# Document

type: J
volume: 10
issue: 3
beginPage: 375
endPage: 385
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2010.486262
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000281608300012
year: 2010
authors: Aas, O, Haaland, H
title:
Eco-tourism Certification - Does it Make a Difference? A Comparison of Systems from Australia, Costa Rica and Sweden

docAbstract:
In the current context of climate change, discussions about tourism sustainability are gaining increased momentum. Over the past decade, some operators worldwide have started to certify their products and services as ecotourism or sustainable tourism. A certification or approval is considered to be a sign of general high product quality as well as an indication of environmentally and socially sound products. In this research note, we examine three different ecotourism certification and approval systems - from Sweden, Costa Rica and Australia. The note is based on a literature review of three different approval systems, conducted parallel to the planning of the Norwegian approval system for ecotourism launched in 2008. We outline the criteria and standards required in the different programmes as well as the basic principles of how the three systems are organised, financed and implemented. The programmes' strengths and weaknesses are briefly discussed, keeping a Scandinavian context in mind.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 4
beginPage: 539
endPage: 556
doi: 10.1080/09669580903406605
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277669200004
year: 2010
authors: Lynch, MF, Duinker, P, Sheehan, L, Chute, J
title:
Sustainable Mi'kmaw cultural tourism development in Nova Scotia, Canada: examining cultural tourist and Mi'kmaw perspectives

docAbstract:
This study assessed tourists' motivations and satisfaction in participating in authentic Mi'kmaw tourism activities in Nova Scotia, Canada, as well as the ideas, perceptions and components of sustainable cultural tourism development from the Mi'kmaw perspective. To solicit the tourists' perspective, surveys were administered to tourists visiting the existing Mi'kmaw cultural tourism sites in Nova Scotia, while the Mi'kmaw perspective was obtained through key informant interviews. The results of the survey suggest that tourists visiting the Mi'kmaw cultural tourism sites were highly educated and deeply interested in learning about culture and participating in authentic cultural experiences. Tourists were also highly satisfied with their experience and were interested in participating in aboriginal tourism again. Findings regarding the Mi'kmaw perspective indicate a focus on cultural tourism's ability to educate both tourists and the Mi'kmaw people on the Mi'kmaw culture as well as provide economic opportunities for Mi'kmaw communities. Of greater importance to the Mi'kmaw people is the preservation and protection of the Mi'kmaw culture. Conclusions drawn from the research include recommendations for the future success and sustainability of the Mi'kmaw cultural tourism sector. This study's findings may also inform other Canadian aboriginal communities seeking to develop robust and sustainable cultural tourism in their own settings.


title: Dubai's tourism industry and its societal impact: social implications and sustainable challenges
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 278
endPage: 292
doi: 10.1080/14766825.2010.521248
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208152700006
year: 2010
authors: Stephenson, ML, Ali-Knight, J
docAbstract:
This paper initially outlines the principles and strategies underpinning Dubai's ambitious plans to develop a rather unique destination of international distinction. The discussion, however, recognises the challenges presented by the global economic downturn as well as the recessionary measures that Dubai may have to pursue in order to encourage people to travel to the destination in significant numbers. It is proposed that Dubai may have to look to wider market segments beyond the traditional luxury travel market, particularly through the development of budget hotels. This could challenge any productive notion of a socially sustainable tourism environment and intensify prevailing social concerns. The paper then moves onto a detailed discussion concerning the social impacts of tourism development in Dubai. The discussion focuses on ethnic distinctions in migrant housing and geographical location, social ramifications relating to the urbanisation and aestheticisation of space, and limitations in the availability of cultural tourism resources and heritage infrastructure. Finally, constraints are identified in terms of mobilising local employment resources and human capital to serve the tourism and hospitality industry, and with respect to prevailing social issues concerning expatriate employment.


title: Deep in the Desert: Merging the Desert and the Spiritual through 4WD Tourism
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 3
beginPage: 369
endPage: 389
doi: 10.1080/14616680903032783
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000268719600005
year: 2009
authors: Macbeth, J, Narayanan, Y
docAbstract:
Our paper positions four-wheel drive (4WD) travel into the Australian desert by veteran or dedicated travellers as a spiritual experience in three ways: by considering the desert itself as a sacred space; the experience of such a journey as a form of 'nature religion'; and by viewing the actual journey itself as pilgrimage. Our argument is informed by interviews with expert 4WDers to the desert. Our study might be useful in designing sustainable strategies for 4WD desert tourism, as well as for scholars from a variety of disciplines such as sustainability and environment studies, religious studies and tourism studies, to name a few.


title: Stakeholders' Perspectives of Sustainable Tourism Development: A New Approach to Measuring Outcomes
type: J
volume: 55
issue: 4
beginPage: 465
endPage: 480
doi: 10.1177/0047287514563166
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373082900005
year: 2016
authors: Nyaupane, GP, Poudel, S, Budruk, M
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine the perspectives of tourism stakeholders regarding sustainable tourism outcomes in protected areas. We compared the responses of residents with residents, and tourists with tourists, in two protected areas of Nepal, namely, the Annapurna Conservation Area and Chitwan National Park. Tourism sustainability was evaluated with six tourism impact subscales measuring negative and positive ecological, economic, and social impacts. Data were collected using the survey method. Respondents included 230 residents and 205 tourists in Annapurna, and 220 residents and 210 tourists in Chitwan. Data analysis involved a series of multigroup confirmatory factor analyses with Annapurna and Chitwan as comparison groups and tourism impact subscales as latent constructs. Results revealed that residents and tourists perceive positive and negative impacts differently across protected areas. This suggests that the form of tourism development affects the sustainability outcomes in protected areas. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.


type: J
volume: 57
issue: 1
beginPage: 21
endPage: 37
doi: 10.1177/1938965515576567
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000370202700003
year: 2016
authors: Bonn, MA, Cronin, JJ, Cho, MH
title:
Do Environmental Sustainable Practices of Organic Wine Suppliers Affect Consumers' Behavioral Intentions? The Moderating Role of Trust

docAbstract:
Growing consumer interest in sustainable products and an increased emphasis on supply chain relationships within the organic wine industry necessitate a more in-depth understanding of the effects of consumer perceptions about the sustainable practices of organic wine producers and retailers (suppliers). This study focuses on consumer perceptions about sustainable practices used by organic wine suppliers along with consumer attitudes pertaining to organic wine attributes. Results suggest that consumer perceptions of sustainable practices by wine producers affect the outcomes of consumers' decision making relative to organic wine. In addition, this study found that consumer attitudes about organic wine attributes related to the environment, health, and price had significant effects upon behavioral intentions. The moderating effects of trust on these perceptions are also considered. Findings indicate consumers that trust wine retailers are more likely to engage in positive outcomes. Numerous implications regarding organic wine supply chain management and future research are identified.


title: Managing whale-watching as a non-lethal consumptive activity
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 1
beginPage: 73
endPage: 90
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1062020
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000365762200005
year: 2016
authors: Higham, JES, Lusseau, D, Bejder, L, Allen, SJ, Corkeron, PJ
docAbstract:
Marine tourism is a new frontier of late-capitalist transformation, generating more global revenue than aquaculture and fisheries combined. This transformation created whale-watching, a commercial tourism form that, despite recent critiques, has been accepted as non-consumptive activity. This paper uses four academic discourses to critique whale-watching as a form of capitalist exploitation: (1) commercial whale-watching and global capitalist transformation, (2) global capitalist politics and the promoted belief that whale-watching is non-consumptive, (3) the inherent contradictions of non-consumptive capitalist exploitation, and (4) whale-watching as a common-pool resource. These discourses lead us to critique whale-watching practices in relation to the common capitalist sequence of resource diversification, exploitation, depletion and collapse. Using specific impact studies, we conclude that a sustainability paradigm shift is required, whereby whale-watching (and other forms of wildlife tourism) is recognized as a form of non-lethal consumptive exploitation, understood in terms of sub-lethal anthropogenic stress and energetic impacts. We argue the need for a paradigm shift in the regulation and management of commercial whale-watching, and present the case for a unified, international framework for managing the negative externalities of whale-watching. The relevance of the issues raised about neoliberal policy-making extends beyond whale-watching to all forms of wildlife and nature-based tourism.


title: Measuring empowerment in an eastern context: Findings from Japan
type: J
volume: 50
beginPage: 112
endPage: 122
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000355769500017
year: 2015
authors: Boley, BB, Maruyama, N, Woosnam, KM
docAbstract:
With the empirical research on resident empowerment in its infancy, this study sought to add to, the scant literature by testing the cross-cultural validity of the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS) within the town of Oizumi, Japan. Such a destination was chosen because it provided a culture vastly different from the original rural Virginia, U.S. sample across Hofstede's cultural dimension. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed on the Oizumi sample (n = 456) demonstrated that the RETS and its factors of psychological, social, and political empowerment were construct valid and shared the same psychometric properties originally found in Boley and McGehee's study (2014). These findings from the Oizumi, Japan sample support the international applicability of the RETS and provide managers with a valid tool for tracking the effectiveness of their marketing and management efforts aimed at increasing resident empowerment. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: 2014 St. Gallen Consensus on destination management
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 2
beginPage: 137
endPage: 142
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.03.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000357229300007
year: 2015
authors: Beritelli, P, Laesser, C, Reinhold, S
docAbstract:
This paper summarizes the main insights of the second Biennial Forum on Advances in Destination Management (ADM), held in St. Gallen (Switzerland). Issues in five domains preoccupied the discourse of scholars and practitioners alike: (1) the definition of 'destination', (2) the purpose and legitimacy of destination management organizations (DMO), (3) governance and leadership in destination networks, (4) destination branding, and (5) sustainability. For each domain, this consensus offers a purposeful research agenda grounded in the ADM's community of destination management and marketing researchers. This paper builds on conference participants' collective sense-making efforts expressed over the course of the conference and in a dedicated consensus session. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Hospitality Managers' Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility: An Explorative Study
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 257
endPage: 272
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2012.742915
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330755800001
year: 2014
authors: Mackenzie, M, Peters, M
docAbstract:
In recent years, many factors have influenced the hotel industry to identify areas of social concern most beneficial to it. Staff incentives, rewards, community involvement, and charitable activities, coinciding with increased management and staff education concerning internal and external social responsibilities, have increased. The objective of this study is to investigate how hotel leaders from Hong Kong in high-tier and medium-tier hotels attempt to influence employees' behaviour to act in a more socially responsible manner towards their companies and communities. It highlights both leaders' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) behaviour of their employees and the instruments used to influence that behaviour. As a first step, this study aims to determine hotel managers' perception of leadership styles and their interpretation of the CSR role in the industry and community. Managers differ in leadership styles, thereby influencing their employees' perception of the CSR role in industry and community. Findings have shown that CSR awareness is deeply incorporated into high-tier Hong Kong hotels where community involvement is particularly strong.


title: Effective Communication Strategies for Hotel Guests' Green Behavior
type: J
volume: 55
issue: 1
beginPage: 52
endPage: 63
doi: 10.1177/1938965513504029
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329838500008
year: 2014
authors: Lee, S, Oh, H
docAbstract:
Green marketing in hotel rooms relies particularly on the hotel's communication to the guest, with a goal of gaining the guest's voluntary participation in sustainable programs. Developing a persuasive message, therefore, is critical to the effectiveness of the hotel's green efforts. To explore effective in-room green communication strategies of the hotel industry, we propose application of several widely adopted information processing theories. We review relevant theories, develop key propositions for the hotel industry, and offer a theoretical framework and propositions for future research. Our content analysis of the contents of thirty-six guestroom message cards finds that many hotels are using some of these information theories, but a more scientific approach is indicated.


title: Sustainable tourism: development, decline and de-growth. Management issues from the Isle of Man
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 127
endPage: 147
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.819876
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329911000009
year: 2014
authors: Canavan, B
docAbstract:
The concept of sustainable tourism emerged as a reaction to the impacts of tourism development. This paper shows the relevance of sustainable tourism to tourism decline and the rising interest in de-growth. Mixed-methods research in the Isle of Man, UK, was carried out by analysing 355 postal questionnaires sent to randomly selected island households, and conducting 32 in-depth personal interviews. The research revealed a series of negative environmental and social consequences of tourism decline in a small island. Such consequences are found to occur despite successful local diversification into other industries, notably offshore finance. Consequences of decline are revealed as tangible, e. g. facilities closure, and as less tangible, e. g. a sense of rejection by off-islanders, and have led to an increasing sense amongst residents of isolation and loss of local attractiveness. Results suggest tourism decline, de-growth and economic replacement require sustainable management in order to facilitate change. Measures such as urban and rural landscape protection, may reduce adverse effects of decline. A re-assessment of the application of the principles of sustainable tourism in the context of decline, rather than development, is needed.


type: J
volume: 36
beginPage: 81
endPage: 89
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.08.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330910300011
year: 2014
authors: Singal, M
title:
Corporate social responsibility in the hospitality and tourism industry: Do family control and financial condition matter?

docAbstract:
Family firms have been known to perform better both financially and socially (CSR) than their nonfamily counterparts. However, it is not known whether the better social performance is a consequence of better financial performance. Within the hospitality and tourism industry, we find that family firms are financially stronger, but do not actually invest more in CSR than nonfamily firms once controlled for their financial condition, as measured by credit ratings. Interestingly, we also find that family firms invest more in mitigating concerns than in taking positive initiatives to build strengths in CSR performance. Finally, we find that judicious investment by family firms in CSR positively affects their future financial performance. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 1
beginPage: 54
endPage: 75
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2012.744767
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000314208900004
year: 2013
authors: Cuskelly, G, O'Brien, W
title:
Changing roles: applying continuity theory to understanding the transition from playing to volunteering in community sport

docAbstract:
In many Western nations government policies are directed at increasing levels of participation in community sport. Recent research suggests that the sustainability of community sports system is under pressure due to declining volunteer numbers. Volunteers are often players transitioning from playing roles into non-playing roles such as administration and coaching. While a human resource management approach has been adopted to manage volunteers, little is understood in relation to the factors that contribute to players making the transition from playing to volunteering. Using Atchley's continuity theory, we propose a transition-extension framework that examines the psychological and social factors that provide the impetus for the transition to volunteering The framework also examines those factors that contribute to volunteers extending their involvement and may help community sport organisations provide an environment that will nurture volunteers in the transition phase to retain and extend their involvement to become long-term volunteers.


title: Relationships between lifestyle of health and sustainability and healthy food choices for seniors
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 4
beginPage: 558
endPage: 576
doi: 10.1108/09596111311322925
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000319955800006
year: 2013
authors: Lee, CK, Kim, WG, Kim, MJ, Kim, JM
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the structural relationships among lifestyle of health and sustainability (LOHAS), healthy food choices, trust, and emotional loyalty and the moderating role of age between seniors and non-seniors in restaurants. Design/methodology/approach - Partial least squares (PLS)-graph software (version 3.0) was used to analyze the measurements and structural models. The authors employed a PLS regression analysis for both the formative and reflective constructs in the empirical test of the research model. Findings - The study revealed that the senior market segment differs from the non-senior market segment in the following ways: the magnitude of impact of LOHAS on healthy food choices is much stronger for senior diners than for non-senior diners and the impact of LOHAS on trust and emotional loyalty is greater for seniors than non-seniors. Research limitations/implications - The results of this study can guide the restaurant industry in its research on the implications of LOHAS for seniors. Practical implications - Restaurant marketers should develop different strategies for the senior and non-senior market segments, and they need to focus on target segments rather than attempting to appeal to the market as a whole. Originality/value - This paper assists researchers and practitioners by shedding light on the differences among LOHAS, healthy food choices, trust, and emotional loyalty between senior and non-senior diners.


title: Sustainable hospitality: a meaningful notion?
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 6
beginPage: 810
endPage: 824
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.737797
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000322161400002
year: 2013
authors: Melissen, F
docAbstract:
This paper explores the concept of sustainable hospitality. The relevance and status of this area of enquiry are assessed by discussing the current status of the concepts involved. These discussions are then linked to progress made in sustainable hospitality both in research and practical applications in the hospitality industry. At least six principal schools of thought within hospitality are noted: hospitality science, hospitality management, hospitality studies, the "three domain school", the systems thinking school and the pragmatic tradition. This complexity and lack of clear definition are problems. The differences between sustainability and sustainable development, and between weak and strong sustainability add further complexities. This paper shows that progress in both sustainable hospitality and tourism has been limited by these problems. A series of technical, ethical and commercial problems are discussed. However, while sustainable hospitality as a research area is still in its infancy, it is concluded that it is very relevant within the wider context of sustainable tourism research, based on its impact and its specific position within the social-ecological-economic systems under investigation. Key areas of future work are suggested, notably to better understand the impacts of hospitality on the triple bottom line, and to explore systems approaches towards implementation.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 5
beginPage: 695
endPage: 715
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.737799
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000320925100004
year: 2013
authors: Higham, JES, Mitchell, R, Wooliscroft, B
title:
Applying sustainability in national park management: balancing public and private interests using a sustainable market orientation model

docAbstract:
The application of sustainable development (SD) in organisational strategy has been debated for over 20 years. There is much social and political support for sustainability, but very little empirical research into its value, particularly to public sector organisations. This paper reports on the first empirical research into the application of Sustainable Market Orientation (SMO), a conceptual merging of the principles of sustainable development and market orientation, to be applied in strategic management. The research context is the New Zealand Department of Conservation's (DoC) administration of national park policy with particular focus on the Fiordland National Park. In-depth interviews were made with 33 DoC stakeholders, 9 internal and 24 external, including tourism businesses, local and national politicians and tourists and NGOs. The findings confirm the value of SMO in public service strategy management particularly in terms of balancing environmental, social and economic strategy, defining public service marketing parameters and ensuring the integration of short-term and long-term strategy. They also raised key issues in achieving conceptual balance in managing the environmental, social and economic orientations of SMO in protected areas using publicly owned resources and dilemmas inherent in reducing public sector funding for protected area conservation.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 2
beginPage: 144
endPage: 161
doi: 10.1080/15470148.2013.787662
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435289900004
year: 2013
authors: Strick, S, Sox, CB, Benjamin, S, Carpenter, J
title:
An Exploratory Study of Meeting Planners and Conference Attendees' Perceptions of Sustainable Issues in Convention Centers

docAbstract:
This exploratory study examines the importance of sustainable concerns at convention centers among meeting planners and attendees. Sectors impacting sustainability within convention centers were drawn from the Convention Industry Council's Accepted Practices Exchange (APEX) / American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Environmentally Sustainable Meeting Standards. Results from a sample of meeting planners and attendees suggest planners are willing to pay more to plan meetings at sustainability certified facilities. Attendees are willing to pay more to attend meetings at facilities providing staff trained in aspects of sustainability. Results suggest no statistically significant differences between levels of importance attached to sustainable issues by groups, but levels do differ based on demographic characteristics.


type: J
volume: 33
issue: 5
beginPage: 1038
endPage: 1041
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.01.013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000303946900003
year: 2012
authors: Peeters, P
title:
A clear path towards sustainable mass tourism? Rejoinder to the paper 'Organic, incremental and induced paths to sustainable mass tourism convergence' by David B. Weaver

docAbstract:
The paper forms a rejoinder to the paper by David Weaver ('Organic, incremental and induced paths to sustainable mass tourism convergence'). It fully agrees with David Weaver that a sustainable development of tourism should focus on sustainable mass tourism development and not, as is currently the case, so much on niche products labelled 'sustainable'. However, it critiques Weaver's operationalization of sustainability, his assumption that sustainable mass tourism (SMT) will be the 'emergent norm' due to external factors, and his destination development theory showing different paths that, however, all end in SMT. Finally it is shown that the path development idea might be at odds with systems thinking. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: An Investigation Into Professional Athlete Philanthropy: Why Charity Is Part of the Game
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 2
beginPage: 159
endPage: 176
doi: 10.1123/jsm.26.2.159
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000302208900005
year: 2012
authors: Babiak, K, Mills, B, Tainsky, S, Juravich, M
docAbstract:
This study explored the philanthropic landscape of professional athletes and their charitable foundations. This research also investigated factors influencing the formation of philanthropic foundations among this group of individuals. First, data were collected to identify athletes in four professional North American sport leagues who had formed charitable foundations. Then, 36 interviews were conducted with athletes, foundation directors, league and team executives and a sport agent to explore the motives and beliefs about philanthropy in professional sport. Using the theory of planned behavior, this paper identified the factors considered in the formation of charitable foundations in this unique group, primarily focusing on attitudes (altruistic and self-interested), perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, self-identity and moral obligation as antecedents to athlete philanthropic activity. The paper also discusses the unique context in which these individuals operate, some of the particular constraints they face, and identifies opportunities for athlete foundations and their partners.


title: Determinants of Tourist Behaviour in Coastal Environmental Protection
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 1
beginPage: 26
endPage: 49
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2011.597774
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000302558000002
year: 2012
authors: Kim, AK
docAbstract:
This study examines visitors' willingness to support management policies regarding local environmental conservation issues. In particular, it explores the relative impacts of various antecedents on different types of specific behavioural intentions. Visitors to the Lul-worth coastal area in England were studied using on-site questionnaire survey data. Results of the research highlight that most visitors had positive environmental attitudes and support for management policies related to specific responsible environmental behaviour, such as 'not climbing the cliffs' and 'removing beach litter'. However, multiple regression analyses indicate that certain types of attitudes were not always the most important factor in explaining environmental behaviour. Other individual background factors, such as age, gender, environmental involvement and interpretative experiences, had different impacts on two types of specific behavioural intentions. This study suggests that management actions can be substantially improved by examining tourists' perceptions of management policies and identifying which tourists are willing to engage in the types of conservation topic and the types of behaviour.


title: The Triple Bottom Line: A Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 3
beginPage: 233
endPage: 258
doi: 10.1080/15256480.2012.698173
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212737400004
year: 2012
authors: Stoddard, JE, Pollard, CE, Evans, MR
docAbstract:
This conceptual article proposes that tourism development organizations adopt a triple bottom line (TBL) framework to enhance their sustainability. The TBL is a philosophical orientation whereby organizations develop and implement not just a traditional economically sustainable strategy, but also explicitly include environmental and social sustainability strategies. The history of TBL and its application to sustainable tourism development are offered and the development of a much-needed measurement instrument is described and the instrument is presented for discussion. The article concludes by presenting the benefits that can accrue to a sustainable tourism development organization through the adoption of a TBL philosophy and the use of a reliable instrument to measure TBL performance.


title: Social leveraging of the 2010 Olympic Games: 'sustainability' in a City of Vancouver initiative
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 2
beginPage: 185
endPage: 205
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2012.662618
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214515400005
year: 2012
authors: VanWynsberghe, R, Derom, I, Maurer, E
docAbstract:
Heightened inter-city competition for hosting sport mega-events has increased the involvement of levels of government. Governments are seeking to achieve public policy objectives using the sport mega-event as a vehicle to do so. The emergence of the concept of social leveraging is important to understand the involvement of host governments in attempts to amend, fast-track, or generate new public policy, curriculum, community programmes, and demonstration projects. This article presents a case study of the City of Vancouver's newly emerging post-Olympic Greenest City initiative. The purpose of this case study of social leveraging is to better understand this concept in the context of hosting the 2010 Olympic Games and the City of Vancouver's development of a sustainability business brand. This case study is explored according to Chalip [Chalip, L. (2006). Towards social leverage of sport events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11, 109-127. doi: 10.1080/14775080601155126] and O'Brien and Chalip's [O'Brien, D., & Chalip, L. (2007a). Executive training exercise in sport event leverage. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1, 296-304. doi: 10.1108/17506180710824181; O'Brien, D., & Chalip, L. (2007b). Sport events and strategic leveraging: Pushing towards the triple bottom line. In A.G. Woodside & D. Martin (Eds.), Tourism management: Analysis, behavior, and strategy (pp. 318-338). Cambridge: CABI] framework of social leveraging. Case study analysis offers evidence that suggests that social leveraging does conceptualize the efforts by government hosts to maximize benefits from their intensive investments in sport mega-events. Findings also extend the exploratory framework of social leveraging by considering additional leverageable resources that government officials utilize, especially as these resources might fast-track policy objectives. Our research also suggests amending the sequence of and the parts of this framework in order to elaborate on social leveraging as an iterative rather than linear process.


title: A Case Study: Discussion of Factors and Challenges for Urban Cultural Tourism Development
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 6
beginPage: 553
endPage: 569
doi: 10.1002/jtr.826
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000297099200004
year: 2011
authors: Wang, SS, Yamada, N, Brothers, L
docAbstract:
With both qualitative and quantitative approaches, this study examined the success factors of cultural tourism development. It discussed reasons why some cities may find it challenging to sustain cultural tourism development. The findings suggested that the lack of advantageous factors may be because all factors were highly related and that one factor's defect in marketing could easily affect the performance of all other factors. The challenge for cultural tourism development in a less competitive destination may be more related to elementary problems such as governmental leadership and funding rather than the important factors emphasized in theoretical models. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: The resource-based and the market-based approaches to cultural tourism in alpine destinations
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 7
beginPage: 877
endPage: 893
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.547198
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299287900005
year: 2011
authors: Peters, M, Siller, L, Matzler, K
docAbstract:
This study focuses on the relevance of cultural resources in tourism, including cultural heritage sites, cultural landscapes, events or festivals. It seeks to reveal the differences between two management strategy perspectives, the market-based view or approach (MBV) and the resource-based view or approach (RBV), of involved destination stakeholders and the impacts of those differing approaches on their perception of cultural tourism development. The literature on the strategy orientation of organizations/destinations is reviewed and serves as the theoretical background. Data were gathered from 38 semi-structured interviews with experts and key stakeholders in alpine destinations of cultural tourism in Northern Italy, using GABEK, a tool for analyzing complex qualitative data. The results indicate differences between destinations with diverse strategy-perspectives in terms of authenticity perception, standardization, leadership and sustainability orientation. The MBV requires larger financial resources to create an effective brand image. Authenticity was found to be very important and the VRIO framework (valuable, rare, inimitable and organized) a valuable tool. The RBV is best related to niche market products. The RBV also leads to more sustainable strategies for resource use but requires strong vision and network management skills.


title: Moving from pilgrimage to responsible tourism: the case of Palestine
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 6
beginPage: 579
endPage: 590
doi: 10.1080/13683500903464218
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000284780900005
year: 2010
authors: Isaac, RK
docAbstract:
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Palestine has seen complicated changes in its political circumstances, most notably the creation of Israel in 1948 and the 1967 war, where Israel occupied the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. These events have created catastrophic political, economic and social facts which deeply affected the life of the Palestinian people. In this context, tourism became a political tool in the supremacy and domination of the Israeli establishment over land, and people, and an instrument for preventing the Palestinians from enjoying the benefits and the fruits of cultural and human interaction on which tourism thrives. Israel controls all access to Palestine (land and sea borders), most of the Palestinian water resources and all movements of people and goods from, to and within Palestine. This article assesses the role that tourism may play in promoting peace by presenting the Palestinian Initiative for Responsible Tourism - code of conduct - and its contribution to peace. In addition, issues of sustainability and the triple bottom line will be evaluated which could go a long way towards healing some of the divisions in the Palestinian/Israeli society.


title: Travelling 'green': is tourists' happiness at stake?
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 4
beginPage: 381
endPage: 392
doi: 10.1080/13683500903215016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000284779700006
year: 2010
authors: Nawijn, J, Peeters, PM
docAbstract:
Several western governments have implemented environmental policies which increase the cost of air travel. Such policies aim to reduce the impact of air travel on climate change, but at the same time they restrict tourists in their travels. This study examines the extent to which the average tourist's happiness is affected by 'involuntary green travel', defined as reduced CO2 emission travel imposed by government regulations. This issue was addressed in a study among 588 Dutch citizens who completed a self-report questionnaire containing questions about their happiness. The strongest determinant of tourists' happiness is freedom in choosing a destination. Any policy measure that interferes with tourists' freedom in destination choice will negatively affect tourists' happiness. Six percent of their happiness is at stake and potentially 17% of all holiday trips are affected. The number of tourists involved is possibly much smaller. The best options for governments are to impose taxes on long-haul destinations, which affect only a small share of all tourists, and air routes which can also be travelled by a variety of alternative modes of transport and thus less limiting to destination choice within this market segment.


title: BEYOND ECOTOURISM: THE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE TOURIST IN THE GENERAL TRAVEL EXPERIENCE
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 4
beginPage: 503
endPage: 513
doi: 10.3727/108354209X12596287114291
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213814600007
year: 2009
authors: Dolnicar, S, Long, P
docAbstract:
Ashift of attention from the dominant product orientation in environmentally sustainable tourism to a demand orientation has been suggested as a way of minimizing the effects of the inherent trade-offs the tourism industry faces between maximization of profits and investment in environmental sustainability. The success of such an approach depends on the existence of a class of tourists who are not only motivated to take care of the natural surroundings of the host destination, whether they are traveling in an ecotourism or general tourism context, but also represent an economically attractive market segment. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is empirical evidence for the existence of such a segment among the wider tourism population and, if so, how can it be characterized and thus marketed to. Willingness to pay is used as a criterion to define this segment, as it implicitly accounts for the trade-off that suggests environmental protection comes at a price. Results from the empirical survey study conducted in Australia indicate that environmentally responsible tourists who are willing to pay for environmental initiatives taken on by their tour operator can be characterized by a distinct profile with respect to travel information seeking, destination preferences, travel behavior, and willingness to pay-indicating that targeting such a segment of tourists in the general tourism context represents an attractive supplementary strategy to traditional supply-sided measures of sustainable destination management.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 7
beginPage: 656
endPage: 669
doi: 10.1080/10548400903280758
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000284827700003
year: 2009
authors: Hede, AM, Stokes, R
title:
NETWORK ANALYSIS OF TOURISM EVENTS: AN APPROACH TO IMPROVE MARKETING PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

docAbstract:
Farmers' markets have recently emerged as a new tourism event around the globe. Yet, little information is known about them. This article explores the network of stakeholders associated with farmers' markets through a qualitative analysis over a period of time of an Australian farmers' market. Multiple methods of data collection were used to build a case study of the farmers' market. The findings highlight the acute need for this farmers' market, and potentially many others that are similar, to strategically establish an appropriate and effective network of stakeholders for both organizational longevity and tourism sustainability.


title: Energy Saving and Tourism Sustainability: Solar Control Window Film in Hotel Rooms
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 5
beginPage: 563
endPage: 574
doi: 10.2167/jost803.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000260235700005
year: 2008
authors: Chan, WW, Mak, LM, Chen, YM, Wang, YH, Xie, HR, Hou, GQ, Li, D
docAbstract:
This paper investigates solar control film as an energy saver in the fast growing hotel sector in southern China. It investigates claims made for this low-cost retrofitted material in hotel rooms, calibrating reductions in solar gain in summer. It provides reliable and independent data about the performance and economic viability of solar control film in real hotel environments. The study found that, by limiting solar gain, the film helps limit tourism's impact on global warming and climate change. The paper also foreshadows new technical glazing developments.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 85
endPage: 100
doi: 10.2167/jost621.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000254517500006
year: 2008
authors: McNamara, KE, Gibson, C
title:
Environmental Sustainability in practice? A macro-scale profile of tourist accommodation facilities in Australia's coastal zone

docAbstract:
While methods have been developed to measure progress towards sustainability in a tourism setting, a shortage still exists of research that examines the integration of environmental sustainability into the existing built environment, particularly across a macro-scale. In an attempt to advance research in this area, this paper profiles the self acknowledged implementation of environmental initiatives by managers of tourist accommodation facilities along Australia's east coast. An original and empirical approach, based on quantitative surveys, was undertaken for 536 accommodation facilities located within one kilometre of the coastline. Broad trends were that larger accommodation facilities were more likely to be in close proximity to coastlines, yet were also more likely to have formal mechanisms to implement environmental initiatives. Regional variation in implementation was apparent, and possible explanations included the role of local cultures and state regulation. Overall, however, results indicate poor uptake of environmental initiatives. We conclude by arguing that such results are a consequence of barriers including the inheritance of older built environments and the poor communication to the managers of facilities of the benefits of implementing environmental initiatives.


type: J
volume: 63
beginPage: 223
endPage: 233
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408177900024
year: 2017
authors: Gao, J, Wu, BH
title:
Revitalizing traditional villages through rural tourism: A case study of Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province, China

docAbstract:
Increasing attention has been given to historically and culturally significant traditional villages in China in the past five years. Two key themes have been protection and usage. Rural tourism has been recognized as a key approach to rural development and poverty alleviation. Through a systematic knowledge review, this paper proposes an integrative and sustainable Rural Tourism-based Traditional Village Revitalization model to better understand the relationship between rural tourism and village revitalization. Integrated Rural Tourism and Sustainable Livelihood theory and ideology are integrated in this model. A case study of the village of Yuanjia reveals that the model's three levels (material, social and spiritual) are effective pathways for successful village revitalization. Village leader-led or elite-led development realizes endogenous and bottom-up development rather than a top-down arrangement. Farmer Cooperative is a relatively equitable means of benefit distribution and community participation in China. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 31
beginPage: 83
endPage: 89
doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.10.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000405614200009
year: 2017
authors: Mathew, PV, Sreejesh, S
title:
Impact of responsible tourism on destination sustainability and quality of life of community in tourism destinations

docAbstract:
The primary objective of the study is to examine the impact of perceived responsible tourism on perceived quality of life of communities in tourist destinations and to analyze the mediating role of perceived destination sustainability. A questionnaire-based survey conducted to collect responses from a sample of 432 residents from 3 different tourism destinations in India. From the data analysis, it was found that as the residents of the local community, perceived responsible tourism plays a pivotal role in the formulation of perceived destination sustainability, which in turn impacts their perceived quality of life. Thus, the study findings offer implications for the successful management of tourism businesses as well as the community sustainability and their well-being. (C) 2016 The Authors.


title: Drivers of environmental innovation in Majorcan hotels
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 10
beginPage: 1529
endPage: 1549
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1062016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362782200007
year: 2015
authors: Razumova, M, Ibanez, JL, Palmer, JRM
docAbstract:
Using a database of Majorcan hotels, this paper examines several previously untested determinants of environmental innovations in hotels derived from the Porter hypothesis and from the specifics of knowledge transfer in the tourism industry. The empirical analysis is original in that it distinguishes between eight types of environmental innovations. The results show that hotels' general predisposition to implement innovations, manager remuneration based on environmental performance, staff satisfaction, environmental accounting, and trainings are important determinants of the overall environmental innovation activity of Majorcan hotels. Moreover, the use of environmental management systems is associated with innovations with cost-saving potential, whereas the hotel star category is associated with innovations that contribute to hotel quality, such as wastewater treatment, noise reduction, noise isolation, and visual impact improvements. Furthermore, high levels of staff satisfaction are related to the implementation of water-saving and noise reduction innovations, as such innovations require staff participation, whereas the role of information sources in explaining innovation adoption varies based on the technical complexity of innovations. The paper concludes with policy implications for sustainable tourism development, recommendations for the hoteliers, and directions for future research.


title: Are eco-labels sustainable? Beach certification schemes in Latin America and the Caribbean
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 10
beginPage: 1550
endPage: 1572
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1047376
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362782200008
year: 2015
authors: Zielinski, S, Botero, C
docAbstract:
Beach certification schemes (BCSs) have been designed to bridge the gap between recreation and conservation. However, there is no evidence supporting their effectiveness as tools for achieving a high level of sustainability. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of nine BCSs in Latin America and the Caribbean, based on indicators of sustainable development and integrated coastal management. For this purpose, a list of 27 objectives with 62 indicators was compiled and each scheme's effectiveness was measured by testing 95 requirements found in BCSs against the indicators. The results indicate that the analyzed schemes have low levels of effectiveness. The most effective certification complies with 60% of the indicators, while the average compliance level is only 33%. The weak areas of beach certifications involve, monitoring, management and planning, stakeholder participation, and conflict resolution. A few of the schemes were found to be moderately successful in these areas, but the less effective BCSs focused primarily on amenities and visitor satisfaction. It was found that the effectiveness of the BCSs could be increased by addressing their main weaknesses in a cost-effective manner through the hybridization of environmental management systems and benchmark certifications, and by implementing compliance standards based on beach type.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 4
beginPage: 455
endPage: 471
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2013.877049
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352311600006
year: 2015
authors: Lee, CK, Lee, HM, Song, HJ, Song, SJ
title:
The Role of CSR and Responsible Gambling in Casino Employees' Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Customer Orientation

docAbstract:
This study aims to examine not only the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on casino employees' organizational commitment (OC), job satisfaction (JS), and customer orientation (CO), but also the effect of responsible gambling (RG) on CO. In particular, this study examines how employees' expectation of implementing RG strategies influences their attitude toward customers. For this purpose, this study conducted a survey of employees (n = 307) who were working for a casino in Seoul, Korea. The results of this study indicate that economic, legal, and philanthropic CSR had an effect on OC, which, in turn, influenced JS. Additionally, JS and the expectation of RG strategies were found to influence CO. These findings will contribute to understanding the impacts of CSR and RG on casino employees' behavior toward customers and providing practical implications to the casino industry.


