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2008.09.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000261931700007
year: 2008
authors: Nicolau, JL
docAbstract:
Making the world a better place to live is an idea that is spreading over the four quarters of the globe; and the business realm is no exception. Firms are expected to have ethical responsibilities and go beyond their profit-oriented activities and boost the wellbeing of the community. This situation becomes more evident when an industry has a very close relationship with environments and societies which, in turn, are facets of its own products. This study shows that socially oriented activities carried out by tourism firms bring about benefits for society both directly (inherent to the purpose of such activities) and indirectly (via their commercial performance). The fact that getting actively involved in duties outside of the business arena has a positive influence on a firm's outcome implies that these initiatives help increase the social force of tourism through non-economic as well as economic mechanisms.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 15
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00059-0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000173038400001
year: 2002
authors: Ahn, BY, Lee, BK, Shafer, CS
title:
Operationalizing sustainability in regional tourism planning: an application of the limits of acceptable change framework

docAbstract:
Sustainability has been a useful concept but one that has proven difficult to operationalize. The limits of acceptable change (LAC) planning system was used as a basis for research to exemplify a model that may be useful in applying the sustainability concept in regional tourism planning. A county on the coast of Texas, USA was used to examine regional attitudes toward tourism development and the perceived change that tourism might create. Respondent attitudes from three communities were compared. Results indicated that communities differed in the way they felt about tourism. These differences provided some justification for tourism development zones (TDZs) that can help separate development and activity types related to tourism. Communities also differed in perceived change that might occur due to tourism suggesting that different conditions and indicators might be needed depending on the TDZ of concern. Implications for application of the LAC planning system are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Applying a transformative learning framework to volunteer tourism
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 6
beginPage: 713
endPage: 728
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.542246
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299287800003
year: 2011
authors: Coghlan, A, Gooch, M
docAbstract:
This paper applies the educational theory of transformative learning to reconceptualising the practices of volunteer tourism. The theory of transformative learning posits a 10-step process to experience a radical shift in consciousness that dramatically and irreversibly alters how participants see their place in the world. Volunteer tourism has commonly been seen as a form of alternative tourism that provides a cathartic experience for the volunteer tourists and benefits to the hosting organisation and the natural and/or social environment of the project. Existing research suggests that these outcomes have not, as yet, been achieved by current practices in this sector. In referring to the theory of transformative learning we note that some, but not all, of the 10 steps have been applied and that we might therefore expect volunteer tourism to fall short of its promises. We conclude that the theory of transformative learning offers a useful framework for volunteer tourism, providing insights into the need to create opportunities for participants to complete the transformative process. We suggest that volunteer tourism organisations redesign their activities to include the remaining steps of transformative learning to improve their product for both the tourists and the sustainability outcomes of the projects.


type: J
volume: 34
beginPage: 255
endPage: 262
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320568300029
year: 2013
authors: Kim, YJ, Njite, D, Hancer, M
title:
Anticipated emotion in consumers' intentions to select eco-friendly restaurants: Augmenting the theory of planned behavior

docAbstract:
This study proposes and explores an emotion-related theoretical framework based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model to examine the relationship between the variables and explain consumers' acceptance of and engagement in ecological behavior. This study augments the TPB with the construct anticipated regret and examines TPB's predictive power of consumer intentions to select eco-friendly restaurants. The results suggest that decision-making models such as the TPB incorporate anticipated emotion. The findings provide further insight into the consumers' decision-making processes which is essential for the development of green marketing strategies in the restaurant context. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 3
beginPage: 434
endPage: 457
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.708042
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000316116000005
year: 2013
authors: Weiler, B, Ramkissoon, H, Smith, LDG
title:
Relationships between place attachment, place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park

docAbstract:
Place attachment is a multidimensional construct comprising place dependence, place affect, place identity, and place social bonding. Yet, studies investigating the relationships between place attachment, place satisfaction, and pro-environmental behaviour have not investigated its pluralistic nature. Using data from 452 visitors to the Dandenong Ranges National Park, Australia, this study investigates these four dimensions of place attachment and their relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Findings suggest that the four place attachment constructs are significantly associated with place satisfaction. Results suggest that it is necessary to consider pro-environmental behavioural intentions as a two-factor structure construct, comprising low and high effort pro-environmental behaviour. Place satisfaction is associated with low effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Place affect is significantly associated with both types of environmental behavioural intentions. Place identity is not associated with either type of environmental behavioural intentions. A significant association is also noted between low effort and high effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Practical applications of the study include marketing aimed at encouraging repeat visitation, with sophisticated message development and delivery building emotional attachment, a sense of belonging, and enhanced personal meaning. Heritage interpretation could use affect and emotion to enhance visitor satisfaction and experience, coupled with an outcomes-focused communication plan.


title: IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SIZED HOTELS: OBSTACLES
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 1
beginPage: 3
endPage: 23
doi: 10.1177/1096348010370857
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000286205300001
year: 2011
authors: Chan, ESW
docAbstract:
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make up the vast majority of businesses in Hong Kong. However, a review of the literature about environmental management and environmental management systems (EMSs) reveals that very few studies have examined EMS implementation in small- and medium-sized hotels (SMHs). This study aimed to identify the barriers to the adoption and implementation of a formal EMS by SMHs in Hong Kong. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that nine factors can hinder the adoption of such a system by SMHs, five of which are unique to these hotels. In descending order, they are (a) lack of a sense of urgency, (b) ambiguity of EMS standards, (c) lack of qualified verifiers/consultants, (d) conflicting guidance, and (e) inconsistent support. The findings offer some explanation for the limited action taken by these hotels to improve their environmental performance. The policy implications for hotel managers who are committed to implementing an EMS are also discussed.


title: The Need for Business Environmental and Social Responsibility in the Tourism Industry
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 22
doi: 10.1300/J149v07n01_01
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212708900001
year: 2006
authors: Kasim, A
docAbstract:
This paper is on the relevance and application of the Business Environmental and Social Responsibility (BESR) concept in the hotel sector. In this paper, the literature is reviewed and analyzed to establish the connection between tourism and the physical and social environments. The reviewshows an inevitable link between tourism activities with both environments. This and the strong tourism growth in the past, implies that tourism has far-reaching negative impacts that must be mitigated, not only for the good of the physical and social environments, but also for the sustainability of the industry itself. However, the review also indicates that past misconceptions about tourism as an environmentally benign industry has led to a slow integration of responsible environmental and social considerations into tourism planning and development. It was not until the late 1980s that the industry began to address the issue and acknowledged the importance of sustainable tourism as the industry's new direction. The lack of consensus on a single comprehensive meaning of sustainable tourism further compounded the complexity of operationalizing the concept. The proposition of alternative tourism as the answer for all tourism ills between the late 1980s and early 1990s, was later found to be flawed. This instigated the need for a new way of thinking that takes into consideration the fragmented nature of the industry. In other words, sustainable tourism requiresa collective and conscious effort of all tourism businesses, governmental policymakers and planners as well as the key stakeholders (the society, the NGOs, the CBOs and the tourists) to prioritize environmental and social issues in their daily undertakings. In the case of tourism business, the new shift in thinking mirrors the wider corporate debate that has until recently been focused on the manufacturing sector (see Welford, 2000; Utting, 2002; Elkington et al., 1998). Hotel, as one of the key tourism business, therefore needs to deal with its environmental and social obligations. (C) 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.