title: Economic growth and environment: tourism as a trigger for green growth
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 1
beginPage: 183
endPage: 204
doi: 10.5367/te.2014.0411
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352027600011
year: 2015
authors: Marsiglio, S
docAbstract:
The paper analyses the implications of tourism activities for economic growth and environmental assets, focusing especially on small island countries. The author develops a stylized dynamic economic model in which tourism is the trigger of the incentive mechanism leading to abatement activities and economic growth. The basic idea is that tourists choose the location to visit according to a number of factors (including environmental quality) which are affected by residents' choices. If residents engage in environmental protection activities, it then may be possible for environmentally based tourism economies to reach a smooth development process. The author shows that the (sustainable) balanced growth path is the only viable equilibrium, and along such a path consumption grows while environmental quality rises. Tourists' preferences crucially affect the long-run outcome, since economic and environmental growth rates increase with the green preference and decrease with the grey preference and crowding aversion parameters. Thus, if tourism specialization is to be the pathway to development, green tourism will need to be promoted.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 3
beginPage: 382
endPage: 400
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.986489
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000350175100003
year: 2015
authors: Coghlan, A
title:
Tourism and health: using positive psychology principles to maximise participants' wellbeing outcomes - a design concept for charity challenge tourism

docAbstract:
This conceptual paper explores the use of psychology, especially positive psychology, to inform the design of travel experiences for a specific health outcome-enhanced participant wellbeing or mental health. It extends the concept of sustainable tourism as a tool for local, regional and societal improvement. Mental health is a growing issue in many developed countries: 30% of Australians report depressive symptoms, with implications for social sustainability. The paper reviews how positive psychology seeks to combine hedonic, eudemonic and social wellbeing into the integrated concept of "flourishing", creating positive emotions, engagement, and meaning. It uses the charity challenge model to explore tourism experiences that enhance participant wellbeing. Charity challenges are participatory, group travel events combined with extended physical activity, awareness-raising, and fund-raising for charity. These events inherently combine recognised pathways to wellbeing, e.g. being active, doing something meaningful, giving, and connecting with others. Other principles from positive psychology, such as intentional and volitional activity, goal attainment, activation of signature strengths, experiencing positive emotions/gratification, and capitalisation on positive experiences, can be incorporated into the event design to foster wellbeing outcomes. The paper suggests how this design might take shape, as well as management implications and further research questions.


title: Second homes planning, policy and governance
type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 14
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2014.964251
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214523400001
year: 2015
authors: Hall, CM
docAbstract:
The topic of second homes has been of major interest in regional, rural and tourism planning and policy since the 1970s. More recently the lens of governance has also begun to be applied as a lens to the topic of mobility, including second homes. This paper provides a review of the literature on second homes, policy and governance and highlights major themes and issues including that of housing policy, sustainability, political representation and the environment. The paper suggests that research in the governance of second homes can help shed further light on problems of understanding and governing mobility and multiple dwellings in contemporary neoliberal globalisation. It highlights that that governance, policy and regulatory structures are much better geared to the stationery and the immobile than they are to the movement of people (and capital) between jurisdictions, as well as to mobile homes themselves.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 4
beginPage: 593
endPage: 609
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-02-2013-0082
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341793600006
year: 2014
authors: Li, YQ, Fu, H, Duan, YH
title:
Does employee-perceived reputation contribute to citizenship behavior? The mediating role of organizational commitment

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to propose and verify a research model that investigates the mediating role of organizational commitment on the relationship between hotel employee-perceived reputation and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Design/methodology/approach - Based on the data obtained from a sample of 323 hotel employees in China, the reliability, validity and hypothesized relationships in the model were tested through structural equation modeling using LISREL 8.70. Findings - Empirical results show that different dimensions of corporate reputation affect OCBs differently. Social responsibility reputation has both direct and indirect effects on OCBs, while there is no direct link between employee-treatment reputation and OCBs. The relationship between corporate reputation and OCBs is mediated by organizational commitment. Practical implications - Hotel managers should pay more attention to employee perception of the hotel's reputation. Reputation management is as important as reputation building. Favorable perception of hotel's reputation contributes to positive behavioral intentions. Originality/value - Most recent research has explored the relationship between corporate reputation and customer behaviors. However, few studies take employee perception of reputation into consideration. This study tried to fill this void. Also, this study contributes to the current knowledge of both the reputation literature and citizenship literature by exploring the mediation of organizational commitment on the relationship between employee-perceived reputation and citizenship behaviors through data obtained from Chinese hotels.


title: The interplay of governance, power and citizen participation in community tourism planning
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 270
endPage: 288
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2013.789354
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214520100004
year: 2013
authors: Jordan, EJ, Vogt, CA, Kruger, LE, Grewe, N
docAbstract:
This research examines a unique case of tourism planning and explores the relationships between governance, power, and citizen participation in community decision-making. In less than two years, the community of Sitka, Alaska, undertook two separate tourism-planning processes in response to proposed tourism development. The first plan followed a participant-led governance structure; the second plan a council-led governance structure. The participant-led governance structure produced a plan through a collaborative process that empowered citizen participants and sought to limit growth, while the council-led structure utilized an external consultant and produced a more pro-growth plan that downplayed citizen concern for maintaining quality of life. The council-led plan was adopted as the guiding document for the community. Ultimately, the power over plan adoption and implementation lay in the hands of the local government, creating a stressful community environment for many involved in both planning processes. Evidence of the advantages and disadvantages of citizen participation in each planning process is presented.


title: Monitoring and evaluation tool for tourism destinations
type: J
volume: 4
beginPage: 64
endPage: 66
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2012.04.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217958500008
year: 2012
authors: Rio, D, Nunes, LM
docAbstract:
Monitoring and evaluation of impacts of tourism emerges as a key tool to achieve the sustainability of rural tourism destinations. A monitoring and evaluation tool was elaborated based on indicators that analyze the relationships between natural resource, local community and tourism industry in a rural tourism destination and tested in Ukraine. Delphi technique was used to identify and select 36 indicators from economic, environmental and social dimensions. The tool can illustrate the state, pressures and impact on a rural tourism destination. Results showed that the tool is well suited when limited scientific, technical and economic resources are available. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 32
issue: 5
beginPage: 1218
endPage: 1222
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.09.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000291190100028
year: 2011
authors: Scherrer, P, Smith, AJ, Dowling, RK
title:
Visitor management practices and operational sustainability: Expedition cruising in the Kimberley, Australia

docAbstract:
The expedition cruise industry along the remote 3000 km Kimberley coast in Australia's northwest draws on the area's environmental and cultural assets for its tourism product and provides the main means of access for visitors. Cruises involve frequent on-shore excursions to attractions including rock pools, rock art and historic sites. This study used visitor observations and stakeholder interviews to examine potential impacts on environmental and cultural site assets, and visitor safety and experience. Visitor management practices varied strongly between operators, with vast room for improvement by some operations. Inconsistent visitor management practices contributed to a high level of avoidable risks in terms of visitor safety and negative cultural and environmental impacts. Findings from this study highlight the central role of tour guides and operational procedures for improving visitor management practices. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Knowledge management: the missing link in DMO crisis management?
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 4
beginPage: 337
endPage: 354
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2010.489637
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000290044600004
year: 2011
authors: Blackman, D, Kennedy, M, Ritchie, B
docAbstract:
Despite some recognition of the role of destination marketing organisations (DMOs) in crisis management, limited attention has focused on the role of DMOs in crisis events, and in particular their role in managing knowledge across diverse stakeholder groups and domains. This theoretical paper attempts to address this deficiency by synthesising knowledge management and tourism crisis management literature, to outline the potential role of DMOs in managing knowledge across boundaries during crises. Carlile's [(2004). Transferring, translating, and transforming: An integrative framework for managing knowledge across boundaries. Organization Science, 15(5), 555-568] work on boundary spanning is used to consider potential organisational and management issues for DMOs dealing with crisis events and how they should be managed. This paper argues that because of the role and nature of DMOs, they should play an important role as knowledge spanners/brokers to transfer, translate and transform knowledge to stakeholders. The paper concludes with future research avenues related to knowledge management, DMOs and crises.


title: Facebook as an edutainment medium to engage students in sustainability and tourism
type: J
volume: 2
issue: 1
beginPage: 81
endPage: 90
doi: 10.1108/17579881111112430
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213991800006
year: 2011
authors: Isacsson, A, Gretzel, U
docAbstract:
Purpose - Emerging technologies offer an ever expanding variety of means to support and enrich learning environments. However, there is currently a lack of information on how to best implement new media in tourism and hospitality education. This paper aims to describe an example of an international, collaborative learning project that involves Facebook so that future practice regarding social media use in teaching can be informed. Design/methodology/approach - This paper adopts a case study approach to describe in detail how Facebook was used to foster self-directed learning about sustainable tourism. Findings - The findings presented in the paper are based on the postings of the students in Facebook as well as student and faculty reflections on the success of the project. Overall, the project was a success and led to the construction of a useful, current and engaging knowledge base about sustainable tourism. Also, the students appreciated the more informal learning environment. However, there were clear barriers to collaboration that could not be overcome by using Facebook. In addition, not all students were equally engaged and some clearly lacked experience with the medium. Originality/value - The paper documents the use of Facebook in support of a collaborative learning project to illustrate the potential of social media in creating engaging learning environments. It situates the case study in the theoretical discussion of the value of edutainment and the promise of social media to foster self-directed and social learning. The findings provide theoretical implications for the conceptualization of social media use in education and practical implications for tourism and hospitality educators who would like to integrate social media in their teaching.


title: Utilizing the VICE Model for the Sustainable Development of the Innibos Arts Festival
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 3-4
beginPage: 347
endPage: 365
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2011.562422
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213052600007
year: 2011
authors: van Niekerk, M, Coetzee, WJL
docAbstract:
The purpose of the study is to ensure the continuous and sustainable growth of the Innibos Arts Festival in South Africa while balancing the needs and demands of the visitors to the festival, the tourism industry as a whole, and the surrounding community with a focus on the environment. Continuous growth of festivals in South Africa is ensured as government supports and promotes this as part of its strategy for economic development. However, the sustainability of the festivals has come under scrutiny as many of these festivals compete for similar tourism markets. Destination managers and developers all over the world, but specifically in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, have identified the visitors, industry, community, and environment (VICE) model as a critical success factor in the sustainable development of any tourism destination. Equitable interaction among the VICE must occur before the tourism destination will be sustainable. The VICE model was used to identify the profiles, demands, and needs of the visitors to the festival; the role and impact of the event on the industry and businesses; the impact on the Nelspruit community and environment (where the Innibos Arts Festival is held); and how these elements should synergize with a view to ensure sustainability. Self- completion questionnaires were used to determine the sustainability of the festival. A total of 2,584 visitor surveys, 206 business surveys, and 520 community surveys, which included questions on the environmental concept, were completed over the past 5 years (2004-2008). The results of the study indicated that the VICE model was successfully utilized in the study of the Innibos Arts Festival. It highlighted critical areas in the different categories of the VICE model that require attention and development. The successful management and development of these critical aspects would ensure the sustainability of the festival. It can therefore be concluded that the VICE model can be utilized to ensure the sustainability of festivals.


title: The role of gratitude in sponsorship: the case of participant sports
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1
beginPage: 53
endPage: 75
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000284513200006
year: 2010
authors: Kim, YK, Smith, R, James, JD
docAbstract:
This paper proposes a framework that focuses on instilling feelings of gratitude within consumers. Participant sports events are often funded largely by sponsorship revenues, and their consumer base is considered to represent an identifiably unique market. These conditions are argued to be favourable for integrating a gratitude framework. A model is presented that depicts gratitude as a mediating mechanism within a reciprocal relationship between the sponsor and the consumers. It includes purchase intentions as the behavioural outcome of gratitude. The findings suggest that incorporating feelings of gratitude may prove to be advantageous for potential sponsors within the participant sports industry.


title: Visitors to Farm Tourism Enterprises in Norway
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 1
beginPage: 54
endPage: 73
doi: 10.1080/15022250903561937
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000277772100004
year: 2010
authors: Blekesaune, A, Brandth, B, Haugen, MS
docAbstract:
In Norway, as in many other countries, rural and farm tourism is becoming an important activity for promoting the vitality and sustainability of rural communities. This paper focuses on the analysis of visitors to Norwegian farms, which offer various tourism activities and services. The countryside has increasingly become a place of consumption and recreation, and as such, farm tourism is part of the shift in the economic base of rural societies. Moreover, in building appreciation for the distinctive features of local places and people, farm tourism represents a counter-trend to homogenisation and mass tourism. In this paper we focus on the Norwegian domestic market. Based on data from ten representative national Norwegian surveys conducted by Synovate Norway between 1991 and 2007, our analysis shows significant increases in the proportion of the population visiting farm tourism enterprises since 1991. In addition to describing who the visitors are, the paper also characterises potential visitors within the domestic tourism market.


title: Environmental Sustainability in Sport Facility Management: A Delphi Study
type: J
volume: 10
issue: 3
beginPage: 367
endPage: 389
doi: 10.1080/16184741003774521
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000278007800005
year: 2010
authors: Mallen, C, Stevens, J, Adams, L, Thompson, L
docAbstract:
This Delphi study examines environmental sustainability (ES) in sport facility management. The study includes three questionnaire iterations with 31 expert participants from 16 major North American sport facilities. The results reveal the state of sport facility ES, including the reported value, financial support, best practices, challenges and delineated competencies for students seeking to enter the field. In addition, emerging trends are discussed based on a vision of ES in the sport facility industry by the year 2015. The results of this study are applied to sport management education in an effort to guide educators to initiate classroom discussions and debates that can shape discourse on ES. It is hoped that this discourse can provide insights, assumptions, values, options, theory and foster the development of student competencies for ES.


title: The glue that holds the community together? Sport and sustainability in rural Australia
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 9
beginPage: 1132
endPage: 1146
doi: 10.1080/17430430903137787
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213134100003
year: 2009
authors: Spaaij, R
docAbstract:
Drawing on the author's research in northwest Victoria, Australia, this essay examines the forms of capital that are created in and through rural sport as well as the processes of social inclusion and exclusion that structure access to social networks and to the resources these networks contain. In the face of economic and social changes that affect the region, rural sport participants view local sport clubs as vital community hubs fostering social cohesion, local and regional identities and a shared focus and outlet. Sporting competitions in northwest Victoria also contribute to cultural and economic capital for some participants, and to relatively limited stocks of linking social capital. While the creation and transference of these capitals are to a large degree regulated by wider social divisions, structural changes in the area present increased opportunities for other people, including young women, to take on leadership roles and to develop new skills and knowledge through sport participation.


title: Seasonality in rural tourism - the case of North Portugal
type: J
volume: 63
issue: 2
beginPage: 5
endPage: 15
doi: 10.1108/16605370810883905
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216228800002
year: 2008
authors: Kastenholz, E, de Almeida, AL
docAbstract:
Purpose - In this paper, the aim is to discuss and analyze seasonality of demand within the rural tourist market of North Portugal and corresponding destination marketing implications. Design/methodology/approach - The data (n = 2280) were collected through a large-scale survey in the context of a study of the rural tourist market in North Portugal, from 1998 to 1999. Findings - Results reveal statistically significant differences between those coming in the high versus low season, concerning tourist profile, travel behavior, motivations and perceptions of the destination. Research limitations/implications - The study results may only be valid for the specific rural region studied, which would make replication studies in other rural destinations desirable to take more generalizable conclusions. Practical implications - Understanding seasonal market differences and confronting them with the destination's resources may contribute to the development of more attractive products and correspondingly to the destination's ability to attract and satisfy different types of tourists in different seasons of the year. The capacity to thereby improve the destination experience in the eyes of its tourists and to also manage demand, avoiding excessive crowding in the high season and eventually sub-optimal use of resources in the low, may be an important step for maintaining a sustainable tourism business in rural areas. Originality/value - The paper aims at contributing to the discussion of how to cope with seasonality of tourist demand, considering particularly the specificity of rural destinations and the global aim of sustainable destination development.


title: To rehabilitate or redevelop? A study of the decision criteria for urban regeneration projects
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 3
beginPage: 272
endPage: 291
doi: 10.1108/17538330810911262
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213915200004
year: 2008
authors: Chan, HL, Yau, Y
docAbstract:
Purpose - To develop a multi- criteria decision- making framework for evaluating different schemes of urban regeneration project. Design/ methodology/ approach - Urban decay in Hong Kong has long warranted community concern. To tackle the problem, there are generally two different approaches, namely building rehabilitation and redevelopment. In the past, urban regeneration was dominated by complete redevelopment. However, with the rise of the concept of sustainability, the choice of building rehabilitation is becoming increasingly popular. Nevertheless, with either option, difficulties are often encountered in balancing the diverse interests of the stakeholders, who have varied aims and ambitions for the achievements of a project. Therefore, we have developed a framework, which contains the factors to be considered when planning an urban renewal project. To obtain the relative importance of these factors in a reliable but reasonably inexpensive manner from the building- related professionals, the Non- structural Fuzzy Decision Support System was employed. In total, 34 building surveyors and 31 town planners were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Findings - The set of perceived weightings of the decision criteria obtained from building surveyors was quite different from that from town planners. People of different backgrounds hold divergent views towards the relative importance of the decision criteria in an urban regeneration project. Research limitations/ implications - Due to the resource limitations, individuals from the professions of building surveying and town planning were studied only. Practical implications - To achieve a credible decision- making process, it is therefore advisable to have a balanced mix of members in any urban regeneration project decision making panel. Also, the framework developed in this study can be used to facilitate the decision making process in the future project. Originality/ value - This paper is the first attempt to explore the relative importance of various criteria for the decision- making process in urban regeneration projects perceived by different professionals.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 1
beginPage: 3
endPage: 12
doi: 10.1080/10645570701263396
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211189000002
year: 2007
authors: Friedman, AJ
title:
The Great Sustainability Challenge: How Visitor Studies Can Save Cultural Institutions in the 21st Century

docAbstract:
Sustainability will be the great challenge for many cultural institutions in the first quarter of the 21st Century. Changing patterns of government, corporate, and individual support, new demographics, and new ways of creating, preserving, and sharing information are all challenging the sustainability of museums and other cultural institutions. In 2001 a meeting of science museum leaders in Bristol identified 3 distinct but interacting dimensions to sustainability: financial, intellectual, and social. Financial crises are the most obvious threats to the survival of institutions, but intellectual and social weaknesses can be equally dangerous and canmake a temporary financial problem fatal. Visitor studies have the potential to provide crucial understandings that cultural institutions will need to build new, more sustainable models than the ones which served the previous century.


title: "The parks are being loved to death" and other frauds and deceits in recreation management
type: J
volume: 34
issue: 1
beginPage: 52
endPage: 78
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000175521800004
year: 2002
authors: More, TA
docAbstract:
Many common concepts in recreation and leisure research originate from the "interests" of four groups: users, legislators, managing agencies, and researchers. These interests, and their tics to social class, make frequently discussed concepts like overuse, business-like management for public agencies, benefits/values, and sustainability ontologically suspect. A functionalist approach is advocated as an alternative. Researchers need to be aware of the "political" context of research concepts to avoid pitfalls in their application.


type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 252
endPage: 266
doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.04.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000412616300010
year: 2017
authors: Campon-Cerro, AM, Hernandez-Mogollon, JM, Alves, H
title:
Sustainable improvement of competitiveness in rural tourism destinations: The quest for tourist loyalty in Spain

docAbstract:
Rural tourism in Spain has developed intensively in recent years and although this branch of tourism is now well established, it still faces some challenges that causal marketing research can address. Tourism destinations now must operate in extremely competitive markets, forcing destination managers to seek out innovative strategies and sustainable competitive advantage, including cultivating tourist loyalty. This paper focuses on developing a better understanding of how destination loyalty is generated in rural tourism by identifying factors that contribute to this loyalty. The paper first examines previous theoretical analyses of the importance of loyalty as a sustainable competitive advantage and the capacity of rural tourism destinations to generate tourist loyalty. It then presents a structural model that includes the main antecedents of destination loyalty that are applicable to Spanish rural tourism. Based on a sample of 464 rural tourists and data analysis using the partial least squares technique, the results indicate that image, quality and destination attribute satisfaction are the direct antecedents of rural tourism destination loyalty. The findings also show that these are indirect precursors of loyalty through overall satisfaction. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: A Social Cognitive Theory of sustainability empathy
type: J
volume: 58
beginPage: 65
endPage: 80
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2016.02.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376795300005
year: 2016
authors: Font, X, Garay, L, Jones, S
docAbstract:
Social-Cognitive Theory is used to test the argument that the motivations behind sustainable tourism, and the types of sustainable actions undertaken, depend on one's empathy towards sustainability. Latin American businesses were surveyed about their motivations for acting sustainably and any sustainability actions undertaken. Based on their responses, TwoStep cluster analysis found four clusters (cost, legitimisation, biospheric, and lifestyle). Acceptance of responsibility to be more sustainable depends on one's level of empathy with, and attachment to, sustainability, explained by a beneficiary focus (personal norms that drive one to act to help oneself or others) and a cultural focus (acting in response to individualistic or collectivistic social norms). Lifestyle businesses are argued to be culturally individualistic but self transcendent in benefit focus. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 4
beginPage: 637
endPage: 652
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1122013
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373564400007
year: 2016
authors: Bonzanigo, L, Giupponi, C, Balbi, S
title:
Sustainable tourism planning and climate change adaptation in the Alps: a case study of winter tourism in mountain communities in the Dolomites

docAbstract:
A vast body of literature suggests that the European Alpine Region is extremely sensitive to climate change. Winter tourism is closely related to climate variations, especially in mountain regions where resorts are heavily dependent on snow. This paper explores how to effectively integrate a climate change adaptation perspective with local discourses about sustainability and tourism, an increasing priority for policy-makers in the region and elsewhere. It reports on the development and application of a participatory decision support process for the analysis of adaptation strategies for local development of an Alpine tourism destination, Auronzo di Cadore (Dolomites, Italy). This experience significantly contributed to the idea that an efficient combination of modelling capabilities, decision support tools, and participatory processes can substantially improve decision-making for sustainability. The authors show that, in this case study, such a combination of methods and tools allowed for managing the involvement of local actors, stimulating local debates on climate change adaptation and possible consequences on winter tourism, encouraging creativity and smoothing potential conflicts, and easing the integration of the qualitative knowledge and the preferences of the involved actors with quantitative information. This contributed to an integrated sustainability assessment of alternative strategies for sustainable tourism planning.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 5
beginPage: 735
endPage: 757
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1085868
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000374994400005
year: 2016
authors: Su, MM, Wall, G, Xu, KJ
title:
Heritage tourism and livelihood sustainability of a resettled rural community: Mount Sanqingshan World Heritage Site, China

docAbstract:
Tourism and related development can lead to the displacement and resettlement of communities, disrupting local livelihood systems, socio-political processes and organizations. However, limited attention has been paid to community resettlement in the tourism context. Taking Yinhuwan village at Mount Sanqingshan World Heritage Site in China as an example, this study examines the results of tourism and resettlement on the livelihoods of this rural community and the extent to which tourism-related livelihood strategies contribute to community livelihood sustainability. A sustainable livelihood framework is adopted to guide the analysis. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with management officials, community leaders and village residents through three field investigations in 2013. It was found that traditional livelihood methods have been largely replaced by tourism, which has become the primary livelihood strategy for the resettled community. Despite current economic benefits, high dependency on tourism-related opportunities as the single livelihood option may diminish the sustainability of local livelihoods. The current resettlement plan highlights short-term economic impacts on the affected community, overlooking their socio-cultural concerns and long-term livelihood sustainability. Possible measures are discussed to diversify livelihood options and mitigate potential challenges for the affected community so as to ensure their long-term benefits and increase future options.


type: J
volume: 16
beginPage: 290
endPage: 297
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.09.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217981700031
year: 2015
authors: Ghorbani, A, Raufirad, V, Rafiaani, P, Azadi, H
title:
Ecotourism sustainable development strategies using SWOT and QSPM model: A case study of Kaji Namakzar Wetland, South Khorasan Province, Iran

docAbstract:
Evaluating the current situation of ecotourism in Kaji Namakzar Wetland in South Khorasan Province, Iran and offering strategies for its sustainable development are the main objectives of this study. To this end, different decision making tools were used including questionnaires and interviews with experts, local residents and visitors of the wetland. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) analysis techniques were conducted to identify the required management strategies. Results showed that the existing ecotourism activities within the wetland are not in line with the sustainability requirements. Although the result of the present study showed that KNW has an unsustainable situation with regard to its current management strategies, if authorities take its great opportunities and strengths more into consideration, it can have positive effects on developing sustainable strategies to increase ecotourism activities in the region and to reduce the adverse effects on the environment. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 5
beginPage: 770
endPage: 796
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.991397
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352584200007
year: 2015
authors: Hof, A, Blazquez-Salom, M
title:
Changing tourism patterns, capital accumulation, and urban water consumption in Mallorca, Spain: a sustainability fix?

docAbstract:
This paper presents interdisciplinary research based on in-depth, comparative analysis of water consumption and land use patterns over a range of urban-tourist forms in Mallorca. The changing tourism patterns towards residential and quality tourism are studied, on the basis that capital investment for capital accumulation and increasing gains are its main drivers. Social awareness about overcrowding and resource limitations has moved the regulatory planning framework toward allowing further urban sprawl, based on the alibi of quality tourism. The rhetoric of this framework represents a first sustainability fix, a fix that hides the higher water demand and climate change issues. The socio-metabolic dimension of this process is analyzed in relation to how it has resulted in an uneven socio-spatial urban landscape of water consumption. This urban-tourist landscape is vulnerable to changes in climate, because it is sustained by an excessive use of water. Water supply is a serious constraint which has been resolved through its commodification and supply privatization, which are considered as a second sustainability fix. This tourism development process worsens rather than solves the metabolic rift, resulting in the second contradiction of capital accumulation between the imperative of continual growth and finite natural resources.


type: J
volume: 46
beginPage: 187
endPage: 202
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344208600021
year: 2015
authors: Styles, D, Schoenberger, H, Galvez-Martos, JL
title:
Water management in the European hospitality sector: Best practice, performance benchmarks and improvement potential

docAbstract:
Water stress is a major environmental challenge for many tourism destinations. This paper presents a synthesis of best practice, key performance indicators and performance benchmarks for water management in hospitality enterprises. Widely applicable best practices and associated performance benchmarks were derived at the process level based on techno-economic assessment of commercial options, validated through consultation with expert stakeholders and site visits to observe commercial implementation. A simple model was applied to calculate potential water and energy savings achievable through implementation of best practice for a 100-room hotel and an 60-pitch campsite. In aggregate, technically-derived process-level best practice benchmarks corresponded closely with enterprise-level benchmarks derived from empirical data. Frontrunner enterprise benchmarks, expressed as total water use per guest night (g.n), were: <= 140 L/g.n in fully serviced hotels; <= 100 L/g.n in hostels; <= 94 L/g.n in fully serviced four- and five star campsites; <= 58 L/g.n on all other campsites. Water savings achievable through implementation of best practice were estimated to be at least 228 L/g.n and 127 L/g.n for fully serviced hotels and campsites, respectively, excluding large potential savings for non-universal processes such as outdoor irrigation. Best practice in water management could reduce annual water and energy use by 16 573 m(3) and 209,541 kWh, respectively, for a 100-room hotel, saving EUR 58,436 in utility bills. Universal implementation of best practice applied across hotels and campsites could reduce water use by at least 422 million m(3) per year throughout Europe, making a significant contribution to the sustainability of water-stressed tourism destinations. Possible barriers to best practice implementation include divided responsibilities within large organisations, lack of awareness, and water charges accounting for a relatively small share of overall costs. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Exploring the Antecedents of Hotel Customer Loyalty: A Social Identity Perspective
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 23
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2014.891961
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000354258300001
year: 2015
authors: de Leaniz, PMG, Rodriguez, IRD
docAbstract:
One of the most important aspects in the field of marketing is to explore the path to customer loyalty. Previous studies have presented several approaches on this issue incorporating differing central constructs. However, researchers have given little consideration to social identification antecedents to hotel customer loyalty development. This study follows an integrated approach and proposes a model with two social exchange constructs (customer trust and commitment) and one social identity variable (customer identification) as the most significant elements between the perception of a responsible corporate behavior and hotel customer loyalty. Empirical data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings demonstrate that corporate social responsibility positively impact on customer trust, commitment, and identification with the company. Furthermore, customer trust, along with customer commitment and customer identification with the company positively influence hotel customer loyalty. Finally, customer trust has a positive direct effect on customer commitment and identification.


type: J
volume: 27
issue: 8
beginPage: 1750
endPage: 1771
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-06-2014-0305
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000366503400001
year: 2015
authors: Su, LJ, Swanson, SR, Chen, XH
title:
Social responsibility and reputation influences on the intentions of Chinese Huitang Village tourists Mediating effects of satisfaction with lodging providers

docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aims to model and test the relationships between corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate reputation, customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 451 complete questionnaires were obtained from randomly approached ethnic Chinese leisure tourists. Following a two-step approach, a measurement model was estimated and then a structural model analyzed to test proposed hypotheses. Findings - CSR and reputation significantly impacted customer satisfaction, which, in turn, affected repurchase and word-of-mouth intentions. Customer satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between CSR and behavioral intentions in addition to corporate reputation. Research limitations/implications - The study considered only a limited number of lodging customers in a specific geographic area in China. Additional investigation across hospitality business types and cultures is needed. Practical implications - Investments in CSR activities in a Chinese hospitality consumption context can contribute to customer satisfaction and ultimately contribute positively to customer future behaviors. Originality/value - This study provides insights into the role that CSR may play for domestic Chinese hospitality customers. Little attention has been paid to the importance of corporate reputation in a tourism/hospitality context. This study contributes in helping to close this gap. Finally, this study embeds customer satisfaction within a framework of antecedents and consequences in an integrated causal model.


type: J
volume: 31
issue: 8
beginPage: 937
endPage: 957
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.895479
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344775600002
year: 2014
authors: Chou, CJ, Chen, PC
title:
Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Green Hotel Attributes in Tourist Choice Behavior: The Case of Taiwan

docAbstract:
Although many companies in the hotel industry aim to pursue more sustainable and socially responsible practices, the present literature shows mixed results with regard to tourist reactions to such moves, especially for the service quality perception impacted by implemented green practices and the willingness to pay more for such actions. Unlike previous research examining tourists' preferences for separate green hotel attributes, this study identifies the determinants of tourists' choice of green hotel attributes. Additionally, the study measures the willingness to pay (WTP) for such services, in the context of the Taiwanese market, using the stated preference of combined green hotel attribute scenarios. A multinomial logit (MNL) model is employed to estimate the relative influence of behavioral and facility attributes on choice behavior. Furthermore, the study examines determinants influencing respondents' choice of green hotel attributes. A latent variable class model (LVCM) approach is applied in the estimation of the unobserved heterogeneity, and a total of 390 valid respondents were used in the analysis. The empirical MNL results indicate that while tourists prefer luxury rooms and the provision of personal toiletries, they are also willing to accept reduced service quality. Additionally, sex, income, and age have significant influences on tourist choice behavior. The results of the LVCM model demonstrate that respondents with high levels of the green consumption trait are more likely to choose hotels that have a greater number of environmentally friendly attributes. The implicit amount that tourists are willing to pay for room quality is around US$13, for the provision of personal toiletries is about US$22, and for service quality is US$12, but they also require a discount of approximately US$11 in order to accept the common practices of green hotels. This study is useful in providing the hotel industry and government with quantitative information that can be used to develop and implement better green hotel policies.


type: J
volume: 55
issue: 4
beginPage: 354
endPage: 364
doi: 10.1177/1938965513519008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000342669000004
year: 2014
authors: Swimberghe, KR, Wooldridge, BR
title:
Drivers of Customer Relationships in Quick-Service Restaurants: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility

docAbstract:
Quick-service restaurants (QSRs) face a particular challenge in creating customer relationships, given low levels of consumer brand loyalty and a standardized product that makes it difficult to developing a distinctive identity. One way that quick-service firms attempt to set themselves apart is through genuine, long-term corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts, in addition to the quality of their food, service, and overall restaurant environment. This article explores the extent to which customers' perceptions of Chick-fil-A's food, service, environment, and CSR affect the three dimensions of their relationship quality with that firm-namely, satisfaction, trust, and identification, based on convenience survey of 483 of the firm's customers. With regard to the elements of a customer relationship, the analysis found that (1) awareness of CSR programs did not improve customer satisfaction but did boost identification and trust, (2) service quality supported trust and satisfaction but does not influence customers' identification with the firm, and (3) food quality affects customer satisfaction but has no connection with trust or identification with the firm. Finally, customer satisfaction and trust were related to customer loyalty, but identification with the company was not connected with loyalty. These findings suggest that increasing customer satisfaction levels (or any short-term goal) should not be the primary objective of CSR programs in the QSR industry. Instead, it appears that CSR initiatives should involve a genuine long-term effort to build customers' trust and identification.


title: The evolution of destinations: towards an evolutionary and relational economic geography approach
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 4
beginPage: 580
endPage: 597
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2014.925965
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000343655200005
year: 2014
authors: Ma, ML, Hassink, R
docAbstract:
Analytical approaches from emergent paradigms in economic geography - namely, evolutionary economic geography (EEG) and relational economic geography (REG) - can help to advance and integrate extant research in tourism geography on destinations' dynamics and organisation. Taking into account concepts such as human agency, contextuality and path dependence, the paper conceptualises local tourism destinations' evolution as a complex, path- and place-dependent process that is determined by the action and interaction of stakeholders and their ability to adapt or create new paths, as well as to survive in response to local and global changes. Hence, it discusses the bidirectional effects between stakeholder practices and local tourism destinations' evolutionary performance. Furthermore, it attempts to increase the understanding of how and why destinations change over time, which is valuable for policy formation and to improve local tourism destinations' competitiveness and sustainability. All in all, the paper presents theoretical insights from EEG and REG to facilitate understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the evolution of destinations and examines the advantages of building an integrated evolutionary and relational approach. This also means an opportunity to integrate the geographical analysis of tourism destinations into mainstream thinking on economic geography.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 3
beginPage: 320
endPage: 332
doi: 10.1080/13573322.2013.879780
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000333987000006
year: 2014
authors: Kirk, D
title:
Making a career in PESP in the corporatized university: reflections on hegemony, resistance, collegiality and scholarship

docAbstract:
This lecture considers how it might be possible to make a career as a university scholar at a time when the university is becoming increasingly corporatised. Consistent with the intent of the Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy (PESP) Special Interest Group (SIG) Scholar Lecture, I draw on personal experiences from my own career as a university teacher, researcher, teacher educator and leader to consider the extent to which the hegemony of corporatisation might be challenged and subverted, the kinds of resistance that can and should take place, and the central importance of collegiality and scholarship to the sustainability of the university as an institution of higher learning. I will consider more specifically what it means to develop a career as a scholar in a practical and marginalised field such as PESP, and the possibilities that exist to secure the future of the field of research and praxis.


title: Time, Tourism Consumption and Sustainable Development
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 11
endPage: 21
doi: 10.1002/jtr.1893
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329307900002
year: 2014
authors: Peeters, P, Dickinson, JE
docAbstract:
The availability of time has played a pivotal role in the analysis of tourism. An examination of social theory and time suggests that tourists experience time in multiple ways, which has implications for the traditional temporal and spatial reference frame. This article calls for a better understanding of time' in tourism and sets the agenda for further research into time and the sustainable development of tourism. It analyses the role of time in shaping tourism consumption and illustrates the challenges posed by new temporal understandings and distance concepts to create less greenhouse-gas-dependent tourism in our society. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Retail tours in China for overseas Chinese: Soft power or hard sell?
type: J
volume: 44
beginPage: 36
endPage: 52
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2013.08.012
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000332352200003
year: 2014
authors: Weaver, DB, Kwek, A, Wang, Y
docAbstract:
We used analytical auto-ethnography to explore the package tour experience of overseas Chinese in China. Soft power and hard sell both emerge as integral aspects of this sellscape. Soft power capitalizes on participant motivations of cost, culture, curiosity and consumerism and is manifest in high quality and low cost facilities and services. Hard sell occurs in shopping venues and is characterized by aggressive sales tactics and captive settings. Dissatisfaction with hard sell, however, is 'negotiated' and does not outweigh overall satisfaction, suggesting that tours contribute positively to the geopolitical sustainability of the Chinese state. Optimal mobilization, however, is more likely through more explicit government involvement. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 52
issue: 4
beginPage: 534
endPage: 546
doi: 10.1177/0047287512475215
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000319981700011
year: 2013
authors: Norman, WC, Jodice, LW, Oh, CO, Lacher, RG
title:
The Role of Heritage and Cultural Elements in Coastal Tourism Destination Preferences: A Choice Modeling-Based Analysis

docAbstract:
Despite the shifting demands of coastal tourists, little information exists on the consumer demand for cultural or heritage elements in coastal destinations.This study examines tourists' demand for regional character when vacationing on the South Carolina coast. Preferences for authentic trip elements such as the destination's local character and the local ownership of restaurants were measured using stated preference choice modeling. This method forces individuals to make choices between hypothetical trips based on tradeoffs of attributes such as number of activities, amount of locally owned restaurants, degree of local character, and trip cost. The results of a survey with South Carolina Coastal Tourists (N = 697) indicate significant preferences for local character and local restaurant ownership, suggesting that tourists likely have a considerable desire for regional character in their vacations. However this desire was lower than the desire for other attributes that did not involve cultural or heritage elements.


title: Minimising food miles: issues and outcomes in an ecotourism venture in Fiji
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 8
beginPage: 1148
endPage: 1165
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.776060
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000327394400003
year: 2013
authors: Pratt, S
docAbstract:
The tourism sector's demand for food, and the distance some food travels, has significant impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and implications for climate change, especially in long haul small island state destinations. This paper describes the development of the concept of food miles, and the many measurement issues involved. It analyses a small island ecotourism project in Fiji where the source, and transport mode, of all food consumed over 35 months was recorded in detail, during which time conscious efforts were made to minimise imported foods and increase island-grown food. In 2008, the share of imported "non-Fiji" food was 18%, by 2010 it was reduced to 5%. On-site production had risen from zero to 15%. Off-island, but Fijian, food accounted for the balance. Food miles were reduced by over 50%; carbon emissions from food transport fell by over 20%. Some problems were encountered by the largely young (average age 27 years), largely UK/US visitors who were unused to "low carbon" diets with reduced meat levels. Ideas are put forward to overcome that challenge, including new/fashionable cooking techniques, and interpreting local food and farming to visitors. Management issues involved in larger scale ventures are outlined.


type: J
volume: 15
issue: 3
beginPage: 330
endPage: 344
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208911800006
year: 2012
authors: Inoue, Y, Kent, A
title:
Investigating the role of corporate credibility in corporate social marketing: A case study of environmental initiatives by professional sport organizations

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to understand how professional sport organizations might influence consumer voluntary behavior through their corporate social marketing (CSM) initiatives by focusing on the role of corporate credibility. The study examined consumer responses to environmental initiatives by two professional sport teams, and showed that organizational and program characteristics were associated with the corporate credibility of the teams in supporting environmental protection (i.e., environmental credibility). Environmental credibility, in turn, was found to have a positive association with consumer pro-environmental behavior measured by daily recycling involvement and recycling intentions during the teams' home games. The results further revealed that environmental credibility was more strongly associated with recycling intentions during games for respondents who were less involved in environmental issues. Together, these findings suggest that professional sport organizations can be an effective vehicle for socially beneficial behavior by increasing their credibility in CSM involvement. (C) 2011 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: RURAL TOURISM PRODUCTION AND THE EXPERIENCE-SCAPE
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 6
beginPage: 691
endPage: 704
doi: 10.3727/108354212X13531051127104
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213842200001
year: 2012
authors: Dissart, JC, Marcouiller, DW
docAbstract:
Careful investigations of the supply-side components of tourism are critical to the creation of informed public policy that addresses amenity production, regional change, and integrative tourism planning. In this article we develop a conceptual basis of the rural tourism experience from a supply perspective that includes latent inputs, joint productivity, and the experience-scape within a capability framework. These tourism building blocks allow for alternative compatibility and sustainability outcomes resulting from rural tourism development. The analysis suggests implications for planning and policy analysis that span economic, social, and environmental issues central to rural regions and their communities.


type: J
volume: 29
issue: 2
beginPage: 147
endPage: 162
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2012.648538
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000302172900004
year: 2012
authors: Saayman, M, Kruger, M
title:
WHEN DO FESTINOS DECIDE TO ATTEND AN ARTS FESTIVAL? AN ANALYSIS OF THE INNIBOS NATIONAL ARTS FESTIVAL

docAbstract:
Festival-goers ("festinos") put time and effort into deciding to attend a festival, and the way they decide what to see and the length of time they take to decide vary greatly. To attract those who buy tickets for shows-sales of which are crucial for the survival of festivals-and to know when to start promoting the event, festival organizers and marketers need to know how far in advance the visitors make their decision to attend and what influences their decision. This study categorized 438 visitors to the Innibos National Arts Festival, South Africa, using a survey of their decision-making time. Four groups were identified, and labeled "spontaneous," "limited," "extended," and "routine" decision-makers. These market segments can be taken into consideration in the festival's marketing campaign so as to attract visitors to a variety of events and help ensure the long-term sustainability of the festival.


title: Guides as Contributors to Sustainable Tourism? A Case Study from the Amazon
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1
beginPage: 74
endPage: 94
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2012.663558
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000305324200006
year: 2012
authors: Mykletun, RJ, Pereira, EM
docAbstract:
The overall aim of this case study was to further the understanding of tour guides' contribution to sustainable tourism. First, it expands on Cohen's (1985) and Weiler and Davis' (1993) schematic representation of guides' roles by adding an "economy sphere" to encompass sustainable principles. Second, it examines the congruence between guides' roles and the study's established sustainable tourism criteria by operationalizing the framework with empirical data. Third, it analyzes the guides' population and their organization to identify possible explanations for the ways they conduct their roles. Data for this study were collected in the Municipality of Manaus in the Brazilian Amazon. Questionnaires, interviews and participant observation were applied to a sample of 36 guides, and archival data were studied to determine public sector involvement. The study concludes that guides' contribution to sustainable tourism development is low. They are mainly "pathfinders", bringing visitors to sites and local communities, without interpretation that includes the relevance of the Amazon rainforest at local and global levels, and thereby do not address sustainability issues. The shortcomings are attributed to lack of competence in interpretative skills and lack of knowledge about sustainability. Moreover, a suboptimal work organization counteracts professional skills development. Given the potential that guides have to contribute to any destination's sustainability, the paper argues that the research has relevance to other world destinations.


title: The perceived value of the rural tourism stay and its effect on rural tourist behaviour
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 8
beginPage: 1045
endPage: 1065
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.667108
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000311444800002
year: 2012
authors: Pena, AIP, Jamilena, DMF, Molina, MAR
docAbstract:
Rural tourism (RT) constitutes a valuable tool for the sustainable development of rural areas. This paper explores issues of tourist motivation in RT and develops a specially tailored perceived value (PV) scale for the RT sector. Special attention is given to links between tourists' motivations, perceived values, and the service and actions by RT providers leading to the sustainability of rural life, culture, economies and environment. Following a literature review, qualitative and quantitative surveys developed a 27-item scale, exploring both the functional and the affective components of the scale. Seven research hypotheses were then tested by quantitative survey work. It was proven that the activities undertaken by the rural enterprise leading to greater rural sustainability are reflected in the PV scale through higher levels of satisfaction and loyalty of the rural tourists. The results of the study reveal that the RT sector has specific characteristics that tourists greatly value and that other specialist tourist markets cannot offer, as highlighted in the contribution made by RT enterprises to rural sustainability. This knowledge can help tailor product development and destination design to suit specific demands and influence communication and promotional activities.


title: US restaurant companies' green marketing via company websites: impact on financial performance
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 5
beginPage: 1055
endPage: 1069
doi: 10.5367/te.2011.0066
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000296127600007
year: 2011
authors: Lee, S, Ham, S
docAbstract:
This paper investigates green marketing practices in the restaurant industry and relates those practices to financial performance. The official company websites of 53 publicly traded US restaurants were reviewed to identify their green marketing practices and the impact of these practices on their firm's financial performance was then examined. Industry-leading companies such as McDonald's, Burger King, Starbucks and Wendy's appear to be, through their websites, leading communicators of green practices. However, the study's results do not substantiate the stakeholder theory, because insignificant effects on restaurant firms' financial performance accrue from the marketing of green practices through company websites.


title: The development of competitive advantage through sustainable event management
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 245
endPage: 257
doi: 10.1108/17554211111142202
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214490600008
year: 2011
authors: Henderson, S
docAbstract:
Purpose - Whilst the debate rages between progressive and destructive considerations of economic development, this paper aims to develop thinking around the sustainable event and its contribution to competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach - The paper defines the sustainable event and considers different position that might be adopted by private and public sector organisations when addressing the triple bottom line of sustainable development. Findings - Cost leadership strategies are unlikely to work and the event organiser must address competitive advantage via differentiation and focus strategies. Practical implications - Event managers must gain a better understanding of the motivations of their audience in relation to sustainability and work towards clearer means to demonstrate that their event meets these sustainable development needs. Originality/value - The intention being that if event organisers can see a competitive advantage in the sustainable event, their contribution to sustainable development will be increased.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 5
beginPage: 489
endPage: 504
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.597574
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299266700003
year: 2011
authors: Kensbock, S, Jennings, G
title:
Pursuing: A Grounded Theory of Tourism Entrepreneurs' Understanding and Praxis of Sustainable Tourism

docAbstract:
Tourism entrepreneurs are recognized as instigators of much tourism development and consequently have a role to play in contributing to sustainable tourism. In particular, entrepreneurial engagement with sustainability has the potential to alleviate negative impacts of tourism on a micro-scale, particularly socio-cultural consequences, environmental degradation and economic inequalities. This study used a grounded theory approach to determine sustainable tourism meanings and practices undertaken by tourism entrepreneurs operating on the Gold Coast of Queensland, Australia. The study is significant as the grounded theory of pursuing, which emerged, highlights connectivity between the entrepreneurial self, the actions of entrepreneurs, their use of ethics and their praxes of sustainable tourism. The significance of this study is threefold. First, it contributes to the body of qualitatively informed holistically focused tourism studies. Second, it contributes to the literature related to entrepreneurs, sustainable tourism and ethics. Third, the study highlights the lived experiences of tourism entrepreneurs pursuing the provision of sustainable tourism enterprises. In particular, the tourism entrepreneurs identified the factors that served to circumvent their pursuit of sustainable tourism.


title: Employment of the workforce with disabilities in the hospitality industry
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 35
endPage: 57
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.499172
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285350400004
year: 2010
authors: Bengisu, M, Balta, S
docAbstract:
A three-stage Delphi study was conducted with experts and professionals working in the fields of disability and hospitality in order to identify some basic principles with respect to employment of people with disabilities (PWD). The potential effects of employing PWD on safety, cost, efficiency, service quality and management were investigated. Potentials and limitations of people with different types and degrees of disabilities with regard to jobs in the hospitality industry were also questioned. A notable guiding principle emanating from this study is that hiring of employees should be based on merit, suitability and capability of the candidate, regardless of the presence or degree of disability. Another important outcome is that the job or task appointed to PWD should not deteriorate the disability. A common guideline expressed by the participants was that jobs which critically require a certain sense or ability are not suitable for PWD who do not possess this sense or ability even with the aid of technology or by other means. However, apart from such extreme and obvious cases, experts mostly agree that PWD can fulfill any task in the hospitality industry as long as their professional knowledge and skills fit those tasks.


type: J
volume: 2
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 13
doi: 10.1080/19407960903542235
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214507900001
year: 2010
authors: Whitford, M, Dredge, D
title:
Policy for sustainable and responsible festivals and events: institutionalisation of a new paradigm - a response

docAbstract:
There are increasing calls for the assumptions and values that underpin research in the social sciences to be made explicit and for more critical attention being given to the way in which knowledge is generated and validated. Inspired by such requests, this paper challenges some propositions made by Donald Getz in the paper he wrote for the inaugural volume of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure & Events. In this paper Getz presents a vision for events policy and proposes the development of events policy that embodies a 'sustainable and responsible approach' to public sector involvement in events. In the spirit of critical, engaged academic debate, this paper challenges the following four propositions that emerge from Getz's paper: (1) the state of existing event policy research is underdeveloped; (2) that it is possible to delimit the scope and substance of policy concerns within event studies; (3) neoliberalism has influenced governments to take a predominantly interventionist role in events, principally to secure economic development and prosperity; (4) it is possible for governments to institutionalise an event policy paradigm. Importantly, we recognise that Getz has made significant contributions to the events policy literature, but arguably, it is important to engage more thoroughly with some of his ideas and claims. Our contribution in this paper has been to argue that significant aspects, such as paradigm shifts in events policy, the role of government in events and the role of event policy research require more nuanced understandings in order to account for, and accommodate, the intricacies of event planning, management and policy. Our aim is to establish a broader agenda on events policy research that embraces a wider range of epistemologies, ontologies and methodologies than Getz proposes in his sustainable and responsible approach.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 115
endPage: 131
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.497219
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000285350400008
year: 2010
authors: McGranahan, DA
title:
Identifying ecological sustainability assessment factors for ecotourism and trophy hunting operations on private rangeland in Namibia

docAbstract:
Trophy hunting and ecotourism are important forms of sustainable utilisation in the human-impacted, working landscapes outside of formal parks and reserves. Research on the sustainability of such tourism operations, however, has focused on the financial viability of tourism operators, rather than environmental effects. This paper examines the sustainability strength of wildlife utilisation on private rangelands in Namibia in terms of ecological impact. Using grounded theory, 43 members of commercial conservancies were surveyed to identify themes in the practice and perception of sustainable utilisation. While basic tourism was infrequent, trophy hunting was a common source of revenue from wildlife. Three emergent themes from the data included differences in tourist versus hunting operations; attitudes and perceptions of the administration of conservation efforts; and the co-management of livestock and wildlife, especially farm economics and game-proof fencing. Overall, increases in the proportion of income derived from game (above 20% of farm revenue) were associated with concurrent reductions in domestic livestock, but did not increase the use of game-proof fences. Other factors delineating oweako and ostrongo sustainability on commercial Namibian rangelands are discussed.


title: Birding Festivals, Sustainability, and Ecotourism An Ambiguous Relationship
type: J
volume: 48
issue: 2
beginPage: 259
endPage: 267
doi: 10.1177/0047287509332330
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270512200010
year: 2009
authors: Lawton, LJ
docAbstract:
A survey of 108 U.S.-based birding festivals reveals overall basic adherence to ecotourism criteria, although cluster analysis reveals four distinct subgroups whose members are labeled as normatives (47%), minimalists (30%), recruiters (15%), and fund-raisers (8%). Formal identification with ecotourism through promotion or membership was low and did not predict cluster membership or increase in visitor numbers. Hence, while ecotourism organizations could benefit from an influx of birding festival memberships, the reciprocal benefits for birding festivals with regard to performance and sustainability outcomes are unclear.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 1
beginPage: 5
endPage: 21
doi: 10.1080/14766820902812037
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208152100002
year: 2009
authors: Sebastian, LM, Rajagopalan, P
title:
Socio-cultural transformations through tourism: a comparison of residents' perspectives at two destinations in Kerala, India

docAbstract:
Kerala, a state in Southwestern India, evolved into a prominent international tourism destination primarily by linking tourism experiences with nature. Although sufficient significance has been accorded to tourism as a development strategy in Kerala, tourism's contributions to the development processes and the sustainability of tourism activities remain unexplored. Though tourism impacts have been extensively studied, researchers have rarely compared socio-cultural transformations in destinations with and without a planned intervention in tourism. This paper compares residents' perceptions on socio-cultural impacts of tourism at Kumily and Kumarakom in Kerala. The article explores whether tourism activities in Kumily, with its planned intervention, are more sustainable than in Kumarakom, without any interventions. The conversion of ex-poachers into forest protectors and the involvement of the marginalized people in community-based ecotourism are a few among the many transformations that have occurred at Kumily while haphazard tourism development at Kumarakom gave rise to several socio-cultural challenges. Primary data were collected through residents' survey, and the findings indicate that Kumily with its planned intervention has a more sustainable tourism development pattern than Kumarakom.


type: J
volume: 62
beginPage: 173
endPage: 188
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.018
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000403984600017
year: 2017
authors: Theodoulidis, B, Diaz, D, Crotto, F, Rancati, E
title:
Exploring corporate social responsibility and financial performance through stakeholder theory in the tourism industries

docAbstract:
The literature examining the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) in the tourism industries is extensive but it has not verified the relationship unambiguously. This has been attributed to the methodological artefacts used, but also to the lack of a solid theoretical foundation. Based on stakeholder theory, this paper proposes the use of two models that explicitly investigate the relationship between stakeholder management, expressed as CSR activities, firm strategy and CFP. The strategic stakeholder model and the intrinsic stakeholder commitment model are evaluated in terms of their descriptive accuracy in four different tourism-related industries (airlines, casinos, hotels and restaurants) using panel regressions for the years 2005-2014. The results provide useful theoretical insights into the way in which CSR interacts with firm strategy and CFP, as well as managerial insights into how tourism practitioners can identify which CSR activities may impact CFP. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The Use of Intelligence in Tourism Destination Management: An Emerging Role for DMOs
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 6
beginPage: 549
endPage: 557
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2072
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000387173300003
year: 2016
authors: Presenza, A, Abbate, T, Sheehan, L, Vargas-Sanchez, A
docAbstract:
Over time, the acronym DMO has evolved from a meaning centered on marketing (i.e. Destination Marketing Organization) to a meaning centered on management (i.e. Destination Management Organization). Expanding the role of DMOs to one of management implies a greater need to engage stakeholders both within the destination and external to the destination. We assert that this places the DMO in a fundamentally unique position of being a boundary spanner between the internal destination environment and the external competitive environment. This boundary-spanning role requires higher capabilities in knowledge management. The successful DMO of the future will be an intelligent agent of the destination that is able to identify, engage and learn from disparate stakeholders both within and outside the destination. It must acquire, filter, analyze and prioritize data and information from various sources to create knowledge that can be used to fulfill its role in destination management. Our paper is conceptual in nature, advocating an organizing framework to help understand the DMO's role as an intelligent agent that acts as a boundary spanner between the destination and the external competitive environment generating and disseminating knowledge. Outside the destination, the DMO must gain knowledge about the competitive environment, opportunities and threats, and trends that will change the future competitive landscape. Within the destination, the DMO must use this knowledge to strategically assess the strengths and weaknesses of the destination, align the resources of stakeholders and develop adequate competencies to formulate a strategy that is both competitive and sustainable. We conclude with a set of prescriptions for destination managers seeking to create an intelligent DMO that maximizes their knowledge management capabilities. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: CSR and financial performance: The role of CSR awareness in the restaurant industry
type: J
volume: 57
beginPage: 30
endPage: 39
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.05.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383010200004
year: 2016
authors: Singal, M, Rhou, Y, Koh, Y
docAbstract:
Initiatives for corporate social responsibility (CSR) often have served business as a source of competitive advantage. However, despite firms' attempts to capitalize on their CSR efforts, stakeholders' low awareness of these initiatives makes it difficult to realize the full value of the strategic CSR. In this study, we propose and test in the context of the restaurant industry whether CSR awareness, measured by CSR media coverage, moderates the relationship between the social and financial performance. Our results support the notion that stakeholders' CSR awareness affects the manner in which CSR initiatives can result in financial gain. Our research has implications both for firms' investment policies in social initiatives and for highlighting the importance of communicating CSR initiatives to relevant stakeholders. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Measuring consumer perception of CSR in tourism industry: Scale development and validation
type: J
volume: 27
beginPage: 39
endPage: 48
doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.03.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376519500006
year: 2016
authors: Fatma, M, Rahman, Z, Khan, I
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to develop a new scale to measure consumer perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in the tourism industry. A qualitative research has been carried out to generate a pool of items. Based on the scale development procedure suggested by Churchill ( 1979), various reliability and validity tests have been carried out to confirm scale structure. Results show the three dimensional 18 item scale for measuring consumer perception of CSR activities in the tourism industry. This study contributes to literature by offering a comprehensive framework based on a sustainable development approach for measuring consumer perception of CSR activities. (C) 2016 The Authors.


type: J
volume: 54
beginPage: 513
endPage: 523
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372560100047
year: 2016
authors: Ruiz-Ballesteros, E, Caceres-Feria, R
title:
Community-building and amenity migration in community-based tourism development. An approach from southwest Spain

docAbstract:
Many of the localities that promote community-based tourism (CBT) are subject to processes of openness, mobility and amenity migration that: (1) call into question the concept of community required to understand CBT; and (2) foster the existence of 'outsider' residents who are increasingly playing prominent roles in the development of CBT. This paper uses an ethnographic case study to analyze the participation of amenity migrants in the development of CBT and the effect this has on community building. To this end, the bonding relations that link and structure the local tourist sector are examined. The findings invite us from a theoretical and practical perspective to: (1) take into consideration the participation of amenity migrants in the development of CBT; (2) reflect on an appropriate concept of community to study or promote CBT experiences; and (3) consider that the development of CBT and community building are inherently and recursively linked processes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: An exploration of CSR development in heritage tourism
type: J
volume: 58
beginPage: 1
endPage: 17
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2016.01.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000376795300001
year: 2016
authors: Wells, VK, Manika, D, Taheri, B, McCowlen, C, Smith, DG
docAbstract:
Although research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in tourism has seen increased attention, few studies have focused on CSR at the micro level. In addition, while stage models of CSR development have been extensively proposed these studies are rarely examined in actual organisations and, hence, lack empirical validity. This article explores the consolidative model of CSR, mainly via employees' but also via visitors' viewpoints in a large heritage tourism organisation. The research locates the organisation within the broad 3 phase-model and notes that differing parts of the organisation may be at different stages. However it is more difficult to locate the organisation within the narrower 7-stage model because of heritage tourism specific characteristics such as inter-generational drivers and cliques. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


title: Tourism culture: Nexus, characteristics, context and sustainability
type: J
volume: 53
beginPage: 229
endPage: 243
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.10.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000366770000025
year: 2016
authors: Canavan, B
docAbstract:
This article makes the case for tourism culture; the new cultural expressions, practises and identities, influenced by hosts, guests and industry context, which may develop in destinations, as a useful perspective with which to draw together various conceptual narratives within the tourism studies literature. Research in three small islands finds evidence of a distinctive cultural landscape which emerges from the interaction of host and guest cultures, and the exchange, change and creativity that results. Tourism industry dynamics are found to facilitate or undermine this process, as in turn they may be influenced by. This tourism culture has implications for the continuation and evolution of indigenous culture, as it does for the absorption of elements of tourist cultures. The emergent fusion may be symptomatic of a richer cultural landscape and might be considered as an indicator of more sustainable communities and forms of tourism development. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 17
beginPage: 59
endPage: 71
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379245500007
year: 2016
authors: Pulido-Fernandez, JI, Lopez-Sanchez, Y
title:
In search of the pro-sustainable tourist: A segmentation based on the tourist "sustainable intelligence"

docAbstract:
It is suggested in this paper that in any debate about sustainable tourism, it is essential to focus on the visitor. The paper reports findings derived from a latent class analysis premised on the concept of "sustainable intelligence" on the part of the tourist. Using this method, three segments were found to display differing levels of commitment, attitude, knowledge and/or behaviour with regard to sustainability; these parameters being measures of "sustainable intelligence". Data were derived from 1188 respondents who had stayed at least one night in Western Costa del Sol (Spain), a mature sun and sand tourism destination currently undergoing rejuvenation. Three tourist segments were identified-the reflective, unconcerned and prosustainable tourist; thereby not only identifying implications for destination management and a discussion of how sustainability may be purchased, but also contributing to the literature by demonstrating the viability of the concept of "sustainable intelligence". (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sustainability of tourism development in Kashmir - Is paradise lost?
type: J
volume: 16
beginPage: 11
endPage: 21
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.05.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217981700002
year: 2015
authors: Malik, MI, Bhat, MS
docAbstract:
The Himalayan region has for long been a popular tourism destination. Yet tourism creates environmental and socio-economic consequences, and mountain tourism is of particular concern because it is frequently espoused as a means of community development yet it also degrades the environment. Kashmir, often described as a "Paradise on earth", is a sought-after tourist destination. However, the seasonal character of tourism and the concentration of tourism activities at a small number of locations, in the absence of tourism policy, have triggered serious environmental and ecological concerns. This paper proposes a management strategy that would provide a basis for achieving sustainable tourism. The Kashmir Valley is divided into three tourism potential (TP) regions (High, Medium and Low) on the basis of Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) of natural and socio-economic attributes. Knowledge-based weights and ranks are normalized, and a weighted linear combination technique is adopted to demarcate TP regions. The tourism carrying capacity (TCC) is estimated to better regulate tourist flow. The results reveal that TCC is being exceeded in the summer season, and the study proposes that the environmental impact of tourism could be minimized by regulating tourist flow as per TCC limits, developing winter tourism and identifying new tourist destinations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Corporate social responsibility through sport: a longitudinal study of the FTSE100 companies
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 218
endPage: 241
doi: 10.1108/SBM-10-2014-0044
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214757700003
year: 2015
authors: Anagnostopoulos, C, Bason, T
docAbstract:
Purpose - Under growing public scrutiny of their behaviour, the vast majority of multinational enterprises (MNEs) have been undertaking significant investments through corporate social responsibility (CSR) in order to close legitimacy gaps. The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive account of the nature and scope of MNEs' CSR programmes that have sport at their core. More specifically, the present study addresses the following questions. First, how do Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 100 firms utilise sport as part of their CSR agendas? Second, how do different industries have different approaches to CSR through sport? And third, can the types of CSR through sport be classified? Design/methodology/approach - Centred on legitimacy theory and exploratory in nature, the study employed a content analysis method, and examined three types of document from each of the FTSE100 firms, namely, annual reports, annual reviews and CSR reports over the ten-year period from 2003 to 2012. In total, 1,473 documents were content analysed, thereby offering a sound representation of CSR disclosure of the FTSE100. Findings - From the analysis, three main streams emerged: "Philanthropy", "Sponsorships" and "Personnel engagement" with the first showing the smallest growth compared with the other main streams. Findings show the general rise in CSR through sport, thereby demonstrating that the corporate world has practically acknowledged that the sporting context is a powerful vehicle for the employment of CSR. Originality/value - Previous empirical studies have sought to investigate CSR through sport, yet they have generally suffered from sampling limitations which have, in turn, rendered the drawing of reliable conclusions problematic. Particularly, the lack of an explicit focus on longitudinality is a typical limitation, meaning that no conclusions can be made regarding the trend. The study outlined in this paper offers the most comprehensive longitudinal study of CSR through sport to date, and thus contributes to the increasing volume of literature that examines the application of CSR in relation to the sport sector.


type: J
volume: 43
beginPage: 87
endPage: 97
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.08.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345189900009
year: 2014
authors: Siu, NYM, Zhang, TJF, Kwan, HY
title:
Effect of corporate social responsibility, customer attribution and prior expectation on post-recovery satisfaction

docAbstract:
A conceptual model is proposed to account for how customers' attributions of the cause of a service failure, their perceptions of a firm's social responsibility and their prior expectations can influence post-recovery satisfaction through the mediating effect of customer-company (C-C) identification. It was tested in the context of hospitality services. Findings from a survey of 281 restaurant patrons show that after a service failure, favorable corporate social responsibility (CSR) perception can help mitigate the negative effects of internal cause attribution on customer identification and ultimately contribute to post-recovery satisfaction. Besides, the interaction effect of CSR perception and attribution on C-C identification is particularly salient for customers with higher prior expectation. Findings also highlight that the dynamic interaction effect among attribution, CSR perception and prior expectation on customer post-recovery satisfaction is mediated by C-C identification. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 55
issue: 3
beginPage: 228
endPage: 238
doi: 10.1177/1938965514533744
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000342668600003
year: 2014
authors: Susskind, AM
title:
Guests' Reactions to In-Room Sustainability Initiatives: An Experimental Look at Product Performance and Guest Satisfaction

docAbstract:
Subtle energy saving changes in guest rooms did not diminish satisfaction, based on a study of 192 guests at an independent four-star hotel. Two changes were tested, a television with three energy settings and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the standard compact fluorescent lightings (CFLs). While overall satisfaction was not affected by these changes, some guests, notably those with high incomes, did react to the energy saving settings. Contrary to some studies, 45 percent of the guests agreed that they would pay a higher room rate to support sustainability programs. On balance, this study indicates that hotels can gain cost savings and improved sustainability by implementing judicious energy saving approaches without harming guest satisfaction. This article is based on a paper presented at the 2013 Quality in Service Conference (QUIS 13), in Karlstad, Sweden.


title: How effective are your CSR messages? The moderating role of processing fluency and construal level
type: J
volume: 41
beginPage: 56
endPage: 62
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.04.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000340331100007
year: 2014
authors: Zhang, L
docAbstract:
This study explores effective ways for hospitality companies to communicate their corporate social responsibility activities with customers. The moderating role of processing fluency and psychological distance has been examined. The findings suggest that when customers are making a decision for the distant future (e.g., three months later), they are more likely to engage in abstract thinking and rely on metacognitive cues such as processing fluency. As such, a CSR message with high processing fluency will be preferred. On contrary, when customers are making a decision for the near future (e.g., next week), their information processing strategies are influenced by their concrete mental representation of the events. Under such circumstance, customers tend to have a more positive attitude and purchase intention after reading a CSR message with low processing fluency. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed as well. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved,


title: The loyalty process of residents and tourists in the festival context
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 9
beginPage: 783
endPage: 799
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.768214
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000342300200004
year: 2014
authors: Chang, S, Gibson, H, Sisson, L
docAbstract:
Few attempts have been made to find out if the loyalty process for residents and tourists in the context of cultural festivals is the same. This study investigated the influence of involvement on satisfaction as factors contributing to the likelihood of returning to an annual festival for residents and tourists. A sample of 412 attendees of a cultural and historic festival in the Midwest region of the USA was surveyed. The results showed that both residents and tourists who were more involved with the festival had higher satisfaction levels. However, only residents who were highly satisfied with the festival were more likely to attend again, whereas tourists' satisfaction level did not significantly influence their likelihood of returning. For tourists, it is likely that their quest for novelty is influential in shaping their future intentions. Implications of this result for the sustainability of cultural festivals are discussed.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 5
beginPage: 821
endPage: 838
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.847942
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334164600008
year: 2014
authors: Gezon, LL
title:
Who wins and who loses? Unpacking the "local people" concept in ecotourism: a longitudinal study of community equity in Ankarana, Madagascar

docAbstract:
Tourism in the Ankarana protected area, Madagascar, has increased since the early 1990s, linked to growing national and donor interest in conservation and ecotourism. Using a qualitative and longitudinal approach, this analysis focuses on the social impacts of tourist intensification, comparing and contrasting communities on either side of the protected area. As tourist numbers have increased, infrastructure to accommodate them has developed and tour guiding has professionalized. In this process, the locus of tourism shifted from the loosely organized, "grassroots" tourism of the western side of Ankarana to the organized, externally financed, easy-access tourism of the eastern side, with both environmental and social consequences. The paper argues that a concentration and professionalization of ecotourism services within a region can marginalize neighboring human communities even though not necessarily leading to increased overall environmental degradation. It contributes to tourism studies by engaging a political ecology approach to unpack the concept of "local people" through a multi-community study of the ripple effects of ecotourism within its immediately surrounding areas. This study of community equity acknowledges the need for balanced evaluations of tourism's effects. It also recognizes the value of nuanced empirical studies for planning to meet goals of location-specific environmental and socioeconomic sustainability.


title: Planning and Leveraging Event Portfolios: Towards a Holistic Theory
type: J
volume: 23
issue: 3
beginPage: 327
endPage: 356
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2013.796868
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213087000005
year: 2014
authors: Ziakas, V
docAbstract:
This conceptual article seeks to advance the discourse on the leveraging and legacies of events by examining the planning, management, and leveraging of event portfolios. This examination shifts the common focus from analyzing single events towards multiple events and purposes that can enable cross-leveraging among different events in pursuit of attainment and magnification of specific ends. The following frameworks are proposed: (a) event portfolio planning and leveraging and (b) analyzing events networks and interorganizational linkages. These frameworks are intended to provide, at this infancy stage of event portfolios research, a solid ground for building theory on the management of different types and scales of events within the context of a portfolio aimed to obtain, optimize and sustain tourism, as well as broader community benefits.


title: Social-benefit certification as a game
type: J
volume: 37
beginPage: 203
endPage: 209
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.01.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000318128800028
year: 2013
authors: Buckley, R
docAbstract:
Tourism ecocertification programs persist and proliferate despite low market penetration and apparent consumer indifference. This has been viewed simply as an early-adoption phase. A two-decade historical analysis of development patterns for 17 programs, however, suggests that they can be analysed as a multi-move political game between corporate and civic advocates, where neither can quit without losing. The political-game framework yields predictions which are testably different from a pure-market early-adopter framework. It also draws a key distinction between consumer-benefit and social-benefit measures, applicable to corporate social responsibility initiatives in many industry sectors. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 61
issue: 2
beginPage: 121
endPage: 148
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213669000002
year: 2013
authors: Fuchs, M, Abadzhiev, A, Svensson, B, Hopken, W, Lexhagen, M
title:
A knowledge destination framework for tourism sustainability: A business intelligence application from Sweden

docAbstract:
Based on Grant's (1996) knowledge-based view of the firm, Jafari's (2001) knowledge-based platform of thinking and Schianetz, Kavanagh and Lockington (2007a) Learning Tourism Destination, the Knowledge Destination Framework (Hoken, Fuchs, Keil & Lexhagen, 2011) is introduced and a Web-based Destination Management Information system (DMIS) is presented. It is illustrated how knowledge creation, exchange and application processes can be improved by applying a Business Intelligence approach. By focusing on Online-Analytical Processing (OLAP), exemplarily for the Swedish tourism destination of Are, it is highlighted how DMIS can be used as a monitor for measuring the proportion of tourists with the smallest ecological footprint (Dolnicar, Crouch & Long, 2008; Dolnicar & Leisch, 2008). After a discussion of study limitations, future research steps are outlined. Th e paper concludes by providing some critical remarks on the political economics of sustainability on a global scale and by outlining policy implications for the governance of sustainability at the level of tourism destinations.