title: Tourism, product development and product diversification in destinations
type: J
volume: 50
beginPage: 213
endPage: 224
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000355769500027
year: 2015
authors: Bramwell, B, Benur, AM
docAbstract:
Primary tourism products are key draw cards which attract tourists to particular destinations. The diversification, intensification and linkage of these products can be crucial for the competitiveness and sustainable development of destinations. Yet these diverse features and relationships of primary tourism products in destinations are neglected in existing research. This paper develops two conceptual frameworks which assist with analyzing and understanding the features, relationships and strategic options associated with tourism product development, concentration, diversification and intensification in destinations. Tourism product features and options considered here include the development of niche and mass tourism products, parallel and integrative diversification, and thematic and spatial synergies between products. A typology of strategic options for tourism product development and assembly in destinations is presented which is based on the degree of intensification and of concentration and diversification of tourism products. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sustainable tourism management in Crikvenica, Croatia: An assessment of policy instruments
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 1
beginPage: 125
endPage: 135
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000272764700013
year: 2010
authors: Logar, I
docAbstract:
Tourism industries often create negative impacts on the environment, society, culture, and sometimes even on the economy. However, few countries are using economic, regulatory or institutional policy instruments for tourism management. This paper explores the potential use of eight such instruments for managing more sustainable tourism in the coastal town of Crikvenica, Croatia. First, the dominant negative impacts of tourism in Crikvenica are identified and indicators are developed in order to measure such impacts. Second, the policy instruments are assessed based on three criteria: (1) their effectiveness in mitigating the previously identified impacts and hence in improving the sustainability of tourism (2) their acceptability to stakeholders (3) their economic and technical feasibility. The paper concludes that there is a great deal of scope for the use of such policy instruments in tourism management. Nevertheless, not every instrument examined satisfies all three criteria. For instance, financial incentives (e.g. subsidies) are seen as effective and highly acceptable but economically unfeasible. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Tour operators and destination sustainability
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 7
beginPage: 425
endPage: 431
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(97)00044-7
sourceIdentifier: WOS:A1997YH60100002
year: 1997
authors: Carey, S, Gountas, Y, Gilbert, D
docAbstract:
The objective of this study is to examine the tour operators' influence on the long term sustainability of destinations, The tour operators' activities are considered in detail in order to verify the hypothesis that the tour operator is one of the major influences for the nature of tourism demand, It is suggested that they are also instrumental in determining market trends and may affect the demand levels for the destinations, To verify the degree of influence by the mass and specialist tour operator, of varying sizes, their marketing strategies and operational tactics need to be examined critically in order to determine their hypothetical level of influencing the sustainability of a tourism destination, Tourism destinations in a long term successful sustainable tourism industry depend on the maintenance and sustenance of the 'right' level of demand, The tourism supply is mutually affected by demand characteristics, Sustainable tourism is dependent on the effective co-operation of all the stakeholders in the industry, for example, suppliers, intermediaries, public sector and consumers, This article reviews the trends of the UK tour operators; it examines the literature on sustainable tourism, reports the field research findings and discusses the relationship and effects of tour operators upon the sustainability of tourism destinations. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.


title: Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 2
beginPage: 160
endPage: 170
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208910600002
year: 2012
authors: Gibson, HJ, Kaplanidou, K, Kang, SJ
docAbstract:
Scholars have suggested that small-scale sports events may be a sustainable form of tourism development for communities (e.g., Higham, 1999). The purpose of this study was to examine six small-scale sports events and the work of a local sports commission in the context of the three pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental. Small-scale sports events are largely competitor or parent-as-spectator based, often annual, and attract little media attention. The six events were: a marathon, Senior Games, archery, soccer, softball, and swimming. The participants or spectators of the six events were surveyed onsite or online over an 18-month period and additional data from the sports commission, where relevant, were included. Sample sizes ranged from n = 68 to n = 447. The results suggest that a small-scale sports event portfolio consistent with a community's infrastructure and human and cultural capital may be a viable form of sustainable tourism development. (C) 2011 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4-5
beginPage: 629
endPage: 648
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.558626
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291812800012
year: 2011
authors: Gill, AM, Williams, PW
title:
Rethinking resort growth: understanding evolving governance strategies in Whistler, British Columbia

docAbstract:
This paper examines shifts in governance and management strategies that have occurred in response to endogenous and exogenous pressures on the mountain resort of Whistler, British Columbia. Since its inception in the mid-1970s, Whistler has pursued successive innovative management approaches that have emphasized growth. The most recent approach, integrated comprehensive sustainability planning, reflects a response to reaching the planned limits of resort development and suggests the emergence of a new ocorporatisto governance model based on principles of sustainability. However, the complex effects associated with exogenous factors, such as the global economic crisis, hosting the Winter Olympic Games and the increasing political necessity of collaboration with local First Nations (indigenous peoples), raise questions concerning the degree to which Whistler is olocked-ino to the pro-growth model of governance. A path dependency framework is employed to explore and explain Whistler's evolving forms of governance. While briefly reviewing the earlier pro-growth path of Whistler's development, particular attention is paid to factors underlying the implementation and continuing challenges of the comprehensive sustainability governance model. Other issues explored include the viability of no-growth governance, the issues surrounding growth limits and the role of oThe Natural Stepo framework in tourism governance.


title: TOURISM IN ARCHIPELAGOS Hawai'i and the Balearics
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 4
beginPage: 900
endPage: 923
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2008.07.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000261931700003
year: 2008
authors: Sheldon, PJ, Bardolet, E
docAbstract:
Islands and archipelagos pose unique challenges for tourism policy. While tourism development in islands is well studied, little attention has been given to archipelagos and their special challenges. This paper analyzes tourism issues faced by archipelagos, by comparing two successful "sum and beach" mass destinations-the Hawai'ian (USA) and Balearic (Spain) archipelagos. Growth paths since the 1950s are discussed, and comparative policy issues over the last five decades are analyzed. The paper finds similarities and differences in their growth paths. It compares the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of each archipelago destination, and discusses how each is incorporating sustainability principles to address unique archipelago issues.


title: Sustainable tourism: a regional perspective
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 7
beginPage: 433
endPage: 440
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(97)00053-8
sourceIdentifier: WOS:A1997YH60100003
year: 1997
authors: Berry, S, Ladkin, A
docAbstract:
The aim of this research is to gain an insight into the perception of sustainable tourism, and to examine the ways in which it is implemented at the regional level, Using a case study of East Sussex in the UK, the research explores how the general principles of sustainable tourism at the macro level can be translated into workable practice, The research is focused on small businesses, as these form the majority of tourism enterprises, The data were captured using the technique of focus groups, Tracing the development of sustainable tourism as a starting point, three main themes are then explored, First, how well the concept of sustainability is understood by small businesses engaged in tourism, Second, how these sustainable concepts can be translated into workable practices and finally, the major barriers to implementing sustainable tourism by small businesses, The research reveals that despite a willingness on the part of small businesses to engage in sustainable activities those engaged in the tourism business have little understanding of the concept of sustainability. The vague principles do not easily translate into workable practice, The research identifies a number of barriers to successful implementation of sustainable tourism practices, the most prominent being a mistrust of government policy, poor administration and unclear lines of communication, The study concludes that despite the increased importance of sustainable tourism and the formulation of general principles and guidelines, cynical attitudes towards government policy and its implementation are significant barriers to the implementation of sustainable tourism practices in small businesses at the regional level. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.