title: Evidence for a South Korean Model of Ecotourism
type: J
volume: 52
issue: 4
beginPage: 520
endPage: 533
doi: 10.1177/0047287512467703
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000319981700010
year: 2013
authors: Weaver, DB, Lawton, LJ, Lee, YS
docAbstract:
Critical Discourse Analysis of 206 South Korean peer-reviewed academic journal publications and interviews with managers and volunteers of ecotourism sites extracted from these articles indicate the existence of a distinct, endogenously informed South Korean construct of ecotourism. With regard to the three core criteria of ecotourism, nature-based attractions reflect a unity of human and physical environment, profoundly influenced by Confucian, Zen Buddhist, and Taoist philosophy where everything in the universe is one interrelated entity. Secondly, the education construct reflects the Confucian concept of self-cultivation for worldly development. Finally, sustainability is the Confucian idea of creative transformation for harmony. The South Korean construct of nature is the underlying central principle for all three criteria, leading to important theoretical and managerial implications.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 286
endPage: 301
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2012.685704
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000317905000004
year: 2013
authors: Kajan, E
title:
An integrated methodological framework: engaging local communities in Arctic tourism development and community-based adaptation

docAbstract:
The Arctic region is experiencing transformation due to climate change, generating both threats and opportunities to local communities. In addition to warming, the signs of climate change are expected to materialise through an increase in the frequency and intensity of weather extremes. Climate-change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) have so far operated fairly independently, but there is an emerging need to examine their synergies due to their similarities. Tourism in the Arctic is also increasingly being encouraged by the different levels of government and seen as an important tool for economic development. The special features of Arctic tourism include a high dependency on natural resources, making it vulnerable to the effects of climate change. This article introduces a methodological framework merging elements from DRR, CCA and tourism development with a focus on community-based data-acquiring technique. Its practicality is emphasised through the focus on current and past community responses to weather anomalies and consequent adaptation measures. It additionally explores the relationship between the environment, community and tourism and aims to understand the characteristics of a community. Two case-study communities in Finnish Lapland demonstrate its relevance and contribution to CCA and to wider sustainable Arctic tourism development.


title: Using CSR as a Tool for Development: An Investigation of the Fair Hotels Scheme in Ireland
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 1
beginPage: 49
endPage: 65
doi: 10.1080/1528008X.2013.749382
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212548100003
year: 2013
authors: Boluk, K
docAbstract:
This article explores an opportunity for the accommodation sector in Ireland to engage in Corporate Social Responsibility. The aim of this article is to investigate the Fair Hotels Ireland scheme and explore its potential to create social cohesion which may then influence the economic and social progress in both theory and praxis. The research question that supports the aim of this study is: has the Fair Hotels Ireland scheme created value and influenced consumer purchasing? To respond to this research question ten interviews were carried out with Fair Hotel managers in Ireland. A content analysis was used to examine the data. The results indicated that hotel managers noticed an increase in business as a consequence of their CSR and becoming a Fair Hotel; and the scheme was described as creating value for their hotel and staff. However, the managers had not noticed a significant difference in the level of employee satisfaction.


title: Trends and sustainability in the Canadian tourism and hospitality industry
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 2
beginPage: 132
endPage: 150
doi: 10.1108/17554211311314164
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214498300003
year: 2013
authors: Jayawardena, C, Pollard, A, Chort, V, Choi, C, Kibicho, W
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to address the key sustainability issues in Canada's tourism and hospitality industry. Design/methodology/approach - The foundation for this paper was laid during a well attended Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) roundtable discussion between industry leaders and hospitality educators in May 2012. Findings - The paper provides valuable information on the concept of sustainable development and outlines key sustainability issues and trends in the Canadian tourism and hospitality industry. The umbrella organization for the hotel industry in Canada, the Hotel Association of Canada (HAC), collaborates with key stakeholders to find innovative and sustainable solutions to challenges the industry is facing. Top future trends are captured in the conclusion. Practical implications - As the team of authors includes the president of the Hotel Association of Canada and a partner/Canada's national leader of the sustainability practice in the world's largest consulting firm, this paper will be of immense value to students, educators, researchers and industry leaders. Supports two innovative economic options to boost Canada's tourism marketing - reinvesting a portion of international visitor's GST and charging an international visitor arrival levy. Originality/value - The paper draws on sustainability theories and best practices in Canada to explain the role of innovation in facing challenges in the tourism and hospitality industry in Canada. As the team of authors represents both the industry and academia, this paper will be of immense value to students, educators, and researchers, as well as practitioners.


type: J
volume: 15
issue: 4
beginPage: 500
endPage: 512
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208911900009
year: 2012
authors: Kellison, TB, Mondello, MJ
title:
Organisational perception management in sport: The use of corporate pro-environmental behaviour for desired facility referenda outcomes

docAbstract:
The subsidisation of professional sport facilities has inspired deeply contentious debates. In North America, these debates have culminating historically in a vote by referendum. In order to obtain a favourable outcome, sport organisations have relied largely on controversial means, including using the influence of urban regimes, disseminating unreliable economic impact analyses to the public, or using political influence to circumvent the democratic process. In this paper, organisational perception management is proposed as an alternative approach to these tactics. This strategy is defined and illustrated using corporate pro-environmental behaviour in sport to demonstrate professional sport organisations can protect their images, reputations, and identities and obtain favourable referenda outcomes. From this analysis, the Desired Voting Outcomes Framework is presented, illustrating that effective organisational perception management can interrupt anticipated no-voters' decision-making processes, leading to a reconsideration of voters' judgments. Furthermore, the organisation's longterm reputation is sustained due, in part, to the perceived legitimacy of referenda. Implications of this framework and directions for future research are discussed. (C) 2012 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, MODERN COMMUNITIES, AND TOURISM
type: J
volume: 39
issue: 3
beginPage: 1588
endPage: 1611
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.04.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000307144100014
year: 2012
authors: Pacifico, D, Vogel, M
docAbstract:
Archaeology is a major component of the tourism industry in both developed and developing countries, which has especially significant implications for indigenous people and other disenfranchised groups. Archaeological tourism celebrates the cultural richness of a region's history and has the potential to bring local or descendant communities financial gain. But what is the role of the archaeologist in the sustainable and responsible development and maintenance of archaeological tourism? Drawing upon their own field research, the authors suggest that when tourism and archaeological sites meet, archaeologists avoid arguments about ownership and act as facilitators for frank conversations about the consequences of tourism development for all parties involved.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 2
beginPage: 163
endPage: 178
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.602686
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000302146300001
year: 2012
authors: Catlin, J, Jones, T, Jones, R
title:
Balancing commercial and environmental needs: licensing as a means of managing whale shark tourism on Ningaloo reef

docAbstract:
This paper explores the creation, significance and progression of the licensing systems employed to regulate whale shark tourism at Ningaloo Marine Park. Since 1993 mandatory whale shark tour operator licences have been offered through an evolving competitive tender process. A content analysis of the evolution of licence requirements revealed a progression from a minimalist approach to one covering a full range of detailed and audited sustainability indicators. A tour operators' opinion survey was undertaken to understand industry issues and the impacts of the regulatory licensing system. Operators cited the need for business planning and offering a quality experience as their main challenges. Issues included cost pressures from local and global competitors. Few saw their own activities as being an environmental issue, and few saw regulation procedures as an issue. It is argued that further refinement of the licensing system is required to put its operations into a transparent, science-based context, and to offer incentives for improvements to rise above basic compliance. An explicit consideration of the balance between environmental regulation and commercial sustainability is needed to create a situation of perpetual improvement and provide best outcomes for all stakeholders, including operators, the local economy, the environment and guests.


title: Responsible tourism and sustainability: the case of Kumarakom in Kerala, India
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 302
endPage: 326
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2012.711088
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214516400005
year: 2012
authors: Chettiparamb, A, Kokkranikal, J
docAbstract:
This paper discusses the notion of 'responsible tourism' and its current use within the tourism literature. We argue that the concept as used currently means everything and therefore adds nothing to the conceptual terrain of tourism trends and nomenclatures. We then introduce our own understanding of the concept arguing that while responsible tourism is linked to sustainability initiatives such as alternative tourism, ecotourism, ethical tourism, green tourism, soft tourism, pro-poor tourism, geo-tourism, integrated tourism, community-based tourism, etc it also demarcates an analytical realm of its own. We suggest that the practical use of the term in areas where it has been adopted (such as South Africa and Kerala for instance) suggests a rather restricted use. We identified this realm as the tourism sector-specific manifestation of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda. Following Flyvberg's [(2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219-245] call for exemplars and paradigmatic case studies to advance knowledge in a particular domain, the responsible tourism initiative in Kumarakon, Kerala, is presented. Discussion of the case study traces the particular governance context of Kerala and the position of tourism in the state economy. The responsible tourism initiatives at the state level and local level are then described highlighting the 'how' of the implementation and the impact that it has produced. Generic, non-prescriptive principles that could be said to be necessary in some form for the successful translation of responsible tourism principles to practices are then identified. Such an approach is contrasted with one that places faith in the voluntary adoption of 'responsible' practices by the private sector on its own. It is argued that responsible tourism can make a contribution to practice provided the conceptual terrain is delineated against other forms of tourism and if research within the terrain can unpack the particular forms of challenges that are thrown up by the delineation itself.


title: Sustainable heritage tourism: the Inanda Heritage Route and the 2010 FIFA World Cup
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 5
beginPage: 721
endPage: 736
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.638385
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304409600005
year: 2012
authors: Marschall, S
docAbstract:
This paper discusses the Inanda Heritage Route (IHR) in Durban on the east coast of South Africa, which was developed in preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The IHR comprises five important cultural heritage sites of the black majority, including the Phoenix Settlement established by Mahatma Gandhi in 1904. Forty-one tourists, mostly international soccer fans, were interviewed about their experiences of visiting the route in June/July 2010. The findings are analyzed in relation to issues of sustainability, focusing on a demand-side approach and the challenges of increasing tourist flow and community benefits. A brief literature review illustrates priority issues in the South African understanding of sustainable and "responsible" tourism development, and the question of incorporating neglected black heritage. It is argued that the IHR could become a successful model of sustainable "alternative" tourism, but more community participation is needed both in tourism and in cultural heritage site management to increase the sense of ownership and opportunities for material gains and poverty alleviation. The last section focuses on heritage interpretation at each of the interview sites. It is argued that the interpretation should not primarily be targeted at foreign tourists, but must more strongly be geared towards enticing local people to visit.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 6
beginPage: 519
endPage: 536
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2010.544719
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299812700003
year: 2011
authors: Coles, T, Fenclova, E, Dinan, C
title:
Responsibilities, recession and the tourism sector: perspectives on CSR among low-fares airlines during the economic downturn in the UK

docAbstract:
Responsibility has featured prominently in recent discussions about tourism governance. Nevertheless, research into corporate social responsibility (CSR) among travel and tourism businesses is at a relatively early stage. This paper reports on external stakeholders' perceptions of CSR among low-fares airlines (LFAs) in peripheral regions of the UK in late 2008; that is, during the current global economic downturn. LFAs, their business plans and their ability to contribute towards sustainable development have been the source of much public discourse and media scrutiny in the last decade. This paper does not set out to reopen that debate per se. Rather, it contributes to a deeper understanding of CSR in the tourism sector by arguing for a more nuanced approach to external stakeholders, one which is also informed by primary empirical research from qualitative sources, and which is conceptually informed by the latest thinking from other sectors of economic activity. Important inter-regional variations exist in external stakeholders' perceptions and valorisations of CSR, they are context-specific, and they are not static as their responses to the recent downturn reveal.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 256
endPage: 280
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2011.576868
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214512600004
year: 2011
authors: Hall, CM
title:
Biosecurity, tourism and mobility: institutional arrangements for managing tourism-related biological invasions

docAbstract:
Biological invasion, the unintentional introduction of non-native alien plants, animals and disease into a country, has become a major health, economic and environmental issue. Tourism is widely regarded as a major contributor to the dispersal of invasive species. Measures to control biological invasion therefore may have a substantial effect on tourism mobility. The paper therefore examined the international institutional arrangements that surround tourism mobility and identifies several main components including the International Health Regulations, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. It is concluded that the complex set of institutional arrangements that these and other related measures form with respect to biosecurity has substantial gaps with respect to its capacity to control and restrict biological invasions, particularly with respect to tourism. Furthermore, these gaps are not just one of focus but also relate to their notion of what constitutes the global good as well as the application of the precautionary principle with respect to the effect of biological invasion. It is also concluded that these issues reflect wider tensions in the sustainability of tourism.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 6
beginPage: 695
endPage: 712
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.536240
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299287800002
year: 2011
authors: Nault, S, Stapleton, P
title:
The community participation process in ecotourism development: a case study of the community of Sogoog, Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia

docAbstract:
Theories on community participation in ecotourism development advocate obtaining maximum levels of both community control and benefit to achieve sustainable tourism. This paper explores issues in community-based ecotourism development in a small, remote community in western Mongolia. It assesses the community's desire to develop ecotourism, their understanding of the issues involved and the feasibility of the process in a poor herding community, where 63% are herdsmen, frequently absent with their herds. Using responses from 100 participants together with interviews with key stakeholders, it describes and analyzes the difficulties in establishing community participation and ecotourism implementation. Findings revealed that long-term viable community-based ecotourism development in remote areas requires close collaboration and sustained support from trusted community leaders and from knowledgeable and committed outside stakeholders. Approaches need to be carefully tailored to local circumstances, not "one size fits all". Key areas of concern were environmental and cultural, including fears that their tradition of hospitality might be compromised, perceptions of the local NGO's benefits to the community and local, often naive, expectations of ecotourism development. Despite fears, over 90% of those interviewed were willing to participate in an ecotourism project in this high-risk, unforgiving economic and climatic setting.


title: The complexity of safety in wilderness guiding in Finnish Lapland
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 6
beginPage: 581
endPage: 593
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2010.548548
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299812700006
year: 2011
authors: Rantala, O, Valkonen, J
docAbstract:
This article examines how safety is understood and practised by wilderness guides leading nature excursions with international customers in Finnish Lapland. Commercial nature tourism services in Lapland are not considered adventure-oriented since risk-taking is not an integral part of the guided services. The study shows that even though perceived as low-risk activities, risks are present in a significant part of the everyday actions in commercial nature tourism services. Thus, commercial nature tourism forms a rich context to study the sustainability of contemporary safety practices since it forms a specific, guide-dependent sector of the tourism industry. The discussion further underlines the complexity of safety issues within the industry and the importance of holistic approaches.


type: J
volume: 7
issue: 3
beginPage: 237
endPage: 252
doi: 10.1080/1479053X.2010.503049
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212821100003
year: 2010
authors: Dominey-Howes, D, Roman, CE, Lynch, AH
title:
Uncovering the Essence of the Climate Change Adaptation Problem-A Case Study of the Tourism Sector at Alpine Shire, Victoria, Australia

docAbstract:
A problem-orientated and interdisciplinary approach was employed at Alpine Shire, in north-east Victoria, Australia, to explore the concept of contextual vulnerability and adaptability to stressors that include, but are not limited to climatic change. Using a policy sciences approach, the objective was to identify factors that influence existing vulnerabilities that might consequently act as barriers to effective adaptation for the tourism sector. This paper presents initial analyses carried out to clarify adaptation goals through problem definition. Results suggest that many threats, including the effects of climate change, compete for the resources, strategy and direction of local tourism management bodies. An approximation of the common interest, i.e. enhancing capacity in business acumen amongst tourism operators, would facilitate adaptability and sustainability through the enhancement of social capital in this business community.


title: Festivals in the Barents Region: Exploring Festival-stakeholder Cooperation
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 2-3
beginPage: 130
endPage: 145
doi: 10.1080/15022250903157447
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000272089300003
year: 2009
authors: Karlsen, S, Nordstrom, CS
docAbstract:
The paper reports from a multiple case study investigating three music festivals located in the Barents region, namely the Festspel i Pite Alvdal (Pitea, Sweden), the Festspillene i Nord-Norge (Harstad, Norway) and the Jutajaiset Folklorefestivaali (Rovaniemi, Finland). The aim of the reported study was to investigate how these festivals cooperated with actors in their surroundings. Furthermore, the purpose was to explore the study's data through the perspectives of network and stakeholder theory. The data consisted of field notes from observations of 58 festival events; 10 in-depth interviews with festival administrators and official representatives of the festivals' host municipalities; and documentation. The data was analysed using meaning condensation and structuring displays. Through the theory-related exploration of the study's data, three themes emerged: first, the festivals cooperated with multiple stakeholders, who assumed multiple roles; second, the festivals and their stakeholders would sometimes enter into a state of symbiosis; and third, the festivals were seen to engage in long-stretched, "loose" and glocal networks. The three themes appeared as interrelated and could all be understood as strategies, which the festivals employed in order to increase their sustainability. The findings could also be connected to a typology of festivals in the context of institutionalization.


title: Managing Wildlife-based Tourism: Edging Slowly Towards Sustainability?
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 75
endPage: 83
doi: 10.2167/cit345.0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000207736200004
year: 2008
authors: Higham, JES, Bejder, L
docAbstract:
It is increasingly acknowledged that cetacean-based tourism may not be as low in impact as many hope or presume, and that any long term and systematic human interactions with populations of wild animals need to be rigorously monitored and carefully managed. This paper reviews a series of recent developments in the management of tourist interactions with dolphins at Shark Bay (Western Australia). We argue that collectively these developments represent a paradigmatic shift in the way commercial tourism encounters with dolphins are managed. If so, they represent an important and long overdue advance in the general direction of sustainable management. However, the paper also strikes a note of caution. Shark Bay, a well managed site of relatively low level commerical dolphin-watching activities, carries important insights and austere warnings for the many high-intensity/low visitor management dolphin-tourism sites around the world.


title: Tourist development in Estonia - Images, sustainability, and integrated rural development
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 265
endPage: 276
doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(96)00018-0
sourceIdentifier: WOS:A1996UT78300004
year: 1996
authors: Unwin, T
docAbstract:
This paper examines three themes in the development of tourism in Estonia since independence in 1991: the role of tourism in integrated rural development, the symbolic imagery of contemporary tourism and its sustainability, It draws attention to conflicts between the economic advantages of an expansion in tourism and its sociocultural and environmental influences, In particular, it argues that the benefits of rural tourism may not be as large as has sometimes been suggested, and that many of these will accrue more directly to the urban sector of the economy. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd


type: J
volume: 59
beginPage: 385
endPage: 403
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390739400036
year: 2017
authors: Saayman, M, Lucrezi, S, Milanese, M, Markantonatou, V, Cerrano, C, Sara, A, Palma, M
title:
Scuba diving tourism systems and sustainability: Perceptions by the scuba diving industry in two Marine Protected Areas

docAbstract:
Scuba diving tourism encourages conservation, generates revenue, and supports local communities. Understanding its interactions with environmental, social, and economic factors is important in the context of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), where dynamics between role players are complex. This study provides insights into the problems affecting the sustainability of the scuba diving tourism industry in two MPAs in Italy and Mozambique. The interactions between the industry and environment, economy, non-monetary aspects, society, governance, and scientific community were investigated via questionnaire surveys and interviews with 20 scuba diving operators. Operators felt the importance of scuba diving to themselves, MPAs, and resident communities, although they lamented limited support to the industry by other stakeholders. Recommendations to enhance sustainability include actions ranging from engagement in planning and management to education and social responsibility. However, the heterogeneity of issues perceived by the industry, reflected in differences between the case studies, calls for ad hoc measures. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Relationships Among Perceived Value, Satisfaction, and Loyalty: Community-Based Ecotourism in Korea
type: J
volume: 34
issue: 2
beginPage: 171
endPage: 191
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2016.1156609
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392629200002
year: 2017
authors: Kim, KH, Park, DB
docAbstract:
Community-based ecotourism (CBE) is a significant segment of the rapidly growing tourism industry in Korea. This study examines the relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and destination loyalty of CBE tourists in Korea. Data were collected from 254 visitors (aged 20 years and over) of six CBE villages. The Linear Structural Relationships (LISREL) statistical package was used for the analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis identified four dimensions of perceived value from 14 variables: economic, functional, emotional, and social. Through structural equation modeling (SEM), functional, social, and emotional value was found to have positive effects on overall value. Further, overall value and tourist satisfaction were a significant antecedent of destination loyalty. The empirical results indicate that a varied experiential program must be developed to increase the efficiency of CBE as a sustainable development tool.


title: Greenhushing: the deliberate under communicating of sustainability practices by tourism businesses
type: J
volume: 25
issue: 7
beginPage: 1007
endPage: 1023
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1158829
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000401063900009
year: 2017
authors: Font, X, Elgammal, I, Lamond, I
docAbstract:
Greenhushing selectively communicates fewer pro-sustainability actions by businesses than are practiced; based on a perception of customers' rights to consumerism. We first studied the gap between the communication of sustainability practices in the audits and websites of 31 small rural tourism businesses in the Peak District National Park (UK). The analysis showed that businesses only communicate 30% of all the sustainability actions practiced. Their websites emphasised customer benefits, using explicit, affective, experiential and active language that legitimises the customers' hedonistic use of the landscape, while downplaying complex issues and normalising sustainability to reduce customer guilt. Just one website mentioned climate change. We found that greenhushing results from a low moral intensity, masking potentially negative consequences of perceived lower competence, whilst protecting business from more cynical consumers who may interpret their statements as hypocritical. Subsequent textual analysis and interviews were used to understand how communication constitutes these organisations. We propose that greenhushing reshapes and constitutes tourism businesses through their communications. Moreover, greenhushing is a form of public moralisation that adopts communication practices similar to greenwashing, reflecting the social norms expected from a business; however, in this case, located in a moral muteness, rather than moral hypocrisy, that businesses accept but resent.


title: Are sustainable tourists a higher spending market?
type: J
volume: 54
beginPage: 170
endPage: 177
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.009
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372560100018
year: 2016
authors: Boley, BB, Nickerson, NP, Jorgenson, J
docAbstract:
Resistance to sustainability practices often stems from the industry's view that sustainable tourism requires a profitability tradeoff where the additional costs associated with sustainability do not pay off in increased economic returns, yet few studies have been attempted to prove or disprove this viewpoint. This study analyzed spending patterns and length of stay of visitors to Montana, USA to determine if strong geotravelers (higher sustainable behaviors) were different than those with less sustainable behaviors. Results found that total trip spending by strong geotravelers (US $1164) was significantly higher than the overall spending of both moderate (US $866) and minimal geotravelers (US $668). These findings suggest that sustainable travelers are a travel market to be reckoned with in the tourism marketing and business world. The combination of their pro-sustainable behavior and increased spending provides evidence of a market segment in which destinations can benefit. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 4
beginPage: 355
endPage: 374
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2015.1048265
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000371905100001
year: 2016
authors: Hyun, SS, Nikbin, D, Iranmanesh, M, Maghsoudi, A, Jeong, C
title:
Airline Travelers' Causal Attribution of Service Failure and Its Impact on Trust and Loyalty Formation: The Moderating Role of Corporate Social Responsibility


title: Indigenous tourism research, past and present: where to from here?
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1080
endPage: 1099
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1189925
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000382390700002
year: 2016
authors: Ruhanen, L, Whitford, M
docAbstract:
Indigenous tourism is a global phenomenon, encompassing a range of complex, multi-layered issues. The foci of Indigenous tourism research are multifaceted, reflecting a plethora of stakeholders with differing perspectives and values about the direction, development and sustainability of the sector. The academic literature consistently highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of Indigenous tourism and, specifically, one that takes into account the interests and values of its stakeholders. This paper provides a global overview of Indigenous tourism development and its international and national institutional links, concomitantly identifying and examining the trajectory of scholarly interest in Indigenous tourism from 1980 to 2014. An analysis of 403 published journal articles is supplemented with the perspectives of Indigenous tourism researchers. The results reveal that sustainability issues underpin and shape a substantive proportion of published Indigenous tourism research to date. The challenge now is to gain a more comprehensive understanding of Indigenous tourism from the perspective of Indigenous stakeholders, approaching its complexity in an iterative, adaptive and flexible style, and with affected stakeholders involved in the research process, knowledge creation and its outcomes. This is both an ethical imperative and a pragmatic approach to ensure the outcomes of research facilitate the sustainability of Indigenous tourism.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1363
endPage: 1385
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1022181
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362339600012
year: 2015
authors: Jamal, T, Kim, S
title:
The co-evolution of rural tourism and sustainable rural development in Hongdong, Korea: complexity, conflict and local response

docAbstract:
This research examines the evolution of rural tourism in Hongdong Town, Korea, and its links to agricultural change, and traditional small farm survival, as part of sustainable rural development. The study is informed by cross-disciplinary literature in rural development, specifically, multi-functional agriculture and nested markets. Results show a complex, dynamic terrain where new strategies are emerging within an agricultural sector struggling to survive global free trade policies and neoliberalism. Here, rural tourism is neither a simple, business-orientated project nor a step-by-step process of tourism development. It emerges, together with nested markets, in the rural agricultural domain. Farmers, residents and newcomers draw upon historical practices and cultural knowledge to create innovative, quality products and educational experiences that contribute to the sustainability of local agricultural livelihoods and cultural traditions. However, shifts in public sector roles and structural changes in the growth and power of the agriculture cooperatives exacerbate the tensions and conflicts evident within the community in this struggle for rural survival. The study offers possibilities for new forms of local tourism experience and nested markets that can contribute to sustainable rural development, and has links to universal key issues of empowerment, control, understanding, markets and product development in rural tourism.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 6
beginPage: 859
endPage: 880
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1019511
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000353924300003
year: 2015
authors: Zientara, P, Kujawski, L, Bohdanowicz-Godfrey, P
title:
Corporate social responsibility and employee attitudes: evidence from a study of Polish hotel employees

docAbstract:
This study, based on data collected from low-ranking employees working in Polish hotels, tests a research model that investigates whether there are links between corporate social responsibility (CSR), operationalized as self-related CSR experiences and others-related CSR experiences, and job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and between both attitudes and work engagement. Structural equation modelling was used to assess these relationships, using a 20 point questionnaire answered by 412 respondents. The results indicate that others-related CSR experiences are positively associated with satisfaction and commitment, while self-related CSR experiences with the latter variable. Likewise, organizational commitment, unlike job satisfaction, was linked to work engagement. However, contrary to our a priori assumptions and prior research, it turned out that job satisfaction was not a predictor of commitment. The paper discusses theoretical and practical implications of the findings. The study's most important practical implication is that Polish hotel employees attach weight to responsible behaviour: the hotel industry should perceive CSR in terms of strategic significance. Companies that want a committed and engaged workforce - and, by extension, to enhance their competitiveness - should embrace CSR. The paper concludes by highlighting its limitations and suggesting future research avenues.


title: The Influence of Message Framing on Hotel Guests' Linen-Reuse Intentions
type: J
volume: 56
issue: 2
beginPage: 145
endPage: 154
doi: 10.1177/1938965514556480
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352072700002
year: 2015
authors: Blose, JE, Mack, RW, Pitts, RE
docAbstract:
Hotels have attempted numerous approaches to encourage guests to participate in linen-reuse programs. One of the most promising methods is to use appropriate message framing. A study of 427 travelers to Charleston, South Carolina, examined the participants' opinion of how they would respond to various message frames. A comparison of the messages that are framed as gains versus those framed as losses found that the guests generally responded to a message framed as avoiding a loss, in this case, one that said don't miss out. However, the study also found that mentioning the destination city by name effectively trumped the loss framing. Particularly for first-time travelers, specifically mentioning Charleston in the message increased the respondents' opinion that they would be likely to participate in a linen-reuse program. The destination name had less effect for returning travelers, who did, however, respond to the don't miss out message.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 3
beginPage: 398
endPage: 419
doi: 10.1080/13573322.2012.761966
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000349394400007
year: 2015
authors: Hemphill, MA, Templin, TJ, Wright, PM
title:
Implementation and outcomes of a responsibility-based continuing professional development protocol in physical education

docAbstract:
Research in education and physical education has emphasized the need for continuing professional development (CPD) programs that are aligned with best practices. More specifically, scholars interested in teaching personal and social responsibility (TPSR) have emphasized the need to examine teachers' CPD. The purpose of this study was to provide a novel responsibility-based CPD experience to three physical educators and examine its impact on a middle school physical education program in the USA. Data were collected through systematic observations, interviews, nonparticipant observations and document analysis. Findings showed that the physical educators increased their awareness of responsibility-based teaching strategies, perceived them to positively impact students and integrated the strategies into their teaching. Furthermore, descriptive statistics illustrate frequent use of the teaching strategies and confirms the reliability of the observation instrument. The findings suggest that systematic observations can support responsibility-based CPD for the purposes of research, peer evaluations, or as a reflection tool. The long-term approach enhanced the potential for sustainability.


type: J
volume: 27
issue: 7
beginPage: 1479
endPage: 1498
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-07-2014-0319
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000366503100004
year: 2015
authors: Supanti, D, Butcher, K, Fredline, L
title:
Enhancing the employer-employee relationship through corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to understand how hotel managers perceive the benefits that may accrue to employees and hotels through their engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Design/methodology/approach - In-depth interviews with 23 hotel managers, representing various functional responsibilities, were undertaken across four provinces in Thailand. The sample included local and international chain hotels. Findings - Hotel managers from all functional areas and levels acknowledged that CSR substantially enhanced the employer-employee relationship. Five themes depicting the beneficial effects were identified: a relationship unifying process, having fun, feeling pride, developing skills and building teamwork. These themes reflect three core factors of emotional responses, social capital and task-related skills. Practical implications - The paper illustrates that CSR activities can be customised to elicit specific effects that will engender beneficial outcomes for both hotel management and employees. Originality/value - This paper provides new insights into how hotel managers perceive the employer-employee relationship is enhanced through CSR engagement. In addition, the paper presents a practical model that will be of interest to both academics and practitioners.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 7
beginPage: 1023
endPage: 1036
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.836209
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000338200400004
year: 2014
authors: Doran, R, Larsen, S
title:
Are we all environmental tourists now? The role of biases in social comparison across and within tourists, and their implications

docAbstract:
From a management and research perspective, it is important to get a better understanding of what influences tourists in their decision to choose environmentally friendly travel options, and how these are related to social cognitive processes. This paper reports findings from two separate studies investigating the role of biases in social comparison, with particular reference to tourists' perception of their personal roles as environmentally friendly tourists, and especially tourists' views of the environmental attitudes of other tourists. Samples of N = 1607 and N = 2076 tourists, respectively, were obtained for two studies in Western Norway. Results indicate that tourists perceive themselves to hold more pro-environmental attitudes than other tourists (i.e. "typical tourist", "average tourist", "tourists"). This suggests that there are differences in the perception of the self and others when it comes to social comparisons concerning issues of environmental sustainability. The findings also suggest that tourists hold overly positive views of themselves generally concerning issues of environmental sustainability and that their environmental attitudes reflect perceived desirable standards. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed from a social psychological perspective, and implications for tourism managers and researchers noted.


title: A Comparison of Residents' Perceptions in Two Cruise Ports in the Mediterranean Sea
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 2
beginPage: 180
endPage: 190
doi: 10.1002/jtr.1915
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000332986400008
year: 2014
authors: Del Chiappa, G, Brida, JG, Meleddu, M, Pulina, M
docAbstract:
This paper examines residents' perceptions of a wide set of externalities exerted by the development of cruise tourism. The research involved data collection in two ports located in the two largest Mediterranean islands, Sicily and Sardinia, during the summer peak of the cruise season 2011. These two cruise destinations are especially interesting as they are characterized by a distinct life cycle. The empirical findings show that the two groups of residents have statistically equal perceptions on cruise activity in their destination. A correspondence analysis shows that residents have an overall positive attitude on the development of cruise tourism with respect to social, cultural and economic impacts. Nevertheless, they also feel that cruise activity has a negative impact, especially on the environment. Heterogeneity in occupation is explicitly taken into account. These findings provide directions for local policy-makers. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 2
beginPage: 195
endPage: 213
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.828731
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330709600002
year: 2014
authors: Johnston, CS
title:
Towards a theory of sustainability, sustainable development and sustainable tourism: Beijing's hutong neighbourhoods and sustainable tourism

docAbstract:
There has been some discussion about the relationship between sustainable development and sustainable tourism, and the need to further explore the relationships between theory and practice. Using grounded theory, this paper reviews new and existing research on Beijing's historic hutong neighbourhoods in relation to the housing, heritage conservation and hutong tourism sectors. Results indicate that sustainability as a theoretical category has at least five extant properties. Sustainability is relative, dynamic, normative, contestable and reflexive. Sustainability is relative in the sense that proponents of different sectors will construct it differently. It is dynamic in the related sense that this construction changes over time. Sustainability is normative because it is value-laden; one important ideal being that a sector should strive to become ever more sustainable. Proponents of different sectors will assert their values, hence sustainability is contestable. Finally, sustainability is reflexive in that the normative ideal may not occur, thus the sustainability of a sector will be reflexive of the nature of its evolving real world development. The paper explores the substance of these properties, together with a review of the several stages through which hutong tourism has passed in its short 20-year life, including the emergence of governance systems.


title: Sustainability perspectives on Oulanka National Park, Finland: mixed methods in tourism research
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 3
beginPage: 480
endPage: 505
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.839690
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000331655200008
year: 2014
authors: Puhakka, R, Cottrell, SP, Siikamaki, P
docAbstract:
This paper positions mixed methods as a complement to traditional qualitative and quantitative research. It provides an example of conducting mixed methods research by analysing the sociocultural sustainability of tourism as perceived by local stakeholders nearby Oulanka National Park in north-eastern Finland. Semi-structured interviews were linked concurrently to survey data from the same respondents. First, four discourses were identified based on 40 interviews with respondents about tourism development pertinent to the Protected Area Network (PAN) Parks international certification. Second, the differences between the representatives of the discourses were examined using non-parametric statistics. Results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis supplemented each other. The survey results supported the identification of four discourses and provided information about the representatives using the discourses. The discourse groups differed according to length of residence in the area, distance from the park, gender, employment in tourism, familiarity with PAN Parks, benefit from PAN Parks status, belief in the benefits of PAN Parks, satisfaction with tourism and park development, importance of the environmental dimension and satisfaction with various dimensions of sustainability. The study demonstrates that a better understanding of a problem may be acquired by using a mix of survey methods and interviews.


type: J
volume: 10
issue: 4
beginPage: 511
endPage: 529
doi: 10.1080/19388160.2014.958606
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435281600008
year: 2014
authors: Su, LJ, Chen, XH, Huang, S, van der Veen, R
title:
Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Reputation, Customer Emotions and Behavioral Intentions: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

docAbstract:
This study investigated structural relationships among customers' perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate reputation, customer emotions, and behavioral intentions in the hospitality service context. Based on the stakeholder theory and signaling theory, the study postulates that customer's perceptions of CSR, as a cognitive evaluation, influence their evaluation of the service provider's corporate reputation; both CSR and corporate reputation influence customer emotions as affective states of mind, and customer behavioral intentions (i.e., loyalty intentions, word-of-mouth) as conative behavioral constructs. 451 valid surveys were collected from hotel guests staying in three resort hotels in Hunan Province, China, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results show that CSR has a significant effect on corporate reputation, and customer emotions (positive and negative) partially mediate the effects of CSR and corporate reputation on loyalty intentions and word-of-mouth. The study provides empirical evidence to support the link between CSR and customer affective and conative experiences in the modern service context of China. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


title: Understanding CSR from the perspective of Chinese diners: the case of McDonald's
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 6
beginPage: 1002
endPage: 1020
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2013-0051
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000343324200010
year: 2014
authors: Xu, YY
docAbstract:
Purpose - The study aims to explore the expectations and perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies among Chinese fast-food diners, and to investigate the relationships among CSR strategies, consumer satisfaction and customer loyalty behaviors. Chinese diners' knowledge about a real world brand's CSR activities was also investigated. Design/methodology/approach - Setting the research context on the fast food industry in China and selecting McDonald's as the subject brand, a survey study was conducted in a Southern Chinese mid-scale city. A convenience sample of 320 was withdrawn, and the data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0. Findings - Results from the study show that the Chinese fast food diners expect restaurant companies to attach more importance to "(product) nutrition and well-being (of customers)" and " environment sustainability" to be considered socially responsible. CSR performance was found to be the most influential factor in the consumers' loyalty behaviors compared to customer satisfaction with service, product and the total visit experience. The study also found that many of McDonald's CSR activities were unknown to the Chinese respondents. Originality/value - China is an attractive market to most global companies including fast food chain companies. Understanding Chinese diners' expectations and perceptions toward companies' CSR strategies will contribute to the success rate of companies operating in China. In addition, by using a real-world brands as the research context, the study tries to avoid perception bias of respondents due to the different interpretations of CSR in different organizations and industries.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 4
beginPage: 226
endPage: 238
doi: 10.1177/14673584145285281
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212212600003
year: 2013
authors: Boley, BB, Uysal, M
title:
Competitive synergy through practicing triple bottom line sustainability: Evidence from three hospitality case studies

docAbstract:
This study advances the discussion of sustainability within the hospitality literature through the introduction of the concept of triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability and the potential synergistic benefits to competitiveness hospitality firms can achieve from practicing it. TBL sustainability transitions a firm's attention away from solely focusing on short-term profits to a concentration on the firm's long-term environmental, social, and economic performance. The study suggests that this transition to practicing TBL sustainability can result in "competitive synergy'' for hospitality firms. The term "competitive synergy'' is used to describe the phenomenon of when the anticipated benefits (e.g. reduced energy costs) from focusing on sustainability coalesce with the unanticipated benefits (e.g. increased employee job satisfaction) to make hospitality firms more competitive. One interviewee describes this synergy as a "resonant harmonic'' because of the multiple benefits gained that were not part of the original motivations for engaging in sustainability. In an attempt to demonstrate industry examples of competitive synergy, three hospitality case studies practicing TBL sustainability are presented. These cases studies range from a small boutique hotel in Floyd, VA (Hotel Floyd), to a Caribbean resort in the Dominican Republic (Puntacana), and even to one of the world's largest hotel groups (InterContinental). Findings from the interviews highlight the many tangential benefits discovered from implementing sustainable initiatives aimed at environmental, social, and economic sustainability.