type: J
volume: 40
beginPage: 436
endPage: 446
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000327687000041
year: 2014
authors: Chou, CJ
title:
Hotels' environmental policies and employee personal environmental beliefs: Interactions and outcomes

docAbstract:
Recent trends in green consumerism are leading the hotel industry to assume corporate social responsibility that may place the industry at the forefront of green innovation. Research reveals that adopting green practices is beneficial for the hotel and tourism industry. Nonetheless, a corporation's success in adopting green practices depends not only on corporate attitudes towards environmental issues but also on its employees' personal beliefs and everyday actions. This study fills the gap in existing research by adopting the concept of a "green organisational climate" and using personal belief variables to explore the contextual and individual variation in hotel employees' environmental behaviour. The results from two-level linear hierarchical models (HLM) show that individual- and group-level factors are significantly associated with the employees' environmental beliefs and behaviour. In other words, personal environmental norms explain within-hotel variance, but green organisational climates explain between-hotel variance and moderate the effect of personal environmental norms on employees' environmental behaviour. Greater emphasis on intense corporate engagement in incorporating environmental policies, human resources management and provision of environmental education for employees should be introduced and implemented. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Commensurability and sustainability: Triple impact assessments of a tourism event
type: J
volume: 37
beginPage: 99
endPage: 109
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.015
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000318128800017
year: 2013
authors: Lundberg, E, Andersson, TD
docAbstract:
In this study, a model for measuring impacts of a tourist event from sustainability perspectives and in a common monetary metric is developed. The aim is to achieve commensurability. The proposed model is tested on a three-day music festival and the results demonstrate a possibility to produce a sustainability impact analysis in a uniform metric. Measured in monetary terms, socio-cultural impacts carry weight just as economic impacts do whereas environmental impacts have little importance for the total assessment. This illustrates how the low market value of emission rights make environmental concerns negligible from an economic perspective. Finally, issues related to scope of the assessment, commensurability and opportunity cost are discussed and possibilities for future studies are suggested. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 32
beginPage: 102
endPage: 112
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000313997800012
year: 2013
authors: Miao, L, Wei, W
title:
Consumers' pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations: A comparison between household and hotel settings

docAbstract:
The present study made a comparison of pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations between household and hotel settings. Results of a survey research among 1185 participants showed a behavioral inconsistency between the two settings - participants reported a significantly higher level of pro-environmental behavior in a household setting. Furthermore, the study revealed that while normative motives are the dominant determinant of pro-environmental behavior in a household setting, hedonic motives are the strongest predictor of such behavior in a hotel setting. Theoretical and managerial implications of the inconsistencies in pro-environmental behavior and underlying motivations between the two settings are discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 29
issue: 3
beginPage: 385
endPage: 396
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.12.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000278694700007
year: 2010
authors: Tsai, WH, Hsu, JL, Chen, CH, Lin, WR, Chen, SP
title:
An integrated approach for selecting corporate social responsibility programs and costs evaluation in the international tourist hotel

docAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated approach and scientific techniques for corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs selection decisions and costs evaluation in the hotel industry First, experts are chosen to conduct the analytic structure construction for CSR programs selection by identifying cost and differentiation advantage criteria and CSR program candidates that can benefit society and competitive advantage for hotels Second, the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method is used to detect complex relationships and build a network structure among the cost and differentiation advantage criteria Third, the ANP (Analytic Network Process) is used where the criteria are dependent Fourth, the ANP results are applied to ZOGP (Zero-One Goal Programming) formulation to find the optimal CSR program portfolio under limited resources and constrained situations Finally, ABC (Activity-Based Costing) model is used to calculate each chosen CSR program's costs in order to acquire accurate cost information. The result shows that the improvement on the image of an organization is the major dispatch for driving the international tourist hotel to fulfill CSR goals The integrated approach can help International tourist hotels' managers to select CSR programs more scientifically and to make decisions conforming to the reality (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 2
beginPage: 207
endPage: 222
doi: 10.1080/09669580903215162
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277591100004
year: 2010
authors: Dodds, R, Graci, SR, Holmes, M
title:
Does the tourist care? A comparison of tourists in Koh Phi Phi, Thailand and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia

docAbstract:
Koh Phi Phi, Thailand, and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, are two islands in Southeast Asia that face several developmental challenges associated with the rapid growth of tourism. Both islands are part of a marine park, are small in size and have several natural resources that need protection. They both face burgeoning tourist numbers that have increased tourism infrastructure development and are leading to environmental degradation. These islands have discussed ways to incorporate sustainability into their management and marketing practices, and they have looked to tourists as a support for change. This study examines the motivations, profiles and perceptions of tourists in island destinations, their level of awareness of environmental issues there, the extent to which they feel responsible about preserving or protecting their natural resources and the role they may be willing to take in their management, including their willingness to pay for environmental protection. The findings showed that the majority of the tourists to both islands were young, had relatively high levels of income and were from English-speaking nations. Tourists in both islands stated that they were willing to pay for sustainability practices, but there were differences around who they felt should be primarily responsible for implementing sustainability measures.


title: Emerging green tourists in Australia: Their behaviours and attitudes
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 2
beginPage: 109
endPage: 119
doi: 10.1057/thr.2009.5
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212209100002
year: 2009
authors: Bergin-Seers, S, Mair, J
docAbstract:
Concern about environmental sustainability and climate change has increased dramatically in the past decade and is affecting the way consumers behave. This change has led to a greater focus on green consumerism, and for the tourism industry, a greater interest in green tourists. Although debate about green tourist behaviour exists, it is accepted that some tourists have stronger views than others about environmental issues and are also more active in addressing these concerns with regard to how they live their lives. There is still much to learn about green consumerism and this study aimed to identify and profile green tourists to raise awareness about their attitudes and behaviours and to recognise this market for driving change. A group identified as emerging green tourists was distinguished by their environmental behaviour at home, their information seeking and purchasing intentions. However, there is little clear evidence that these intentions have translated into actual purchases.


title: An Investigation of Tourists' Patterns of Obligation to Protect the Environment
type: J
volume: 46
issue: 4
beginPage: 381
endPage: 391
doi: 10.1177/0047287507308330
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000266554300003
year: 2008
authors: Leisch, F, Dolnicar, S
docAbstract:
The environmental sustainability of the local tourism industry is increasingly a concern. Authors have proposed a demand-driven approach to sustainable destination management as complementary to traditional supply-side interventions. However, little empirical evidence supports the feasibility of such a demand-driven approach. This study contributes to this gap by investigating whether individuals who feel morally obliged to behave in an environmentally friendly manner represent useful target segments for destination management aiming to improve the ecological sustainability of the local tourism industry. Results indicate that distinctly different moral obligation segments exist that differ in pro-environmental behavior and attitudes. These segments are associated with distinctly different vacation preferences and can consequently be used by destination management for target marketing. Gaps between people's pro-environmental behavior at home and at the destination systematically differ across segments, leading to the conclusion that different combinations of demand and supply-side measures may be suitable to reduce the environmental footprint of different segments.


title: Tourism development and natural capital
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 1
beginPage: 98
endPage: 109
doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00059-0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000077999100005
year: 1999
authors: Collins, A
docAbstract:
The bulk of recent tourism-environment and sustainable tourism development literature can suggest the application of strong sustainability criteria. This is shown to be problematic since even such developmental practices may. generate various classes of spillover effects that can frustrate genuine attainment of strong sustainability in tourism concentration, dispersal, or small-scale operation. At a broader sectoral level, tourism-centric development policies are also reasoned to he of inherently limited value in achieving strong sustainability objectives. Accordingly, by consideration of these problems it is argued that policy should be directed to facilitating more coordinated strategic planning intervention, rather than reliance an market instruments and processes.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 6
beginPage: 883
endPage: 898
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.699063
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306170000007
year: 2012
authors: Scott, D, Simpson, MC, Sim, R
title:
The vulnerability of Caribbean coastal tourism to scenarios of climate change related sea level rise

docAbstract:
Sea level rise (SLR) is considered a growing, certain and prominent consequence of anthropogenic climate change. Despite the high value of tourism properties and economic activity in the coastal zone, the tourism sector is largely absent from the SLR literature. This study created a geo-referenced database of 906 major coastal resort properties in 19 Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries to assess their potential risk to a scenario of one-metre SLR. An estimated 266 (29%) resort properties would be partially or fully inundated by one-metre SLR; between 440 (49%) and 546 (60%) of resort properties would be at risk of beach erosion damage associated with the same SLR scenario. In addition, many resorts would experience significant losses of beach area prior to resort property loss. The vulnerability and the adaptive capacity of individual coastal tourism properties and destination communities is argued to differ substantially. Losses of over 50% of coastal properties are likely in five countries, three of which are highly dependent on tourism. These differentials would transform the competitive position and sustainability of coastal tourism destinations in the region, with important implications for property values, potential tourism revenues, insurance costs, destination marketing, as well as local and national economies.


title: The determinants of hotels' marketing managers' green marketing behaviour
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 2
beginPage: 157
endPage: 174
doi: 10.1080/09669580903464232
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277591100001
year: 2010
authors: Font, X, El Dief, M
docAbstract:
Little is known about the factors underlying the pro-environmental behaviour of marketing managers. This paper explores the determinants of green marketing practices in the Red Sea hotel sector in Egypt. The research model assesses green marketing practices against the personal and organisational values of the marketing managers, together with a range of organisational and demographic variables expected to influence hotels' environmental behaviour. From a valid sample of 89 marketing managers responsible for 194 hotels, it was found that organisational contextual variables, and in particular targeting Western tourists, being affiliated to an international hotel chain and the marketers' own demographics, including age, academic subject studied and gender, were the best predictors of more proactive green marketing. Personal environmental values did not explain the pro-environmental behaviour of marketers, and the organisational environmental values that had explained part of their ethical behaviour had resulted from voluntarism rather than utilitarian or conformance-based values. Government policies also appeared to be ineffective determinants. The implications for green marketing practices are also discussed.


title: Tourism penetration index in small Caribbean islands
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 1
beginPage: 145
endPage: 168
doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00068-6
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000071967000007
year: 1998
authors: McElroy, JL, de Albuquerque, K
docAbstract:
The postwar restructuring of small tropical islands toward mass tourism development has threatened their sustainability. A major cause has been inadequate understanding of tourism dynamics and the absence of comprehensive integrated measures of tourism's pervasive economic, social, and environmental impacts. This paper constructs a composite Tourism Penetration Index from per capita visitor spending, daily visitor densities per 1,000 population, and hotel rooms per square kilometer. It is tested on 20 small Caribbean islands and yields three levels of increasing penetration. Four case studies are presented to illustrate the behavior of islands at different levels of penetration and to highlight the policy implications for Dominica, St. Lucia, Antigua/Barbuda, and St. Maarten/St. Martin. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Tourism on organic farms in South Korea: a new form of ecotourisme(?)
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 431
endPage: 454
doi: 10.1080/09669580802713440
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000267105300002
year: 2009
authors: Jamal, T, Choo, H
docAbstract:
This exploratory research examines the potential of organic farms in South Korea to enable a distinct form of environmentally sustainable tourism. Case studies involving in-depth interviews with three organic farms and content analysis of the websites of 38 organic farms offering tourism-related activities were conducted. An analytical framework using key ecotourism principles was developed to guide an evaluation of activities and practices on the farms. Organic farmers in the study were concerned about ecological conditions on their land, possessed close ties to that land, and employed related knowledge to help preserve natural habitat and minimize adverse environmental impacts. Social-cultural gains were evident, for both visitors and local inhabitants. It is argued that this type of tourism on organic farms may be a potentially new form of ecotourism (eco-organic farm tourism). The study suggests that ecotourism principles may be usefully applied as a guiding sustainability paradigm for small scale, organic farms engaging in tourism. This new tourism type can be employed as a strategy for facilitating sustainable agriculture, local development, social-cultural and environmental conservation, wellbeing, and learning. Further research needs to be carried out both in Korea and elsewhere to develop this eco-organic farm tourism concept.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 5
beginPage: 429
endPage: 455
doi: 10.1080/13683500802316030
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207736600004
year: 2008
authors: Ruhanen, L
title:
Progressing the Sustainability Debate: A Knowledge Management Approach to Sustainable Tourism Planning

docAbstract:
The concept of sustainable development has been a key focus of academic research since the early 1990s. However, both the public and private tourism sectors have been criticised for their progress in applying the concept; with some authors noting that sustainability principles are not put into practice. The application of sustainable development concepts is a prime example of the difficulties associated with diffusing the body of knowledge generated through academic research to the tourism industry. Therefore, a study was undertaken to examine the transfer of academic knowledge regarding sustainability to tourism public sector practice. A two-phase qualitative research process was undertaken involving in-depth interviews with tourism destination stakeholders from five case study destinations in Queensland, Australia. The research results show that the vast body of knowledge on the topic has not been diffused effectively to the destination level where it is actually needed by those who plan and manage tourism activity. A knowledge management approach is suggested as being necessary to bridge this knowledge-practice gap.


type: J
volume: 32
beginPage: 2
endPage: 10
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.03.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000313997800002
year: 2013
authors: Lee, S, Kang, KH, Singal, M
title:
The corporate social responsibility-financial performance link in the US restaurant industry: Do economic conditions matter?