type: J
volume: 21
issue: 3
beginPage: 355
endPage: 375
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2012.709862
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000316116000001
year: 2013
authors: Boley, BB, Hallo, JC, Oh, CO, McGehee, NG, Mcgee, JA, Norman, W, Goetcheus, C
title:
Doing sustainability: an application of an inter-disciplinary and mixed-method approach to a regional sustainable tourism project

docAbstract:
This paper describes and explains an interdisciplinary and mixed-method approach to a large-scale sustainable tourism development project. The research took place in a two-county area straddling the Blue Ridge Parkway in the Appalachian mountains of Virginia, USA. It was commissioned in order to develop a sustainable tourism centerpiece to enhance the region and encourage visitor expenditures while maintaining the environment and quality of life of the community. In response to Hollinshead and Jamal's 2007 call for a more bricoleur and third ear approach to tourism research, a gap analysis of the region's tourism offerings was performed using six interdisciplinary, mixed-method research phases seeking to identify discrepancies between the current region's tourism offerings, visitor preferences and community stakeholders. Phases included a Community Resource Assessment (GIS-based Inventory), Stakeholder Interviews, a Visitor Survey and GPS visitor tracking, the development of seven Potential Scenarios, a Potential Visitor Survey and an Economic Analysis. Subsequently, two potential tourism centerpieces were developed with the goal of showcasing the region's unique mountain and agricultural heritage. In addition to providing a detailed overview of the research project, the paper concludes with discussion of the practical and political challenges, time constraints and rewards that accompany this type of research.


title: Interpretative guiding and sustainable development: A framework
type: J
volume: 4
beginPage: 80
endPage: 85
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2012.05.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217958500011
year: 2012
authors: Wall, G, Hu, W
docAbstract:
Tour guides have received less scholarly attention than most other tourism stakeholders or participants. No known studies explore the role of tour guides in sustainable development. However, since they influence where tourists go and what they do, where they spend their money and what they learn about local history and culture, their implications for destinations have many consequences. This paper examines the links between tour guides and sustainable development and proposes a framework for interpretative guiding. It indicates the means by which tour guides can contribute to the promotion of sustainability and presents standards against which tour guides' performances can be examined. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The effects of climate change on tourism in small states: evidence from the Barbados case
type: J
volume: 67
issue: 3
beginPage: 17
endPage: 29
doi: 10.1108/16605371211259803
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000216248400003
year: 2012
authors: Moore, W, Cashman, A, Cumberbatch, J
docAbstract:
Purpose - Since the decline of export agriculture and the loss of trade preferences, most Caribbean countries have shifted their economies towards the provision of tourism services. Barbados, for example, receives more than two-thirds of its foreign exchange earnings from tourism. The sustainability of tourism in the Caribbean can potentially be affected by climate change. This paper aims to address this issue. Design/methodology/approach - This paper provides an assessment of the likely effects of climate change in the small state of Barbados and suggests some recommended adaptations. Climate change is expected to impact on temperature, rainfall and severe weather, sea levels and sea surface temperatures, biodiversity loss, and lead to erosion and seasonal shifts on the island. Findings - The paper finds that, in relation to tourism demand, as travellers from source markets become more conscious of their carbon footprint and the implementation of green taxes, there might be some alteration in demand for long-haul destinations such as Barbados. On the supply-side, increased operating costs, due to higher insurance premiums (particularly for beachfront properties) and greater cooling costs, to name a few could all impact on the profitability of hotels in the island. As climate change impacts on the water table, there is also likely to be some competition for water resources for residential and tourism purposes. Originality/value - The paper supplies useful information on sustainability of tourism in the Caribbean and the effects of climate change.


title: A Tale of Four Farmers Markets: Recreation and Leisure as a Catalyst for Sustainability
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 3
beginPage: 11
endPage: 23
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442884300002
year: 2011
authors: Farmer, JR, Chancellor, C, Gooding, A, Shubowitz, D, Bryant, A
docAbstract:
Local foods have most recently received heightened attention as an important component to community sustainability due to the production process that generally separates small, local food growers/vendors from their larger conventional production style brethren. Specifically, local foods are those that are consumed within a 100-mile vicinity of where they were grown/produced. As such, farmers markets are positioned as a vital component to local food systems, an important aspect of a community's long-term sustainable development. Additionally, farmers' markets are the fastest growing direct producer-consumer food venue, having seen an increase in market numbers by 349% in the past 16 years. Though research concerning farmers markets is not new, most studies focus on the vendor/grower perspective as well as the economic attributes to farmers markets. The purpose of this study was exploratory in nature, considering the farmers' market experience from the consumers' perspective. Subsequently, we sought to understand the factors that may contribute or inhibit participation and engagement in the market, as well as the variables that may promote success in farmers markets. We used applied ethnographic research methods in order to study the consumers' participation in farmers' markets, which included informal in-depth interviews (n=25) and observations at four various farmers' markets. The results of this study highlight three salient findings. First, recreation may be an important part of the farmers' market experience, a concept that has received little attention in the recreation and leisure literature. Secondly, the recreation occurring at the farmers' market strengthens community bonds. Finally, agencies such as parks and recreation departments are key to the facilitation of successful farmers' markets. A major contribution of this study is that its findings suggest recreation and leisure play a significant role in both attracting consumers to markets, and in being an important outcome of the farmers' market experience. Further, it may be an influential study that speaks directly to recreation practitioners and scholars, bringing attention to the fastest growing distribution network for sustainably grown foods. Further research ideas evolving from this study include exploring how parks and recreation agencies may: 1) solidify their role in local food systems; and 2) further connect recreation and leisure opportunities with local sustainability initiatives.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 3
beginPage: 251
endPage: 273
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.555525
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000288270000005
year: 2011
authors: Mbaiwa, J
title:
The effects of tourism development on the sustainable utilisation of natural resources in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

docAbstract:
Developing countries are faced with a decline in natural resources and high poverty rates. Ironically, these countries are also the key nature-based international tourism destinations. Research should, therefore, establish the contribution of tourism to Millennium Development Goals, particularly poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability. This paper uses the concept of social capital to analyse the effects of tourism as carried out through community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) to achieve the sustainable utilisation of natural resources in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Focus is on the utilisation of giraffes, sable antelopes and thatching grass. Using ethnographic field research methods supplemented by secondary data sources, results indicate that CBNRM has achieved the following: increased social capital between the CBNRM stakeholders; the formation of local conservation institutions and co-management of resources; and development of conservation practices such as suspension of hunting of declining species, selective hunting and harvesting of thatching grass in the dry season, resource monitoring and policing by communities. These practices contribute to low cases of illegal hunting in the CBNRM areas and increasing populations of giraffes and sable antelopes. Based on these findings, CBNRM can be used as a tool to achieve sustainability in natural resource use in rich biodiversity tourism destinations.


type: J
volume: 12
issue: 3
beginPage: 177
endPage: 201
doi: 10.1080/1528008X.2011.541833
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212546600002
year: 2011
authors: Njite, D, Hancer, M, Slevitch, L
title:
Exploring Corporate Social Responsibility: A Managers' Perspective on How and Why Small Independent Hotels Engage with Their Communities

docAbstract:
This exploratory study examines how managers in the Small and Independent Hotels (SIH) perceive Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Qualitative methods were used to collect data. Ten in-depth interviews with hotel managers/owners were conducted, coded and interpreted. The results provide an in-depth perspective and comprehension of various aspects of social responsibility as perceived by the managers/owners of small hotels. The findings also indicate specific components of CSR in the context of small hotels that differ from the factors derived from larger corporations and other industries.


type: J
volume: 5
issue: 2
beginPage: 103
endPage: 123
doi: 10.1080/17438730903509311
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442800500002
year: 2010
authors: Adams, JL
title:
Interrogating the equity principle: the rhetoric and reality of management planning for sustainable archaeological heritage tourism

docAbstract:
International archaeological heritage management in developing countries frequently entails planning for the development of sustainable tourism. A central tenet of sustainable tourism development is the equitable distribution of tourism benefits, a goal reflected in stakeholder consultations and management plan provisions for capacity-building among community members. The lack of longitudinal data demonstrating the meaningful participation of target populations in tourism development dividends, however, calls into question the efficacy of such measures. A review of tourism development outcomes at Machu Picchu, Angkor, Lijiang, Copan, Borobudur and Cape Coast Castle supports the contention that sustainable management planning has not produced equity. The problem lies not in specific planning provisions but in the lack of correspondence between developed country assumptions and developing country reality, which is characterized by structural and systemic power imbalances. The cases inform the creation of a generalizable model of tourism development inequality, the implications of which present philosophical, professional, methodological and conceptual challenges that must be overcome if the heritage management discipline is to deliver on the promise of sustainability.


title: Territorial planning and tourism development tax
type: J
volume: 30
issue: 4
beginPage: 886
endPage: 905
doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00061-6
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000186140400007
year: 2003
authors: Piga, CAG
docAbstract:
An economic model of land taxation involving a local government and a private developer constitutes the theoretical framework in this research. The model hinges around a two-tier approach including both a conservation and an efficiency criterion. The analysis indicates that sustainable tourism calls for the use of land taxation and planning legislation simultaneously geared to the achievement of efficiency and the signaling of the government's commitment to conservation policies. To provide support for the theoretical conclusions, an Italian case study is discussed, showing how the local government chose not to yield to a developer's requests by not changing a norm prohibiting construction near of the coastline. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: The Sanfte Mobilitaet project: achieving reduced car-dependence in European resort areas
type: J
volume: 22
issue: 4
beginPage: 411
endPage: 417
doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00071-6
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000168734700010
year: 2001
authors: Holding, DM
docAbstract:
"Sanfte Mobilitaet" was a European Union-funded project designed to assess various approaches to reducing car dependence by visitors, applied in a number of resorts and wider locations within the Alpine region. Visitor attitude surveys were also conducted using existing theories of tourism taxonomy so as to identify optimal changes to transport aspects of the tourism product. This note reports on the project, focusing on two of the chosen locations, and analyses the results in the context of strategies designed to change existing ratios in visitor travel mode. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 60
beginPage: 201
endPage: 211
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000395599600025
year: 2017
authors: Peng, HS, Zhang, JH, Lu, L, Tang, GR, Yan, BJ, Xiao, X, Han, Y
title:
Eco-efficiency and its determinants at a tourism destination: A case study of Huangshan National Park, China

docAbstract:
This study creates a comprehensive evaluation index system, including undesirable outputs and a Slacks Based Measure-Data Envelopment Analysis model, to analyse the characteristics and evolution of eco-efficiency at an individual tourism destination. This study also empirically identifies the determinants of eco-efficiency. Huangshan National Park, one of the most iconic and highly visited national parks in China, was chosen as the study site. The study results indicate that eco-efficiency has improved continuously. Pure technical efficiency is higher than scale efficiency, while eco-efficiency is more relevant to scale efficiency than to pure technical efficiency. The evolution of eco-efficiency undergoes four stages: an initial inefficient stage, a rapid growth stage, a mature efficient stage and a downside risk stage. Moreover, tourism development, industrial structure and technical level have significantly positive impacts on eco-efficiency, but investment level displays the opposite trend. Environmental regulation emphasizing waste control does not effectively promote eco-efficiency. Finally, theoretical and practical contributions of the findings are discussed in the context of eco-efficiency at a tourism destination. For instance, an eco-efficiency analysis of a destination should treat the tourism destination as a macro-scale system with complex evolutionary rules and should combine this perspective with theory, such as the tourist area cycle of evolution proposed by Butler in 1980. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 59
beginPage: 610
endPage: 620
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.016
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390739400053
year: 2017
authors: Lee, S, Park, S, Song, SJ
title:
Corporate social responsibility and systematic risk of restaurant firms: The moderating role of geographical diversification

docAbstract:
Despite growing attention to corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the tourism literature, the relationship between CSR activities and systematic risk, one of the critical components in evaluating shareholder value, has been a topic of scarce examination. Further, the moderating role of geographical diversification on the link between CSR and systematic risk in the restaurant context has not been studied. Therefore, the current study explores these issues in the restaurant context based on the organizational theory and stakeholder theory. In addition, this study dichotcimizes CSR activities into two dimensions, socially responsible activities (i.e., positive CSR) and socially irresponsible activities (i.e., negative CSR), to examine the separate effects of the two dimensions. A two-way fixed-effects model that effectively accounts for unobserved effects in a panel data set has been employed to test the proposed hypotheses. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 61
beginPage: 26
endPage: 34
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.10.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392789700004
year: 2017
authors: Uysal, M, Kwon, N, Rhou, Y, Kim, HL
title:
An examination of the links between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its internal consequences

docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine the links between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its internal consequencesusing the hotel employees' CSR perception, Quality of Working Life (QWL), affective commitment, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and job performance. Although CSR has been widely studied from the perspective of employees, no previous study has related it to QWL in the field of hospitality research. Applying relevant theories, the study empirically substantiates the connection between the constructs and provides theoretical and practical implications. The results, drawn from data collected from hotel employees in upscale hotels in South Korea, show that hotel employees' CSR perception of the firm positively influences their QWL, affective commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior, which, in turn, enhance their job performance. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Seeking tourism sustainability - A case study of Tioman Island, Malaysia
type: J
volume: 58
beginPage: 101
endPage: 107
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390642800009
year: 2017
authors: Ng, SI, Chia, KW, Ho, JA, Ramachandran, S
docAbstract:
This study evaluates Tioman Island's sustainability achievement using the Sustainable Ecotourism Indicator System (SEIS). Sustainability is achieved if each stakeholder makes a positive contribution to others in social, environmental, and economic dimensions. The overall sustainability score allows objective comparisons across destinations, which may provoke positive reactions from stakeholders to play their parts. Three questionnaire versions were designed in which each stakeholder group (39 government officers, 104 local communities, and 105 tourists) rated their perceptions of sustainable relationships with two other stakeholder groups, resulting in six sustainable relationship aspects. The results indicate that Tioman Island is classified as "potentially sustainable" (58.89%). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Value orientations and heritage tourism management at Petra Archaeological Park, Jordan
type: J
volume: 57
beginPage: 149
endPage: 158
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.05.008
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000381532100018
year: 2016
authors: Alazaizeh, MM, Hallo, JC, Backman, SJ, Norman, WC, Vogel, MA
docAbstract:
Involving different stakeholders, including tourists, in managing tourism and understanding their value orientations are key concepts to achieve sustainability of heritage tourism. However, tourists have been mostly ignored in managing heritage attractions. Given the importance of values in heritage tourism management, and the different tourists' preferences toward management actions, this article aims to explore the value orientations of different types of tourists at Petra Archaeological Park, and how these values influence their management actions preferences. Majority of the tourists were preservation value oriented, and they preferred direct management actions rather than indirect actions. Results indicated that whenever the level of the importance of heritage tourism increases in tourists' trip motivations, tourists tend to be more preservation value oriented and support direct management actions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 57
issue: 3
beginPage: 235
endPage: 249
doi: 10.1177/1938965515620679
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000380951800002
year: 2016
authors: Cha, MK, Yi, Y, Bagozzi, RP
title:
Effects of Customer Participation in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programs on the CSR-Brand Fit and Brand Loyalty

docAbstract:
This paper reports the findings of a study on the effects of corporate social responsibility-brand fit (CSR-brand fit) on service brand loyalty via brand identification in a brand coffee shop industry. The authors also examine how customer participation in a firm's CSR activities strengthens the formation of service brand loyalty. Using structural equation analysis, the proposed model was tested with 237 actual customers of brand coffee shops. The results indicate that CSR-brand fit strengthens both personal and social brand identification, which in turn increase consumers' service brand loyalty. The results also indicate that personal identification has a larger influence on service brand loyalty than social identification does. The greater effect for personal versus social identification occurs when customers participate in companies' CSR activities. This study deepens our understanding of the link between CSR-brand fit and loyalty via personal and social identification. The research is also the first to examine how customers' active participation in CSR activities influences the process of loyalty formation.


title: Social innovation success factors: hospitality and tourism social enterprises
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 6
beginPage: 1155
endPage: 1176
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-05-2014-0231
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379774200006
year: 2016
authors: Alegre, I, Berbegal-Mirabent, J
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on social enterprises and business model innovation. Particularly, it sheds some light on those factors that turn a social innovation initiative into a success, both in terms of meeting social needs and achieving economic sustainability. Design/methodology/approach - By using a grounded theory approach, an inductive comparative case study is conducted. Two work integration social enterprises in the hospitality and tourism sector are selected. Both companies are located in Barcelona (Spain) under the same legal regulation and economic situation and initially run a manufacturing business. Due to the economic crisis they were forced to reinvent themselves to survive. Data were collected from different sources and coded using content analysis procedures. Findings - Results indicate that three factors, namely, value proposition, appropriate market research and stakeholder involvement, heavily contributed to firm's success, corroborating previous studies. Furthermore, our study reveals that social need pressures and managerial trust on employees are additional factors that drive social business model innovation. Practical implications - Changes in the demand, the rules governing the market or economic downturns are external drivers for demand-pull innovations. In such context, firms need to reformulate their business models if they wish to survive. Acknowledging the factors that help firms overcome these obstacles is of great interest for both academics and entrepreneurs. Originality/value - Social innovation in business models is a topic still poorly defined in the literature, yet, its boundaries to other fields are still fuzzy. This paper aims to fulfill this gap by presenting the theoretical domain in which this topic fits in and evidencing those successful factors that should be considered when designing and implementing a business model innovation which may help other firms facing a similar process.


title: Environmental management research in hospitality
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 5
beginPage: 886
endPage: 923
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-02-2015-0076
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379774000002
year: 2016
authors: Chan, ESW, Hsu, CHC
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to review and synthesise 149 hospitality-related studies published in the past two decades pertaining to environmental management ( EM). The review was divided into three main stages: 1993-1999, 2000-2009 and 2010-2014 and provided future research directions. Design/methodology/approach - The study sample consisted of articles published between 1993 and 2014 in four leading hospitality journals. The four journals chosen were the International Journal of Hospitality Management, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management and Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research. The title, abstract and the content, as needed, of all EM-related full-length articles from these four journals were content analysed. Editors' notes, book reviews, industry news, conference papers and research notes were excluded from this paper. Findings - EM research in the hospitality industry during the first two stages focused on the development of environmental policies and practices, green consumerism, managers' environmental attitudes, indoor air quality and smoke-free environments, sustainable development, environmental performance, environmental cost control and environmental management systems (EMSs). During the third stage from 2010 to 2014, topics about environmental benchmarking and indicators have surfaced. Notwithstanding this, EM in the environmental reporting, and green marketing have been pursued less enthusiastically. Research limitations/implications - Compared with the mainstream management literature and considering the future development of EM, hospitality scholars are encouraged to extend their research to include green marketing, environmental technologies, environmental reporting, carbon footprint, employees' green behaviour, the effects of EM on hospitality firms' stakeholders and small-and medium-sized hospitality firms. In addition, more effort should be spent on developing hospitality-specific theories for EM. Originality/value - Little has been done to determine the main research agendas in hospitality EM. A review of recent research on this topic provides an inventory of existing knowledge and points out areas requiring further knowledge exploration.


title: Optimizing or maximizing growth? A challenge for sustainable tourism
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 4
beginPage: 527
endPage: 548
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1085869
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000373564400002
year: 2016
authors: Dwyer, L, Hall, CM, Ring, A, Gossling, S, Andersson, AC
docAbstract:
Virtually all destinations seek to increase tourist numbers, pursuing economic maximization strategies. Considerably less attention is paid to optimizing existing tourist systems to create more profitable, stable, resilient and potentially more sustainable entities. While aspects of tourist expenditure, average length of stay and seasonality as three key destination management variables have received considerable attention in the literature, focus has usually been on the identification of profitable tourism markets by considering observed patterns of spending, length of stay and vacation timing. Building on such earlier studies, this paper focuses on flexibilities in these parameters: could tourists have spent more, stayed longer or visited during a different season? Perceptions of destination expensiveness as a potential deterrent to visitation were also addressed. Based on a sample (n = 1914) of domestic and international tourists in the Swedish cities of Kalmar and Stockholm, data were collected in face-to-face interviews using questionnaires. Results indicate considerable potential to optimize the Swedish tourism system with regard to all variables studied, while also providing new insights for destination management in the context of economic resilience. Results also indicate the need for researchers everywhere to have detailed market knowledge if they are to persuade the industry to change its sustainability behavior.


title: The impact of CEO servant leadership on firm performance in the hospitality industry
type: J
volume: 28
issue: 5
beginPage: 945
endPage: 968
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-08-2014-0388
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379774000004
year: 2016
authors: Huang, J, Li, WW, Qiu, CH, Yim, FHK, Wan, JB
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to draw on the theory of servant leadership to examine the influence of chief executive officer (CEO) servant leadership on firm performance in the hospitality industry. It examined the mediating role of the service climate and the moderating role of competitive intensity in the relationship between CEO servant leadership and firm performance. Design/methodology/approach - Multiple regression was used to analyze multi-wave, multi-source data from 92 hotels in China. A moderated path analysis was used to test the moderating effects. Findings - CEO servant leadership positively influenced firm performance via the service climate in the hospitality industry. Competitive intensity strengthened the direct effect of the service climate on firm performance, and the indirect effect of CEO servant leadership on firm performance via service climate. Research limitations/implications - The findings offer managerial insights into CEO succession, service management and human resource management. Originality/value - This is one of the first studies to investigate how and when CEO servant leadership might shape firm outcomes in the hospitality industry. Theoretically, the findings enrich our understanding of how CEO leadership might shape firm-level outcomes.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 8
beginPage: 791
endPage: 825
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2015.955622
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362216000001
year: 2015
authors: Stylos, N, Vassiliadis, C
title:
Differences in Sustainable Management Between Four- and Five-Star Hotels Regarding the Perceptions of Three-Pillar Sustainability

docAbstract:
Although there are a wealth of publications about sustainability in tourism destination management literature, the concept has only recently started coming under examination within the area of hospitality management. This article's main focus is on capturing the perceptions and practices of hotel management in respect to the concept of three-dimensional sustainability. A literature-based self-administered questionnaire was used and 423 hotels participated in the study. Logistic regression was employed in order to examine four research hypotheses and extract useful findings. The findings suggest that hotel star ratings play a significant role in the perceived importance of financial measures of economic viability, as well as in the application of socially responsible practices by hotel management; the same conclusion does not apply to environmental practices. Furthermore, it was found that hotel location does not play a significant role in shaping perceptions of sustainability dimensions.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1341
endPage: 1362
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1019513
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362339600011
year: 2015
authors: Idziak, W, Majewski, J, Zmyslony, P
title:
Community participation in sustainable rural tourism experience creation: a long-term appraisal and lessons from a thematic villages project in Poland

docAbstract:
The paper has twin but related objectives. It examines the origins of the concept of theme villages in creating new rural tourism experiences and explores issues in the implementation of the concept. It also discusses the role of community involvement in theme village development, probing and testing existing models of local participation in tourism development in the context of five thematic villages in Poland. The five-year research project based on participatory action research covered the entire process of forming thematic rural tourist products. Five years later its effectiveness and sustainability was measured by a follow-up study. As a result, a seven-step community-created sustainable rural tourism development model is proposed. Local involvement in creating thematic villages is much more intensive and has such a wide scope that one cannot speak of facilitating or involving a community in the development process, but rather of tourism development creation by local communities. However, the social focus and inward-oriented perspective of community tourism can hamper effective adaptation of local resources to suit market needs and thus prevent the sustainable growth of community linked rural tourism. Expert external assistance may be necessary at key stages, especially by providing professional knowledge of markets and marketing.


title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management
type: J
volume: 46
beginPage: 408
endPage: 418
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344208600040
year: 2015
authors: Pennington-Gray, L, Donohoe, H, Omodior, O
docAbstract:
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick. In the last few decades, the number and spatial reach of new cases has increased globally and in the United States, Lyme disease is now the most commonly reported vector-borne disease. Despite this evolving public health crisis, there has been little-to-no discussion of the implications for tourism supply and demand. This paper reviews the scientific literature to identify Lyme disease risk factors and the implications for tourism management are discussed. The major contribution of this paper is a set of recommendations for tourism managers who may be tasked with mitigating the risks for visitors and employees as well as the potential impacts of Lyme disease on destination sustainability. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 1
beginPage: 126
endPage: 138
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000349732200011
year: 2015
authors: Forde, SD, Lee, DS, Mills, C, Frisby, W
title:
Moving towards social inclusion: Manager and staff perspectives on an award winning community sport and recreation program for immigrants

docAbstract:
This case study examined manager and staff perspectives on their local sport and recreation department's role, organizational practices, and challenges faced when developing and sustaining a wellness program for immigrants that received a program excellence award from a provincial recreation association in Canada. Data were collected through a document analysis and interviews with all 10 staff and managers involved in the development and implementation of the newcomer wellness program, an integrated intervention with a physical activity and sport component. The findings revealed that the recreation department largely adopted an assimilation role where newcomers were expected to fit into existing programs and the implications of this are discussed. Managers and staff pointed to four key organizational practices that fostered newcomer inclusion including: having multiple staff champions, using a leisure access counselling approach, developing community partnerships and outreach, and implementing culturally sensitive marketing. Challenges encountered were reducing multiple barriers to program participation, uncertainty about interculturalism, managing partnerships, and a reliance on short-term funding that threatened the sustainability of the program. We extend a theoretical framework on the organizational dimension of social inclusion, suggest ideas for future research, and discuss implications for community sport and recreation practitioners. (C) 2014 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 27
issue: 4
beginPage: 648
endPage: 669
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-09-2013-0400
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000356438200005
year: 2015
authors: Kim, S, Yoon, J, Shin, J
title:
Sustainable business-and-industry foodservice Consumers' perception and willingness to pay a premium in South Korea

docAbstract:
Purpose - This study aimed to investigate consumers' perception on sustainable business-and-industry (B&I) foodservice and their willingness to pay a premium for it. Design/methodology/approach - An online survey was conducted. Among the 978 respondents, a total of 548 respondents who used B&I foodservice equal to or more than five times a month on an average were included for analyses. Findings - The result revealed that consumers tended to perceive the concept of sustainability as "equivalent to (32 per cent) or beyond (28 per cent) being green or eco-friendly". Consumers appeared to perceive the need for and the quality of sustainable B&I foodservice highly, but their awareness was comparatively low. Consumers' awareness was significantly different across all demographic and food-related lifestyle variables. However, significant differences in the need and perceived quality were found only among food-related lifestyle variables. The result also indicated that 66 per cent of consumers were willing to pay a premium average of USD 0.72, 21 per cent of the reference meal price (USD 3.53) proposed in the survey. Consumers' gender and eco-friendly dietary lifestyles were the significant determinants in predicting consumers' willingness to pay a premium. Originality/value - With concerns over environmental crisis, sustainable development has been a mainstream agenda across the world. However, the issue of sustainable development appears to be relatively overlooked in the field of foodservice research. This study is meaningful, in that it calls attention to the importance and potential of realizing sustainable foodservice and provides a starting point in relevant researches.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 3
beginPage: 417
endPage: 436
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.957211
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000350175100005
year: 2015
authors: Laing, J, Mair, J, Ooi, N
title:
Social capital as a heuristic device to explore sociocultural sustainability: a case study of mountain resort tourism in the community of Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA

docAbstract:
While many social theories and concepts have been used within the sustainable tourism literature to identify key elements, stakeholders, and relationships that are central to sustainable tourism development and the tourism-community relationship, there has been limited use of the social capital concept for examining the sociocultural dimension of sustainability, despite its growing appeal within the social sciences as an analytical tool. Based on ethnographic case study research within the mountain resort community of Steamboat Springs, Colorado, this paper adopts social capital as a heuristic device for examining tourism development's sociocultural sustainability. It explains the foundations of the social capital concept with networks, norms, and resources as key components, and the existence of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital. Findings suggest that mountain resort tourism has affected such social capital outcomes and sociocultural sustainability indicators as quality of life, community participation, and the associated notions of democracy, equity, and empowerment, in both positive and negative ways, leading to a spirit of community cooperation, friendliness, grass-roots initiatives and community action group development running alongside social exclusion, transience, and political powerlessness. These findings give empirical weight to using social capital as a guiding construct for the qualitative examination of socioculturally sustainable tourism.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 3
beginPage: 297
endPage: 311
doi: 10.3727/108354215X14356694891852
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000367324500004
year: 2015
authors: Yoon, Y, Kim, S, Kim, S
title:
SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL FILM TOURISM DESTINATIONS: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF KOREAN LOCAL RESIDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF FILM TOURISM IMPACTS

docAbstract:
This study has empirically examined the influence of both successful and unsuccessful film tourism destinations on the local residents' perceptions of film tourism impacts. It was contextualized in seven film tourism destinations in South Korea associated with popular Korean films and TV dramas. An impact scale comprising 24 tourism impact items was adopted and modified from previous studies on residents' perceptions of the economic, sociocultural, and environmental impacts of tourism. It was found that the majority of residents perceived the impacts of film tourism positively, particularly for those related to the positive sociocultural life and positive economic impacts (e.g., improvement of community's image, improvement of local residents' quality of life, and additional opportunity for cultural experience). The findings of the article also confirmed that there were statistically significant differences between successful and unsuccessful film tourism destinations, regarding their residents' perceptions towards film tourism impacts. Important practical implications for destination stakeholders and marketers are offered in relation to a better understanding of film tourism phenomena and local residents' perceptions towards their impacts. This will lead to more sustainable film tourism planning and development.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 6
beginPage: 672
endPage: 686
doi: 10.1123/JSM.2013-0307
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345524400007
year: 2014
authors: Heinze, KL, Soderstrom, S, Zdroik, J
title:
Toward Strategic and Authentic Corporate Social Responsibility in Professional Sport: A Case Study of the Detroit Lions

docAbstract:
The rise and institutionalization of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in sport is captured in a growing body of work in sport management. This literature suggests professional teams should be strategic in their approaches-matching internal resources with external needs-but we lack an understanding of the processes and mechanisms in the evolution to more strategic CSR, as well as specific practices that characterize these approaches. Further, by focusing on broad trends in how and why teams are adopting CSR, we miss the opportunity to learn from teams with innovative and authentic CSR approaches. To address these gaps, this article uses a qualitative case-study approach to examine how one professional team in the U. S.-the Detroit Lions-evolved their CSR to a more strategic and authentic partnership-focused model. Our findings point to key process steps and mechanisms in the decision making around, and implementation of, this approach, including the role of organizational structure, leadership, and community partnerships. We draw out themes around these central partnerships and highlight best practices. In offering a more nuanced understanding of professional sport CSR process and practice, we contribute to the literature on CSR in sport, sport-community partnerships, and sport and city revitalization.


type: J
volume: 53
issue: 6
beginPage: 760
endPage: 777
doi: 10.1177/0047287514538837
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345588600008
year: 2014
authors: Pforr, C, Pechlaner, H, Volgger, M, Thompson, G
title:
Overcoming the Limits to Change and Adapting to Future Challenges: Governing the Transformation of Destination Networks in Western Australia

docAbstract:
This article presents a study that investigates the organizational transformation of regional tourism in Western Australia in order to make it fit for future. In principle, it explores how the past influences adaptation to upcoming challenges in the Asia-Pacific region (and beyond), such as for example reorganizing territorial dimensions in destination management. Specifically, the article considers how an imposed merger of two previously separate tourism regions affects the established communication and collaboration structures among stakeholders. To analyze the inhibiting force of historically grown destination network structures and the potential for changing these networks, the article combines the concepts of path dependence/path creation and stasis-based/change-based momentum with a quantitative social network analysis. The study provides evidence of remarkable persistence of destination networks. However, the study exhibits also path-creating processes: A transformation of destination networks to meet future challenges in tourism seems to depend largely on an effective governance of informal communication.


title: The role of agritourism in heritage preservation
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 8
beginPage: 666
endPage: 673
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.849667
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341003100002
year: 2014
authors: Barbieri, C, Lapan, C
docAbstract:
This study examined the linkage between agritourism and heritage preservation by assessing the occurrence of and farmers' motivations for preserving tangible heritage in their farmlands. Results show that agritourism farmers are preserving tangible heritage in their farmlands, mainly driven by intrinsic motives. Farmland, farmer, and agritourism attributes are significantly associated with motivations driving heritage preservation. Study results suggest that although agritourism appears to be an adequate tool to preserve tangible heritage, farmers are missing the opportunity to economically gain from these resources, which may jeopardise the sustainability of their conservation efforts. This study not only advances the incipient understanding of the agritourism-heritage link, but identifies additional issues of this relationship that need to be investigated further.


title: Different Shades of Green: Environmental Management in Hotels in Accra
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 5
beginPage: 450
endPage: 461
doi: 10.1002/jtr.1939
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341814800004
year: 2014
authors: Mensah, I
docAbstract:
This paper assesses the environmental management practices of different categories of hotels in Accra, Ghana. Managers of 200 hotels were surveyed, employing the stratified random sampling method. Results of the study indicate significant differences in the extent of environmental management of the hotels suggesting that the better the quality of a hotel, the better the environmental management performance. Suggestions are made towards improvement in waste management and voluntary environmental programmes in small and medium hotels that did not perform well in those areas of environmental management Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 3
beginPage: 324
endPage: 337
doi: 10.1123/jsm.2012-0258
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000336506100006
year: 2014
authors: Babiak, K, Tainsky, S, Kihl, L
title:
Evaluating the Implementation of a Professional Sport Team's Corporate Community Involvement Initiative

docAbstract:
As corporate community initiatives (CCI) in sport are becoming an important dimension of corporate social responsibility, a key issue is evaluating the quality of the processes by which they are delivered and how they are managed. The purpose of this study was to explore the implementation process of a professional sport team's CCI using program evaluation theory (Chen, 2005). Interviews were conducted with 42 key stakeholders (team executives, partnership implementers, participants, parents, coaches) from one Major League Baseball team's CCI to understand critical processes involved in CCI implementation and execution. The findings showed concerns in the quality of program implementation with the: 1) the partnership agreement, 2) the ecological context, 3) protocol and implementation, and 4) target population. We propose an iterative model of program evaluation for use in the sport context. We conclude the paper with recommendations for further research in this area and implications for practitioners.


title: Tourism and social capital in Malaysia
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 28
endPage: 45
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2012.718320
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330691000003
year: 2014
authors: Tavakoli, R, Mura, P
docAbstract:
This article explores the relationship between social capital and tourism in Malaysia. Social capital is a concept that has received particular attention within the social sciences. Despite this, scholars have relatively neglected whether and how tourism contributes to enhance levels of social capital. This is particularly true if non-Western societies, such as Malaysia, are referred to. Malaysia is a plural society that consists of three main ethnic groups, namely Malays, Chinese, and Indians. Considering the country's diverse socio-cultural fabric, social capital is a highly debated topic in Malaysia. Yet, there exists a paucity of data on how specific social practices, such as tourism, strengthen social relationships within Malaysian society. In an attempt to fill this gap, in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 Malaysians from the three main ethnic groups. The findings reveal that tourism is an experience that creates and strengthens social relationships among people irrespective of ethnic background. Overall, this article's contribution to our knowledge is twofold. First, the work on which this article is based contributes to the ongoing debate concerning the nature and meaning of tourism and post-tourism experiences. Second, it provides empirical material on non-Western tourists, who have been relatively neglected by tourism scholars.


title: Sustainable Hotel Practices and Guest Satisfaction Levels
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 18
doi: 10.1080/15256480.2014.872884
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212742200001
year: 2014
authors: Millar, M, Raab, C, Berezan, O
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to identify which sustainable hotel practices guests would be most satisfied with, and what motivates guests to participate in these practices. In addition, the study tested for differences that may exist due to the sociocultural backgrounds of respondents, and whether they are willing to pay a premium for an environmentally friendly hotel. Data was collected in a popular tourist destination in Mexico. An analysis on satisfaction ratings revealed only minimal differences between demographic groups, which suggests that sustainable hotel practices are attractive beyond a niche market. Furthermore, Mexican and American respondents reported different views of environmentally friendly hotels, with Americans exhibiting more concern with functional aspects of sustainability, while Mexican guests were more familiar with emotional aspects of conservation. The study concluded that management should consider the sociocultural backgrounds, of their guests and may have to engage in efforts to educate guests about the benefits of balancing social responsibility with guest service expectations.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 3
beginPage: 361
endPage: 383
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.826231
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000331655200002
year: 2014
authors: Calgaro, E, Dominey-Howes, D, Lloyd, K
title:
Application of the Destination Sustainability Framework to explore the drivers of vulnerability and resilience in Thailand following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

docAbstract:
The impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on multiple tourism destinations was a striking reminder of the vulnerability of tourism-dependent destination communities to shocks and stressors. However, the causal drivers of destination vulnerability remain under-researched. Furthermore, there are few studies that systematically apply and test the usefulness of new theoretical frameworks in assessing real-world problems like vulnerability to natural hazards. This crucial step in social theory development is often overlooked. In this paper we redress these fundamental gaps by "operationalising" the new Destination Sustainability Framework (DSF). The DSF is used to guide a case study-based comparative destination vulnerability assessment (DVA) of the tsunami-affected destinations of Khao Lak, Patong and Phi Phi Don in Thailand to better understand destination vulnerability and its evolution in different places and developmental contexts. The findings indicate that destination vulnerability is created and perpetuated by a combination of multiple, dynamic and interacting factors, including geographical exposure, destination-specific development characteristics, social structures and governance processes. Underlying these factors and processes are competing stakeholder agendas and actions, historically-embedded cultural norms, institutional preferences and power structures that entrench and perpetuate unequal access to resources, all of which play out at multiple scales of social organisation over time.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 69
endPage: 88
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.790391
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329911000006
year: 2014
authors: Coles, T, Fenclova, E, Dinan, C
title:
Corporate social responsibility reporting among European low-fares airlines: challenges for the examination and development of sustainable mobilities

docAbstract:
This paper examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices among the growing low-fares airlines (LFAs) flying between mainland Europe and the United Kingdom. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a content analysis of 22 airlines' documentation with key-informant interviews with 11 airlines including three of the four market-leading LFAs. The research discovered evidence that LFAs were aware of the need to act more responsibly but how far intentions resulted in action was difficult to establish. To date the examination of LFAs has relied heavily on secondary sources and perspectives external to the firm. The firms' own CSR-related texts do not represent a reliable basis for examining CSR among LFAs; they have a high degree of fragmentation and variable quality. In-depth interviews showed that while there is more CSR activity than is made public, incomplete knowledge was a more significant problem than bias or spin. Very few LFAs had conducted a systemic audit of CSR-related activity. Integrative approaches are required to overcome the limitations of single methods, to contribute towards a fuller understanding of responsibility among LFAs, and to inform debate on whether it is necessary to regulate in order to encourage sustainable development in this high-growth sector.


title: Interpretation and tourism: holy grail or emperor's robes?
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 4
beginPage: 462
endPage: 476
doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-08-2014-0071
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213930200008
year: 2014
authors: Moscardo, G
docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to address the question - is heritage interpretation an effective tool in tourism? Design/methodology/approach - The author takes a critical stance seeking to identify and evaluate key assumptions and questions about the nature and effectiveness of heritage interpretation as a tourism management tool. Findings - There are significant gaps in the available research into interpretation and in those areas that have been studied, there is only limited evidence that interpretation is effective. There are few important findings in this area and even where there are some sound and useful conclusions, they still do not address some of the more fundamental concerns about interpretation more broadly. Research limitations/implications - The paper identifies a set of topics for future research based on the outcomes of the review and consideration of the critiques of interpretation that could be used to improve and extend interpretation in tourism. Originality/value - By taking a critical perspective on interpretation and questioning the untested and implicit assumptions about the nature and role of this activity within tourism, the paper identifies issues relevant to the conduct of tourism research more generally that have been given little attention in the academic literature to date.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 6
beginPage: 907
endPage: 929
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2013-0041
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000343324200006
year: 2014
authors: Goh, C, Ye, BH, Zhang, HQ, Shen, JH
title:
Does social identity affect residents' attitude toward tourism development? An evidence from the relaxation of the individual visit scheme

docAbstract:
Purpose - The aim of this study is to examine the roles of social identity and perceived cultural distance in forming the attitude of Hong Kong residents toward the relaxation of the individual visit scheme (IVS). Design/methodology/approach - Face-to-face interviews with local Hong Kong residents were conducted. A total of 24 respondents' interviews were qualified for qualitative analysis using the snowball sampling technique. Findings - The perceived positive and negative impacts, social identity and perceived cultural distance of Hong Kong residents were important in explaining their attitude toward tourism development. Perceived cultural distance influenced both the perceived negative impacts and social identity of residents, which, in turn, affected their attitude toward mainland Chinese tourists and tourism development. Research limitations/implications - The sample size for the interviews was relatively small; however, it was acceptable for qualitative studies. Practical implications - First, the Hong Kong Government should enhance civic education among mainland Chinese tourists to reduce their cultural conflicts with Hong Kong residents. Second, the Hong Kong Government should enhance national education among Hong Kong residents to mitigate the negative influence of the relaxation of the IVS. Originality/value - This study sheds light on the roles of perceived cultural distance and social identity in the attitude of residents toward tourism development, thus narrowing research gaps. Moreover, the current study applies an intercultural-interaction perspective, social identity theory, common in-group identity theory and social distance theory to understand resident attitude toward tourism development.


title: SUSTAINABLE FESTIVAL POPULATIONS: AN APPLICATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL ECOLOGY
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 6
beginPage: 621
endPage: 634
doi: 10.3727/108354213X13824558188505
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213850400001
year: 2013
authors: Mykletun, RJ, Andersson, TD, Getz, D
docAbstract:
This article addresses the sustainability of festival populations from the perspective of organizational ecology theory, and in particular age and density dependence. Data from whole populations of festivals in three Norwegian counties are examined. Analyses of festival start-ups demonstrate that the number of events in each county had risen faster than population growth before plateauing, and changes were correlated significantly with trends in the Norwegian gross domestic product. Data on festival age, theme, and other variables were also considered in the light of whole population dynamics. It is concluded that the fundamental tenets of density dependence theory were empirically demonstrated insofar as rapid growth in the festival populations was not sustainable when resources diminished, but no data were available on festival failures. It appears that the hypothetical legitimation of festivals helps to explain rapid growth, as festivals have become popular instruments of public policy. Implications are drawn for future whole population studies and for policy makers who would seek to manage portfolios or whole populations of festivals.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 7-8
beginPage: 736
endPage: 752
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.785485
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330409100008
year: 2013
authors: Strambach, S, Surmeier, A
title:
Knowledge dynamics in setting sustainable standards in tourism - the case of 'Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa'

docAbstract:
The development of standards and certification programmes in global tourism has gained importance in the production-consumption-nexus. This paper deals with the 'Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa' standard, one of the first innovative service standards with a focus on the social dimension of sustainability. Until now, there has been little detailed exploration in the evolutionary trajectories of sustainable tourism standards from a knowledge-based perspective. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of standard creation in global-local interaction processes over time and its impacts on the micro level of firms. Conceptually, it builds on two scientific debates: the neo-institutional approaches in organisational theory focusing on institution building and the research on innovation and knowledge dynamics. Empirically, it is based on 32 interviews conducted with different actor groups.


title: Sport Teams as Promoters of Pro-Environmental Behavior: An Empirical Study
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 5
beginPage: 417
endPage: 432
doi: 10.1123/jsm.26.5.417
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000309478000006
year: 2012
authors: Inoue, Y, Kent, A
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to explain the process of how a sport team could induce consumers to engage in proenvironmental behavior. Building on Kelman's (1958, 1961, 2006) internalization perspective, this study demonstrated that positive environmental practices by a team increased consumer internalization of the team's values. In turn, this increased internalization mediated the relationship between environmental practices and proenvironmental behavior measured by two behavioral intentions: intention to support the team's environmental initiative and intention to engage in proenvironmental behavior in daily life. The results of this study contribute to the literature by highlighting the significant role of internalization. This research further provides a significant insight into the social impacts of sport organizations.


title: Sustainability Analysis of Ecotourism on Yao Noi Island, Thailand
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 3
beginPage: 301
endPage: 325
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.628328
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000306835500005
year: 2012
authors: Jitpakdee, R, Thapa, GB
docAbstract:
This paper examines the sustainability of ecotourism on Yao Noi Island based on nine indicators covering environmental, economic and sociocultural dimensions. Required data were collected through a survey of 178 households using a structured questionnaire and participatory appraisal methods. The findings revealed a majority of local people across income brackets benefited from the employment opportunities generated by ecotourism. However, the condition of the natural and environmental resources that served as a foundation of ecotourism was gradually degrading. Regarding social sustainability, locals had taken opportunities to strengthen their capability to promote ecotourism. However, social vulnerability has resulted from increased land grabbing and investment by outsiders, and encroachment by external cultures into the unique Muslim culture. It suggests ecotourism on Yao Noi Island could be sustainable if appropriate interventions were made to ensure the effective conservation of environmental and natural resources and to protect the landownership of private property by local people.


title: Blame it on Rio: isomorphism, environmental protection and sustainability in the Olympic Movement
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 427
endPage: 446
doi: 10.1080/19406940.2012.694115
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214491900009
year: 2012
authors: VanWynsberghe, R, Pentifallo, C
docAbstract:
This article will effectively place blame on Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as it represents the latest Olympic host city to raise the stakes in matters of environmental protection and sustainability. Subject to isomorphic pressures operating within the organizational field, Bid Organizing Committees (BOCs) are encouraged to prescribe environmental programmes that are not only similar to, but are increasingly more ambitious than, previously successful bids. Rio's bid, by extension, represents the latest Olympic host city that has been driven to replicate, and then expand upon, elements of environmental protection and sustainability. This article will apply a range of institutional and organizational management theories to explain why BOCs have emerged as the actor responsible for enhancing the prospect of sustainability in the Olympic Movement while the International Olympic Committee's attempts at doing so have been considerably less effective.


title: An Exploratory Study of Attendee Perceptions of Green Meetings
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 3
beginPage: 147
endPage: 158
doi: 10.1080/15470148.2012.706786
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435289200001
year: 2012
authors: Mair, J, Rittichainuwat, B
docAbstract:
This article reports on the perceptions of convention attendees regarding green meetings. For this article, green meetings have been taken to mean those with sustainable practices and/or facilities. Attendees at four large conventions in Thailand were surveyed in order to gauge opinions on green meetings. Results suggest that broadly speaking, attendees are positive about green meetings, particularly attending meetings and staying in the same hotel; eating local food; and recycling notepaper from previous conferences. However, respondents were less positive about paying more for green meetings, similar to previous research. Additionally, this article emphasizes the importance of not considering attendees to be homogenous, and divides attendees into various convention participant roles, including delegates, organisers, exhibitors and sponsors. Significant differences were found between sponsors and other participant roles, particularly concerning the ambience or atmosphere of green meetings, perceived by sponsors as less attractive than non-green meetings. The article concludes by suggesting further areas of research regarding sustainability and business events.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 8
beginPage: 989
endPage: 1003
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.584624
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299284100005
year: 2011
authors: Bojanic, D
title:
Using a tourism importance-performance typology to investigate environmental sustainability on a global level

docAbstract:
A major issue surrounding the tourism industry is the trade-off between the positive and negative impacts of increased visitation. Countries welcome tourism's positive effects on their economy but fear tourism's impact on culture and environment. There is also debate about tourism's effectiveness in reducing poverty and sharing economic benefits across residents. In this study, 120 countries were grouped on the basis of the relative importance of tourism to their economies and their relative performance in terms of international tourism receipts per capita. Then, the profiles for the categories derived from this tourism importance-performance typology were examined, and their environmental performance compared across categories using indicators that measure environmental health and ecosystem vitality. The majority of countries fell into the categories with a consistent level of importance and performance (i.e. low importance/low performance and high importance/high performance). Overall, the countries in the two high performance categories (i.e. low importance/high performance and high importance/high performance) fared better in terms of environmental health and ecosystem vitality. The results are presented in detail and the policy implications for tourism managers are discussed.


title: Fair Trade Tourism South Africa: A Pragmatic Poverty Reduction Mechanism?
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 3
beginPage: 237
endPage: 251
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2011.591152
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212833100002
year: 2011
authors: Boluk, K
docAbstract:
Fair Trade Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) is a certification that has similar ambitions to the pro-poor tourism approach. accordingly it has been implemented as a way of contributing to sustainability and poverty relief in South Africa post apartheid. The aim of this paper is to 1) critically review and establish a clear understanding of FTTSA from a theoretical perspective and 2) explore practically from the producers perspective whether FTTSA has created value for impoverished black communities along the Eastern Cape. The research question that guides this aim is: Can FTTSA be a mechanism to reduce poverty in South Africa? The study uses a case study approach, as well as in-depth interviews with the owners/managers and casual conversations with the local people. Three FTTSA certified businesses were investigated during two phases of fieldwork along the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The results recognize that FTTSA businesses are indeed prioritizing the needs of the poor in three identifiable ways: including the poor in tourism decision-making, creating employment opportunities and stimulating entrepreneurship and providing skilful opportunities.


title: Defining culturally sensitive ecotourism: a Delphi consensus
type: J
volume: 14
issue: 1
beginPage: 27
endPage: 45
doi: 10.1080/13683500903440689
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000286811000002
year: 2011
authors: Donohoe, HM
docAbstract:
Since sustainable development was introduced, culture has been submersed by more pressing tourism priorities such as the economy and the environment. To avoid putting at risk the resources upon which ecotourism depends and the desired sustainable outcomes it purports to deliver, research and praxis must be equally sensitive to all the pillars of sustainability - social, cultural, economical, and environmental. As a first step, this study employs the Delphi technique in order to assess the import of culture for ecotourism, to develop a definition for culturally sensitive ecotourism, and to identify the barriers and opportunities associated with its implementation. Over 100 ecotourism experts from 39 countries were consulted over a six month period.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 3
beginPage: 281
endPage: 296
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2011.591157
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212833100005
year: 2011
authors: Slocum, SL, Backman, KF
title:
Understanding Government Capacity in Tourism Development as a Poverty Alleviation Tool: A Case Study of Tanzanian Policy-Makers

docAbstract:
Good governance is a prerequisite in achieving sustainability objectives, especially in an industry such as tourism which is gaining support as a tool for poverty alleviation in developing countries. Good governance is described as a state's capacity to develop efficient and effective public management processes, and entails participatory, transparent, and accountable processes by government. Economic participation, such as job and small business creation, is dependent on support from federal policy and can be stalled by uncoordinated governments, both intentionally and unintentionally. Tanzania considers tourism to be a leading engine in economic growth and a catalyst in its fight to alleviate poverty. Therefore, tourism as a wage and self-employment option is dependent on policy directives that span many government agencies and are influenced by government advisors and industry partners. Drawing on Kooiman's socio-political theory of governance, this article, first, accesses the images, tools, and action potential held by policy advisors that dictate the use of the poverty alleviation resources, and second, investigates the diversity, complexity, and dynamics of the governance system within the growing Tanzanian tourism economy. Twenty-five interviews of Tanzanian policy-makers, including federal and local government officials, academic policy advisors, and non-governmental administrators at the national level were conducted and analyzed. Five themes were developed from the interviews including economic performance measures, barriers to economic participation, government actions, public/private partnerships, and tourism development. Policy-makers in Tanzania have a thorough understanding of macro-economic development and rural community needs; however, the lack of communication between departments often creates redundancy and gaps in development objectives. Tourism-specific knowledge is absent, and while community tourism initiatives are highly praised by Tanzanian officials, their unfamiliarity with the tourism value chain continues to exclude rural populations. Continued focus on foreign direct investment as a financing mechanism is creating foreign-owned monopolies in tourism destinations. Lastly, aid dependence has left many policy-makers searching internationally for poverty solutions. This paper concludes that while the intentions to solicit involvement of the poor is high, the practical application of poverty alleviation strategies through increased tourism expansion is log jammed by the very administrators tasked with finding solutions.


title: Assessing Tourists' Perceptions of Climate Change on Mountain Landscapes
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 2
beginPage: 187
endPage: 200
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2010.11081633
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453380500007
year: 2010
authors: Prideaux, B, Coghlan, A, Mcnamara, K
docAbstract:
The increasing popularity of mountains as a tourism resource has coincided with growing concerns about the probable impact of climate change on sensitive mountain ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of these ecosystems. This paper outlines and tests a six-step model that synthesizes scientific research into the probable impacts of climate change on mountain ecosystems with tourism research that evaluates how tourists are likely to respond to visual changes in mountain landscapes. The model was tested in the Wet Tropics rainforests of Queensland, Australia and found to have a predicative capability on possible tourist response to climate change impacts in mountain destinations.


title: The Practicalities of a Learning Tourism Destination: a Case Study of the Ningaloo Coast
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 6
beginPage: 567
endPage: 581
doi: 10.1002/jtr.729
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000270955700005
year: 2009
authors: Schianetz, K, Kavanagh, L, Lockington, D, Jones, T, Walker, PA, Wood, D
docAbstract:
The complex and dynamic nature of tourism, and the need to address triple bottom line sustainability, has encouraged a search for adaptive tourism management approaches based on organisational learning. In this paper, the authors discuss a practical approach for the implementation of a Learning Tourism Destination (LTD), a new concept derived from the theory of learning organisations. Preliminary results from a case study undertaken at the Ningaloo Coast in Western Australia are discussed. The conducted surveys indicate that the LTD forms a useful framework for fostering consensus building, dialogue and collective learning processes among stakeholders. The proposed approach has the potential to improve decision-making within the concept of sustainable tourism development by facilitating participative planning processes. The overall strategy of this paper is to explore the practicalities of the LTD implementation process, and to spark further conceptual and practical debate, based on the analysis of the Ningaloo case study. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 1
beginPage: 38
endPage: 55
doi: 10.1080/19368620903327683
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213046400003
year: 2009
authors: Graci, S
title:
Examining the Factors That Impede Sustainability in China's Tourism Accommodation Industry: A Case Study of Sanya, Hainan, China

docAbstract:
This study focuses on the barriers to sustainability in the tourist accommodation industry, with particular emphasis on a case study of Sanya, Hainan, China. On a worldwide basis, negative environmental and social impacts associated with the accommodation industry have spurred the formation of many nonregulatory initiatives aimed at improving the sustainability of accommodations and their related activities. As China is a country that is relatively new to tourism and is affected by burgeoning growth, it is imperative to determine how to increase the level of sustainability in the industry. In order to understand how to move the sustainability agenda forward, a study was conducted in Sanya, China to identify the factors that impede the level of sustainability in the tourist accommodation industry. These factors were assessed using qualitative data collection and analysis in an attempt to provide insight into the gap between attitude and action and how this information can be utilized to motivate sustainability.


title: Scope, Scale, and Sustainability: What It Takes to Create Lasting Community Change
type: J
volume: 1
issue: 1
beginPage: 96
endPage: 114
doi: 10.4087/FOUNDATIONREVIEW-D-09-00007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408940300008
year: 2009
authors: Trent, TR, Chavis, DM
docAbstract:
This article examines success factors that relate specifically to the ability of a comprehensive community initiative (CCI) to achieve the scope and scale required to generate community-level outcomes and to sustain those positive impacts over time. The CCIs selected for study represent a wide range of goals, strategies, and organizational structures. Six factors were found to cut across scope, scale, and sustainability. These factors include having a single broker or entity that holds the vision of the change effort; clearly defined roles; alignment among interventions, resources, and geography; meaningful community engagement; competent leadership and staff; and strategic, cross-level relationships. Additional factors were found to relate to success in achieving scope, scale, or sustainability individually. Lessons include to plan, operate, and evaluate based on a systems- and community-change framework; choose focused and affordable strategies; build the capacity to use data; and plan for change and conflict.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 6
beginPage: 681
endPage: 697
doi: 10.1080/09669580802397053
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000261264400005
year: 2008
authors: Boon, PI, Fluker, M, Wilson, N
title:
A Ten-Year Study of the Effectiveness of an Educative Programme in Ensuring the Ecological Sustainability of Recreational Activities in the Brisbane Ranges National Park, South-Eastern Australia

docAbstract:
Managing the spread of cinnamon fungus, an exotic root-rotting pathogen which kills a wide range of native plants, is an over-riding management concern in the Brisbane Ranges National Park of south-eastern Australia. Parks Victoria has implemented a suite of approaches for informing recreational users about the disease and its ecological impacts. To assess longitudinal changes in the effectiveness of the educative programme, recreational users were surveyed in 1993 and in 2003. 81% were not aware of cinnamon fungus dieback in 1993; the proportion in 2003 was almost unchanged at 83%. Despite the lack of awareness of cinnamon fungus dieback, a large majority (76% in 1993; 74% in 2003) of respondents replied that they had viewed information boards in the park or read visitor guides with information on the disease and its ecological impacts. When recreational users were informed of the impact of infection, there was unanimous support for track closures for quarantine purposes. Our findings indicate that current methods of educating recreational users about cinnamon fungus dieback are not effective. Recommendations are made to improve the penetration of the educational and interpretive information, including the incorporation of affective and cognitive approaches.


title: Green organizational climates and employee pro-environmental behaviour in the hotel industry
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 7
beginPage: 1142
endPage: 1159
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1206554
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000443900800007
year: 2018
authors: Zientara, P, Zamojska, A
docAbstract:
This paper adopts a multilevel approach and uses hierarchical-level modelling, to explore the mechanisms that underlie organizational citizenship behaviour for the environment (OCBE) in four- and five-star hotels in Poland. It contributes both to organizational climate research and the organizational greening literature. More specifically, it examines the direct effects of green organizational climate (GOC) on OCBE, as well as its moderating effects on the relationships between individual factors and OCBE. The results indicate that GOC had a direct impact on OCBE and that it had a significant moderating effect on the relationships between personal environmental values and OCBE, and between affective organizational commitment and OCBE. It also emerged that employee values and commitment were positively related to OCBE, and that employees' engagement in extra-role green activities was equally explained by individual- and hotel-level factors. However, we found that in most hotels, there were weak GOC, which implies lack of organizational emphasis on green practices. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings, and make the case for the adoption of the multilevel approach for exploring employee involvement in organizational pro-environmental action. A series of key managerial implications are listed, explained and justified. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????????????????????


title: How to communicate sustainable tourism products to customers: results from a choice experiment
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 13
beginPage: 1375
endPage: 1394
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.987732
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000417423700005
year: 2017
authors: Priskin, J, Wehrli, R, Demarmels, S, Schaffner, D, Schwarz, J, Truniger, F, Stettler, J
docAbstract:
This multiphase and empirical study explores the best communication style for reaching different international tourism markets and provides an understanding of how purchase decisions could be better influenced in travel brochures. A pre-test experiment evaluated the perceived emotionality and rationality of communication elements in a fictional travel brochure designed for a typical beach holiday but managed according to sustainability principles. In phase two, a choice experiment was conducted to test how Swiss, German, British and US travellers could be influenced by varying visual and textual communication elements in the fictional brochure (based on Mexico for US respondents and Menorca for all others). The choice experiment produced 3006 responses from an online survey in the four countries. Results confirm a general preference for emotionally laden communication styles for sustainable tourism products, while respondents were indifferent to the emotionality of standard product feature communications. Respondents did not show a preference for the inclusion of a graph explaining the product's sustainability attributes.


title: Island cruise tourism development: a resident's perspective in the context of Italy
type: J
volume: 19
issue: 13
beginPage: 1372
endPage: 1385
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.854751
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383549900007
year: 2016
authors: Del Chiappa, G, Abbate, T
docAbstract:
Most studies that examine tourism impacts and community attitudes have been carried out from the perspective of the tourism sector as a whole, with very few papers focusing on specific types of tourism and/or analysing tourists' preferences for specific types of tourism segment. This paper discusses some pertinent issues in relation to cruise tourism development and community attitudes in a port of call cruise destination located in the island of Sicily (Southern Italy). Specifically, this study was carried out using a quota random sample of 1500 responses, which is representative of the population of Messina at 1% level. Findings show that residents express an overall positive attitude towards cruise tourism development even if it is not the most preferred when compared to other types of tourism (cultural tourism, sport tourism, and sun and sea tourism). Further, they highlight that significant differences based on socio-economic and demographic characteristics (age, gender, reliance on cruise-related employment, level of education, geographical proximity to tourist areas and port, length of residency and frequency of interaction with tourists) exist in residents' perceptions and attitudes towards cruise tourism development. Implications for policy-makers are discussed and suggestions for further research are given.


type: J
volume: 57
beginPage: 143
endPage: 151
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.07.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000383010200014
year: 2016
authors: Hanks, L, Zhang, L, Line, ND
title:
Sustainability communication: The effect of message construals on consumers' attitudes towards green restaurants

docAbstract:
As consumer preferences for environmentally conscious products have intensified in recent years, scholars have begun to more deeply explore the complex relationship between green practices and consumer behavior in the hospitality industry. Recently, this stream of research has been extended to the restaurant industry where consumers have become increasingly concerned about corporate social responsibility in general, and sustainable operations in particular. However, while there is general agreement about the importance of promoting a company's sustainability message from a consumer marketing standpoint, an essential underlying question remains unanswered: What is it about sustainability messaging that leads to positive consumer attitudes? The purpose of this research is to explore this question via the complementary theoretical perspectives of construal level theory and information processing theory. Data collected from a sample of restaurant consumers in the United States suggest that consumers process information differently according to variations in the construals of a company's sustainability message. The results indicate that messages congruent with the consumer's perception of sustainability result in a more positive attitude toward the company. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sustainability challenges and opportunities arising from the owner-operator split in hotels
type: J
volume: 54
beginPage: 35
endPage: 42
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.01.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000374919200004
year: 2016
authors: Melissen, F, van Ginneken, R, Wood, RC
docAbstract:
The hotel industry is often thought of as something of a laggard in the implementation of sustainability initiatives. In this conceptual paper, we examine this assertion in a new context: models of hotel ownership and operation. We focus on current trends in the latter toward 'asset light' ownership/operation configurations, materializing in so-called hotel management contracts. It is established that whereas hotel management contracts usually favor the control and manage paradigm, add additional stakeholders and encompass stakeholder detachment, these characteristics of a separation of ownership and operation actually hinder instatement and application of the values-driven collaborative learning processes needed to further sustainable development. Finally, the need to follow up this conceptual discussion with empirical research - focusing on validating, refining and/or adding to the three key issues identified here - is highlighted and key issues for future research are identified. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sport policy in Sweden
type: J
volume: 8
issue: 3
beginPage: 515
endPage: 531
doi: 10.1080/19406940.2015.1063530
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390991800010
year: 2016
authors: Fahlen, J, Stenling, C
docAbstract:
Contemporary sport policy in Sweden is the result of a century-long relationship between national and local governments and voluntary, non-profit and membership-based club sport which has resulted in extensive financial support to organised sport. The relationship is defined by an 'implicit contract' in which the government decides on the extent and the purpose of the funding, and the recipient, the Swedish Sports Confederation, determines the details of the distribution and administration. These funds are distributed to 20,164 sport clubs and their 3,147,000 members in exchange for the realisation of social policies on public health and the fostering of democratic citizens. While an important cornerstone of the relationship has been the autonomy and self-determination of the recipient of the funds in their capacities as civil society organisations, recent decades have witnessed an increase in demands on performance outputs. These demands have explicated a wider social responsibility for organised sport and entailed a system for follow-up and control of the results of the government support via key performance indicators. In these ways, the corporatist agreement and consensus traditionally characterising the public-civil society interaction has been accompanied by governing mechanisms associated with neo-liberal ideologies which in turn are putting the sustainability of the implicit contract to the test.


title: Factors influencing Indigenous engagement in tourism development: an international perspective
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 8-9
beginPage: 1100
endPage: 1120
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1173045
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000382390700003
year: 2016
authors: Pforr, C, Fletcher, C, Brueckner, M
docAbstract:
Indigenous tourism products, attractions and activities can offer a point of difference for tourism destinations, and consequently the role of, and opportunities for, Indigenous people in providing these tourism experiences have been recognised increasingly by government and industry alike. This paper reviews and discusses the factors influencing successful Indigenous tourism development and provides a global comparison of best practice to inform future decision-making processes in achieving sustainable Indigenous tourism development. Data was derived from interviews with key government and non-government organisations, and Indigenous tourism organisations and operators were analysed as a means of critically engaging with the sustainability problematic of Indigenous tourism development. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of international case studies focusing on Indigenous accommodation provision was carried out to complement the research, as were observations during site visits. By offering a framework for the Indigenous tourism development process, we contribute in a positive and flexible way to the complex, and evolving, discourse on Indigenous tourism practice. It is argued that the effectiveness of governance structures and the level of involvement of Indigenous stakeholders as well as the selection of legislative and policy instruments are key to ensuring a more sustainable approach to Indigenous tourism development.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 446
endPage: 462
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1115513
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372414300008
year: 2016
authors: Luzecka, P
title:
"Take a gap year!" A social practice perspective on air travel and potential transitions towards sustainable tourism mobility

docAbstract:
It is widely recognized that contemporary tourism mobility, notably flying, is incompatible with sustainability goals. Fundamental changes in travel behaviour are required. Research shows that environmental values have little impact on tourists' travel decisions and that voluntary behaviour change is unlikely. Therefore, policies encouraging transitions to sustainable tourism require a deeper and more context-specific understanding of factors influencing current carbon-intensive travel patterns. This paper responds to this need by adopting a social practice perspective to explore the gap year phenomenon, an increasingly popular activity for the British youth, often involving multiple long-haul flights. The social practice approach positions young people's travel decisions as not being simply individual, but shaped by existing conventions, normative expectations and facilitated/constrained by available resources. The paper draws on the findings from a multi-sited ethnographic study in England, which involved over 30 in-depth interviews with students and other relevant actors, content analysis of gap year materials and participant observation at gap year-related events. Social influences that shape the current long-haul character of gap year travel are examined, and a number of important actors involved in developing, sustaining and reproducing unsustainable behaviours are identified. The implications for policy strategies aimed at changing mobility behaviour are discussed.


title: Exploring the community and external-agency partnership in sport-for-development programming
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 38
endPage: 57
doi: 10.1080/16184742.2015.1092564
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000367903000003
year: 2016
authors: MacIntosh, E, Arellano, A, Forneris, T
docAbstract:
Research question: Sport-for-development programs often rely on a community and external-agency partnership. This study explored how the community-external-agency partnership attempted to use a high cost sport of ice-hockey to create sustainable community development outcomes.Research methods: The evolution of the partnership between the external-agency Right To Play and the community of Moose Cree First Nation in the Province of Ontario, Canada is examined. Data included 35 semi-structured interviews from community (n=26) and external-agency (n=9) partnership stakeholders, combined with non-participant observations of ice-hockey clinics and organizational document reviews.Results and findings: Findings provide several insights regarding resource acquisition and flow. The study found that the choice of sport is critical to initiate desired community change. Findings also indicated several challenges in program funding, human resource management, and communication highlighting the importance of sustainable resource planning.Implications: The sport of ice-hockey acted as an initial hook to mobilize community members' interest and gain outside organizations' resources. The findings denote differences in partner objectives which can complicate the delivery of programming. Sustaining the sport of ice-hockey within the community took on a more traditional sport development outcome. Ultimately, resource availability and acquisition (tangible and intangible) within a sport-for-development partnership must be considered before embarking on a program. Articulating a sustainable strategy where the external agency has a planned withdraw date and the community can independently continue programming if deemed desirable is important. Partnerships mutually benefit when there are clearly stated and communicated objectives.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 335
endPage: 349
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1071384
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000372414300002
year: 2016
authors: Melissen, F, Koens, K
title:
Adding researchers' behaviour to the research agenda: bridging the science-policy gap in sustainable tourism mobility

docAbstract:
This opinion piece addresses issues surrounding the role of researchers' behaviour in bridging the science-policy gap in sustainable tourism mobility. Currently, the research agenda on bridging this gap encompasses the development of fuller understanding of the determinants of tourist behaviours, and only a partial understanding of the behaviour of policy-makers and industry. That latter area needs research to identify how those key actors can be encouraged towards developing sustainable tourism mobility. This paper argues that key determinants of researchers' behaviour need to be added to that research agenda. It discusses seven tensions and structures hindering researchers exploring how to mobilise and engage with other industry and policy-makers, including dangers related to the politicisation of science, balancing objectivity and engagement, and the consequences of the current publication culture that characterises the academic community. The discussion concludes with a call for action to researchers to address these tensions and structures. It suggests four ways forward, including informed and skilled engagement with the quality mass media, using proven methods of academic-industry cooperation, workshops to help editors and reviewers to better understand practice-linked, values-driven research issues and the creation of a policy-makers' industry and researchers' action group to encourage joint projects.


type: J
volume: 28
issue: 3
beginPage: 586
endPage: 608
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2014-0050
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000379773500006
year: 2016
authors: Patiar, A, Wang, Y
title:
The effects of transformational leadership and organizational commitment on hotel departmental performance

docAbstract:
Purpose - This paper aims to examine the effects of hotel general managers' transformational leadership (TLS) and department managers (DMs)' organizational commitment (OC) on their department's performance in upscale hotels in Australia. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected by surveying DMs in four- and five-star hotels. The survey instrument included measures of comprehensive sustainable performance, TLS and OC adapted from the literature. The data were analyzed through factor analysis and regression with a resampling method of bootstrapping. Findings - The findings indicated that TLS influenced hotel departments' non-financial as well as social and environmental performance dimensions directly and indirectly through OC. However, the mediation effect of OC did not exist for financial performance. Research limitations/implications - The key theoretical contribution is the use of performance assessment based on critical success factors of hotel businesses and the bootstrapping regression model. Practical implications - Senior managers should pay attention to TLS qualities when appointing core managers, provide on-going structured TLS training and concentrate on leading performance dimensions for performance assessment. Originality/value - This study responds to the call for leadership research to move beyond its emphasis on individual performance and to address performance more holistically by considering its multidimensionality and the processes underlying effective performance.


title: Bridging the gap: grounded theory method, theory development, and sustainable tourism research
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 12
beginPage: 1691
endPage: 1708
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1149183
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000387293300007
year: 2016
authors: Stumpf, TS, Sandstrom, J, Swanger, N
docAbstract:
Advancing knowledge on sustainability phenomena can be optimized when theoretical developments and practical applications work in concert rather than in isolation. Bridging the theory-practice gap is particularly important to sustainable tourism, which has risen exponentially in relevance both in practice and research. However, tourism research has been criticized for a lack of endemic theory unique to the field. Grounded theory method (GTM) is an established methodology for generating new theory in substantive areas, and has been utilized to examine various tourism phenomena. Through both methodological and theory development assessments, this study first examines how GTM has been used in tourism research in general. Suggestions for ameliorating the theory development outcomes of GTM research in sustainable tourism are then offered for both researchers and reviewers to help bridge the gap between sustainable tourism research, practice, and theory.