docAbstract:
This study examines the role played by economic conditions (recessionary periods) on the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) in the U.S. restaurant industry. The choice of industry setting is based on the fact that the restaurant industry is subject to consumer discretionary expenditures and is thus highly sensitive to the state of the economy. This study further examines the relationship between CSR and CFP by dichotomizing CSR activities based on whether they are related to the firm's core operations or not, thus parsing out the effect of operations-related (OR) and non-operations-related (Non-OR) CSR activities, providing a more nuanced explanation of how some CSR activities may be more beneficial than others, to firm value in hard economic times. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


title: Financial Rewards for Social Responsibility A Mixed Picture for Restaurant Companies
type: J
volume: 50
issue: 2
beginPage: 168
endPage: 179
doi: 10.1177/1938965509331814
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000265518600006
year: 2009
authors: Lee, S, Park, SY
docAbstract:
This study empirically examines the effects of publicly traded U.S. restaurant companies' social responsibility activities on the following two financial performance measures: accounting performance (return on equity) and value performance total shareholder return. Results show that responsibility activities have a U-shaped effect on accounting performance, whereas they have no impact on a firm's value performance. Those results imply that restaurant companies in the United States may increase their investment in socially responsible activities to improve their accounting performarce over the long term. While the study did rot investigate communication mechanisms, it may be that restaurant companies should promote their social responsibility activities to consumers (and the financial market) as a means of enhancing the effects of those activities on their value performance.


title: CLIMATE CHANGE RISK APPRAISAL IN THE AUSTRIAN SKI INDUSTRY
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1
beginPage: 13
endPage: 23
doi: 10.3727/154427208785899948
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213646500003
year: 2008
authors: Scott, D, Gossling, S, Wolfsegger, C
docAbstract:
Ski tourism is an economically and culturally important industry in many parts of Europe. A growing number of studies in Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia have concluded that climate change has potentially serious implications for the sustainability of ski operations by reducing the average length of ski seasons and, where applicable, increasing snowmaking costs. To date, however, the climate change risk awareness and adaptive responses of stakeholders in the ski industry have not been examined. A survey of managers at low elevation ski areas in Austria was undertaken to explore their perceptions of climate change (past and future), how climate change had/will affect their operations, and their adaptive responses (past and planned). The results indicate that climate change is not perceived to be a serious threat to ski operations and that with technological adaptation, principally snowmaking, ski area managers believe they will be able to effectively cope with climate change in the 21st century. The consequences of these perceptions for the future operation of these ski areas are discussed and conclusions drawn for the future of ski tourism in Austria.


type: J
volume: 34
beginPage: 227
endPage: 233
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.03.010
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320568300026
year: 2013
authors: Raab, C, Berezan, O, Yoo, M, Love, C
title:
Sustainable hotel practices and nationality: The impact on guest satisfaction and guest intention to return

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to identify how sustainable hotel practices impact the satisfaction and intention to return of hotel guests from different nationalities. Surveys were completed by hotel guests in a popular tourist destination in Mexico. Multiple regression and multinomial logistic regression were applied to test the hypotheses. Results of this study supported the research hypotheses that indicate green practices overall do have a positive relationship on guests' satisfaction levels and return intentions for Mexicans, Americans and other nationalities. Additionally, it was shown that the relative importance of green practices differs according to the nationality of the guest. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


type: J
volume: 34
beginPage: 116
endPage: 126
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.03.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320568300015
year: 2013
authors: Prud'homme, B, Raymond, L
title:
Sustainable development practices in the hospitality industry: An empirical study of their impact on customer satisfaction and intentions

docAbstract:
The adoption of sustainable development (SD) practices in the hospitality industry is meant to limit the negative impacts of this industry's activities on natural and social environments, and to increase its benefit to host populations. Our study aims to address the following research questions: What are the antecedents of customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry including those related to the SD practices adopted by hotels? In particular, does customer satisfaction toward these practices vary by the hotel's size (small and medium-sized vs. large) and ownership type (independent vs. chain-affiliated)? Through a survey of 473 customers in eleven hotels located in the province of Quebec, Canada, it was found that customer satisfaction is positively influenced by the hotel's adoption of SD practices, and the level of customer satisfaction varies according to the hotel's size and type of ownership. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The diffusion of environmental sustainability innovations in North American hotels and ski resorts
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 2
beginPage: 171
endPage: 196
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.517316
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000287031700003
year: 2011
authors: Smerecnik, KR, Andersen, PA
docAbstract:
This study examines the diffusion of environmental sustainability innovations in North American hotels and ski resorts. It seeks to understand what sustainability innovations are being adopted and the variables affecting the rate of adoption. An electronic survey was distributed to 49 medium/large hotels and ski resorts. Rogers' diffusion of innovations theory was utilized to hypothesize that a hotel/resort manager's perceptions of sustainability would correlate with the adoption of the innovations. Over 4000 published studies have used diffusion of innovations theory to examine the innovation in mass media, public health, sociology, communication and agriculture. Results from this study revealed that the perceived simplicity of sustainability innovations and high levels of opinion leadership of hotels/resorts were most strongly associated with the adoption of sustainability innovations. The perceived relative advantage of sustainability innovations and the general innovativeness of the hotels/resorts also correlated to some extent with the adoption of innovations leading to increased sustainability. Sustainability communication must emphasize simplicity and ease of adopting sustainability innovations to increase the rate of adoption. The findings provide useful theoretical knowledge and advice for change agents, opinion leaders and suppliers in the resort industry on how to further diffuse sustainability in the sector.


title: The adoption of corporate social responsibility practices in the airline industry
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 59
endPage: 77
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.498918
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285350400005
year: 2010
authors: de Grosbois, D, Cowper-Smith, A
docAbstract:
This paper identifies initiatives related to corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the airline industry and evaluates the overall state of their adoption as reported by members of the three largest airline alliances. Of 41 airlines, only 14 had annual CSR reports publically available in January 2009. Reports were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis approach. Results showed a stronger focus on environmental issues than on the social or economic dimensions of CSR. Of the seven major environmental themes examined, emission reduction programs predominate. Other environmental issues receive much less attention, with no single other initiative implemented by all airlines. Four social and environmental themes were found, including employee wellbeing and engagement, diversity and social equity, community wellbeing and economic prosperity. The data analysis supported the arguments made in the literature that the airlines report CSR initiatives using differing or inconsistent measurements, making evaluation and comparison of their performance and effectiveness difficult. Although a large number of airlines publishing CSR reports discussed their achievement of major goals (reduction of emissions, increasing community involvement or increasing workforce diversity), a much smaller number provided detailed information relating to specific initiatives implemented in order to contribute to these goals. Further, important issues for CSR research are posed in the paper.


title: Beyond Sustainability: Optimising Island Tourism Development
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 89
endPage: 103
doi: 10.1002/jtr.688
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270955100007
year: 2009
authors: Cooper, C, Lim, CC
docAbstract:
This paper aims to identify the current challenges facing the sustainable development of island tourism and to develop a new conceptual approach to sustainable development based upon optimisation. The optimisation process for island tourism will be discussed through the development of a new life cycle model - the multifunctional interactive process cycle that is calibrated using a set of 15 island tourism status indicators. The paper also seeks to explain how a complex and dynamic tourism system can be developed that takes a destination towards an optimal sustainable state to satisfy both visitors and the local community. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 3
beginPage: 199
endPage: 220
doi: 10.1080/15470140802323801
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000415542000003
year: 2008
authors: Andersson, TD, Getz, D
docAbstract:
The extent to which festivals can function as sustainable attractions, while fulfilling their social and cultural roles at the community level, is an issue of considerable importance. In this context, sustainability will often depend upon the political and tangible support of key stakeholders. Accordingly, this article addresses festival stakeholder issues and related management strategies, with the dual aims of contributing to event management theory and improving festival viability. A questionnaire survey of 14 live-music festivals in Sweden yielded data on stakeholder types, dependency issues, and stakeholder management strategies. With regard to their long-term sustainability, festival managers indicated the importance of attaining 'institutional status,' occupying a unique 'niche' in the community, sustaining committed stakeholders, and practicing constant innovation.