title: Experiences Marketing: A Cultural Philosophy for Contemporary Hospitality Marketing Studies
type: J
volume: 24
issue: 7
beginPage: 708
endPage: 726
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2014.945224
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000360554700002
year: 2015
authors: Tresidder, R
docAbstract:
This article explores the landscape of contemporary hospitality marketing. It is argued that the teaching and academic discussions that surround the subject area adopt a predominantly positivistic approach; although important, that does not adequately reflect the nature of the industry or the products offered. Such a metrics-oriented position, although significant in the formulation of marketing strategy, does not reflect the complex experiential, nontangible nature of the hospitality product. This article presents a culturally located philosophy that reflects the multifaceted nature of the industry. The philosophy is underpinned by three precepts that draw from a multidisciplinary theoretical framework to create a more subject-specific approach to marketing, that when woven with traditional approaches can create a more effective and informed contemporary approach.


title: Influence of sustainable hospitality supply chain management on customers' attitudes and behaviors
type: J
volume: 49
beginPage: 105
endPage: 116
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.06.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000361162000013
year: 2015
authors: Xu, X, Gursoy, D
docAbstract:
This study aims to identify the impact of the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable hospitality supply chain management actions on customers' attitudes and behaviors including satisfaction, loyalty and willingness to pay a premium for sustainable hospitality goods and services utilizing data collected from U.S. consumers who frequently stay at hotels. Findings suggest that while both environmental and economic dimensions' actions of sustainable hospitality supply chain management have positive influences on customer satisfaction, loyalty and willingness to pay a premium for sustainable hospitality goods and services, the social dimension actions are found to have a positive influence on customer satisfaction and a negative influence on customer willingness to pay a premium. Results also indicate that customer satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between social dimension actions and customer loyalty. In addition, customer satisfaction positively influences customer loyalty, which ultimately increases customer willingness to pay a premium. The implications of the research findings are provided. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 17
issue: 3
beginPage: 292
endPage: 302
doi: 10.1002/jtr.1987
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000352908700009
year: 2015
authors: Rodrigues, ALO, Rodrigues, A, Peroff, DM
title:
The Sky and Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study of a Dark Sky Reserve Implementation in Alqueva

docAbstract:
This paper shows the development of a tourism product in a destination that uses the night sky as its main source of attraction. Using this innovative product has helped to create a distinctive image, which is likely to attract a more diverse range of visitors and has assisted in improving economic, social and environmental sustainability. First, we present an overview about sustainable tourism and the sky as a tourism resource followed by a case study, in Portugal, that illustrates the potential of Dark Sky activities for tourism development in rural regions. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 3
beginPage: 314
endPage: 343
doi: 10.1080/19368623.2014.907759
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000354252000004
year: 2015
authors: Malek, K, Tanford, S
title:
Segmentation of Reward Program Members to Increase Customer Loyalty: The Role of Attitudes Towards Green Hotel Practices

docAbstract:
Many organizations use reward programs to cultivate and retain loyal customers. Most programs classify customers into tiers and provide standard benefits at each level. Customers within each tier may have different psychographic and attitudinal characteristics even though their visitation frequency is similar. This study segments hotel reward program members using a matrix approach that classifies loyalty on attitudinal and behavioral dimensions. It introduces a new psychographic dimension, attitudes towards green hotel practices, which are becoming increasingly important in industry and society. Six clusters were produced and validated. All tier levels were present within each segment, and even upper tiers contained members who lacked elements of loyalty. The findings suggest that hotel companies can enhance reward program effectiveness by using a refined segmentation process that allows them to tailor benefits to the characteristics of each segment. Companies can promote sustainable practices by identifying and rewarding those customers who engage in them.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 4
beginPage: 536
endPage: 556
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.986490
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000350175400003
year: 2015
authors: Higham, JES, Bejder, L, Heenehan, H, Basurto, X, Tyne, J, Johnston, DW
title:
Using Ostrom's common-pool resource theory to build toward an integrated ecosystem-based sustainable cetacean tourism system in Hawai'i

docAbstract:
This paper explores the suitability of community-based conservation measures to complement a proposed command-and-control approach for two multi-user bays with spinner dolphins in Hawai`i, USA, which have considerable dolphin watching tourist activities and human-dolphin interactions. The paper uses Ostrom's common-pool resource theory as an analytical lens, with an assessment of the attributes of the resource and the user(s) to explore questions of governance and sustainability. In Hawai`i, spinner dolphins move predictably from offshore overnight feeding grounds into shallow bays for daytime rest, interacting frequently with humans using these bays for tourism and other social, recreational, and subsistence purposes. To reduce the current negative interactions with dolphins, managers are seeking to implement a command-and-control approach, namely time-area closures. Our analysis indicates that viewing the bay as a resource with tourism as one of many human demands, instead of specifically focusing on dolphins, reflects an ecosystem-based approach and acknowledges complex management demands. We found that while unrealistic to expect community-based conservation to spontaneously emerge here, cultivating some of Ostrom's attributes among stakeholders might lead to a more productive set of institutional arrangements that would benefit the dolphin population, with the methodology used potentially leading to a global management model.


title: How ecotourism works at the community-level: the case of whale-watching in the Azores
type: J
volume: 18
issue: 3
beginPage: 196
endPage: 211
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.786027
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000347285500001
year: 2015
authors: Silva, L
docAbstract:
Whale-watching is one of the fastest growing tourism industries worldwide, often viewed as a sustainable, non-consumptive strategy for the benefits of cetacean conservation and the coastal communities, alternative to and incompatible with whaling. Yet, there is paucity of research on how things actually work out at the community-level. Drawing on the research literature and my own ethnographic fieldwork, this article bridges a knowledge gap in this field while examining an Azorean context where tourism has brought a re-commodification of the whale for the community (observing wildlife as opposed to harpooning it) in the last 20 years. The analysis is focused on four main community-level implications: governance of common maritime resources, and tourism's contribution to economic sustainability, cultural identity and social relations. It is shown that whale-watching, as any other form of community-based ecotourism, is not a panacea that always promotes biodiversity conservation and economic and sociocultural sustainability for the host communities. Moreover, expanding on the theorisation of emerging institutional fields by Lawrence and Phillips, the political, historical, economic and sociocultural context of the community involved is a key factor for understanding local agency and the local specific features of new fields.


type: J
volume: 13
beginPage: 18
endPage: 32
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2014.11.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217976000003
year: 2015
authors: Banki, MB, Ismail, HN
title:
Understanding the characteristics of family owned tourism micro businesses in mountain destinations in developing countries: evidence from Nigeria

docAbstract:
The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of family-owned tourism micro businesses in Obudu Mountain, a resort destination in Nigeria. The genesis of such businesses is explained with reference to the destination development model of Miossec (1977) which emphasizes the key role of a pioneer resort that then acts as an incubator for subsequent ventures catering to an ever-broadening circle of demand as visitation to the destination increases. Paying specific attention to traditional family structure and the demographic composition of family-owned businesses, start-up issues, motivation, training, and succession planning, a qualitative semi-structured interview was conducted with 38 members engaged in existing family-owned tourism micro businesses. Family-owned provision shops, alcohol shops, restaurants and hotels constitute these businesses, predominantly run by males utilizing extended family members in contrast to the norm in western societies of the nuclear family unit. Start-up funds were sourced from personal savings, contributions from family members, and a novel form of loans from 'local banks' that are an indigenous source of community funds embedded in local village society. Their motivation is for economic survival while a lack succession planning affects the long term sustainability of the businesses. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Green Marketing: Hotel Customers' Perspective
type: J
volume: 31
issue: 8
beginPage: 915
endPage: 936
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.892465
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344775600001
year: 2014
authors: Chan, ESW
docAbstract:
Green marketing should appeal to the needs and desires of environmentally concerned customers. The aim of this study was to investigate hotel customers' perceptions of hotels' green marketing strategies. A questionnaire containing 30 statements was used to gauge respondents' perceptions of different hotel green marketing strategies. Using exploratory factor analysis to identify interpretable orthogonal factors, five factors were identified and interpreted: (1) Green Partnership; (2) Development of Green Products and Services; (3) Genuine Green Products and Services; (4) Higher Price for Green Products and Services; and (5) Credibility of Green Promotion. Independent t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were conducted to examine significant differences between hotel customers' ratings of the importance of the identified factors according to demographic variables. This is one of the first research studies to examine green marketing in the hotel industry. The discussion of the findings includes some practical implications to help hotel marketers implement more effective green marketing strategies.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 4
beginPage: 666
endPage: 683
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.847944
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334024200009
year: 2014
authors: Stanford, DJ
title:
Reducing visitor car use in a protected area: a market segmentation approach to achieving behaviour change

docAbstract:
This research uses a market segmentation approach to reducing transport-related environmental burdens from visitors, while maintaining economic benefit. The approach was tested in the Lake District National Park (UK). It aimed first to explore visitor transport behaviour using a social psychological framework, to understand what might best predict desired behaviour change (i.e. reduced visitor car use). Second, it developed and tested different types of marketing messages to reduce car use, based on persuasive communication theory, establishing marketing propositions appropriate to different visitor types and market segments. Third, it identified market segments with both a high propensity towards positive behavioural change and the highest economic contribution to the destination. The work is based on Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour and on persuasive communication. Three hundred and ninety completed questionnaires were obtained. The paper emphasises the importance of context in successful communication to influence behaviour and shows that a market segmentation approach to behavioural change can be successful. Complex patterns of visitor mobility and modal choice emerge. For example "New Explorers" and "Familiar Families" are most likely to reduce their car use (45% and 48% respectively) and less likely to perceive this as difficult.


type: J
volume: 16
issue: 3
beginPage: 314
endPage: 325
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.10.003
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334968600005
year: 2013
authors: Inoue, Y, Kent, A, Mahan, JE
title:
Enhancing the benefits of professional sport philanthropy: The roles of corporate ability and communication strategies

docAbstract:
Building upon scholarly work on corporate associations, social identity, and corporate philanthropy, this study aimed to: (1) identify the effect of perceived corporate ability (CA) associations of professional sport organizations (PSO) on consumer support of their nonprofit partners and (2) understand communication strategies that enable PSOs to gain greater business benefits from their philanthropic activities. The results of an experiment supported the role of perceived CA in influencing consumer intentions to donate to a PSO's nonprofit partner, and further showed that this perception had a greater effect when respondents' identification with the PSO was low. The finding also indicated that a message describing a PSO's donation of a large amount of money for a cause could create positive attitudes toward the PSO. These findings extend recent work on professional sport philanthropy by demonstrating that-under certain conditions-such an activity can enhance benefits for both PSOs and their nonprofit partners. (C) 2012 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 4
beginPage: 967
endPage: 975
doi: 10.5367/te.2013.0231
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000323864200015
year: 2013
authors: Mitrokostas, E, Apostolakis, A
title:
Research note: Strategic corporate social responsibility and competition in the tourism industry - a theoretical approach

docAbstract:
This paper sheds light on tourist firms' incentives to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in an imperfectly competitive environment. The focus on CSR in the tourism sector has emerged owing to the existence of a critical mass of consumers' willingness to pay a premium for such initiatives. A problem, however, emerges in the production of CSR activities from the supply-side. This is because entrepreneurs exhibit a strong free riding behaviour in their provision. The theoretical results illustrate that the existence of voluntary certification schemes would provide firms with a more efficient framework for undertaking CSR efforts.


type: J
volume: 15
issue: 2
beginPage: 105
endPage: 121
doi: 10.1002/jtr.883
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000315968200001
year: 2013
authors: Canavan, B
title:
Send More Tourists! Stakeholder Perceptions of a Tourism Industry in Late Stage Decline: the Case of the Isle of Man

docAbstract:
Qualitative interviews, conducted in the Isle of Man, investigate local perceptions of a tourism industry in late stage decline. Social impacts of decline, including facilities loss, cultural changes and a heightening of perceived peripherality, which together undermine local identity, are pronounced despite successful economic diversification. Tourists are welcomed as they help to affirm the pride residents have in their island, create a more active atmosphere, provide social interaction opportunities and combat negative stereotyping. Overall, findings emphasise the diverse, unique and persistent benefits of tourism in the Isle of Man, despite decline. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 8
issue: 2-3
beginPage: 224
endPage: 233
doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2013.767809
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442839900011
year: 2013
authors: Hall, CM
title:
Why forage when you don't have to? Personal and cultural meaning in recreational foraging: a New Zealand study

docAbstract:
Foraging is a historically and culturally significant recreational food-related activity in many communities. Foraging is also part of national identities and cultural traditions, as well as being significant for personal identity and heritage. The study provides the results of a series of qualitative interviews with foragers in Christchurch and Tauranga in New Zealand undertaken from 2006 to 2011. The study finds differences in the types of food foraged but some commonalities between different cultural groups with respect to the nostalgia associated with foraging, as well as its role in personal and collective identity. Food media were regarded as influential on foraging behaviour while significant longer term issues with respect to the sustainability of foraging practices need to be addressed. The paper highlighted that in understanding culinary heritage, how food gets to the table is as important as what is on the plate.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 1
beginPage: 11
endPage: 29
doi: 10.1123/jsm.26.1.11
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000300264100002
year: 2012
authors: Casper, J, Pfahl, M, McSherry, M
title:
Athletics Department Awareness and Action Regarding the Environment: A Study of NCAA Athletics Department Sustainability Practices

docAbstract:
The relationship of sport to sustainability management is relatively unknown. Despite the increasing recognition of the growing role of athletics in regard to environmental sustainability, it remains unclear what role athletics departments have with regard to environmental action and what is currently being done now. The purpose of this study is to examine American intercollegiate athletics department personnel in relation to their organization's sustainability practices, organizational strategies, and personal perspectives at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision (FRS) universities. Athletics department members (N = 97) who were most responsible for sustainability initiatives responded to a survey designed to assess awareness levels and concern for environmental issues and the strategies and practices at work in their respective athletics departments. Findings based on prioritization, planning. decision-making, and use of initiatives using frequencies and means are reported. Differences, using t tests were also compared based on BCS or non-BCS standing. Results show that although environmental concern is high, there is disconnect between concern and action perhaps due to a lack of communication between the athletics department and the general university, cost concerns, and a lack of knowledge about sustainability initiatives. Implications related to the need for better communication between the athletics department/university and improved planning and prioritization is discussed.


title: Leisure in Living Local through Food and Farming
type: J
volume: 34
issue: 5
beginPage: 490
endPage: 495
doi: 10.1080/01490400.2012.714708
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000310589100007
year: 2012
authors: Farmer, J
docAbstract:
This article reflects on aligning leisure research with the local foods movement while placing the local foods movement into the larger framework of sustainability and the fields of leisure and recreation. The local foods movement has persisted during difficult economic times; growth in local foods venues and young people endeavoring to establish small-scale sustainable farms continues to flourish. Given the history of leisure research and its continued success alleviating participation barriers and constraints, the need for leisure researchers to focus on local food systems is imperative and timely. This essay highlights the notion of leisure in living through local foods and the serious leisure aspects of small-scale sustainable agriculture. This article also encourages leisure researchers to explore and assess the relationships between the local foods movement and small-scale farming as embedded in the larger framework of sustainability.


title: Arts tourism in Seoul: tourist-orientated performing arts as a sustainable niche market
type: J
volume: 20
issue: 5
beginPage: 667
endPage: 682
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.636817
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304409600002
year: 2012
authors: Lim, CC, Bendle, LJ
docAbstract:
This paper explores the complex relationships between inbound tourist markets, tourist-orientated local performing arts productions and ways to counter the corrosive effects of global cultural brands on local cultures. In Seoul, a survey analysed arts tourist types, travel patterns, product recognition, decision-making, satisfaction and loyalty of Chinese, Japanese, South-East Asian and western audience members at seven tourist-orientated performing arts productions. Segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) analysis identified market segments aligned to audience nationality. Multiple regression analysis and an analysis of moment structures (AMOS) examined the relationship between performance, service and satisfaction levels with the productions. Travel patterns indicated arts-core tourists were more frequent among Chinese, Japanese and westerners; arts-peripheral tourists were more frequent among South-East Asians. Production recognition showed that Japanese most often choose Seoul as a destination for watching performing arts. Satisfaction with productions was highest among westerners; the quality of on-stage performance was most important for the audience loyalty overall. The STP process identifies four market segments and niche marketing strategies for each; sustainability guidelines are provided for the productions. This study demonstrates a link between the sustainability of local culture and strategic market segmentation targeting those specific niche markets which can support local products in cultural tourism's arts sector.


title: Sustainability in Canadian B&Bs: Comparing the East Versus West
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 5
beginPage: 482
endPage: 495
doi: 10.1002/jtr.822
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000293756400007
year: 2011
authors: Dodds, R, Holmes, MR
docAbstract:
Although bed and breakfasts (B&Bs) represent a small part of the overall accommodation sector, they can contribute to both the positive and negative impacts of the industry. Through a questionnaire of Canada's east and west coastal B&Bs, findings indicate that financial reasons are the biggest barrier to implementing environmental practices and government incentives and tax rebates may help the uptake of environmental measures. Results from this study can be used to motivate improvements for environmental commitment in this form of accommodation such as cost savings and strengthened lines of communication. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


title: Defining, Measuring, Monitoring, and Managing the Sustainability of Parks for Outdoor Recreation
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 3
beginPage: 24
endPage: 37
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000442884300003
year: 2011
docAbstract:
Sustainability of parks for outdoor recreation is a long-standing and increasingly urgent issue. Sustainability is an intuitively appealing concept, but it is often seen as so broad that it can be daunting to define and manage in an operational way. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that management-by-objectives frameworks used in contemporary park and outdoor recreation management can be useful in defining, measuring, monitoring, and managing the sustainability of parks for outdoor recreation. The paper presents and describes a generalizable management-by-objectives framework that can be used for this purpose. This framework requires 1) formulating indicators and standards, 2) monitoring indicators, and 3) managing to ensure that standards are maintained. This approach is informed by principles derived from the broad environmental and sustainability literature, including carrying capacity, common property resources, ecosystem management, adaptive management, environmental justice, and ecotourism. Defining, measuring, monitoring, and managing sustainability can be supported by a program of natural and social science research, and this paper offers examples of how research can support formulation of indicators and standards, monitoring and management. Given advances in addressing the sustainability of parks for outdoor recreation-a set of environmental concepts and principles to draw on, an associated management-by-objectives framework, a growing set of research approaches, an array of management practices, and a number of hopeful case studies-application of sustainability to parks and outdoor recreation should move ahead more deliberately.

authors:
Anderson, L, Manning, R, Valliere, W, Reigner, N, Pettengill, P, Budruk, M, McCown, RS, Lawson, S, Newman, P, Laven, D, Hallo, J, Park, L, Bacon, J, Abbe, D, van Riper, C, Goonan, K


title: Charitable Partnerships among Travel and Tourism Businesses: Perspectives from Low-Fares Airlines
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 4
beginPage: 337
endPage: 354
doi: 10.1002/jtr.854
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000292781300004
year: 2011
authors: Coles, T, Fenclova, E
docAbstract:
Responsibility has been advocated as vital for the future management and governance of the sustainable tourism destinations, yet extensive empirical research of specific stakeholders is lacking. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by examining corporate philanthropy practices among low-fares airlines. An analytical framework is developed and applied. Corporate philanthropy is practised more widely than may have been anticipated by the frills-adverse, low-fares business model. For studies of tourism, the paper points to the need for greater theoretical and conceptual urgency in research on corporate social responsibility and corporate philanthropy if future practical action at the destination level is to match current advocacy. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 14
issue: 2
beginPage: 153
endPage: 166
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208911400005
year: 2011
authors: Walker, M, Heere, B
title:
Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES): Scale development and model testing

docAbstract:
The advancement of empirical research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been hindered by the lack of an appropriate measure of CSR perceptions among sport consumers. Consequently, researchers have yet to fully explore the ways in which consumer's attitudes impact their responses to CSR. This article first describes (in Study 1) the development and validation of a self-report scale designed to measure consumer attitudes toward CSR in sport. Two data collections were conducted to test the seven-item, Likert-type Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES) scale with two dimensions (i.e., cognition and affect). Evidence is presented confirming the scale's internal consistency, validity, and dimensionality. In the second phase, Study 2 examined the influence of the scale dimensions on actual consumer purchasing using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results suggest that the attitude scale for CSR can be a useful tool for sport academicians to gauge the effects of social efforts and social policy formation. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand.


title: Benchmarking waste disposal in the Egyptian hotel industry
type: J
volume: 11
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 18
doi: 10.1057/thr.2010.16
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212210000001
year: 2011
authors: Ball, S, Abou Taleb, M
docAbstract:
The growing environmental awareness among tourists, governments and other bodies, the sustainability of resources, waste management and the greening of hotels have resulted in waste becoming a critical issue for the industry. Waste disposal and its regulation are both important and complex in Egypt and as a result the Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment was enforced. This study aimed to investigate the weight of solid waste produced by five star hotels in Cairo and to identify whether this weight complies with international standard benchmarks. Questionnaires were distributed to hotel executives responsible for monitoring waste management programmes. It was found that since 1994 hotels have started some successful waste management practices. However the weight of the waste produced by a number of hotels still exceeds the international benchmarks. A recommendation is that existing legislation needs to be amended to further both environmental and waste management practices.


title: Conceptualization and anatomy of green destination brands
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 282
endPage: 290
doi: 10.1108/17506181111156970
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213918300007
year: 2011
authors: Insch, A
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to extend the concept of green brands to destinations and to examine the application and limitations of green destination brands for nations adopting this positioning strategy. Design/methodology/approach - The paper identifies characteristics of green destination brands, drawing on established concepts in corporate branding, destination branding and green marketing. The paper demonstrates the application and limitations of the concept through an in-depth case study analysis of New Zealand's destination brand to explain the possibilities and problems of building green destination brands at a national level. Findings - The findings suggest that a holistic, strategic approach to building a green destination brand which emphasizes and qualifies the green essence of a nation's brand is required to avoid the pitfalls, cynicism and criticisms of greenwashing. Research limitations/implications - The research findings are embedded in the context studied New Zealand's destination brand. Additional case studies at multiple levels -nations, regions, cities would offer a rich database to gain a better understanding of the concept and the implications of green destination branding. Practical implications - Barriers to executing a credible green destination brand position are identified and the implications for destination marketing organizations and their stakeholders are discussed. Originality/value - A conceptualization of green destination brands is provided and the application and limitations of the concept are demonstrated through an in-depth case study of a nation that has adopted this positioning strategy. Rather than taking a snapshot research approach, a historical perspective enabled the development of the destination's brand positioning strategy to be captured.


title: Promoting sustainable festival events tourism: a case study of Lamu Kenya
type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 193
endPage: 202
doi: 10.1108/17554211111142158
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214490600003
year: 2011
authors: Okech, RN
docAbstract:
Purpose - Tourism has been a key force in promoting festival growth and expansion. Towns, villages and cities are increasingly keen to share their culture, environment and spending opportunities with visitors by the promotion of festivals. One such festival is held annually in Lamu Old Town, a world heritage site in Kenya. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the importance of hosting sustainable events in Kenya. Design/methodology/approach - The subject scope is on maintaining sustainable events within local communities with an aim of improving the local economy. Findings - Results suggest that although festivals may have the potential to provide opportunities for sustainable local economic development, such opportunities frequently remain unexploited. For these reasons, festivals' engagement with tourism forces in Lamu need to be carefully managed, both in the interests of sustaining festivals and of promoting sustainable approaches to tourism development. Practical implications - In addition to their cultural and social values, cultural festivals have emerged as an instrument for tourism development, tourism seasonality expansion, city image improvement and boosting regional economies. Therefore, the implications will be to invest in festivals development and community engagement and present the tourist with authentic experiences. Originality/value - This article is valuable to policy makers as not enough research has been done on the importance of this festival and the need to provide a significant role to the local people in Lamu in communicating their identity, history and cultural practices.


type: J
volume: 13
issue: 4
beginPage: 549
endPage: 569
doi: 10.1080/14616688.2011.590517
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000299836500003
year: 2011
authors: Ong, LTJ, Storey, D, Minnery, J
title:
Beyond the Beach: Balancing Environmental and Socio-cultural Sustainability in Boracay, the Philippines

docAbstract:
Though considered the 'number one beach' of the Philippines, Boracay has been through periods where it has been considered as an example of environmentally and socially unsustainable development. In response there have been a number of programmes since the late 1990s aiming to improve Boracay's sustainability. In these, significant attention has been given to the aesthetic landscape of tourism's consumption, most especially 'the beach' and associated water quality. This paper further examines the dynamic growth of coastal tourism development and sustainability practices in Boracay, inclusive of broader socio-economic and cultural change and impact. The intent is to highlight those aspects of contemporary resort growth that need greater attention by policy makers and planners. While a number of interventions have led to improvement of the 'visual' environment, the concept of environmental sustainability needs to be expanded beyond visual cleanliness and more effort is still required on social and cultural sustainability.


title: Koh Phi Phi: Moving Towards or Away from Sustainability?
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 3
beginPage: 251
endPage: 265
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2010.503615
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000290314400002
year: 2010
authors: Dodds, R
docAbstract:
This article examines tourism development and sustainability and whether this idea can truly exist in practice. Using the Theory of the Commons and Stakeholder Theory as a starting point, it is examined whether sustainable tourism is a true concept that can exist among stakeholders. The purpose of this research was to investigate stakeholders and their influence on achieving sustainability practices within an island tourism destination - Koh Phi Phi, Thailand. This topic was chosen owing to the importance of tourism to island economies and the idea that varying stakeholders (government, industry, non-governmental organizations, local community) can contribute collectively to moving towards sustainability. This paper reviews stakeholders' perceptions on the island of Koh Phi Phi, Thailand, after the tsunami of 2004 and examines whether a more sustainable tourism destination has been achieved in practice.


type: J
volume: 18
issue: 8
beginPage: 951
endPage: 970
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2010.484493
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000283061200002
year: 2010
authors: Keske, C, Smutko, S
title:
Consulting communities: using audience response system (ARS) technology to assess community preferences for sustainable recreation and tourism development

docAbstract:
Audience response system (ARS) technology (also known as "clickers") has emerged as an educational tool that promotes active learning. This paper describes how ARS works and how it can also be used in research to assess community preferences for tourism development. A case study that used ARS technology shows how stakeholder preferences for extraction, heritage tourism and recreation within two rural mountain economies in the US west were effectively assessed. The use of ARS was backed by situation assessment procedures to determine appropriate stimulus questions probing trade-offs, perceived costs/benefits and cultural fit. A detailed series of key results measured community preferences and were made available to guide policymaking and future empirical survey work. Public meeting arrangements, publicity, structure and moderation for the ARS work is described and discussed. Evaluation of the use of ARS technology showed high levels of participant satisfaction with both the technology and the situation assessment procedures, and the emergence of potential tourism development actions.


title: HAVE LOW-COST CARRIERS INFLUENCED TOURISM DEMAND AND SUPPLY? THE CASE OF ALGHERO, ITALY
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 6
beginPage: 617
endPage: 635
doi: 10.3727/108354210X12889831783350
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213823300001
year: 2010
authors: Pulina, M, Cortes-Jimenez, I
docAbstract:
This article analyzes how the introduction of low-cost carriers has influenced tourism activity in a European destination, namely the town of Alghero (Italy). This can be addressed via a multiple stage approach. Firstly, a descriptive analysis highlights the dynamics of tourism demand and supply in the past three decades. Secondly, a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model with intervention variables is employed to highlight the influence that low-cost flights have had on the town of Alghero. Finally, the relationship between demand and supply is analyzed via a Granger test. The findings indicate that low-cost carriers have influenced both domestic and international tourism demand, albeit to differing degrees. The article offers policy direction on how tourism infrastructures should be developed according to an economic and environmental sustainability perspective.


title: Geopolitical Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
type: J
volume: 35
issue: 1
beginPage: 47
endPage: 53
doi: 10.1080/02508281.2010.11081618
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000453378400006
year: 2010
authors: Weaver, DB
docAbstract:
Contemporary discourses on sustainable tourism aspire to be comprehensive through their emphasis on interrelated environmental, economic, and socio-cultural dimensions of sustainability, yielding so-called 'triple bottom line' outcomes. A more comprehensive approach, however, requires consideration of the geopolitical context that facilitates these outcomes, and subsequently the tourism phenomena which support that context. Global dimensions include entities and strategies that mobilize tourism as a vehicle for world peace and economic equity between rich and poor states. Regional and bilateral initiatives include tourism-focused trans-boundary parks and other inter-state collaborations. State-level considerations include encouragement of wide-ranging domestic tourism, focused especially on national icons. Tourism as a vehicle for supporting the economic and cultural self-actualization of minority groups is a primary sub-state dynamic.


title: FITNESS CULTURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL (IN) JUSTICE?
type: J
volume: 44
issue: 4
beginPage: 345
endPage: 362
doi: 10.1177/1012690209343029
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000272886600003
year: 2009
authors: Mansfield, L
docAbstract:
This article focuses on the environmentalist agenda in fitness cultures. The article is an initial critical exploration and limited to an analysis of the key principles of political ecology and environmentalism and the concept of sustainability in understanding the emergence of an environmentalist agenda in fitness cultures marked by shades and grades of green consumerism. Author involvement in outdoor military fitness regimes and a series of visits to activity holiday centres and health/fitness spas in the UK all of which make some claim to being 'green', 'environmentally friendly', and/or 'natural', provided the empirical context for the discussion in this article. It argues for further research from the political ecological field, exploring human/non-human dynamics of the environment, to advance an understanding about which sports and fitness cultures get developed where, how and in whose interests.


title: BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN JAMAICA
type: J
volume: 12
issue: 1-2
beginPage: 1
endPage: 13
doi: 10.3727/108354207780956690
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213798400001
year: 2007
authors: Hussain, K, Altinay, L, Var, T, Hines, S
docAbstract:
Many destinations have recognized the importance of implementing sustainable tourism development. However, for many developing countries worldwide, economic, social, and physical challenges pose great hindrances to sustainable development. The aim of this article is to investigate and evaluate the difficulties of implementing sustainable tourism development practices in Jamaica. The primary research is based on qualitative analysis to find out the obstacles regarding the implementation of sustainable tourism development, based on three themes, namely financial constraints, social instability, and lack of coordinated tourism planning. The overall results revealed that, in terms of sustainable practices, there are several initiatives being implemented by both public and private sectors, but they lack management, cohesiveness, and in some cases, collaboration. Also, if sustainability is to be achieved in a developing country, it will require effective financial management of all industries and a serious concentration on social sustainability.


title: Planning implications of golf tourism
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 3
beginPage: 170
endPage: 178
doi: 10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050018
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212187300002
year: 2006
authors: Priestley, GK
docAbstract:
The development of golf tourism requires the provision not only of one or more golf courses, but also of many other related infrastructures and facilities, obviously including hotels and other forms of property development. As a result, the process of the development of golf as a tourism product generates a profound impact on the location in which it takes place and can provoke conflicts and even imbalances where it is implanted. It is therefore essential to plan golf tourism regions carefully in order to make economic and social objectives compatible and thus contribute to the sustainability of the tourism sector, the product, the territory, the landscape and the local community. The issues examined in this paper include: the advisability of specific legislation for the implantation of golf, and of urban planning; the search for a correct balance between residential and hotel development on the one hand and golf course development on the other; the relative advantages and disadvantages of different types of property development, and its location both on and away from the coast; and the integration of golf courses in the landscape. Golf tourism development faces various challenges in its efforts to comply with the widespread objectives of overall sustainability, which include: economic profitability; long-term viability as a product; environmental integration and improvement; and cultural acceptability. This contribution aims to outline some steps to the achievement of these objectives. Firstly, the structure of golf tourism (from the perspective of its implications for planning) is briefly outlined to set the scene, including an evaluation of the different types of construction that are associated. The concept, objectives and process of tourism planning are outlined, followed by reference to aspects that are particularly applicable to the case of golf tourism. The problem facing planners is then defined. The instruments available and the initiatives and solutions most frequently applied in planning for golf tourism are examined and, finally, some recommendations are offered.


title: Community impact of the camel safari industry in Jaisalmar, Rajasthan
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 3
beginPage: 213
endPage: 218
doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(96)00008-8
sourceIdentifier: WOS:A1996UP15700007
year: 1996
authors: Shackley, M
docAbstract:
The isolated desert city of Jaisalmar (Rajasthan, north-west India) now receives over 200 000 visitors per year, mainly as the result of the promotion of camel safaris to the Thar desert. Jaisalmar has a camel surplus because of mechanized farming, with animals redeployed into the safari business, Considerable profits are generated for camel owners and safari operators but these are directly returned to the local community either to finance a larger family or to buy more camels, This industry now controls the Jaisalmar economy but poor regulation threatens its sustainability with worrying implications for employment and environmental management. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd


title: Sustainability in small tourist businesses: the link between initiatives and performance
type: J
volume: 21
issue: 1
beginPage: 1
endPage: 20
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1066764
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000427322900001
year: 2018
authors: Alonso-Almeida, MD, Bagur-Femenias, L, Llach, J, Perramon, J
docAbstract:
This study explores the combined effects of adopting sustainable practices on small tourism companies' performance. The existing literature provides insufficient data on sustainable behaviour because most studies on environmental practices focus on larger companies in the tourism sector, and a gap exists in social practices. This study is based on a survey of 374 restaurant managers. It uses structural equation modelling to study direct links between three dimensions - quality, environmental practices and social practices - and financial performance and market success factors. Significant differences with earlier studies are found. This study suggests that proactive sustainable practices can benefit small service companies by improving competitiveness even in difficult times. Practical implications are discussed in relation to sustainable practices.


title: The impact of four CSR dimensions on a gaming company's image and customers' revisit intentions
type: J
volume: 61
beginPage: 73
endPage: 81
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.11.005
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000392789700008
year: 2017
authors: Lee, CK, Kim, J, Song, H, Lee, JY
docAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives affect casino customers' corporate image as well as the customers' behavioral intentions (i.e., revisit intentions), through the lens of Carroll's corporate social performance model, stakeholder theory, and legitimacy theory. This study also examines the mediating effect of corporate image on the relationship between perceived CSR and behavioral intentions. An onsite survey was conducted with 596 casino customers in South Korea. The results revealed that ethical CSR had the strongest impact on corporate image, followed by economic and philanthropic CSR. Only philanthropic CSR had a significant and direct effect on behavioral intentions. Corporate image mediated the relationship between three types of CSR (ethical, economic, and philanthropic) and behavioral intentions. Companies can benefit from these findings by understanding how specific CSR initiatives can enhance corporate image and increase customer retention. This study advances the emerging field of CSR in the gaming industry. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Social Capital and Collective Action in Rural Tourism
type: J
volume: 56
issue: 1
beginPage: 81
endPage: 93
doi: 10.1177/0047287515625128
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000390065800007
year: 2017
authors: Hwang, D, Stewart, WP
docAbstract:
This study extends social capital to specific types of personal relationships that encourage residents' collective action for rural tourism development. Two communities in South Korea were examined using face-to-face interviews with community leaders, and a structured questionnaire with residents. Five hypotheses that frame tourism development as a coordinated effort of social networks were identified. Findings indicate that the quality of one's social networks are relevant to the propensity to participate in tourism development. The closer one's relationship to a community leader of tourism development, the more likely they are to be part of community-based efforts for tourism development. In addition, compared to individualized personal ties among residents, already existing social organizations were critical to enhance collective action of residents. An implication for increased participation in tourism development is for community leaders to reach out and learn from residents who are isolated or less central within community leadership networks.