type: J
volume: 33
issue: 2
beginPage: 361
endPage: 370
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.04.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000298534200014
year: 2012
authors: Minnaert, L
title:
An Olympic legacy for all? The non-infrastructural outcomes of the Olympic Games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996-Beijing 2008)

docAbstract:
The use of mega sporting events to achieve social goals for socially excluded groups is heavily contested. Comparative evidence regarding the effects of the Olympic Games for these groups is scarce, and there is an even greater dearth of studies focusing on non-infrastructural programmes (such as sport participation initiatives, volunteering opportunities, training and employment schemes). This study identifies planning principles that allow for the development of such non-infrastructural benefits for socially excluded groups in host cities, and reviews their application in recent Olympic Games. This study examines data from 7 Olympic cities (Atlanta, Nagano, Sydney, Salt Lake City, Athens, Turin and Beijing). It shows that the Olympic Games generally bring few benefits for socially excluded groups, although these benefits are often important justifications in the bidding stage. The study highlights the growing importance placed by the International Olympic Committee on environmental sustainability, and proposes a similar emphasis on social sustainability. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Responsible Cruise Tourism: Issues of Cruise Tourism and Sustainability
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 107
endPage: 116
doi: 10.1375/jhtm.18.1.107
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216240800014
year: 2011
authors: Klein, RA
docAbstract:
Cruise tourism is the fastest growing segment of leisure tourism. With its growth has come concern about the impact of cruise tourism on coastal and marine environments, local economies, and on the sociocultural nature of port communities. These three areas are key elements in analyses focused on responsible tourism, and form a critical base from which to consider strategies to ensure the sustainable development of cruise tourism. The goal of this article is to illustrate how a responsible tourism lens measures the impact of cruise tourism and, with its focus on the perceptions of host communities, more effectively addresses grassroots concerns. Case examples are used to identify and describe challenges faced by governments, communities, and the cruise industry. Analysis of these issues and challenges gives direction for how cruise tourism can grow in ways that are both sustainable and responsible.


title: CSR among Canadian mass tour operators: good awareness but little action
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 2-3
beginPage: 221
endPage: 244
doi: 10.1108/09596111011018205
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277616700007
year: 2010
authors: Dodds, R, Kuehnel, J
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide an exploratory case study of mass mainstream tour operators in the Canadian market and evaluate their awareness level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. The research aims to address the structure and ownership of mass Canadian tour operators, how it may influence the adoption of CSR practices, key issues and concerns and awareness level and participation of CSR practices. Although the Canadian outbound leisure mass market is relatively small compared with that of the UK, Canadian travelers are a significant source of tourism to Mexico and the Caribbean islands such as Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Design/methodology/approach - Canadian mass tour operators were contacted through interviews and questionnaires to assess the structure and ownership of mass Canadian tour operators, how it may influence the adoption of CSR practices, key issues and concerns and awareness level and participation of CSR practices. Existing responsible tourism practices in the destinations they operate were also gauged. Findings - CSR is gaining momentum worldwide as companies begin to realize that their stakeholders are demanding accountability that goes beyond shareholders' interests. Subsequently, reporting levels are increasingly being regulated and corporate strategic initiatives focusing on improving their social and environmental responsibility are on the rise. In the case of tour operators, however, initiatives of this nature are preliminary and there is little implementation of CSR practices. Research limitations/implications - The study examines Canadian mass tourism package tour operators and further research is needed to assess all tour operators (inbound and outbound) to determine whether the level of participation in responsible travel is higher or whether size is an implicating factor. As issues such as climate change and responsible tourism have only started to influence consumer demand in the past few years, the study's findings may be changing. Therefore a further follow-up study would be beneficial in order to determine any barriers to action. Originality/value - To date, little research has been done on the tourism industry, and that mainly on hotels. There is a need to understand the structure and contribution of tour operators to the industry and their level of CSR practices and movement towards more responsible tourism.


title: The transferability of the low-cost model to long-haul airline operations
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 2
beginPage: 391
endPage: 398
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.014
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000244405500004
year: 2007
authors: Francis, G, Dennis, N, Ison, S, Humphreys, I
docAbstract:
Since their emergence in the US in the mid-1970s there has been significant growth in the low-cost airline sector but with a few no table exceptions low-cost airlines have operated on short-haul routes. This paper examines the extent to which the low-cost model is, or could be, applicable to long-haul operations and whether the recent emergence of long-haul low-cost carriers is a sustainable phenomenon. The authors explore the extent to which elements of the so-called low-cost model might be transferable to long-haul operations. The paper seeks to quantify the potential cost differentials that might be achievable on a long-haul 'no-frills' service. The paper also speculates as to the development and sustainability of the low-cost long-haul operations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 34
beginPage: 263
endPage: 273
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320568300030
year: 2013
authors: Wang, YF, Chen, SP, Lee, YC, Tsai, CT
title:
Developing green management standards for restaurants: An application of green supply chain management

docAbstract:
Hospitality businesses influence the sustainability of their natural environment by consuming significant amounts of natural resources. However, research on applying green supply chain management (GrSCM) with process of food production to construct green management indicators for restaurants is lacking. This study thus establishes a green management standard with GrSCM that green restaurants can implement. This study combines GrSCM and food and beverage management to develop green restaurant standards, and primarily adopts the Delphi Technique to develop green standards of restaurant management. A total of 23 experts from government, industry, and academia were invited to participate. The results show that green restaurant management standards comprise three facets (green foods; green environment and equipment; and green management and social responsibility), nine sub-facets, and 81 indicators: besides five indicators for the new established restaurant, the remaining 76 were standards for existing restaurants in Taiwan. In addition to its practical implications, an important contribution of this study is its application of GrSCM to establish a green management standard for restaurants. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 3
beginPage: 443
endPage: 461
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2011.570372
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299836400006
year: 2011
authors: Fletcher, R
title:
Sustaining Tourism, Sustaining Capitalism? The Tourism Industry's Role in Global Capitalist Expansion

docAbstract:
This article contends that international tourism may be one important means by which the capitalist world-economy seeks to sustain itself in the face of inherent contradictions that threaten its long-term survival. Marxist critics have long identified an inevitable tendency towards crises of overproduction (over-accumulation) within the capitalist system, provoked by what Marx termed the central contradiction between imperatives of production and consumption. Subsequent analysts have highlighted a variety of so-called 'fixes' by which overproduction crises can be forestalled through spatial and/or temporal displacement of excess accumulated capital. Building upon this analysis, I outline a number of such fixes intrinsic to the development of the international tourism industry. In addition, I suggest that ecotourism development in particular provides additional fixes for capitalism's so-called 'second contradiction' between the imperative of continual growth and finite natural resources. In sum, I propose that advocacy of global 'sustainable tourism' by a transnational capitalist class may play an important role in sustaining capitalism as well.


title: Tourism development and sustainability issues in Central and South-Eastern Europe
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 5
beginPage: 423
endPage: 431
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00039-9
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000075981800002
year: 1998
authors: Hall, DR
docAbstract:
In the limited number of analyses undertaken on tourism development and post-socialist processes of restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), most attention has been paid to the more advanced societies of Central Europe. By contrast, Europe's less developed and relatively unstable south-eastern corner, where tourism development issues may take on a different complexion, has been relatively neglected. Within this context, tourism's role in post-socialist restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe is examined, reflecting on issues of mass tourism and niche segregation. Rural tourism is examined as a vehicle for sustainable development in South-eastern Europe, and some of the paradoxes facing issues of sustainability in tourism development are examined in relation to recent development processes. With a dynamic mix of mass and niche markets to target, the potential of rural tourism development in South-eastern Europe continues to be constrained by regional instability. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 40
beginPage: 20
endPage: 28
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.03.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000338620600003
year: 2014
authors: Chan, ESW, Okumus, F, Chan, W, Hon, AHY
title:
What drives employees' intentions to implement green practices in hotels? The role of knowledge, awareness, concern and ecological behaviour

docAbstract:
This study investigates the effects of three green triggers - environmental knowledge, environmental awareness and environmental concern - and employees' ecological behaviour on their intentions to implement green practices in hotel companies. Data was collected through a survey from 438 hotel employees in Hong Kong and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the research hypotheses. The results indicate that the three green triggers are positively associated with ecological behaviour and ecological behaviour is positively associated with intention to implement green practices in hotels. Additionally, ecological behaviour mediates the relationship between the three green triggers and intentions to implement. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Green practices in upscale foodservice operations Customer perceptions and purchase intentions
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 5
beginPage: 779
endPage: 796
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-May-2012-0082
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000321800600009
year: 2013
authors: DiPietro, RB, Cao, Y, Partlow, C
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate customers' perceptions and purchase intentions related to green practices in an upscale, green certified restaurant, on a university campus located in the southeastern USA. Design/methodology/approach - The survey was adapted from a previous survey conducted by DiPietro et al. The current study used a convenience sample of 2,500 customers of the restaurant. A total of 600 surveys were completed and useable for a 24 percent response rate. The data were analysed using independent samples Rests, ANOVAs, and correlation analysis. Findings - The results revealed that customers believed that they are knowledgeable about green practices but they would still like to know more about them. Customers also expressed preferences related to restaurants that are environmentally friendly and use environmentally safe products. Moreover, female customers and people with higher education were more conscious regarding green practices. Customers who utilized green practices at home intended to visit green restaurants more often. Research limitations/implications - The respondents were sampled from an upscale university restaurant, and were mostly within the age range of 50 and older (60.7 percent), which is not typical of a university foodservice operation. The restaurant used in this study catered more to faculty, staff and other professionals close to the university, and did not have a large student customer base. Another limitation of the study is that the prior knowledge and preferences of respondents regarding green practices was not measured. Because of the use of a convenience sample, the results are not generalizeable, but can be used to further research in this area. Practical implications - The practical implications of the study are that restaurant managers should target more specific marketing strategies and employee training related to green practices. Green restaurants that have a high proportion of female and highly educated customers should pay attention to promoting green practices, especially in areas that are visible to the guest, as these are the respondents who had the highest preference for being informed about green practices. Originality/value - The current study looked at an upscale, on-campus university restaurant that had a very highly educated and older population. Previous studies analysed fast food or casual dining restaurant perspectives. Compared to the Hu et al. model, this study found that gender influenced guest perception about return intention to the green restaurants.


type: J
volume: 29
issue: 1
beginPage: 53
endPage: 65
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.04.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000250961900005
year: 2008
authors: Oreja Rodriguez, JR, Parra-Lopez, E, Yanes-Estevez, V
title:
The sustainability of island destinations: Tourism area life cycle and teleological perspectives. The case of Tenerife

docAbstract:
Tourist destinations are in a state of continuous change. This development is more intense in the case of island destinations due to their geographic limitations. This paper considers the use of the tourism area life cycle model [Butler, R.W. (1980). The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: Implications for the management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24, 5-12.] alongside a teleological model to explain the movement towards sustainability of an island destination in its maturity stage. The proposed model leads us to demonstrate how integrating strategic aspects of the teleological approaches can help to overcome some limitations of the life cycle model. Ensuring the sustainability of natural, cultural, human and infrastructure resources is considered as a strategic objective. To achieve this aim, it is necessary to combine strategic decisions that are both internal and external to the island destinations. The case study presented in this research is Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Along with an analysis of the life cycle of this island destination, two types of strategic decisions are considered: the political-legal decisions of the regional government to regulate tourism activity and the decisions to regrade supply, developed by the administrative institutions related to tourism activity in Tenerife. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Scale, change and resilience in community tourism planning
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 14
endPage: 22
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2013.864325
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000335850500004
year: 2014
authors: Lew, AA
docAbstract:
Resilience planning has emerged in recent years as an alternative to the sustainable development paradigm to provide new perspectives on community development and socio-ecological adjustments to a rapidly changing world. Tourism scholars have been somewhat slow to adopt the recent conceptual ideas related to community resilience that have been published in other disciplinary areas, though this situation is also changing rapidly. While most resilience research focuses on major disasters and crises, new frameworks that encompass slow change variables provide a more comprehensive view on resilience. A model for tourism resilience considers this rate of change (transitioning from slow to fast), and the scale of tourism interest (scaling from that of the entrepreneur to those that are community-wide). The resulting 2 x 2 matrix presents four contexts with distinct resilience issues, methodologies and measurements, ranging from entrepreneurs managing daily maintenance needs, to community disaster readiness, response and recovery.


title: Accessible tourism and sustainability: a discussion and case study
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 4
beginPage: 515
endPage: 537
doi: 10.1080/09669581003690668
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277669200003
year: 2010
authors: Darcy, S, Cameron, B, Pegg, S
docAbstract:
This paper explores the concept of accessible tourism and its links with triple-bottom-line (TBL) sustainability. Accessible tourism is reviewed through some of its central features including dimensions of access, universal design and the nexus between ageing and disability. The TBL is then examined to better understand the financial, environmental and social considerations that arise from accessible tourism. The research design used in this explorative research incorporated a case study approach, where a business case study instrument was developed. Methods included a Delphi group, review of management information systems, in-depth interviews with key informants, observation and participant observation. The study results revealed that rather than accessible tourism being a single construct, it forms one critical dimension of a series of interrelated, overlapping and interdependent business arrangements that extend beyond the business entity through a series of social networks within the destination region. It is argued that to properly satisfy the accessible tourism market, a more sophisticated understanding of accessible destination experiences is needed by tourism operators. The case study illustrates the considerable size and multi-niche markets served by accessible tourism destinations, the good fit between accessible tourism and TBL sustainable tourism, and the need for further research.