title: Green attributes of restaurants: What really matters to consumers?
type: J
volume: 55
beginPage: 107
endPage: 117
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.03.002
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000377326100013
year: 2016
authors: Kwok, L, Huang, YK, Hu, LL
docAbstract:
This study examined which of a restaurant's green attributes consumers deem most important and how consumers' attitudes toward various green attributes affect their behavioral intentions. Demographic effects on consumers' preferences for green attributes and behavioral intentions were also assessed. A quantitative analysis of 382 usable questionnaires revealed that although consumers generally perceived environment-focused attributes to be most important, those who valued food- and administration focused attributes were more likely to pay more, wait longer, and/or travel farther to dine at a green restaurant. Women tended to rate higher than men in all three categories of green attributes. Consumers in a family with at least one child valued food-focused attributes more than those living in a household without children. Younger consumers were more willing to pay more, wait longer, and/or travel farther to dine at a green restaurant. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 23
issue: 10
beginPage: 1504
endPage: 1528
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1045514
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000362782200006
year: 2015
authors: Mai, T, Smith, C
title:
Addressing the threats to tourism sustainability using systems thinking: a case study of Cat Ba Island, Vietnam

docAbstract:
Tourism is a dynamically complex system. Planning for sustainability is therefore difficult because past system behaviour is often not a good indicator of future behaviour. Despite this, tourism planning is mainly based on forecasting methods that rely on historical data to predict future trends with the assumption that tomorrow's world will be much like today's. To properly manage dynamically complex systems it is necessary to understand the underlying system structures that influence current as well as future system behaviour. This is the domain of systems thinking, which is not a forecasting method, rather a method used to understand the feedback mechanisms that influence system behaviour over time. This study describes the link between tourism development and systems thinking theory, and uses this to identify underlying systems structures likely to influence tourism development and sustainability within Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. We show that current policies promoting rapid tourism growth on Cat Ba Island are likely to be fixes that fail due to unintended consequences that ultimately undermine sustainability. To ensure sustainability, the policy focus must switch from growth to planning for limits to growth before tourism carrying capacity is undermined, which could ultimately lead to tourism decline.


title: Measuring the sustainability performance of the tourism sector
type: J
volume: 16
beginPage: 22
endPage: 27
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.05.007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217981700003
year: 2015
authors: Franzoni, S
docAbstract:
To measure tourism sustainability requires a knowledge of the complexity of tourism systems and the specifics of any given location. However most research, although focusing on social, economic or environmental indicators but have not considered how they integrate and relate to each other. This paper proposes a framework for the identification of variables based on three levels (the community, the tourist destination and the individual organisations) and different dimensions (social, competitive and economic) that are better oriented to the behaviour of key actors and the achievement of stakeholder consensus. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


type: J
volume: 16
beginPage: 207
endPage: 216
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.07.011
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217981700023
year: 2015
authors: Minoli, DM, Goode, MMH, Smith, MT
title:
Are eco labels profitably employed in sustainable tourism? A case study on Audubon Certified Golf Resorts

docAbstract:
The paper explores the critical role and significance of eco labels in green marketing for sustainable tourism regarding Audubon Certified Golf Resorts (ACGRs). Golf is witnessing rising strategic 'green' pressures to improve its environmental performance and participate in eco labels. The Audubon Co-Operative Sanctuary Programme (ACSP) is an international wildlife habitat management programme. Focus group interviews at an ACGR and survey on the Internet websites of thirty-fourworldwide 'ACGRs revealed that golf tourists have very limited awareness and understanding on the ACSP since it is under marketed. Eco labels may affect the decision making of golfers subject to effective green marketing. The paper makes important contributions on how eco labels can be profitably employed in theory and practice. The paper has critical importance in increasing the perceived value for golf tourism in green marketing and eco labels for sustainable tourism. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Sustainable water management - perspectives for tourism development in north-eastern Morocco
type: J
volume: 16
beginPage: 325
endPage: 334
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.09.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000217981700035
year: 2015
authors: Tekken, V, Kropp, JP
docAbstract:
The objective of this article is to evaluate the regional development risk for the luxury tourism sector in Saidia, north-eastern Morocco. The study aims to provide input for tourism-related water management and governance. Based on a thematic literature review from different disciplinary angles key pressures for regional water resources are categorized. The identified key problems and pressures related to the critical regional water situation are contrasted with Moroccan tourism policy strategies which emphasize a sustainable pathway of regional tourism. Further, the state of practical implementation of sustainability principles in the hotel management standards were assessed. The opposing perspectives of science and policy on prospects and problems provide the basis for a destination-specific SWOT analysis to assess and discuss risks and opportunities of current tourism development. Core strategies and related measures are derived to provide impulses for sustainable water management and governance and as a support for concrete policy implementation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy in the Hotel Industry: Evidence from the Balearic Islands
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 399
endPage: 408
doi: 10.1002/jtr.2007
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000357335700009
year: 2015
authors: Calveras, A
docAbstract:
This paper attempts to identify some of the main factors affecting a hotel establishment's decision to adopt (or not), and to what extent, socially and environmentally responsible business practices. Salient among the results obtained is the fact that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is likely to be part of a hotel's product differentiation strategy; additionally, it is shown that productivity aspects such as scale economies, as well as the hotel's internal organization, also impact a hotel's CSR strategy. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


type: J
volume: 20
issue: 5
beginPage: 487
endPage: 499
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2014.918555
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000354041800001
year: 2015
authors: Smith, RA, Ong, JLT
title:
Corporate Social Responsibility and the Operationalization Challenge for Global Tourism Organizations

docAbstract:
Tourism businesses have increasingly sought to contribute to society through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Larger tourism organizations normally seek to institutionalize CSR under their corporate CSR policy and strategy that is common for their whole organization. This presents challenges for organizations with global operations. This article examines the operationalization of CSR policy by hotel properties in coastal destinations in Thailand. The research found that stakeholders other than the hotels played pivotal roles in the implementation of CSR programs and that there was a preference for involvement by hotels in local projects, over those situated elsewhere in the country or internationally. These hotels tended to partner with other non-hotel stakeholders to execute their external CSR programs and for these to be directed at social issues rather than environmental issues. Overall it was concluded that there are limits to the extent that corporate headquarters may direct the implementation of CSR.


title: "Back of house" - focused study on food waste in fine dining: the case of Delish restaurants
type: J
volume: 9
issue: 3
beginPage: 278
endPage: 291
doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-12-2014-0100
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000359729100004
year: 2015
authors: Charlebois, S, Creedy, A, von Massow, M
docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify the key determinants of back-of-house-based food waste in food service outlets. This case study focuses on Delish restaurants, a well-known restaurant chain in Canada, and aims to provide a clear understanding of food service procurement, kitchen practices, cost management, risk mitigation, menu design and technical literacy needs in hospitality. Some recommendations for future studies are also provided. Design/methodology/approach - The authors chose an exploratory case study design to guide our investigation on restaurants and food waste, based on Yin's (1994) argument that case studies are the preferred strategy when the "why" questions is being posed and when the focus is on a modern occurrence within a real-life context. Such a design is particularly appropriate for understanding the details and complexity of a phenomenon and its design (Stake, 1995). In this study, research data were collected through multiple points. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed and adopted to collect primary data. The objective of the empirical segment is not to test the applicability of the existing approaches, but rather to study conceptual nuances related to the presented model. A survey study was focused on formal interviews onsite, in two different food service facilities (Restaurant A and B). Findings - When considering food procurement, supplier relationships were found to not be significant for food waste prevention. Company-wide agreements with specific suppliers prevented individual chefs from creating alterations in their ordering to prevent waste. Order shorting was a somewhat common occurrence. However, most employees did not identify portion size as a large driver of waste. This conclusion conflicts somewhat with studies in this area (Kantor et al., 1997). If there was waste on a plate, it is much more likely to be the starches, which are low-cost items as opposed to high-cost proteins. Research limitations/implications - This research has its limitations, which present opportunities for future research. First, this case study is based on two case studies which have their weaknesses, especially in the reliability of data collection. In future, even though both restaurants had access to an earlier version of this case, a more structured analysis with performance indicators related to food waste would contribute to the internal validity of the study. The external validity of the proposed back-of-house-based determinant framework would benefit from being empirically tested with a larger sample, as the author cannot imply that this study's findings are transferable to other food service operations. Practical implications - From a managerial perspective, this study has merit. Arguably, the restaurant industry has a cumulative impact on the environment, economy and society as a whole. As more consumers in the Western world eat away from home, proper food management practices are desirable. Currently, few governments regulate or mandate measures to monitor restaurants' sustainability claims and waste management. As consumer expectations change, the onus falls on food operations to validate and inform patrons on practices behind the scenes. Culinary kitchens are often not visible or accessible for some customers, or even obscure for others. Social implications - Strategies undertaken by management and chefs are reactive as opposed to proactive strategies. The reactive strategies are only able to identify waste a week after it has occurred through inventory checks. From this point, it may be impossible to identify the cause of the waste to prevent it from happening in the future. In addition, attribution to the cause may be laid on the incorrect individual, which will further exacerbate the social learning of the staff as a whole. Proactive strategies undertaken before waste occurs are more effective. Originality/value - It must be noted that most of the literature on food waste management in casual-dining restaurants does not cover the key challenges found in the food industry. Most noticeable in the review is that there are very few studies in the literature that include food waste management practices linked to distribution management. This area of interest within the hospitality industry has not been well-developed in recent years and requires more attention.


type: J
volume: 19
issue: 12
beginPage: 1399
endPage: 1416
doi: 10.1080/10941665.2013.866580
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000344557900003
year: 2014
authors: Qu, RL
title:
Market Orientation and Organizational Performance Linkage in Chinese Hotels: The Mediating Roles of Corporate Social Responsibility and Customer Satisfaction

docAbstract:
The nature of market orientation and its impact of business performance and other related outcomes have been extensively researched in a range of service contexts including tourism. Despite the empirical evidence to support the proposition that market orientation has positive impact on organizational performance, several researchers have reported nonsignificant or even negative effects for this linkage. This disparity in existing studies might be reconciled by investigations into the mediators of the relationship. However, research on the topic remains limited. In light of the gap, we proposed two new mediators, namely, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and customer satisfaction, and tested the mediating effects in an empirical study in China's hotel industry. Evidence to support the mediating effects was identified, and the managerial and research implications were discussed.


title: Rethinking the Economic Contribution of Tourism: Case Study from a Mediterranean Island
type: J
volume: 53
issue: 5
beginPage: 610
endPage: 624
doi: 10.1177/0047287513513166
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000345588300005
year: 2014
authors: Li, G, Hadjikakou, M, Chenoweth, J, Miller, G, Druckman, A
docAbstract:
The article introduces an integrated market-segmentation and tourism yield estimation framework for inbound tourism. Conventional approaches to yield estimation based on country of origin segmentation and total expenditure comparisons do not provide sufficient detail, especially for mature destinations dominated by large single-country source markets. By employing different segmentation approaches along with Tourism Satellite Accounts and various yield estimates, this article estimates direct economic contribution for subsegments of the UK market on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. Overall expenditure across segments varies greatly, as do the spending ratios in different categories. In the case of Cyprus, the most potential for improving economic contribution currently lies in increasing spending on "food and beverages" and "culture and recreation." Mass tourism therefore appears to offer the best return per monetary unit spent. Conducting similar studies in other destinations could identify priority spending sectors and enable different segments to be targeted appropriately.


title: Host community perceptions of the contributions of second homes
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 1
beginPage: 10
endPage: 26
doi: 10.1080/11745398.2014.886156
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000211551600003
year: 2014
authors: Barnett, J
docAbstract:
Second homes as properties used primarily for leisure purposes rather than permanent residences are considered to contribute both positively and negatively to the sustainability of host communities. This paper discusses quantitative and qualitative research conducted within host communities to examine the socio-economic contributions of this unique form of tourism. Conclusions confirm the difficulties in typifying properties and defining second homes, and that second homes can be considered to have a role in both contributing to and compromising the sustainability of host communities. It suggests that the economic contributions of second homes need to be maximized, and the engagement of second-home owners into host communities needs to be actively encouraged in order to best harness the benefits available. However, the semi-permanent residential status second homes generate is demonstrated to intrinsically limit potential contributions to community and to be a negative social effect.


type: J
volume: 11
issue: 2
beginPage: 191
endPage: 209
doi: 10.1080/21568316.2013.864995
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212850000005
year: 2014
authors: Ziakas, V, Boukas, N
title:
A Chaos Theory Perspective of Destination Crisis and Sustainable Tourism Development in Islands: The Case of Cyprus

docAbstract:
Small island states, due to their size, remoteness and dependence on foreign capital, are often susceptible to various global disruptions and crises. The effects of such crises can be chaotic, seriously damaging their economies and altering their systems. However, in the context of tourism crisis management, linear approaches are predominant overlooking the chaotic characteristics and transformations of the complex tourism system. In response, this research investigates the implications of the economic crisis and the interaction effects of unforeseen events, on Cypriot tourism through a chaos theory perspective. Based on semi-structured interviews, archival document analysis and a pertinent literature review, findings indicate that the evolution of Cyprus tourism was not a linear process, but instead iterative, characterised by interactions of several endogenous and exogenous events that have shaped its systemic transformation. The research reveals the lack of comprehensive policy responses to crises that would enable the sustainable tourism development of Cyprus. The paper concludes that it is imperative for small island states to understand holistically the interrelated dimensions of crises and therefore mitigate their detrimental consequences. To this end, tourism policy needs to realise that crises and sustainability are not linear processes but evolving systemic configurations that necessitate the preparedness of tourism policy-makers and stakeholders to anticipate change and swiftly respond.


title: AN ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS IN MANAGING THE TOURIST EXPERIENCE AT KRUGER NATIONAL PARK
type: J
volume: 17
issue: 4
beginPage: 237
endPage: 251
doi: 10.3727/154427214X13910101597120
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214361300002
year: 2014
authors: Engelbrecht, WH, Kruger, M, Saayman, M
docAbstract:
Kruger National Park (KNP) attracts over 1 million tourists per annum and is one of the top five international destinations in South Africa. However, there is a lot of competition in South Africa and, together with the 22 national parks managed by SANParks, there are also local and provincial parks and more than 9,000 game farms with neighboring countries such as Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana competing for ecotourists. This implies the need for higher quality products and services that must be delivered to the tourist to fulfill the expectations of tourists. This can be achieved by determining the critical success factors (CSFs) in managing the tourist experience at KNP, since knowledge of these factors can lead to a satisfied tourist experience that will keep visitors loyal to the park and thus ensure the competitiveness and sustainability of the KNP. The purpose of this research is therefore to determine the CSFs of managing the tourist experience at KNP. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey was conducted at KNP from December 27, 2010 to January 4, 2011. Questionnaires were distributed at the chalets and camping areas in the following rest camps: Skukuza (152), Berg & Dal (98), Lower Sabie (85), and Satara (101). A total of 436 questionnaires were obtained from the rest camps. The results showed that nine CSFs can be identified, which KNP management can use to improve on quality service delivery, giving the tourists a memorable experience at KNP. Three of the nine CSFs that have not yet been identified in previous research are wildlife experience, interpretation, and luxuries.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 8
beginPage: 1216
endPage: 1235
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.884100
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341638500005
year: 2014
authors: Liu, CH, Horng, JS, Tsai, CY, Hu, MLM, Teng, CC, Hsiao, HL
title:
How the introduction of concepts of energy saving and carbon reduction (ESCR) can affect festival visitors' behavioural intentions: an investigation using a structural model

docAbstract:
This study investigates the relationships across a behaviour model of festival visitors based on a major festival encouraging energy saving and carbon reduction (ESCR). Using the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition (Taiwan) as a case study, 275 visitors completed a questionnaire, the answers to which were assessed using a structural equation model to test the behaviour model and its six hypotheses. The results showed that behaviour intentions are the best predictors of "value orientation", "motivation for visiting", "visitor experience" and "attitude towards behaviour". Specifically, a highly positive correlation between visitors' motivations and their experiences was found, suggesting that the presentation of festival activities influences visitors' perceptions. The ESCR curriculum design and pedagogy, especially the inclusion of reflective learning, was found to be very important for the successful planning of future events, as was green transportation using advanced, energy-saving vehicles and effective waste processing and disposal at the site. Prior studies have explored links between festival tourism and behavioural change, but have often focused on Western contexts; this study provides an Asian cultural setting. Suggestions are made for future research.


title: Consumers' perspectives on service staff with disabilities in the hospitality industry
type: J
volume: 26
issue: 2
beginPage: 164
endPage: 182
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2013-0022
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330253100002
year: 2014
authors: Kalargyrou, V, Kuo, PJ
docAbstract:
Purpose - This exploratory study aims to investigate consumers' perceptions, attitudes, and purchase intention for restaurants that employ a significant amount of service staff with disabilities. The influences of consumers' characteristics and dining occasions on purchase intention were also examined. Design/methodology/approach - The authors employed a single-factor (dining occasion) experimental design. A convenient sample was used and a total of 192 consumers participated in this study. Findings - Consumers demonstrated a moderately positive purchase intention for a restaurant that employs a significant amount of service staff with disabilities; however, the purchase intention varied by dining occasions. The likelihood of choosing this type of restaurant was higher in a family/friends occasion than in business or romantic occasions. Research limitations/implications - This study employed a convenient sample and the findings might be limited to the casual dining restaurant context Future research should examine the relationship between purchase intention and perceived social responsibility, restaurant image, or specific disabilities. Practical implications - This study suggests that hiring a significant amount of service staff with disabilities might be a better strategy for restaurants that target family/friends gatherings. Meanwhile, managers need to be more strategic when they assign employees with disabilities to serve guests who are in a business or romantic dining situation. Originality/value - This is the first study that empirically investigates consumers' perspectives on restaurant service staff with disabilities in the USA.


type: J
volume: 26
issue: 5
beginPage: 751
endPage: 777
doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-12-2013-0554
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000341793700007
year: 2014
authors: Jang, S, Park, K
title:
Hospitality finance and managerial accounting research Suggesting an interdisciplinary research agenda

docAbstract:
Purpose - The purpose of this study is to present a brief overview of hospitality finance/accounting (HFA) research and to propose the utility of interdisciplinary research in the HFA field. Design/methodology/approach - This study outlines HFA research and adds a brief summary of mainstream finance and accounting research topics. To further improve HFA research, this study suggests the need for interdisciplinary research that could effectively integrate finance/accounting with other management subjects in the hospitality field. Findings - Despite its importance, interdisciplinary research has not been given enough attention in the field of HFA. This study sheds light on the need for interdisciplinary research and proposes paths for conducting interdisciplinary HFA research, such as behavioral finance, marketing-finance interface, human resource management finance/accounting, etc. Practical implications - This study suggests that the results of interdisciplinary HFA research can provide useful practical implications from shareholder and organizational perspectives in the hospitality industry. Originality/value - Although the interdisciplinary research concept is not really new, it has not been extensively addressed in hospitality academia. In this respect, this study suggests expanding the horizon for HFA researchers.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 5
beginPage: 787
endPage: 800
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.855221
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000334164600006
year: 2014
authors: Scott, D, Rutty, M, Matthews, L, Del Matto, T
title:
Using vehicle monitoring technology and eco-driver training to reduce fuel use and emissions in tourism: a ski resort case study

docAbstract:
Ground-based transport moves more tourists than any other form of transportation and contributes c. 32% of tourism's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions - yet remains a largely neglected area of emission/carbon management research. This study examines the value of vehicle monitoring technology (VMT) and eco-driver training as a means to improve fuel efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions for a fleet of vehicles at the largest ski resort operation in Ontario, Canada. The VMT was installed in 14 fleet vehicles. After eco-driver training, the fleet reduced its average daily speed (-14%), hard decelerations (-55%), hard accelerations (-44%), and idling time (-2%), resulting in decreased fuel costs (-8%) and CO2 emissions (-8%). The process requires very low capital expenditures, can pay for itself in as little as one year, and has safety paybacks. It also has valuable externalities: tourism businesses that instill sustainability awareness and values to their employees contribute to environmental prosperity generally, because eco-trained drivers also drive more efficiently in their everyday lives. This is the first known study to quantify the benefits of driver training and behavioral intervention within a tourism context, demonstrating the potential to enhance environmental sustainability while simultaneously reducing operating costs. Technicalities, issues, and future application possibilities are discussed.


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 2
beginPage: 299
endPage: 318
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.809090
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000330709600007
year: 2014
authors: Whitfield, J, Dioko, LAN, Webber, DE
title:
Scoring environmental credentials: a review of UK conference and meetings venues using the GREENER VENUE framework

docAbstract:
This paper investigates frameworks to conceptualise, monitor and compare corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance at individual conference venues, and provides a new comparative framework that organises and communicates information detailing business performance on 10 environmental policy initiatives (EPIs) (expressed by the acronym "GREENER") using a CSR scale (expressed by the acronym "VENUE"). This GREENER VENUE framework reduces the gap in the CSR literature by accentuating discretionary practices, and by exhibiting conceptual and psychometric properties enabling the framework's application to broad and diverse contexts. Its use is grounded in theory: the framework is practical, simple to implement, easily understandable and highly relatable. Applying the GREENER VENUE framework to data collected via a self-administered internet questionnaire of 191 UK conference and meeting venues reveals that the biggest groups of such venues are classified as "Eager" on a rising scale from Eternal denial (11%), through Unmotivated (16%), to Nonchalant (30%) and so to Eager (36%), and finally, the top group, Venerated (7%). The paper also investigates the relative influence of all 10 EPI variables of the GREENER measure -considered simultaneously - towards enhancing firms' behaviour on an inventory of 18 well-known environmental best practices (EBPIs).


type: J
volume: 22
issue: 1
beginPage: 31
endPage: 49
doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.819875
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000329911000004
year: 2014
authors: Wijesinghe, G
title:
Reimagining the application of sustainability to the hospitality industry through a virtue ethics framework

docAbstract:
There is growing recognition that achieving sustainability through current means is not making progress. This awareness has led to the development of a wide range of alternative ways of viewing and approaching sustainability. In these attempts to reconfigure how to achieve sustainability, the potential contribution of virtue ethics is not explored fully. This conceptual paper addresses the ethical dilemma of whether keeping the hospitality industry sustainable is necessarily in conflict with the world's sustainable development agenda. This dilemma arises from the perceived tension in balancing the "good of the hospitality industry" with the "greater good of the world". This paper discusses the tensions of the hospitality industry's domestic "virtue" tradition and commercial "vice" tradition, and addresses how the hospitality industry can be virtuous in a capitalist market ideology of vice that "greed is good". The anti-capitalist and contemporary philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre's virtue theory is employed here to argue that commercialism is not necessarily a vice when exercised in congruence with the virtues. Macintyre's "virtues-goods-practice-institution" framework provides a way of re-imaging sustainability and reconciling the competing demands of sustainability. The paper explores how to achieve virtue in organisations and concludes by drawing out implications for further research.


title: Regional tourism development: culture, nature, life cycle and attractiveness
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 6
beginPage: 517
endPage: 534
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2012.699950
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000321986900001
year: 2013
authors: Romao, J, Guerreiro, J, Rodrigues, P
docAbstract:
In this article, a simplified version of the tourism area life cycle model is developed in order to identify different stages of tourism evolution among the regions of Southwest Europe (Italy, France, Spain and Portugal). This information has been included as a dummy variable in a panel data model which aims to explain regional tourism attractiveness, between 2003 and 2008, including other variables related to sustainability (regional natural and cultural resources), regional innovative efforts and other elements related to tourism infrastructures and economic conditions that influence regional tourism performance. The results obtained show that 50% of the inland regions and 56% of the west coast regions are in the exploration stage while 52% of the south coast regions are in stagnation. An important result from the application of the panel data model is the identification of a positive relation between the regional availability of natural and cultural assets, the regional efforts on innovation and the evolution of tourism demand, suggesting that these regions are generally incorporating these local specific resources in innovative ways to differentiate their tourism supply.


title: Visiting friends and relatives tourism and implications for community capital
type: J
volume: 5
issue: 3
beginPage: 233
endPage: 251
doi: 10.1080/19407963.2013.776370
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214520100002
year: 2013
authors: Griffin, T
docAbstract:
Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) tourism accounts for a substantial amount of worldwide travel, yet has received comparatively little attention regarding its impacts on sustainability. This paper provides an initial discussion that situates VFR tourism within a discussion on sustainable tourism development. The community capitals framework is used as a basis for the discussion. A review of academic literature on VFR and sustainable tourism provides the foundations for this paper. Due to the personal relationships inherent in VFR there are significant consequences regarding the social impacts of VFR tourism. Additionally, the economic implications of VFR tourism include a more stable demand, greater dispersal of spending, and engagement of residents as consumers. The ability of communities to absorb VFR tourism relative to other forms of tourism has positive indications for the cultural and environmental aspects of community development. As debates within the more recent literature consider the opportunities and possibilities for mass tourism to become more sustainable, this paper suggests that VFR could reasonably be considered a sustainable form of tourism and offers destinations a viable strategy for sustainable tourism development.


type: J
volume: 24
issue: 2
beginPage: 221
endPage: 240
doi: 10.1080/13032917.2012.755130
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000212446200007
year: 2013
authors: Tyrrell, T, Lee, WJ, Barber, T
title:
Green attendees' evaluation of green attributes at the convention centre: using importance-performance analysis

docAbstract:
For convention centre operators, managers, and meeting professionals, the current focus on green meetings is no longer a trend. Cities in the USA are seeing a boom in green attribute development at convention centres; however, little is known regarding attribute perception from an event attendee perspective. This study explored the importance and performance of 20 green attributes relevant to the meetings and events industry. An online questionnaire was administered to 115 event attendees at the Phoenix Convention Center. The survey obtained importance and performance ratings for these green attributes. Findings indicate that the green industry identified attributes that are important from an event attendee perspective. Results should be valuable to convention sales/service managers, green marketing research, and green attribute development for the meetings and events industry.


type: J
volume: 33
issue: 5
beginPage: 1080
endPage: 1092
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.12.004
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000303946900008
year: 2012
authors: Falzon, J
title:
The price competitive position of Mediterranean countries in tourism: Evidence from the Thomson brochure

docAbstract:
Tourism in the Mediterranean region is highly dependent on the few, large, mass market tour operators situated in the North European tourist originating countries. Price competition is intense both between the tour operators and between the Mediterranean countries themselves. This paper uses the hotel package prices listed in the Thomson summer and winter brochures to develop relative price indexes of each Mediterranean country with respect to the Mediterranean average. Indexes are developed in the 3 star, 4 star, 5 star, 7 nights and 14 nights, half-board holiday packages. The prices in the Thomson brochure can be regarded as a unified, internally consistent, set of price data, compiled by the largest UK tour operator and offered to UK tourists desiring a Thomson summer holiday. The change through time of the competitive relative price ranking of hotels, regions and countries listed in the Thomson brochure, may be regarded as an important competitive indicator by industry operators and national policy makers concerned about tourism development. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: "What could be" in Canadian sport facility environmental sustainability
type: J
volume: 15
issue: 2
beginPage: 230
endPage: 243
doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.10.001
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000208910600008
year: 2012
authors: Mallen, C, Chard, C
docAbstract:
Sport facilities need to consider transforming for ES as Etzion (2007) noted that all organizations are now confronted with the environmental degradation situation. This means that there is a need to shift to practices that support environmental sustainability (ES) or the safeguarding of the natural environment. To aid industries to transport for ES, several profit and not for profit organizations have recently devised voluntary systems or standards to drive advances. Some Canadian sport facilities, however, are engaged in various stages of transforming for ES, with or without participation in a standard certification program. The authors of this manuscript propose that a vision of where the industry could be can aid in transforming the industry. The vision offered is framed with the Precautionary Principle, Appreciative Theory, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) Global Environment Outlook 4 (GEO4): Summary for Decision Makers (2007), an adaptation of Gunton and Joseph's (2007) manuscript "Toward a National Sustainable Development Strategy for Canada: Putting Canada on the Path to Sustainability Within a Generation", the "Sustainable Value Framework" (Senge, Smith, Kruschiwitz, Laur, & Schley, 2008, p. 122), the Sport Event Environmental Performance Measure (Mallen, Stevens, Adams, & McRoberts, 2010) and the concept of Green Chemistry (Anastas & Warner, 1998; Iles, 2008). It is hoped that the vision presented spawns debate on sport facility ES. Additional research is needed to advance understandings in areas such as "What is the end point being sought in sport facility ES?" and "What is needed in terms of ES programs, measurements and reporting to reach a desired level of ES?" Time will tell if opportunities were taken to fully generate an impact concerning ES. (C) 2011 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Human resource management in tourism: a small island perspective
type: J
volume: 6
issue: 2
beginPage: 124
endPage: 132
doi: 10.1108/17506181211233054
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000213920500003
year: 2012
authors: Baum, T
docAbstract:
Purpose - Conceptually, this paper aims to consider the nexus created when the characteristics of the tourism sector workplace environment intersect with the contextual influences of the economic, social and labor market attributes of small islands. Design/methodology/approach - Several studies relating to the employment and skills environment of human resource management and development in small island tourism contexts are synthesized. Findings - Seasonality, limited skills within the local labor market, access to formal education and training are identified as issues that impact on sustainability of employment, service and product quality. Further, while sourcing and recruitment of staff, employee retention, training and development, and career progression appear to mirror those faced by larger, frequently metropolitan locations. However, small islandness imposes particular nuances upon the management of human resources, directly related to location and scale. Thus, small island environments, the global economy, technology and employee mobility (inward and outward) exacerbate structural and cultural dimensions and issues in island tourism. Research limitation/implications - This paper provides an invaluable framework for future research, both comparative and specific. Practical implications - Management responses should be both local and global in focus, acknowledging the particularities of small islands, generic tourism sector influences and the effects of global mobility on the workforce and on management. Originality/value - This synthesis addresses the effects of global, local and location specific dynamics on human resource management and development issues and demonstrates that the challenges faced by organizations in island tourism contexts have dimensions that set them apart in both kind and extent from other tourism environments.


title: COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM: AN EXPLORATION OF THE CONCEPT(S) FROM A POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
type: J
volume: 16
issue: 1
beginPage: 29
endPage: 43
doi: 10.3727/154427212X13431568321500
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214358900003
year: 2012
authors: Giampiccoli, A, Mtapuri, O
docAbstract:
Tourism is always seen as a viable alternative means of boosting development in developing countries. Similarly, community-based tourism (CBT) is generally associated with development in poor, especially rural, communities. This article first presents CBT as a possible community development tool, exploring its conceptual and historical evolution, and then offers solutions for enhancing the opportunities and capacity of CBT in facilitating rural community development. To that end, a definition of community and notions of development are proposed, and a community development strategy, based on issues of empowerment, self-reliance, and sustainability, is explored. Special attention is given to local context issues in relation to community development. In addition, the origin and evolution of the CBT concept, and the linkages between the concept and alternative development paradigms from the 1970s are explored, including the notions of empowerment and self-reliance. This article makes two contributions. Firstly, it proposes that the current meaning of CBT does not coincide with the original concept of CBT because the contemporary policy milieu has changed. Secondly, it presents different CBT typologies in line with contemporary CBT concept(s) and issues of community development.


title: The 'East Asian' Olympic Games: What of Sustainable Legacies?
type: J
volume: 29
issue: 6
beginPage: 887
endPage: 911
doi: 10.1080/09523367.2011.617587
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000304241900006
year: 2012
authors: Horton, P, Saunders, J
docAbstract:
Sport has proven to be an unstoppable globalising force. The Olympic Movement has come to epitomise modernisation and the extent to which Western sport has become globalised. The philosophy of Olympism, once resting upon just two pillars of Excellence in Sport and Culture has since 1994 been underpinned by a third, the Environment. All of the Olympic Games host cities now have to support a responsible concern for environmental issues and with that the very sustainability of 'our' culture, and sport itself. They must do so by bequeathing a holistic positive legacy from their Games. This paper will analyse the three 'Asian' Olympic Summer Olympic Games - Tokyo 1964, Seoul 1988 and Beijing 2008 - by looking at the cultural, sporting and environmental legacies each has left. The discussion of the concept of sustainability as an element of culture will embrace Littig and Griessler's idea that social sustainability is about the quality of societies expressed through the nature-society relationships and is not merely an economically based notion. 1 In this paper we consider the three Asian Summer Olympic Games. Each has been related to a specific nodal point in the host country's national history, as a means of illustrating, indeed emphasising, the always unique impacts of context on event and process. Yet we propose that, locked as they are in distinct epochs and differing cultural, political and economic contexts, they are nonetheless marked in common by an Asian discourse heavily reliant upon economic and nationalistic motivations. The progressive analysis of each Games demonstrates that although each was unique, particularly in regards to the expectations stakeholders had of 'their Olympics', all three host nations represented themselves as 'modern hybrids' by simultaneously demonstrating their modernised characters and emphasising their ancient cultures. The analysis demonstrates the holistic impact of these events by reference to the wide range of economic, social, cultural and sporting changes that have emerged for each host from each festival. The evaluation of the nature and significance of these legacies reemphasises the impact of the Olympic Games as a vehicle for social change and illustrates the transformative power of sport at national and global levels.


title: Assessing and Advancing Foundation Transparency: Corporate Foundations as a Case Study
type: J
volume: 4
issue: 3
beginPage: 77
endPage: +
doi: 10.4087/FOUNDATIONREVIEW-D-12-00003.1
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000408993200005
year: 2012
authors: Rey-Garcia, M, Martin-Cavanna, J, Alvarez-Gonzalez, LI
docAbstract:
This article explores the mix of forces explaining variability in good governance standards and practices by charitable foundations. A six-drivers framework for explaining improved foundation accountability and transparency is proposed and discussed in the context of a country study. A simple tool for assessing foundation transparency internationally is proposed and then applied to corporate, endowed, and fundraising foundations in the U.S. and Spain.


title: Sustainable Event Marketing in the MICE Industry: A Theoretical Framework
type: J
volume: 13
issue: 4
beginPage: 227
endPage: 249
doi: 10.1080/15470148.2012.731850
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000435289300001
year: 2012
authors: Tinnish, SM, Mangal, SM
docAbstract:
This conceptual article introduces the topic of sustainable marketing to help planners react to the challenges of creating more sustainable events. Adapting a model used for marketing in the forestry industry, the authors create a framework in which planners can build an integrated sustainable event marketing plan, focusing on the planning process, the meeting, and communication with attendees. This article focuses on the holistic view of sustainability with a specific emphasis on marketing and communication practices to fill a void in the literature and practitioner-focused resources.


type: J
volume: 3
issue: 3
beginPage: 292
endPage: 316
doi: 10.1108/17582951211262710
sourceIdentifier: WOS:000214031200006
year: 2012
authors: Ziakas, V, Boukas, N
title:
A neglected legacy Examining the challenges and potential for sport tourism development in post-Olympic Athens

docAbstract:
Purpose - Although research on the impacts of the Olympic Games on Athens addressed the impact of the Games on economy, generic tourism, and urban restructuring, there has not been given to date attention on the prospects for sport tourism development in Athens as a result of hosting the Olympics, especially if it is considered that the construction of Olympic facilities was legitimized by the government's intention to use them for sport. To address this omission, the purpose of this study is to draw attention to examining the challenges and potential of post-Olympic Athens to exploit its Olympic legacy for the development of sport tourism. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative approach was employed by conducting nine semistructured interviews with Athens' tourism/administrative officials and analyzing them in line with pertinent literature. Findings - Results show that the city's tourism officials respond with ad-hoc policies in their effort to capitalize on Athens' Olympic legacy. Consequently, Athens' potential is constrained by the absence of a comprehensive tourism policy aimed at enriching and diversifying the city's post-Olympic tourism product. In this context, the study shows that there is limited awareness by the city's tourism administration for sport tourism development and for establishing appropriate coordination mechanisms, which could foster mutually beneficial links between sport and tourism stakeholders. This leaves unexploited the potential for utilizing effectively Athens' Olympic facilities and destination capitals in developing a competitive sport tourism product mix. Research limitations/implications - A limitation of the study is that it examines Athens' sport tourism prospects through the lens of tourism policy. Future studies are needed to examine also sport policy. On a broader level, it is suggested that future research should extend the focus on the study of post-event leverage to find the best means for fostering post-Games Olympic tourism from a sustainability perspective. Practical implications - To redress post-Olympic Athens' inertia and associated structural problems that affect its tourism policy, the study presents a framework for the strategic planning and sustainable development of sport tourism in Athens. Originality/value - The study by examining Athens' neglected legacy for sport tourism, attempts to synthesize a common ground for sport and tourism development in Olympic cities. This inquiry suggests the need for a broader planning and leveraging framework to extend the study of Olympic tourism in the post-Games period as it relates to the use of Olympic legacy and post-Olympic assets, which can, in turn, reveal the conditions for synergistic development of sport and tourism. Also, such an examination may shed light on what and how can be corrected in order to mitigate the sources and consequences of problems, while providing lessons for future Olympic cities. Finally, by focusing on sport tourism as it is induced by the Olympics knowledge can be advanced on how to effectively leverage the Olympic legacy and develop sustainable post-Olympic tourism products.