title: Carrying capacity in the tourism industry: a case study of Hengistbury Head
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 2
beginPage: 275
endPage: 283
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00089-X
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000220258400011
year: 2004
authors: Simon, FJG, Narangajavana, Y, Marques, DP
docAbstract:
This paper argues that it is necessary to define and implement the concept of carrying capacity as a critical aspect for facilitating planning in the tourism process. In order to achieve this aim, this article shows how the growth of Bournemouth may exceed the environmental and ecological carrying capacity of Hengistbury Head, using the case study approach. The paper, therefore, studies the concept of carrying capacity alternatives to this model and includes a set of proposed solutions for determining, managing, controlling and increasing the environmental carrying capacity of a tourist destination. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: ALTERNATIVE TOURISM AND ADAPTIVE CHANGE
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 1
beginPage: 81
endPage: 102
sourceIdentifier: WOS:A1994MJ29600005
year: 1994
authors: DEARDEN, P, HARRON, S
docAbstract:
This paper discusses one example of alternative tourism, trekking in Northern Thailand, to assess the nature of the interaction between the changes in the attraction and the motivations of the client group. Visitation does reduce the authenticity of the villagers, yet several adaptive strategies are successfully employed by the companies to counteract this. A survey of trekkers revealed high satisfactions, yet motivations are changing to emphasize the authenticity of the entire experience rather than the ethnic authenticity of the hilltribes. A transformation is taking place from primary ethnic tourism to cultural tourism with a strong recreational emphasis. While this bodes well for future sustainability, hilltribe response and involvement remain minimal.


title: Asymmetrical Dialectics of Sustainable Tourism: Toward Enlightened Mass Tourism
type: J
volume: 53
issue: 2
beginPage: 131
endPage: 140
doi: 10.1177/0047287513491335
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330272500001
year: 2014
authors: Weaver, DB
docAbstract:
Using resolution-based dialectics, sustainable tourism is contextualized as an evolving synthesis arising from the need for the capitalist-based mass tourism thesis and the ethics-based alternative tourism antithesis to amalgamate because of internal contradictions that limit their contribution to development. That this synthesis is skewed to mass tourism is accounted for by the four alternative tourism contradictions of unrealistic and unrealized expectations, functional incompleteness, the growth implications of success, and nonreciprocal accommodation. Mass tourism, faced with a prime contradiction of self-destruction, is experiencing limited paradigm nudge characterized by the opportunistic adoption of practices that complement the dominant capitalist paradigm. Opportunities for expanding the ethical bridgehead in mass tourism created by adherence to corporate social responsibility policies derive from the integration of alternative tourism products within mass tourism destinations and itineraries, accompanying possibilities for transformational tourist learning, and the reassertion of indigenous rights. The desired outcome is termed enlightened mass tourism.


title: Transition management: a tool for implementing sustainable tourism scenarios?
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 6
beginPage: 899
endPage: 916
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.699062
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306170000008
year: 2012
authors: Hall, CM, Aall, C, Gossling, S, Ekstrom, F, Engeset, AB
docAbstract:
There is academic, political and industry consensus that tourism should achieve greater sustainability, a process requiring stakeholder involvement on various levels. It is less clear how significant actor numbers can be mobilized to pro-actively work towards sustainability goals, achieving significant systemic change. This paper explores the transition management literature to provide a theoretical framework for stakeholder involvement and policy implementation processes in sustainable tourism. A selection of sustainable tourism initiatives by global tourism and transport organizations are reviewed and discussed with regard to the mechanisms and approaches used to involve stakeholders, and their success or otherwise in achieving change. This is compared to the results of a national tourism sustainability initiative by the Norwegian government initiated in 2010. The initiative brought together 62 leading stakeholders from all tourism interests, except airlines, for a series of six intensive discussion and goal setting sessions. Evaluation shows that stakeholder awareness and knowledge appear to have improved substantially, and potential government policy initiatives legitimized - though few tangible results can yet be seen. Overall results suggest that transition management provides a valuable theoretical framework to understand change processes, while the dialetics of stakeholder involvement and policy implementation are an essential precondition for successful governance.


title: Environmental awareness, action and performance in the Guernsey hospitality sector
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 19
endPage: 33
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00095-7
sourceIdentifier: WOS:A1997WL31300004
year: 1997
authors: Stabler, MJ, Goodall, B
docAbstract:
This paper examines knowledge of and attitudes to environmental protection techniques and sustainable development and the nature of action taken to adopt the former to move towards the latter in a study of the existing Guernsey hospitality sector, a survey of which concentrates on the value added services it produces. An indication is given of the hospitality sector's current practice with regard to environmental performance in terms of materials and energy used and waste generation in existing premises as opposed to new development, The likelihood of what changes might be introduced to effect environmental protection is also explored. It is argued that given the evidence of their current attitudes, management strategies and methods, businesses are more likely to incorporate environmental objectives and practice if it can be demonstrated that benefits in the form of lower costs and/or higher revenues and profits result. Some key reasons for inaction are highlighted and the implications for the ways in which central and local governments, public sector bodies and the business sector itself can encourage sustainable development (SD) initiatives by individual enterprises are offered from a largely economic standpoint. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.


title: New performance indicators for water management in tourism
type: J
volume: 46
beginPage: 233
endPage: 244
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.018
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344208600025
year: 2015
authors: Gossling, S
docAbstract:
Tourism is increasingly recognized as a significant water-consuming sector on local, regional and global scales. As a consequence, the efficient use of water resources is now considered a key sustainability challenge for the tourism industry. To date, most research has focused on direct (on site) water consumption, with tourism water management based almost exclusively on direct water use benchmarks. This paper argues that such an approach overlooks the complexity of 'local' and 'global' water use, with local water use affecting sustainable water use in the destination and global water use representing the sustainability of water embodied in goods produced elsewhere, including fuels and food. Focussing on tourism accommodation as the locus of tourism water consumption, conventional water indicators are reviewed and discussed, and knowledge gaps identified. New data accounting for food consumption are then presented for a case study of resort hotels in Rhodes, Greece. The results are used to develop a novel set of performance indicators suitable for resort hotels and other accommodation, considering water availability, planning and operation, as well as complexities of direct vis-a-vis indirect water consumption. The findings suggest a significant potential for water and related cost savings, indicating that holistic water management should be an operational imperative. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY WITHIN THE U.S. LODGING INDUSTRY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
type: J
volume: 33
issue: 3
beginPage: 417
endPage: 437
doi: 10.1177/1096348009338532
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285044100008
year: 2009
authors: McGehee, NG, Wattanakamolchai, S, Perdue, RR, Calvert, EO
docAbstract:
This exploratory study examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the lodging industry by measuring the contributions to communities made by lodging properties throughout the United States. This work is significant for two reasons: (a) It attempts to develop a theoretical foundation for CSR within the U. S. lodging industry; (b) it signifies one of the first attempts to quantify one component of CSR, corporate giving, within the U.S. lodging industry. A random sample of lodging properties in the United States was surveyed, and they were asked to report their various contributions to community. Although a limited response prevented generalizability, based on 421 responding properties, regression analysis suggested that the industry made various contributions worth more than $815 million or 3.6% of total industry profits in 2005. The results also showed that a number of structural variables affected the quantified social component of CSR among lodging properties as well as the existence of CSR written policies, processes, and principles.


